DRUG APPROVALS BY DR ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO
.....
MK-0822; Odanacatib.
603139-19-1
Formula: C25H27F4N3O3S
Mass: 525.17093
Merck Frosst Canada Ltd. phase 3
(S)-N-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-4-methyl-2-(((S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4′-(methylsulfonyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)ethyl)amino)pentanamide
N1-(1-Cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N2-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1(S)-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl]-L-leucinamide
Odanacatib (pINN; codenamed MK-0822) is an investigational treatment for osteoporosis and bone metastasis. It is an inhibitor of cathepsin K, an enzyme involved in bone resorption. It is being developed by Merck & Co. As of November 2009, Merck is conducting phase III clinical trials.
Odanacatib, also known as MK-0822, is an inhibitor of cathepsin K with potential anti-osteoporotic activity. Odanacatib selectively binds to and inhibits the activity of cathepsin K, which may result in a reduction in bone resorption, improvement of bone mineral density, and a reversal in osteoporotic changes. Cathepsin K, a tissue-specific cysteine protease that catalyzes degradation of bone matrix proteins such as collagen I/II, elastin, and osteonectin plays an important role in osteoclast function and bone resorption
A variety of disorders in humans and other mammals involve or are associated with abnormal bone resorption. Such disorders include, but are not limited to, osteoporosis, glucocorticoid induced osteoporosis, Paget’s disease, abnormally increased bone turnover, periodontal disease, tooth loss, bone fractures, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, periprosthetic osteolysis, osteogenesis imperfecta, metastatic bone disease, hypercalcemia of malignancy, and multiple myeloma. One of the most common of these disorders is osteoporosis, which in its most frequent manifestation occurs in postmenopausal women. Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by a low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, with a consequent increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture. Osteoporotic fractures are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly population. As many as 50% of women and a third of men will experience an osteoporotic fracture. A large segment of the older population already has low bone density and a high risk of fractures. There is a significant need to both prevent and treat osteoporosis and other conditions associated with bone resorption. Because osteoporosis, as well as other disorders associated with bone loss, are generally chronic conditions, it is believed that appropriate therapy will typically require chronic treatment.
Osteoporosis is characterized by progressive loss of bone architecture and mineralization leading to the loss in bone strength and an increased fracture rate. The skeleton is constantly being remodeled by a balance between osteoblasts that lay down new bone and osteoclasts that breakdown, or resorb, bone. In some disease conditions and advancing age the balance between bone formation and resorption is disrupted; bone is removed at a faster rate. Such a prolonged imbalance of resorption over formation leads to weaker bone structure and a higher risk of fractures. Bone resorption is primarily performed by osteoclasts, which are multinuclear giant cells. Osteoclasts resorb bone by forming an initial cellular attachment to bone tissue, followed by the formation of an extracellular compartment or lacunae. The lacunae are maintained at a low pH by a proton-ATP pump. The acidified environment in the lacunae allows for initial demineralization of bone followed by the degradation of bone proteins or collagen by proteases such as cysteine proteases. See Delaisse, J. M. et al, 1980, Biochem J 192:365-368; Delaisse, J. et ah, 1984, Biochem Biophys Res Commun:44l-447; Delaisse, J. M. et α/., 1987, Bone 8^305-313, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. Collagen constitutes 95 % of the organic matrix of bone. Therefore, proteases involved in collagen degradation are an essential component of bone turnover, and as a consequence, the development and progression of osteoporosis.
