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Tirzepatide

May 18, 2022 4:31 am / Leave a comment

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ChemSpider 2D Image | tirzepatide | C225H347N47O69

Tirzepatide

チルゼパチド

LY3298176,

Formula	C225H348N48O68
CAS	2023788-19-2
Mol weight	4813.4514

FDA APPROVED 2022/5/13, Mounjaro

Class	Antidiabetic agent GLP-1 receptor agonist
Efficacy	Antidiabetic, Gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor agonist, Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist
Disease	Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Tirzepatide is an agonist of human glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and human glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptors, whose amino acid residues at positions 2 and 13 are 2-methylAla, and the C-terminus is amidated Ser. A 1,20-icosanedioic acid is attached to Lys at position 20 via a linker which consists of a Glu and two 8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acids. Tirzepatide is a synthetic peptide consisting of 39 amino acid residues.

C₂₂₅H₃₄₈N₄₈O₆₈ : 4813.45
[2023788-19-2]

L-Serinamide, L-tyrosyl-2-methylalanyl-L-α-glutamylglycyl-L-threonyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-threonyl-L-seryl-L-α-aspartyl-L-tyrosyl-L-seryl-L-isoleucyl-2-methylalanyl-L-leucyl-L-α-aspartyl-L-lysyl-L-isoleucyl-L-alanyl-L-glutaminyl-N⁶-[(22S)-22,42-dicarboxy-1,10,19,24-tetraoxo-3,6,12,15-tetraoxa-9,18,23-triazadotetracont-1-yl]-L-lysyl-L-alanyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-valyl-L-glutaminyl-L-tryptophyl-L-leucyl-L-isoleucyl-L-alanylglycylglycyl-L-prolyl-L-seryl-L-serylglycyl-L-alanyl-L-prolyl-L-prolyl-L-prolyl-

Other Names

L-Tyrosyl-2-methylalanyl-L-α-glutamylglycyl-L-threonyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-threonyl-L-seryl-L-α-aspartyl-L-tyrosyl-L-seryl-L-isoleucyl-2-methylalanyl-L-leucyl-L-α-aspartyl-L-lysyl-L-isoleucyl-L-alanyl-L-glutaminyl-N⁶-[(22S)-22,42-dicarboxy-1,10,19,24-tetraoxo-3,6,12,15-tetraoxa-9,18,23-triazadotetracont-1-yl]-L-lysyl-L-alanyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-valyl-L-glutaminyl-L-tryptophyl-L-leucyl-L-isoleucyl-L-alanylglycylglycyl-L-prolyl-L-seryl-L-serylglycyl-L-alanyl-L-prolyl-L-prolyl-L-prolyl-L-serinamide

Tirzepatide, sold under the brand name Mounjaro,^[1] is a medication used for the treatment type 2 diabetes.^[2]^[3]^[4] Tirzepatide is given by injection under the skin.^[2] Common side effects may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, decreased appetite, constipation, upper abdominal discomfort and abdominal pain.^[2]

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) are hormones involved in blood sugar control.^[2] Tirzepatide is a first-in-class medication that activates both the GLP-1 and GIP receptors, which leads to improved blood sugar control.^[2] Tirzepatide was approved for medical use in the United States in May 2022.^[2]

SYN

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00108

The large-scale manufacture of complex synthetic peptides is challenging due to many factors such as manufacturing risk (including failed product specifications) as well as processes that are often low in both yield and overall purity. To overcome these liabilities, a hybrid solid-phase peptide synthesis/liquid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS/LPPS) approach was developed for the synthesis of tirzepatide. Continuous manufacturing and real-time analytical monitoring ensured the production of high-quality material, while nanofiltration provided intermediate purification without difficult precipitations. Implementation of the strategy worked very well, resulting in a robust process with high yields and purity.

PATENT

WO2016111971
US2020023040
WO2019245893
US2020155487
US2020155650
WO2020159949CN112592387
WO2021066600CN112661815
WO2021154593
US2021338769

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Medical uses

Tirzepatide in indicated to improve blood sugar control in adults with type 2 diabetes, as an addition to diet and exercise.^[2]

Contraindications

Tirzepatide should not be used in people with a personal or family history of medullary thyroid cancer or in people with multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type 2.^[2]

