Eluxadoline

• Molecular FormulaC₃₂H₃₅N₅O₅
• Average mass569.651 Da

5-({[(2S)-2-amino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethylphenyl)propanoyl][(1S)-1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)ethyl]amino}methyl)-2-methoxybenzoic acid

5-({[2-Amino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-propionyl]-[1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-amino}-methyl)-2-methoxy-benzoic acid

864821-90-9 CAS

JNJ-27018966

Molecular Formula: C₃₂H₃₅N₅O₅

Molecular Weight: 569.6508

Agents for Irritable Bowel Syndrome, mu-Opioid Agonists, delta-Opioid Antagonists

Eluxadoline

Trade Name: Viberzi®

Research Code: JNJ-27018966, JNJ27018966, JNJ 27018966

Chemical Name: 5 – [[[(2S) -2-amino-3- [4- (aminocarbonyl) -2,6-dimethylphenyl ] -1- oxopropyl] [(1S) -1- (4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl) ethyl] amino] methyl] -2-methoxybenzoic acid

MOA: mu opioid receptor agonist, Indication: Irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D)

Approval Date: May 27, 2015 (US)

Originator: Furiex Pharmaceuticals Inc ( Furiex acquired Eluxadoline from Janssen in 2011 )

Developer: Forest Laboratories Inc. (acquired by Actavis PLC in 2014 )

Eluxadoline, sold under the brand names Viberzi (/vaɪˈbɜːrzi/ vy-BUR-zee) in the US and Truberzi in Europe,^[2] is a medication taken by mouth for the treatment of diarrhea and abdominal pain in individuals with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D).^[3]It was approved for use in the United States in 2015.^[4] The drug originated from Janssen Pharmaceutica and was developed by Actavis.

Contraindications

This drug is contraindicated in case of having:

• Blockage of the gallbladder or a sphincter of Oddi problem
• Problems with alcohol abuse
• Pancreatitis
• Liver problems
• Chronic or severe constipation^[5]

Adverse effects

Common adverse effects are constipation and nausea, but rates of discontinuation due to constipation were low for both eluxadoline and placebo. Rare adverse effects: fatigue, bronchitis, viral gastroenteritis. Rare serious adverse effects include pancreatitis with a general incidence of 0.3% – higher incidence with 100 mg dose (0.3%) than with 75 mg dose (0.2%).^[6] The risk is even greater in those who do not have a gall bladder and the medication is not recommended in this group.^[7]

In March 2017, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration issued a safety alert for eluxadoline concerning an increased risk of serious pancreatitis in patients without a gallbladder.^[8] An FDA review found that in such patients, spasm of the sphincter of Oddi may lead to severe pancreatitis.^[9] The FDA reported that in some cases symptoms have occurred with just one or two doses at the recommended dosage for patients without a gallbladder (75 mg).^[9] Of two deaths associated with eluxadoline reported up to February 2017, both occurred in patients without a gallbladder.^[8]

Interactions

Elevated concentrations of eluxadoline were observed with co-administration of inhibitors of the transporter protein OATP1B1, such as:

• Cyclosporine
• Gemfibrozil
• Certain antiretrovirals
• Rifampin
• Eltrombopag

Also, concurrent use of other drugs that cause constipation is not preferred, such as:

• Opioids
• Alosetron
• Anticholinergics
• Bismuth subsalicylate, potentially dangerous synergism.^[10]

Eluxadoline increases the concentrations of drugs which are OATP1B1 and BCRP substrates. Also, co-administration of eluxadoline with rosuvastatin may increase the risk of rhabdomyolysis.^[1]

Pharmacology

Mechanism of action

Eluxadoline is a μ- and κ-opioid receptor agonist and δ-opioid receptor antagonist ^[11] that acts locally in the enteric nervous system, possibly decreasing adverse effects on the central nervous system.^[12][13]

Pharmacokinetics

In the in vitro studies, eluxadoline was found to be transported by OAT3 (SLC22A8), OATP1B1 (SLCO1B1) and BSEP (ABCB11) at the highest concentrations tested (400 ng/ml which is 162-fold larger than the observed Cmax of the highest therapeutic dose of 100 mg). However, it was not to be transported by OCT1 POU2F1, OAT1 Organic anion transporter 1, OCT2, OATP1B3 (SLCO1B3), P-gp (P-glycoprotein), or BCRP (ABCG2).

Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2)-vesicular accumulation of eluxadoline was observed, indicating that the drug is a substrate of MRP2. Eluxadoline was not found to inhibit BCRP-, BSEP-, MRP2-, OCT1-, OCT2-, OAT1-, OAT3-, or OATP1B3-mediated transport of probe substrates but inhibited the transport of probe substrates of OATP1B1 and P-gp. Also in the in vitro studies, it was observed that eluxadoline is an in vivo substrate of OATP1B1, OAT3, and MRP2. Finally, no inhibition or induction of cytochrome P450enzymes was observed.^[14]

Following a 100 mg dose of eluxadoline, the C_max was about 2 to 4 ng/ml and AUC was 12-22 ng.h/ml. Eluxadoline has linear pharmacokinetics with no accumulation upon repeated twice daily dosing. Taking eluxadoline with high fat meal decreased the C_max by 50% and AUC by 60%.^[1]

Chemistry

Synthesis

The synthesis of eluxadoline was extensively discussed in the patent No. WO2006099060 A2, with the title : “Process for the preparation of opioid modulators” which was published in Sept. 2006^[15]

A CLIP

5 JAN 2014

Furiex Pharmaceuticals Inc.  more than doubled in its best day of trading after its experimental drug alleviated diarrhea and abdominal pain caused by irritable bowel syndrome in two studies.

The drug eluxadoline met targets for improvements in stool consistency and abdominal pain that were developed in conjunction with U.S. and European regulators, the company said today. Furiex will apply for approval in June, Chairman Fred Eshelman said in an investor call today. He estimated annual sales of $750 million to $1 billion.

“By our math, it looks like a pretty doggone good market,” Eshelman said on the call, noting that there is only one currently approved drug available in the U.S. for the condition.

Diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome is a chronic disorder that affects about 28 million patients in the U.S. and Europe, Furiex said in the statement.Furiex said it would apply by mid-year for U.S. approval of the drug, eluxadoline, to treat diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-d), a debilitating bowel disorder that affects about 28 million people in the United States and major European markets.

Furiex said it expected to seek European approval in early 2015.

“We believe that there are a lot of patients out there who need this drug. There is a huge unmet need,” Furiex Chief Medical Officer June Almenoff said in a telephone interview.

Currently approved drugs for IBS address constipation associated with the disorder, but there are few options for diarrhea predominant IBS.

Furiex founder and chairman Fred Eshelman said he believes the drug has the potential for blockbuster sales, which he defined as annual sales of between $750 million and $1 billion.

Eluxadoline was tested at two doses against a placebo over the course of 12 weeks to meet requirements by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, and for 26 weeks for European health regulators, in Phase III studies involving 2,428 patients, Furiex said.