Cathepsins belong to the papain superfamily of cysteine proteases. These proteases function in the normal physiological as well as pathological degradation of connective tissue. Cathepsins play a major role in intracellular protein degradation and turnover and remodeling. To date, a number of cathepsin have been identified and sequenced from a number of sources. These cathepsins are naturally found in a wide variety of tissues. For example, cathepsin B, F, H, L, K, S, W, and Z have been cloned. Cathepsin K (which is also known by the abbreviation cat K) is also known as cathepsin O and cathepsin O2. See PCT Application WO 96/13523, Khepri Pharmaceuticals, Inc., published May 9, 1996, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Cathepsin L is implicated in normal lysosomal proteolysis as well as several diseases states, including, but not limited to, metastasis of melanomas. Cathepsin S is implicated in Alzheimer’s disease and certain autoimmune disorders, including, but not limited to juvenile onset diabetes, multiple sclerosis, pemphigus vulgaris, Graves’ disease, myasthenia gravis, systemic lupus erythemotasus, rheumatoid arthritis and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis; allergic disorders, including, but not limited to asthma; and allogenic immunbe responses, including, but not limited to, rejection of organ transplants or tissue grafts. Increased Cathepsin B levels and redistribution of the enzyme are found in tumors, suggesting a role in tumor invasion and matastasis. In addition, aberrant Cathpsin B activity is implicated in such disease states as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, pneumocystisis carinii, acute pancreatitis, inflammatory airway disease and bone and joint disorders.
Cysteine protease inhibitors such as E-64 (trαns-epoxysuccinyl-L- leucylamide-(4-guanidino) butane) are known to be effective in inhibiting bone resorption. See Delaisse, J. M. et al., 1987, Bone 8:305-313, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Recently, cathepsin K was cloned and found specifically expressed in osteoclasts See Tezuka, K. et al., 1994, J Biol Chem 269:1106-1109; Shi, G. P. et αZ.,1995, EEES Lett 357: 129-134; Bromme, D. and Okamoto, K., 1995, Biol Chem Hoppe Seyler 376:379-384; Bromme, D. et al, 1996, J Biol Chem 271:2126-2132: Drake, F. H. et al, 1996, J Biol Chem 271:12511- 12516, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. Concurrent to the cloning, the autosomal recessive disorder, pycnodysostosis, characterized by an osteopetrotic phenotype with a decrease in bone resorption, was mapped to mutations present in the cathepsin K gene. To date, all mutations identified in the cathepsin K gene are known to result in inactive protein. See Gelb, B. D. et al., 1996, Science 273:1236-1238; Johnson, M. R. et al., 1996, Genome Res 6:1050-1055, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. Therefore, it appears that cathepsin K is involved in osteoclast mediated bone resorption.
Cathepsin K is synthesized as a 37 kDa pre-pro enzyme, which is localized to the lysosomal compartment and where it is presumably autoactivated to the mature 27 kDa enzyme at low pH. See McQueney, M. S. et al., 1997, J Biol Chem 272:13955-13960; Littlewood-Evans, A. et al, 1997, Bone 20:81-86, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. Cathepsin K is most closely related to cathepsin S having 56 % sequence identity at the amino acid level. The S2P2 substrate specificity of cathepsin K is similar to that of cathepsin S with a preference in the PI and P2 positions for a positively charged residue such as arginine, and a hydrophobic residue such as phenylalanine or leucine, respectively. See Bromme, D. et al., 1996, J Biol Chem 271: 2126-2132; Bossard, M. J. et al, 1996, J Biol Chem 271:12517-12524, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. Cathepsin K is active at a broad pH range with significant activity between pH 4-8, thus allowing for good catalytic activity in the resorption lacunae of osteoclasts where the pH is about 4-5.
Human type I collagen, the major collagen in bone is a good substrate for cathepsin K. See Kafienah, W., et al, 1998, Biochem J 331:727-732, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. In vitro experiments using antisense oligonucleotides to cathepsin K, have shown diminished bone resorption in vitro, which is probably due to a reduction in translation of cathepsin K mRNA. See Inui, T., et al, 1997, Biol Chem 272:8109-8112, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The crystal structure of cathepsin K has been resolved. See McGrath, M. E., et al, 1997, Nat Struct Biol 4:105-109; Zhao, B., et al, 1997, Nat Struct Biol 4: 109-11, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. Also, selective peptide based inhibitors of cathepsin K have been developed See Bromme, D., et al, 1996, Biochem 315:85-89; Thompson, S. K., et al, 1997, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94: 14249-14254, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. Accordingly, inhibitors of Cathepsin K can reduce bone resorption. Such inhibitors would be useful in treating disorders involving bone resorption, such as osteoporosis.