For the combined goal of improvement in abdominal pain and stool consistency for at least half the days in the study, eluxadoline achieved a statistically significant improvement at the 100 milligram and 75 mg doses through 12 weeks in both studies.

On the 26-week measure, the higher dose succeeded in both studies but the lower dose missed statistical significance in one of the two trials, according to initial results released by the company.

The success appeared to be driven by the percentage of patients reporting improvements in diarrhea, which ranged from 30 percent to 37 percent versus 22 percent and 20.9 percent for the placebo groups.

When the composite goal was broken into its two components, researchers found a numerical improvement in pain response rates that did not achieve statistical significance.

The drug appeared to be safe and well-tolerated in both studies, Furiex said. The most commonly reported side effects were constipation and nausea.

The company plans to present a far more detailed analysis of the late stage studies at an upcoming medical meeting.

“We’re very excited about the path ahead and about how this can transform patients’ lives,” Almenoff said.

Mu Delta is a locally active mu opioid receptor agonist and delta opioid receptor antagonist in phase III clinical evaluation at Furiex Pharmaceuticals for the oral treatment of diarrheal predominant irritable bowel syndrome (d-IBS).

The product candidate holds an advantage over currently marketed products for this indication because it acts locally on the enteric nervous system, possibly decreasing adverse effects on the central nervous system. In 2011, fast track designation was assigned in the U.S. for the treatment of d-IBS. In 2011, Mu Delta was licensed to Furiex Pharmaceuticals by Janssen for the treatment of d-IBS, granting an option to Furiex to continue development and commercialization following phase II proof of concept studies.

The opioid receptors were identified in the mid-1970’s, and were quickly categorized into three sub-sets of receptors (mu, delta and kappa). More recently the original three types of receptors have been further divided into sub-types. Also known is that the family of opioid receptors are members of the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) super-family. More physiologically pertinent are the well established facts that opioid receptors are found throughout the central and peripheral nervous system of many mammalian species, including humans, and that modulation of the respective receptors can elicit numerous, albeit different, biological effects, both desirable and undesirable (D. S. Fries, “Analgesics”, inPrinciples of Medicinal Chemistry, 4th ed.; W. O. Foye, T. L. Lemke, and D. A. Williams, Eds.; Williams and Wilkins: Baltimore, Md., 1995; pp. 247-269; J. V. Aldrich, “Analgesics”, Burger’s Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery, 5^thEdition, Volume 3: Therapeutic Agents, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1996, pp. 321-441). In the most current literature, the likelihood of heterodimerization of the sub-classes of opioid receptors has been reported, with respective physiological responses yet undetermined (Pierre J. M. Riviere and Jean-Louis Junien, “Opioid receptors: Targets for new gastrointestinal drug development”, Drug Development 2000, pp. 203-238).

A couple biological effects identified for opioid modulators have led to many useful medicinal agents. Most significant are the many centrally acting mu opioid agonist modulators marketed as analgesic agents to attenuate pain (e.g., morphine), as well as peripherally acting mu agonists to regulate motility (e.g., loperamide). Currently, clinical studies are continuing to evaluate medicinal utility of selective delta, mu, and kappa modulators, as well as compounds possessing combined sub-type modulation. It is envisioned such explorations may lead to agents with new utilities, or agents with minimized adverse side effects relative to currently available agents (examples of side effects for morphine includes constipation, respiratory depression, and addiction potential). Some new GI areas where selective or mixed opioid modulators are currently being evaluated includes potential treatment for various diarrheic syndromes, motility disorders (post-operative ileus, constipation), and visceral pain (post operative pain, irritable bowel syndrome, and inflammatory bowel disorders) (Pierre J. M. Riviere and Jean-Louis Junien, “Opioid receptors: Targets for new gastrointestinal drug development” Drug Development, 2000, pp. 203-238).

Around the same time the opioid receptors were identified, the enkephalins were identified as a set of endogenous opioid ligands (D. S. Fries, “Analgesics”, inPrinciples of Medicinal Chemistry, 4th ed.; W. O. Foye; T. L. Lemke, and D. A. Williams, Eds.; Williams and Wilkins: Baltimore, Md., 1995; pp. 247-269). Schiller discovered that truncating the original pentapeptide enkephalins to simplified dipeptides yielded a series of compounds that maintained opioid activity (Schiller, P. WO 96/06855). However one potential drawback cited for such compounds is the likelihood of their inherent instability (P. W. Schiller et al., Int. J. Pept. Protein Res. 1993, 41 (3), pp. 313-316).

More recently, a series of opioid pseudopeptides containing heteroaromatic or heteroaliphatic nuclei were disclosed, however this series is reported showing a different functional profile than that described in the Schiller works. (L. H. Lazarus et al., Peptides 2000, 21, pp. 1663-1671).

Most recently, works around morphine related structures were reported by Wentland, et al, where carboxamido morphine derivatives and it’s analogs were prepared (M. P. Wentland et al., Biorg. Med. Chem. Letters 2001, 11, pp. 1717-1721; M. P. Wentland et al., Biorg. Med. Chem. Letters 2001, 11, pp. 623-626). Wentland found that substitution for the phenol moiety of the morphine related structures with a primary carboxamide led anywhere from equal activities up to 40 fold reduced activities, depending on the opioid receptor and the carboxamide. It was also revealed that any additional N-substitutions on the carboxamide significantly diminished the desired binding activity.

Compounds of the present invention have not been previously disclosed and are believed to provide advantages over related compounds by providing improved pharmacological profiles.

Opioid receptor modulators, agonists or antagonists are useful in the treatment and prevention of various mammalian disease states, for example pain and gastrointestinal disorders such as diarrheic syndromes, motility disorders including post-operative ileus and constipation, and visceral pain including post-operative pain, irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disorders.

It is an object of the present invention to provide opioid receptor modulators. It is a further object of the invention to provide opioid receptor agonists and opioid receptor antagonists. It is an object of the present invention to provide opioid receptor ligands that are selective for each type of opioid receptor, mu, delta and kappa. It is a further object of the present invention to provide opioid receptor ligands that modulate two or three opioid receptor types, mu, delta and kappa, simultaneously.

It is an object of the invention to provide certain instant compounds that are also useful as intermediates in preparing new opioid receptor modulators. It is also an object of the invention to provide a method of treating or ameliorating a condition mediated by an opioid receptor. And, it is an object of the invention to provide a useful pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the present invention useful as an opioid receptor modulator.

5-({[2-Amino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-propionyl]-[1-(4-phenyl-1 h-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-amino}-methyl)-2-methoxy-benzoic acid is an opoid receptor modulator (mu receptor agonist and delta receptor antagonist) and may be useful for treating irritable bowel syndrome, pain or other opioid receptor disorders.

5-({[2-Amino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-propionyl]-[1-(4-phenyl-1h-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-amino}-methyl)-2-methoxy-benzoic acid and methods of making this molecule are disclosed in

US application 2005/02033143. Example 9 of US application 2005/02033143 makes the hydrochloride salt of 5-({[2-amino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-propionyl]-[1-(4-phenyl-1h-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-amino}-methyl)-2-methoxy-benzoic acid.

Applicants have discovered a process of making the zwitterion of 5-({[2-amino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-propionyl]-[1-(4-phenyl-1h-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-amino}-methyl)-2-methoxy-benzoic acid and two novel crystals of this zwitterion. In Applicant’s hands, these novel crystals provide improved properties and can be purified at higher purity. Applicant’s new process results in improved and less costly process manufacturing conditions than the procedure disclosed in US application 2005/02033143.

FIG. 6 is the molecular structure of the zwitterion 5-({[2-amino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-propionyl]-[1-(4-phenyl-1h-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-amino}-methyl)-2-methoxy-benzoic acid.

US7994206

SYNTHESIS OF 5-formyl-2- methoxy-benzoic acid methyl ester

WO2002022612A1

Example 8: 2-Methoxy-5-formylbenzoic acid

Lithium hydroxide (1.04g, 0.043mol, 3eq) in water (lOmL) was added to a stirred solution of methyl 2-methoxy-5-formylbenzoate (2.8g, 0.014mol, leq) in a mixture of tetrahydrofuran (30mL) and methanol (20mL). The solution was stirred overnight, acidified to pH 1 with 10% HCl and the organic solvents removed in vacuo. The aqueous solution was extracted with ethyl acetate (lOOmL) and the organic solution washed with brine (lOOmL), then extracted with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (3 x lOOmL). The basic solution was washed with ethyl acetate (lOOmL), then acidified to pH 1 with 10% HCl and back extracted with dichloromethane (3 x lOOmL). The organic solution was dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated in vacuo to give a cream coloured powder (2.01g, 77%). 1H NMR (CDC1₃) δ 9.99 (s, IH, O=C- H), 4.14 (s, 3H, CH₃).

ANALOGOUS METHOD TO PREPARE..2-methoxy-5-{[1 -(4-phenyl-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)- ethylamino]-methyl}-benzoic acid methyl ester

USE 5-formyl-2- methoxy-benzoic acid methyl ester  for 3,4- dimethoxybenzaldehyde, TO GET 2-methoxy-5-{[1 -(4-phenyl-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)- ethylamino]-methyl}-benzoic acid methyl ester 

Example 4

(3,4-Dimethoxy-benzyl)-[1-(4-phenyl-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-amine

A solution of 1-(4-phenyl-1 W-imidazol-2-yl)-ethylamine (0.061 g, 0.33 mmol) of Example 3, and 0.55 g (0.33 mmol) of 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde in 5 ml_ of anhydrous methanol was stirred at room temperature for 1 h and then cooled to about 0-10⁰C in an ice bath for 1 h. The reaction was treated carefully with 0.019 g (0.49 mmol) of sodium borohydride in one portion and maintained at about 0-10⁰C for 21 h. Cold 2M aqueous HCI was added dropwise (30 drops), the mixture was stirred for 5 min, and then partially concentrated in vacuo unheated. The residual material was taken up in EtOAc to yield a suspension that was treated with 5 ml_ of cold 3M aqueous NaOH and stirred vigorously until clear. The phases were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted three times additional with EtOAc. The combined extracts were dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated to yield (3,4-dimethoxy- benzyl)-[1-(4-phenyl-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-amine as a light yellow oil (HPLC: 87% @ 254nm and 66% @ 214 nm).

MS (ES⁺) (relative intensity): 338.1 (100) (M+1)

This sample was of sufficient quality to use in the next reaction without further purification.

SYNTHESIS

WO2006099060A2

In an embodiment, the present invention is directed to processes for the preparation of the compound of formula (IV)

also known as, 5-({[2-amino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,5-dimethyl-phenyl)- propionyl]-[1 -(4-phenyl-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-amino}-methyl)-2-methoxy- benzoic acid

Example 1

(S)-2-ferf-Butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2.6-dimethyl-phenyl)- propionic acid

STEP A: Trifluoromethanesulfonic acid 4-bromo-3,5-dimethyl-phenyl ester

To a cooled (0°C) solution of 4-bromo-3,5-dimethylphenol (3.05 g, 15.2 mmol) in pyridine (8 ml_) was added trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride (5.0 g, 17.7 mmol) dropwise. After completion of addition, the resulting mixture was stirred at 0°C for 15 min, and then at room temperature overnight. The reaction was quenched by addition of water, and then extracted with EtOAc. The organic extracts were washed sequentially with water, 2N HCI (2x ), brine, and then dried over MgSO₄. Filtration and evaporation to dryness yielded compound 1 b as a colorless oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCI₃): δ 2.45 (6H, s), 7.00 (2H, s).

Step B: 4-Bromo-3,5-dimethylbenzoic acid

Into a solution of compound 1 b (6.57 g, 19.7 mmol) in DMF (65 ml_) were added K₂CO₃ (13.1 g, 94.7 mmol), Pd(OAc)₂ (0.44 g, 1.97 mmol) and 1 ,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (2.29 g, 4.14 mmol). The resulting mixture was bubbled in gaseous CO for 10 min and was heated to 60°C for 7.5h with a CO(₉) balloon. The cooled mixture was partitioned between aqueous NaHCO₃ and EtOAc, and filtered. The aqueous phase was separated, acidified with aqueous 6N HCI, extracted with EtOAc, and then dried over Na₂SO₄. Filtration and concentration of the filtrate yielded crude compound 1c as a brown residue, which was used in the next step without further purification. STEP C: Method A: 4-Bromo-3,5-dimethyl-benzamide

Into a suspension of compound 1c in DCM (40 ml_) was added SOCI₂ (3.1 rnL, 42 mmol) and the mixture was heated at reflux for 2 h. Upon removal of the solvent by evaporation, the residue was dissolved in DCM (40 ml_) and then ammonium hydroxide (28% NH₃ in water, 2.8 ml_) was added. The reaction mixture was heated at 5O⁰C for 2 h and concentrated. The residue was diluted with H₂O, extracted with EtOAc, and the organic portion was dried over Na₂SO₄. After filtration and evaporation, the residue was purified by flash column chramotagraphy (eluent: EtOAc) to yield compound 1 d as an off-white solid.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃CN): δ 2.45 (6H, s), 5.94 (1 H, br s), 6.71 (1 H, br s), 7.57 (2H, s)

MS(ES⁺)(relative intensity): 228.0 (100%) (M+1).

Step C: Method B: 4-Bromo-3,5-dimethyl-benzamide

A mixture of compound 1 b (3.33 g, 10 mmol), PdCI₂ (0.053 g, 0.3 mmol), hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS, 8.4 ml_, 40 mmol), and DPPP (0.12 g, 0.3 mmol) was bubbled with a gaseous CO for 5 min and then stirred in a CO balloon at 80°C for 4 h. To the reaction mixture was added MeOH (5 ml_). The reaction mixture was stirred for 10 min, diluted with 2N H₂SO₄ (200 ml_), and then extracted with EtOAc. The EtOAc extract was washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, brine, and then dried over Na₂SO₄. Filtration and evaporation of the resultant filtrate yielded a residue, which was purified by flash column chromatography (eluent: EtOAc) to yield compound 1d as a white solid.