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The discovery of odanacatib (MK-0822), a selective inhibitor of cathepsin K
Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008, 18(3): 923
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960894X07015065
Reagents and conditions: (a) ClCOOiBu, NMM, NaBH4, DME, 85%; (b) Ts2O, pyr, dichloroethane, 83%; (c) MeMgBr, toluene/THF, 85%; (d) DAST, CH2Cl2, 60%; (e) Ba(OH)2, EtOH/H2O, 100%; (f) TBSCl, Et3N; (g) CF3C(OH)OEt, PhH, 88% (two steps); (h) BrPhLi, THF; (i) TBAF, THF, 75% (two steps); (j) H5IO6, CrO3, CH3CN, 60%; (k) 1-amino-1-cyanocyclopropane hydrochloride, i-Pr2NEt, HATU, DMF, 80%; (l) MeSPhB(OH)2, PdCl2dppf, Na2CO3, DMF, 70%; (m) H2O2, Na2WO42H2O, Bu4NHSO4, EtOAc, 97%. see Supplementary data.
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WO 2003075836 or http://www.google.com/patents/EP1482924A2?cl=en
EXAMPLE 10
Synthesis of N l-cyanocyclopropyl)-N2{(lS)-2,2,2-trifluoro-l-[4′-(m^
1 , 1 -biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl ) -L-leucinamide
To a mixture of Ν-{(lS)-2,2,2-trifluoro-l-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-l,l’- biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl} -L-leucine from Example 8 (0.83 g), O-(7-azabenzotriazol-l-yl)- N, N, N\ N’-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (0.78 g), cyclopropylamine hydrochloride (0.466 g) in DMF (18 mL) at 0 °C was added triethylamine (0.9 mL). The mixture was kept at room temperature for 48 hours and then poured into dilute aqueous ammonium cholride and diethyl ether. The ether layer was separated and the aqueous further extracted with diethylether. The combined ether extracts were washed with brine, dried with magnesium sulfate and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue was purified in SiO2 using ethyl acetate and hexanes (1:1) as eluant, followed by a swish in diethyl ether to yield the title compound.
H NMR (CD3COCD3) δ 8.15(1H, bs), 8.05(2H, d), 8.0(2H, d), 7.8(2H, d), 7.65(2H, d), 4.35-4.45(lH, m), 3.35-3.45(lH, m), 3.2(3H, s), 2.65-2.7(lH, m), 1.85-1.95(1H, m), 1.3-1.6(5H, m), 1.05-1.15(1H, m), 0.85-0.95(6H, m).
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WO 2008119176
http://www.google.com/patents/WO2008119176A1?cl=en
EXAMPLE 1
4-FLUORO-iV- {(1 S)-2,2,2-TRIFLUORO- 1 -[4′-(METHYLSULFONYL)BIPHENYL^- YL]ETHYL}-L-LEUCINE DICYCLOHEXYLAMINE SALT
Biphenyl acid (20.74 g) was dissolved in 2-propanol (186 mL) / water (20.7 mL). A solution of iV,jV-dicyclohexylamine (9.82 mL) in 2-propanol (21 mL) / water (2 mL) was added (-10% of volume) and the solution was seeded with DCHA salt (10 mg). A heavy seed bed formed and the slurry was let stir at rt for 30 min. Addition of DCHA was continued over 20-30 min. The slurry was let stir at rt overnight and filtered. The filter cake was washed with 2-propanol / water (2 x 30 mL, 10:1) and MTBE (2 x 30 mL). DCHA salt was obtained as a white solid, 24.4 g, 84% yield. 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 8.07 (d, 2H, J- 8.0), 7.94 (d, 2H, J= 8.0), 7.75 (d, 2H, J= 8.0), 7.61 (d, 2H, J= 8.0), 4.31 (m, IH), 3.46 (bq, IH, J= 4), 3.22 (m, 2H), 3.19 (s, 3H), 2.11 (bm, 5H), 1.91 (bm, 5H), 1.75 (bm, 2H), 1.49 (d, 3H, J= 21.6), 1.48 (d, 3H, J= 21.6), 1.35 (m, 9H); 19F NMR (CD3OD) δ – 72.9, – 129.4; mp 209-211°C, [α]D 20 + 18.7 (c = 0.29, MeOH).