Step D: 2-terf-Butoxycarbonylaminoacrylic acid methyl ester

To a suspension of /V-Boc-serine methyl ester (Compound 1e, 2.19 g, 10 mmol) and EDCI (2.01 g, 10.5 mmol) in DCM (70 ml_) was added CuCI (1.04 g, 10.5 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 72 h. Upon removal of the solvent, the residue was diluted with EtOAc, washed sequentially with water and brine and then dried over MgSO₄. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography (eluent: EtOAc:hexane ~1 :4) to yield compound 1f as a colorless oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCI₃): δ 1.49 (9H, s), 3.83 (3H, s), 5.73 (1 H, d, J = 1.5 Hz), 6.16 (1 H₁ S), 7.02 (1 H, s).

STEP E: (2)-2-fert-Butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl- phenyl)acrylic acid methyl ester

A flask charged with compound 1d (0.46 g, 2.0 mmol), compound 1f (0.80 g, 4.0 mmol), tri-o-tolylphosphine (0.098 g, 0.32 mmol) and DMF (8 ml_) was purged with N₂(g) 3 times. After the addition of tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium (0) (0.074 g, 0.08 mmol) and TEA (0.31 ml_, 2.2 mol), the reaction mixture was heated at 110°C for 24 h. At that time, the reaction was quenched by addition of water, and then extracted with EtOAc. The organic phase was washed with 1 N HCI, saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, brine, and dried over MgSO₄. The mixture was concentrated to a residue, which was purified by flash column chromatography (eluent: EtOAc:hexane~1 :1 to EtOAc only) to yield compound 1g as a white solid.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 1.36 (9H, s), 2.26 (6H, s), 3.83 (3H, s), 7.10 (1 H, s), 7.56 (2H, s); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 17.6, 25.7, 50.2, 78.7, 124.9, 126.4,

128.3, 131.2, 135.2, 135.5, 152.8, 164.3, 169.6;

MS (ES⁺) (relative intensity): 349.1 (38%)(M+1).

STEP F: (S)-2-ferf-Butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl- phenyl)propionic acid methyl ester

Into a reactor charged with a solution of compound 1g (0.56 g, 1.6 mmol) in degassed MeOH (80 mL) was added [Rh(COd)(H₁R-DIPAMP)J⁺BF₄ ^“ under a stream of argon. The reactor was sealed and flushed with H₂, stirred at 6O⁰C under 1000 psi of H₂ for 14 days. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography (eluent: EtOAc:hexane ~1 :1) to yield compound 1 h as a white solid. ee: >99%; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCI₃): δ 1.36 (9H, s), 2.39 (6H, s), 3.11 (2H, J = 7.2 Hz), 3.65 (3H, s), 4.53-4.56 (1 H, m), 5.12 (1 H, d, J = 8.7 Hz), 5.65 (1 H, br s), 6.09 (1 H, br s), 7.46 (2H, s);

MS(ES⁺) (relative intensity): 250.9 (100) (M-BoC)⁺.

STEP G: (S)-2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl- phenyl)propionic acid

Into an ice-cooled solution of compound “I h (0.22 g, 0.63 mmol) in THF (3.5 ml_) was added an aqueous LiOH solution (1 N, 3.5 ml_) and the reaction mixture stirred at 0°C. Upon completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was concentrated and the aqueous phase was neutralized with cooled aqueous 1 N HCI at 0°C, and then extracted with EtOAc. The combined extracts were dried over Na₂SO₄ overnight. Filtration and evaporation of the filtrate to dryness yielded compound 1j as a white solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-cfe): δ 1.30 (9H, s), 2.32 (6H, s), 2.95(1 H, dd,

J= 8.8, 13.9 Hz), 3.10 (1 H, dd, J= 6.2, 14.0 Hz), 4.02-4.12 (1 H, m), 7.18-7.23 (2H, m), 7.48 (2H₁ s), 7.80 (1 H, s);

MS(ES⁺) (relative intensity): 236.9 (6) (M-BoC)⁺.

Example 5

5-((r2-Amino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2.6-dimethyl-phenyl)-propionvn-n-(4-phenyl- 1 H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethvπ-aminol-methyl)-2-methoxy-benzoic acid

STEP A. 2-Methoxy-5-{[1-(4-phenyl-1 W-imidazol-2-yl)-ethylamino]-methyl}- benzoic acid methyl ester

Using the procedures described for Example 4, substituting 5-formyl-2- methoxy-benzoic acid methyl ester (WO 02/22612) for 3,4- dimethoxybenzaldehyde, 2-methoxy-5-{[1 -(4-phenyl-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)- ethylamino]-methyl}-benzoic acid methyl ester was prepared.

STEP B. 5-({[2-ferf-ButoxycarbonylmethyI-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl- phenyl)-propionyl]-[1 -(4-phenyl-1 H-imidazoI-2-yl)-ethyl]-amino}-methyl)-2- methoxy-benzoic acid methyl ester

Using the procedure of Example 3 for the conversion of Cpd 3d to Cpd 3e, substituting 2-methoxy-5-{[1-(4-phenyl-1 /-/-imidazol-2-yl)-ethylamino]- methylj-benzoic acid methyl ester for Cpd 3d and substituting 2-tert- Butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-propionic acid for 2- tø/t-Butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-propionic acid, Cpd 5a was prepared.

STEP C. 5-({[2-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl- phenyl)-propionyl]-[1 -(4-phenyl-1 W-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-amino}-methyl)-2- methoxy-benzoic acid

5-({[2-tørf-Butoxycarbonylmethyl-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)- propionyl]-[1-(4-phenyl-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-amino}-methyl)-2-methoxy- benzoic acid methyl ester was dissolved in an ice-chilled (0-10°C), mixed solvent system of THF (10 ml_) and MeOH (5 ml_). A LiOH H₂O/water suspension (2.48 M; 3.77 ml_) was added dropwise, then the reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred overnight. The resulting mixture was cooled in an ice bath and the basic solution was neutralized with 2N citric acid until slightly acidic. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to remove the volatile materials, after which time the remaining aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (3 x 26 ml_). These combined organic phases were dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield a pale yellowish white solid. This crude material was dissolved in a 10% MeOH/CH₂CI₂ solution and adsorbed onto 30 g of silica. The adsorbed material was divided and chromatographed on an ISCO normal phase column over two runs, using a 40 g Redi-Sep column for both runs. The solvent system was a gradient MeOHZCH₂CI₂ system as follows: Initial 100% CH₂CI₂, 98%-92% over 40 min; 90% over 12 min, and then 88% over 13 min. The desired product eluted cleanly between 44-61 min. The desired fractions were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield 5-({[2-terf- butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-propionyl]-[1-(4- phenyl-1 /-/-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-amino}-methyl)-2-methoxy-benzoic acid, Cpd 5b, as a white solid.