EXAMPLE 2
N-(I -CYANOCYCLOPROPYL)-4-FLUORO-N2– {(1 S)-2,2,2-TRIFLUORO- 1 -[4′- (METHYLSULFOΝYL)BIPHEΝYL-4- YL]ETHYL}-L-LEUCINAMIDE
Acid (1.9 g) was dissolved in DMAc (10 mL) and cooled to 0°C. 1 –
Aminocyclopropane carbonitrile hydrochloride (0.57 g) and HATU (1.85 g) were added. The resulting slurry was stirred for 15 min and DIEA (2.12 mL) was added over 1.5 h. The reaction was aged for 1 h. Water (11.2 mL) was added via dropping funnel over 70 min and the slurry was aged for Ih at 2O0C. The mixture was filtered and the filter cake was washed with a solution of DMAc:water (9.4 mL, 1 : 1.2), water (18.7 mL), 2-propanol (9.3 mL) The batch was dried to yield 1.67 g, 79% yield of the corresponding amide.
Amide (2.56 g), was dissolved in THF (30.7 mL) at 30°C. Water (19 mL) was added via dropping funnel. The batch was seeded and aged for Ih at 2O0C. Additional water (40.9 mL) was added over 1.5 h and the batch was aged for 16 h. The batch was filtered and washed with water (15 mL). The solids were dried to a constant weight to yield 2.50 g, 97% yield of pure amide. 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 8.17 (bs, IH), 8.05 (d, 2H, J= 8.5), 7.96 (d, 2H, J= 8.5), 7.80 (d, 2H, J= 8.0), 7.64 (d, 2H, J= 8.0), 4.43 (m, IH), 3.55 (ddd, IH, J= 5.0, 8.5, 8.0), 3.18 (s, 3H), 2.84 (bm, IH), 2.02 (m, 2H), 1.46 (d, 3H, J= 21.5), 1.43 (d, 3H, J= 22.0), 1.36 (m, 2H), 1.07 (m, IH), 0.94 (m, IH); 13C NMR (CD3OD) δ; 19F NMR (CD3OD) δ -73.2, -136.8; IR (cm“1) 3331, 2244, 1687, 1304, 1152; mp 223-224 0C, [α]D 20 + 23.3 (c = 0.53, MeOH).
EXAMPLE 3
N-(l-CYANOCYCLOPROPYL)-4-FLUORO-iV2-{(l1S)-2,2,2-TRrFLUORO-l-[4′- (METHYLSULFONYL)BIPHENYL^-YL]ETHYL) -L-LEUCINAMIDE
A round-bottom flask was charged with biphenyl acid’DCHA salt (76.6 g, 99.2% ee, diastereomeric ratio 342:1) and DMF (590 g). Solid aminocyclopropane carbonitrile-HCl (15.2 g), HOBt-H2O (17.9 g), and EDCΗC1 (29.1 g) were all charged forming a white slurry. The batch was then heated to 38-42°C and aged for 5 hours. The batch was then cooled to 20- 250C and held overnight. HPLC analysis showed 99.4% conversion. The batch was heated to 38-42°C and water (375 g) was charged to batch over 2 hours. The batch remained as a slurry throughout the water addition. The batch was then heated to 58-620C and aged for 1 hour. Following age, water (375 g) was charged over 3 hours, at a rate of 2.1 g/min. The batch was then cooled to 15-25°C and aged overnight. The batch was filtered and washed with 39% DMF in water (2 x 300 g) and 2-propanol (180 g). The solids were dried in the filter at 40-600C for 24 hours. The desired crude product was isolated as a white solid (57g, 92% yield, 99.4 wt%). A round-bottom flask was charged with crude solid (57 g) and acetone/water solution (324 g, 88/12). The slurry was then heated to 400C, at which point the batch was in solution, and aged for an hour. Water (46 g) was then charged over 30 minutes. The batch was then seeded (1.7 g, 3.0 wt%), and the batch was aged at 40°C for an hour prior to proceeding with the crystallization. Water (255 g) was charged over 4.5 h. The batch was then cooled to 230C over 1.5 h, aged for 4 h and filtered. The solids were washed with acetone/water (158 g, 45/55) and water (176 g). The filter cake was dried with nitrogen sweep / vacuum at 55°C. The desired product (57.2 g , 99.9wt%, 99.8A% (enantiomer ND), was obtained in 94.9% yield. 