STEP D. 5-({[2-Amino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-propionyl]-[1 – (4-phenyl-1 W-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-amino}-methyl)-2-methoxy-benzoic acid

A portion of Cpd 5b (0.27g, 0.41 mmol) was dissolved in EtOAc (39 ml_)/THF (5 ml_), filtered, and subsequently treated with gaseous HCI for 15 min. After completion of the HCI addition, the reaction was slowly warmed to room temperature and a solid precipitate formed. After 5 h the reaction appeared >97% complete by LC (@214nm; 2.56 min.). The stirring was continued over 3 d, then the solid was collected and rinsed with a small amount of EtOAc. The resulting solid was dried under high vacuum under refluxing toluene for 2.5 h to yield Cpd 5c as a white solid di-HCI salt.

Example 2

Racemic 2-terf-Butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethvl- phenvD-propionic acid

STEP A: Racemic 2-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6- dimethyl-phenyl)propionic acid methyl ester

To a reactor charged with a solution of compound 1g (0.68 g, 1.95 mmol) in MeOH (80 mL) was added 10% Pd-C (0.5 g). The reactor was connected to a hydrogenator and shaken under 51 psi of H₂ overnight. The mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite and the filtrate was concentrated to dryness to yield compound 2a as a white solid.

The ¹H NMR spectrum was identical to that of (S)-2-tert- butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)propionic acid methyl ester, compound 1 h.

STEP B: Racemic 2-terf-butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6- dimethyl-phenyl)propionic acid

Following the procedure described for Example 1 , STEP G (preparation of (S)-2-teAt-Butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl- phenyl)propionic acid), compound 2b – racemic 2-te/?-butoxycarbonylamino-3- (4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)propionic acid – was prepared.

POLYMORPHS

US8609865

Example 1 Preparation of the zwitterion of 5-({[2-Amino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-propionyl]-[1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-amino}-methyl)-2-methoxy-benzoic acid

A 1 L three-necked round-bottomed flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, addition funnel and a thermocouple was charged without agitation. 34.2 g of 5-({[2-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-propionyl]-[1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-amino}-methyl)-2-methoxy-benzoic acid (see Example 9 of US 2005/0203143), 340 ml of acetone, and 17 ml of 204 mmolar concentrated HCl were combined in the flask. The stirring was started and the resulting slurry formed a clear solution. This solution was heated to 45° C. under vigorous stirring and aged at this temperature for a period of two hours. After the completion, the reaction mass was cooled to ambient temperature and the supernatant was removed by suction. The vessel along with the residue was rinsed with 20 ml of acetone and then removed as previously. 170 ml of water was added and the reaction mass and was aged under stirring until a homogeneus solution resulted. This solution was then added over a period of ˜½ hr to a solution of 90 ml of 1N NaOH and water. The pH was adjusted to 6.5-7.0 accordingly. The resulting slurry was aged for about 2 hrs at ambient temperature, cooled to 10-15° C., aged at that temperature for about 1 hr, and then filtered. The solid was washed with 10 ml water, air-dried for a period of 4 to 5 hrs, and then placed in a vacuum oven at 50-55° C. until the water content was less than 3%.

Example 2 Preparation of the Form α Crystal

The Form α crystal can be prepared by storing the zwitterion of 5-({[2-amino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-propionyl]-[1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-amino}-methyl)-2-methoxy-benzoic acid at 0-25% relative humidity for 3 days. Representative PXRD, TGA, and DSC data are shown in FIGS. 1-3 respectively.

Example 3 Preparation of the Form β crystal

The Form β crystal can be prepared by storing the zwitterion of 5-({[2-amino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-propionyl]-[1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-amino}-methyl)-2-methoxy-benzoic acid at greater than 60% relative humidity for 3 days. Representative PXRD, TGA, and DSC data are shown in FIGS. 1, 4, and 5 respectively.

SYNTHESIS

US20050203143

Example 9 5-({[2-Amino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-propionyl]-[1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-amino}-methyl)-2-methoxy-benzoic acid

A. 2-Methoxy-5{[1-(4-phenyl-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethylamino]-methyl}-benzoic acid methyl ester.

Using the procedures described for Example 3, substituting 5-formyl-2-methoxy-benzoic acid methyl ester (WO 02/22612) for 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde, 2-methoxy-5-{[1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethylamino]-methyl}-benzoic acid methyl ester was prepared.

B. 5-({[2-tert-Butoxycarbonyl methyl-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-propionyl]-[1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-amino}-methyl)-2-methoxy-benzoic acid methyl ester.

Using the procedure of Example 1 for the conversion of Cpd 1d to Cpd 1e, substituting 2-methoxy-5-{[1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethylamino]-methyl}-benzoic acid methyl ester for Cpd 1 d and substituting 2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl-propionic acid of Example 8 for 2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-propionic acid, Cpd 9a was prepared.

C. 5-({[2-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-propionyl]-[11-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-amino}-methyl)-2-methoxy-benzoic acid.

5-({[2-tert-Butoxycarbonyl methyl-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-propionyl]-[1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-amino}-methyl)-2-methoxy-benzoic acid methyl ester was dissolved in an ice-chilled (0-10° C.), mixed solvent system of THF (10 mL) and MeOH (5 mL). A LiOH.H₂O/water suspension (2.48 M; 3.77 mL) was added dropwise, then the reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred overnight. The resulting mixture was cooled in an ice bath and the basic solution was neutralized with 2N citric acid until slightly acidic. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to remove the volatile materials, after which time the remaining aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (3×26 mL). These combined organic phases were dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give 2.26 g (146% of theory) of pale yellowish white solid. This crude material was dissolved in a 10% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂ solution and adsorbed onto 30 g of silica. The adsorbed material was divided and chromatographed on an ISCO normal phase column over two runs, using a 40 g Redi-Sep column for both runs. The solvent system was a gradient MeOH/CH₂Cl₂ system as follows: Initial 100% CH₂Cl₂, 98%-92% over 40 min; 90% over 12 min, and then 88% over 13 min. The desired product eluted cleanly between 44-61 min. The desired fractions were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield 1.74 g (113% of theory) of 5-({[2-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-propionyl]-[1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-amino}-methyl)-2-methoxy-benzoic acid, Cpd 9b, as a white solid.

D. 5-({[2-Amino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-propionyl]-[1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-amino}-methyl)-2-methoxy-benzoic acid.

A portion of Cpd 9b (0.27g, 0.41 mmol) was dissolved in EtOAc (39 mL)/THF (5 mL), filtered, and subsequently treated with gaseous HCl for 15 min. After completion of the HCl addition, the reaction was slowly warmed to room temperature and a solid precipitate formed. After 5 h the reaction appeared >97% complete by LC (@214 nm; 2.56 min.). The stirring was continued over 3 d, then the solid was collected and rinsed with a small amount of EtOAc. The resulting solid was dried under high vacuum under refluxing toluene for 2.5 h to yield 0.19 g (71%) of desired Cpd 9c as a white solid di-HCl salt.

Example 8 (S)-2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-3-(2,6-dimethyl-4-trifluoromethanesulfonylphenyl)-propionic acid methyl ester

A. (S)-2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-3-(2,6-dimethyl-4-trifluoromethanesulfonylphenyl)-propionic acid methyl ester. Into a cool solution of Boc-L-(2,6-diMe)Tyr-OMe (7.0 g, 21.6 mmol; Sources: Chiramer or RSP AminoAcidAnalogues) and N-phenyltrifluoromethanesulfonimide (7.9 g, 22.0 mmol) in dichloromethane (60 mL) was added triethylamine (3.25 mL, 23.3 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h and slowly warmed to rt. Upon completion, the reaction was quenched by addition of water. The separated organic phase was washed with 1 N NaOH aqueous solution, water and dried over Na₂SO₄ overnight. After filtration and evaporation, the residue was purified by flash column chromatography (eluent: EtOAc-hexane: 3:7) to give the desired product (9.74 g, 99%) as a clear oil; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 1.36 (9H, s), 2.39 (6H, s), 3.06 (2H, d, J=7.7 Hz), 3.64 (3H, s), 4.51-4.59 (1H, m), 5.12 (1H, d, J=8.5 Hz), 6.92 (2H, s); MS (ES+) (relative intensity): 355.8 (100) (M−Boc)⁺.

B. (S)₄-(2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-2-methoxycarbonylethyl)-3,5-dimethylbenzoic acid. To a suspension of (S)-2-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-3-(2,6-dimethyl-4-trifluoromethanesulfonylphenyl)-propionic acid methyl ester (9.68 g, 21.3 mmol), K₂CO₃ (14.1 g, 0.102 mol), Pd(OAc)₂ (0.48 g, 2.13 mmol) and 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (2.56 g, 4.47 mmol) in DMF (48 mL) was bubbled in gaseous CO for 15 min. The mixture was heated to 60° C. for 8 h with a CO balloon. The cool mixture was partitioned between NaHCO₃ and EtOAc, and filtered. The aqueous layer was separated, acidified with 10% citric acid aqueous solution, extracted with EtOAc, and finally dried over Na₂SO₄. Filtration and concentration of the filtrate resulted in a residue. The residue was recrystallized from EtOAc-hexanes to afford the desired product (7.05 g, 94%); ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 1.36 (9H, s), 2.42 (6H, s), 3.14 (2H, J=7.4 Hz), 3.65 (3H, s), 4.57-4.59 (1H, m), 5.14 (1H, d, J=8.6 Hz), 7.75 (2H, s); MS(ES+) (relative intensity): 251.9 (100) (M−Boc)⁺.

C. (S)-2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethylphenyl)propionic acid methyl ester. Into a stirring solution of (S)-4-(2-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-2-methoxycarbonylethyl)-3,5-dimethyl benzoic acid (3.00 g, 8.54 mmol), PyBOP (6.68 g, 12.8 mmol) and HOBt (1.74 g, 12.8 mmol) in DMF (36 mL) was added DIPEA (5.96 mL, 34.2 mmol) and NH₄Cl (0.92 g, 17.1 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at rt for 40 min before being partitioned between aqueous NH₄Cl solution and EtOAc. The separated organic phase was washed sequentially with 2N citric acid aqueous solution, saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ solution, and brine, then dried over Na₂SO₄ overnight. After filtration and concentration, the residue was purified by flash column chromatography (eluent: EtOAc) to give the product. (3.00 g, 100%); ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 1.36 (9H, s), 2.39 (6H, s), 3.11 (2H, J=7.2 Hz), 3.65 (3H, s), 4.53-4.56 (1H, m), 5.12 (1H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 5.65 (1H, brs), 6.09 (1H, br s), 7.46 (2H, s); MS(ES+) (relative intensity): 250.9 (100) (M−Boc)⁺.

D. (S)-2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethylphenyl)propionic acid. Into an ice-cooled solution of methyl ester from Step C (2.99 g, 8.54 mmol) in THF (50 mL) was added an aqueous LiOH solution (1N, 50 mL) and stirred at 0° C. Upon consumption of the starting materials, the organic solvents were removed and the aqueous phase was neutralized with cooled 1N HCl at 0° C., and extracted with EtOAc, and dried over Na₂SO₄ overnight. Filtration and evaporation to dryness led to the title acid (S)-2-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethylphenyl)propionic acid (2.51 g, 87%); ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 1.30 (9H, s), 2.32 (6H, s), 2.95 (1H, dd, J=8.8, 13.9 Hz), 3.10 (1H, dd, J=6.2, 14.0 Hz), 4.02-4.12 (1H, m), 7.18-7.23 (2H, m), 7.48 (2H, s), 7.80 (1H, s); MS(ES+) (relative intensity): 236.9 (6) (M−Boc)⁺.

PAPER

Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2012 Jul 15;22(14):4869-72.

PATENTS

1.WO 2005090315

2..WO 2006099060

3.WO 2009009480

4. WO 2010062590

5.US 2011263868 *

Patent

https://patentscope2.wipo.int/search/de/detail.jsf;jsessionid=17DB1184234A30C42C287EBFB95A7EF3?docId=WO2018198101&tab=PCTDESCRIPTION&office=&prevFilter=%26fq%3DOF%3AWO&sortOption=Ver%C3%83%C2%B6ffentlichungsdatum+ab&queryString=&recNum=9351&maxRec=3410922

Eluxadoline chemically is 5-[[[(25)-2-amino-3-[4-(aminocarbonyl)-2, 6-dimethylphenyl] – 1 -oxopropyl] [( 15)- 1 -(4-phenyl- lH-imidazol-2-yl)ethyl] amino] methyl] -2-methoxybenzoic acid, represented by Formula I.

Formula I

Eluxadoline is a mu-opioid receptor agonist, indicated in adults for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D).

U.S. Patent No. 7,741 ,356 describes a process for the preparation of eluxadoline. U.S. Patent Nos. 7,629,488 and 8,710,256 describe processes for the preparation of intermediates of eluxadoline.

PCT Publication No. WO2009/009480 purportedly discloses forms alpha and beta crystals of eluxadoline and processes thereof. PCT Publication No. WO2009/009480 discloses that form alpha crystals can be prepared by storing the zwitterion of eluxadoline at 0-25% relative humidity (RH) for 3 days and form beta crystals can be prepared by storing the zwitterion of eluxadoline at greater than 60% RH for 3 days.

PCT Publication No. WO2017/015606 purportedly discloses amorphous form, crystalline forms I, II, III and IV, and processes for their preparation and a process for the preparation of form alpha crystal of eluxadoline

PATENT

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2018138274

Eluxadoline is the INN denomination assigned to the compound having lUPAC name 5-({[(2S)-2-amino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethylphenyl)propanoyl][(1 S)-1 -(4-phenyl-1 /-/-imidazol-2-yl)ethyl]amino}methyl)-2-methoxybenzoic acid and the formula reported below:

Eluxadoline is a μ- and κ-opioid receptor agonist and δ-opioid receptor antagonist that acts locally in the enteric nervous system. The drug, administered orally, is active locally in the intestine and is able to control gastrointestinal function (Gl) and at the same time to reduce the pain and mitigate the effect of constipation. Its use has been approved for the treatment of diarrhea and abdominal pain in individuals with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D).

The family of compounds to which eluxadoline belongs is disclosed in patent application WO 2005/090315 A1 , while patent application WO 2006/099060 A2 is directed to processes for the preparation of these compounds.