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 8.17 (bs, IH), 8.05 (d, 2H, J= 8.5), 7.96 (d, 2H, J= 8.5), 7.80 (d, 2H, J= 8.0), 7.64 (d, 2H, J= 8.0), 4.43 (m, IH), 3.55 (ddd, IH, J= 5.0, 8.5, 8.0), 3.18 (s, 3H), 2.84 (bm, IH), 2.02 (m, 2H), 1.46 (d, 3H, J= 21.5), 1.43 (d, 3H, J= 22.0), 1.36 (m, 2H), 1.07 (m, IH), 0.94 (m, IH); 13C NMR
(CD3OD) δ; 19F NMR (CD3OD) δ -73.2, -136.8; IR (cm“1) 3331, 2244, 1687, 1304, 1152; mp 223-224 0C, [α]D 20 + 23.3 (c = 0.53, MeOH).
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http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jo8020314
An enantioselective synthesis of the Cathepsin K inhibitor odanacatib (MK-0822) 1 is described. The key step involves the novel stereospecific SN2 triflate displacement of a chiral α-trifluoromethylbenzyl triflate 9a with (S)-γ-fluoroleucine ethyl ester 3 to generate the required α-trifluoromethylbenzyl amino stereocenter. The triflate displacement is achieved in high yield (95%) and minimal loss of stereochemistry. The overall synthesis of 1 is completed in 6 steps in 61% overall yield.
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| In vitro protocol: | XXX |
| In vivo protocol: | bone marrow of CatK(-/-) mice: Bone. 2011 Oct;49(4):623-35Pharmacokinetics and metabolism in rats, dogs, and monkeys: Drug Metab Dispos. 2011 Jun;39(6):1079-87. |
in Ovariectomized Rabbits. Calcif Tissue Int. 2013 Oct 2. [Epub ahead of print]Clinical study:Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2013 Aug;51(8):688-92.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Feb;98(2):571-80.
Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2013 May;75(5):1240-54.
J Bone Miner Res. 2010 May;25(5):937-47.
Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2009 Aug;86(2):175-82.Review papers:Clin Interv Aging. 2012;7:235-47.Clin Calcium. 2011 Jan;21(1):59-62.
IDrugs. 2009 Dec;12(12):799-809.
Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2013 Aug;5(4):199-209.
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References |
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21 nmr……..http://www.medkoo.com/Product-Data/Odanacatib/Odanacatib-QC-BBC20130906Web.pdf
http://www.medkoo.com/Product-Data/Odanacatib/JOC2009p1605-NMR-Data.pdf
| WO2003075836A2 | Feb 28, 2003 | Sep 18, 2003 | Axys Pharm Inc | Cathepsin cysteine protease inhibitors |
| WO2005019161A1 | Aug 19, 2004 | Mar 3, 2005 | Merck Frosst Canada Inc | Cathepsin cysteine protease inhibitors |
| WO2005021487A1 | Aug 23, 2004 | Mar 10, 2005 | Christopher Bayly | Cathepsin inhibitors |
| WO2006034004A2 | Sep 16, 2005 | Mar 30, 2006 | Axys Pharm Inc | Processes and intermediates for preparing cysteine protease inhibitors |
| CA2477657A1 * | Feb 28, 2003 | Sep 18, 2003 | Axys Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Cathepsin cysteine protease inhibitors |
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