As generally known, any active principle may exist under amorphous or different crystalline forms (polymorphs), either as pure compound or in forms in which, in the structure of the crystal, are present molecules of water (hydrates) or of another solvent (solvates); besides, in case of hydrates and solvates, the ratio between the number of molecules of active principle and molecules of water or solvent may vary, giving rise to different solid forms of the compound.

Different salts and solid-state forms of an active pharmaceutical ingredient may possess different properties. Such variations in the properties of different salts and solid-state forms may provide a basis for improving formulation, for example, by facilitating better processing or handling characteristics, changing the dissolution profile in a favourable direction, or improving stability (polymorphic and/or chemical) and shelf-life. These variations in the properties of different salts and solid-state forms may also offer improvements to the final dosage form, for instance, if they serve to improve bioavailability. Different salts, solid-state forms and solvates of an active pharmaceutical ingredient may also give rise to a variety of polymorphs or crystalline forms, which, in turn, may provide additional opportunities to assess variations in the properties and characteristics of a solid active pharmaceutical ingredient.

While not intending to be bound by any theory, certain solid forms are characterized by physical properties, e.g., stability, solubility and dissolution rate, appropriate for pharmaceutical and therapeutic dosage forms. Moreover, while not wishing to be bound by any theory, certain solid forms are characterized by physical properties (e.g., density, compressibility, hardness, morphology, cleavage, stickiness, solubility, water uptake, electrical properties, thermal behaviour, solid-state reactivity, physical stability, and chemical stability) affecting particular processes (e.g., yield, filtration, washing, drying, milling, mixing, tableting, flowability, dissolution, formulation, and lyophilization) which make certain solid forms suitable for the manufacture of a solid dosage form. Such properties can be determined using analytical chemical techniques, including solid-state analytical techniques (e.g., X-ray diffraction, microscopy, spectroscopy and thermal analysis), as described herein and known in the art.

For these reasons, chemical compounds useful in the pharmaceutical field are systematically screened looking for the physical form(s) that present an improved set of production, storage and handling properties, and which result in an improved administration to the patients.

Patent application WO 2009/009480 A2 discloses two crystalline forms of eluxadoline, referred to in the document respectively as Form a and Form β. Form a is characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction pattern having the main peaks at about 10.2°, 1 1.3°, 1 1.8°, 14.0°, 14.3°, 14.7°, 16.1 ° and 18.3° 2Θ, while Form β is characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction pattern having the main peaks at about 1 1.0°, 12.4°, 14.9°, 15.2°, 22.1 °, 25.6°, 27.4°, and 30.4° 2Θ.

Patent application WO 2017/015606 A1 discloses several crystalline forms of eluxadoline, referred to therein as Form I, Form II, Form III, and Form IV. Form I is characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction pattern having peaks at about 6.4°, 7.5°, 9.1 °, 10.0°, and 13.0° 2Θ. Form II is characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction profile having peaks at about 7.2°, 1 1 .6°, 12.1 °, 12.7° and 16.9° 2Θ. Form III is characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction pattern having peaks at about 9.3°, 10.2°, 1 1 .5°, 13.3° and 21.8° 2Θ. Form IV is characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction profile having peaks at about 9.3°, 10.2°, 1 1.5°, 13.3° and 21 .8° 2Θ.

However, no information is provided in any of these documents about any useful

properties from the standpoint of the pharmaceutical industry, neither regarding ease of handling of the forms in the production of formulations nor regarding the storage stability (polymorphic and/or chemical) of eluxadoline when prepared in one of these crystalline forms.

An object of the present invention is the provision of a novel process for the preparation of a polymorphic form a’ of eluxadoline (as defined hereinbelow) which, surprisingly, is polymorphically and chemically stable. Since this polymorphic form represents a valuable product, it is an object that upscaling of this process, in order to meet the needs of industrial-scale production, should be easily accomplishable. It is a further object of the present invention that said novel process should produce high-purity products which must contain as low an amount of possibly harmful compounds as possible.

Surprisingly, it was found that new solvate forms ε of eluxadoline allow for the realization of this process and, thus, of the new polymorphically and chemically stable crystalline form α’. It was found that in terms of the starting material from which the solvate forms ε of eluxadoline can be produced, they are extremely flexible.

Further, it was found that the reaction conditions necessary to produce these solvate forms are highly advantageous in terms of energy consumption in combination with the chemical nature of the solvents used

High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Ultraviolet Detection (HPLC-UV):

Chemical stability tests were performed using the following HPLC method

Column: XBridge C8 150 X 4.6 mm, 3.5 μηι

Mobile Phase A: 0.1 % (V/V) phosphoric acid aqueous solution

Mobile Phase B: Acetonitrile

Diluent: 1 :1 (V/V) Mixture of Mobile Phases A and B

Flow Rate: 1.3 mL/min

Runtime: 35 min

Column Temperature 30 °C

Autosampler Temperature: Ambient

Injection Volume: 5 μΙ_

Detection: 210 nm

Sample concentration: 0.4 mg/mL

Gradient Program:

PATENT

WO 2018020450

https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2018020450A2/en

Example 1

Preparation of Eluxadoline

Step 1- Preparation of 5-({[2-amino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-propionyl]-[l- (4-phenyl- lH-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-amino} -methyl)-2-methoxy-benzoic acid

To a stirred solution of 1 -(4-phenyl- lH-imidazole-2-yl)-ethyl amine (20 gm) and 5-formyl-2-methoxy-benzoic acid methyl ester (20 gm) in methanol was added catalytic amount of acetic acid (3 ml). The reaction mixture was cooled at 5°C-10°C and sodium borohydride (4 gm) was added. The reaction mixture was further stirred for 2-3 hours at room temperature. The resultant mixture was diluted with water and then partially concentrated. To this mixture was added 2N HCl solution followed by addition of dichloromethane. The phases were separated and the pH (9-1 1) of aqueous layer was adjusted using 2N NaOH solution; which was further extracted with dichloromethane. The combined organic layers were concentrated under vacuum to afford titled compound as oil (yield: 40 gm).

Step 2- Preparation of 5-({[2-tert-butoxycarbonylmethyl-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl- phenyl)-propionyl] – [ 1 -(4-phenyl- 1 H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl] -amino} -methyl)-2-methoxy- benzoic acid methyl ester

To a stirring mixture of 2-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6- dimethyl-phenyl-propionic acid (100 gm), l-ethyl-3-(3- dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (159.4 gm) and 1- hydroxybenzotriazole (45.4 gm) in dimethylformamide (80 ml) & dichloromethane (1920 ml) was added 5-({[2-amino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-propionyl]-[l-(4- phenyl-lH-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl] -amino }-methyl)-2-methoxy-benzoic acid (step 1 product, 146.6 gm). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for overnight and further diluted with water. The separated organic phase was washed sequentially with aqueous Na2C03 solution, IN HCl solution, water and brine. After concentration, the residue was further dissolved in DCM. The resultant solution was washed sequentially with water & IN HCl solution and then concentrated under vacuum to afford titled compound (yield: 145 gm).

Step 3- Preparation of methyl 5-((2-amino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(l-(4- phenyl- 1 H-imidazol-2-yl)ethyl) enzoate

To a stirred solution of 5-({[2-tert-butoxycarbonylmethyl-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6- dimethyl-phenyl)-propionyl] – [ 1 -(4-phenyl- 1 H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl] -amino } -methyl)-2- methoxy-benzoic acid methyl ester (step -2 product, 20 gm) in THF (80 ml) was added Cone. HCl solution (30 ml). The reaction mixture was heated at 40°C-45°C. After completion of reaction, the mixture was concentrated and resultant residue was diluted with water. The pH (9-10) was adjusted using 3N NaOH solution; and resultant stick mass was dissolved in methanol. The resultant solution was concentrated under vacuum to afford titled compound (yield: 18.1 gm).

Step 4- Preparation of Eluxadoline

Into an ice cooled solution of methyl 5-((2-amino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6- dimethylphenyl)-N-( 1 -(4-phenyl- 1 H-imidazol-2-yl)ethyl)propanamido)methyl)-2- methoxybenzoate (step 3 product, 15 gm) in methanol was added an aqueous lithium hydroxide (3.23 gm in 30 ml water) and resultant mixture was heated at 40°C-45°C. After completion of reaction, mixture was concentrated and further diluted with water. The pH (6-7) was adjusted using 2N citric acid and resultant residue was dissolved in methanol. The resultant solution was added slowly to the acetone and stirring was continued for overnight. The solid precipitated was filtered, washed with acetone and dried to obtain an amorphous form of titled compound (Yield: 3.50 gm).

Example 2

Preparation of Eluxadoline

Step 1 : Preparation of 5-( {[2-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl- phenyl)-propionyl] – [ 1 -(4-phenyl- 1 W-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl] -amino } -methyl)-2-methoxy- benzoic acid

Into an ice cooled solution of 5-({[2-tert-butoxycarbonylmethyl-3-(4-carbamoyl- 2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-propionyl] – [ 1 -(4-phenyl- 1 H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl] -amino } -methyl)- 2-methoxy-benzoic acid methyl ester (160 gm) in methanol (800 ml) was added an aqueous solution of lithium hydroxide (29.46 gm in 350 ml water) and resultant mixture was stirred at room temperature for overnight. After completion of reaction, mixture was partially concentrated and further diluted with water. The pH (4-5) was adjusted using 2N citric acid and further stirred for 60 min. The solid precipitated was filtered, washed with water and dried to obtain titled compound (yield: 140 gm). Step 2: Preparation of Eluxadoline

To a stirred solution of 5-( {[2-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6- dimethyl-phenyl)-propionyl] – [ 1 -(4-phenyl- 1 H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl] -amino } -methyl)-2- methoxy-benzoic acid (step-1 product, 100 gm) in acetone (1200 ml) was added Cone. HC1 solution (50 ml). The reaction mixture was heated at 40°C-45°C. After completion of reaction, the supernatant solution was decanted; resultant residue was rinsed with acetone and further dissolved in water. The pH (6-7) was adjusted using IN NaOH solution and the precipitated was filtered, washed with water and dried to obtain an amorphous form of eluxadoline (yield: 72 gm).

Example 3

Preparation of Eluxadoline

To a stirred solution of 5-( {[2-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6- dimethyl-phenyl)-propionyl] – [ 1 -(4-phenyl- 1 -imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl] -amino } -methyl)-2- methoxy-benzoic acid (50 gm) in dichloromethane (250 ml) were added solution of Cone. HC1 (50 ml) and water (50 ml). The reaction mixture was heated at 35°C-40°C and further stirred for 10-20 minutes. Tetrahydrofuran (50 ml) & Cone. HC1 (20 ml) were added to the sticky mass and reaction mixture was heated at 40°C for 2 hours. After completion of reaction, the mixture was diluted with water. The pH (6-7) was adjusted using 4N NaOH solution and the obtained sticky mass was dissolved in methanol. The resultant solution was concentrated under vacuum to afford eluxadoline (yield: 16 gm).

Example 4

Preparation of amorphous form of eluxadoline Eluxadoline (1 gm) was dissolved in methanol (20 ml) at 25-30°C. Water (60 ml) was added to the resultant solution and stirred for 15-20 minutes. The resultant slurry was filtered, washed with water and further dried to obtain amorphous form of eluxadoline (Yield: 0.80 gm).

Example 5

Preparation of amorphous form of eluxadoline

Eluxadoline (1 gm) was dissolved in methanol (20 ml) at 25-30°C. Acetone (80 ml) was added to the resultant solution and stirred for 15-20 minutes. The resultant slurry was filtered, washed with acetone and further dried to obtain amorphous form of eluxadoline (Yield: 0.80 gm).

Example 6

Preparation of Form L of eluxadoline

Eluxadoline (1 gm) was charged into flask containing acetonitrile (60 ml) and slurried for 24 hours to 25 hours at 50°C. The resultant solid was filtered, and dried to obtain titled compound (Yield: 0.80 gm).

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Eluxadoline (Viberzi)

References

The active ingredient in VIBERZI is eluxadoline, a mu-opioid receptor agonist.

The full chemical name is 5-[[[(2S)-2-amino-3-[4-(aminocarbonyl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl]-1- oxopropyl][(1S)-1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)ethyl]amino]methyl]-2-methoxybenzoic acid.

Eluxadoline has a molecular weight of 569.65 and a molecular formula of C₃₂H₃₅N₅O₅. The chemical structure of eluxadoline is:

VIBERZI is available as 75 mg and 100 mg tablets for oral administration. In addition to the active ingredient, eluxadoline, each tablet contains the following inactive ingredients: silicified microcrystalline cellulose, colloidal silica, crospovidone, mannitol, magnesium stearate, and Opadry II (partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl alcohol, titanium dioxide, polyethylene glycol, talc, iron oxide yellow, and iron oxide red).

Eluxadoline

Clinical data
Trade names	Viberzi (US), Truberzi (Europe)
Synonyms	JNJ-27018966
License data	EU EMA: by INN
Routes of administration	Oral
ATC code	A07DA06 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal status	US: Schedule IV
Pharmacokinetic data
Protein binding	81%
Elimination half-life	3.7–6 hours
Excretion	82.2% (feces), <1% (urine)[1]
Identifiers
IUPAC name[show]
CAS Number	864821-90-9
PubChem CID	11250029
IUPHAR/BPS	7691
ChemSpider	9425062
UNII	45TPJ4MBQ1
KEGG	D10403
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C32H35N5O5
Molar mass	569.6508 g/mol
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image

//////////////////JNJ-27018966, iberzi, элуксадолин ,إيلوكسادولين ,艾沙多林 ,ELUXADOLINE, FDA 2015, エルクサドリン,

CC1=CC(=CC(=C1CC(C(=O)N(CC2=CC(=C(C=C2)OC)C(=O)O)C(C)C3=NC=C(N3)C4=CC=CC=C4)N)C)C(=O)N