Adverse effects

Preclinical, phase I, and phase II trials have indicated that tirzepatide exhibits similar adverse effects to other established GLP-1 receptor agonists, such as GLP-1 receptor agonist dulaglutide. These effects occur largely within the gastrointestinal tract.^[5] The most frequently observed adverse effects are nausea, diarrhoea and vomiting, which increased in incidence with the dosage amount (i.e. higher likelihood the higher the dose). The number of patients who discontinued taking tirzepatide also increased as dosage increased, with patients taking 15 mg having a 25% discontinuation rate vs 5.1% for 5 mg patients and 11.1% for dulaglutide.^[6] To a slightly lesser extent, patients also reported reduced appetite.^[5] Other side effects reported were dyspepsia, constipation, abdominal pain, dizziness and hypoglycaemia.^[7]^[8]

Pharmacology

Tirzepatide is an analogue of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), a human hormone which stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreas. Tirzepatide is a linear polypeptide of 39 amino acids which has been chemically modified by lipidation to improve its uptake into cells and its stability to metabolism.^[9] The compound is administered as a weekly subcutaneous injection.^[10] It completed phase III trials globally in 2021.^[11]^[12]

Mechanism of action

Tirzepatide has a greater affinity to GIP receptors than to GLP-1 receptors, and this dual agonist behaviour has been shown to produce greater reductions of hyperglycemia compared to a selective GLP-1 receptor agonist.^[3] Signaling studies have shown that this is due to tirzepatide mimicking the actions of natural GIP at the GIP receptor.^[13] However, at the GLP-1 receptor, tirzepatide shows bias towards cAMP (a messenger associated with regulation of glycogen, sugar and lipid metabolism) generation, rather than β-arrestin recruitment. This combination of preference towards GIP receptor and distinct signaling properties at GLP-1 suggest this biased agonism increases insulin secretion.^[13] Tirzepatide has also been shown to increase levels of adiponectin, an adipokine involved in the regulation of both glucose and lipid metabolism, with a maximum increase of 26% from baseline after 26 weeks, at the 10 mg dosage.^[3]

Chemistry

Structure

Tirzepatide is an analog of the human GIP hormone with a C₂₀ fatty-diacid portion attached, used to optimise the uptake and metabolism of the compound.^[9] The fatty-diacid section (eicosanedioic acid) is linked via a glutamic acid and two (2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethoxy)acetic acid units to the side chain of the lysine residue. This arrangement allows for a much longer half life, extending the time between doses, because of its high affinity to albumin.^[14]

Synthesis

The synthesis of tirzepatide was first disclosed in patents filed by Eli Lilly and Company.^[15] This uses standard solid phase peptide synthesis, with an allyloxycarbonyl protecting group on the lysine at position 20 of the linear chain of amino acids, allowing a final set of chemical transformations in which the sidechain amine of that lysine is derivatized with the lipid-containing fragment.

Large-scale manufacturing processes have been reported for this compound.^[16]

History

Indiana-based pharmaceutical company Eli Lilly and Company first applied for a patent for a method of glycemic control using tirzepatide in early 2016.^[15] The patent was published late that year. After passing phase 3 clinical trials, Lilly applied for FDA approval in October 2021 with a priority review voucher.^[17]

Following the completion of the pivotal SURPASS-2 trial no. NCT03987919, the company announced on 28 April that tirzepatide had successfully met their endpoints in obese and overweight patients without diabetes.^[18] Alongside results from the SURMOUNT-1 trial no. NCT04184622, they suggest that tirzepatide may potentially be a competitor for existing diabetic medication semaglutide, manufactured by Novo Nordisk.^[19]^[20]

In industry-funded preliminary trials comparing tirzepatide to the existing diabetes medication semaglutide (an injected analogue of the hormone GLP-1), tirzepatide showed minor improvement of reductions (2.01%–2.30% depending on dosage) in glycated hemoglobin tests relative to semaglutide (1.86%).^[21] A 10 mg dose has also been shown to be effective in reducing insulin resistance, with a reduction of around 8% from baseline, measured using HOMA2-IR (computed with fasting insulin).^[3] Fasting levels of IGF binding proteins like IGFBP1 and IGFBP2 increased following tirzepatide treatment, increasing insulin sensitivity.^[3] A meta-analysis published by Dutta et al. showed that over 1-year clinical use, tirzepatide was observed to be superior to dulaglutide, semaglutide, degludec, and insulin glargine with regards to glycemic efficacy and obesity reduction. Tirzepatide is perhaps the most potent agent developed to date to tackle the global problem of “diabesity“.^[22]

Society and culture

Names

Tirzepatide is the international nonproprietary name (INN).^[23]

References

^ Jump up to:^a ^b “Highlights of prescribing information” (PDF). accessdata.fda.gov. FDA. May 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ “FDA Approves Novel, Dual-Targeted Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes”. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Press release). 13 May 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2022. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Thomas MK, Nikooienejad A, Bray R, Cui X, Wilson J, Duffin K, et al. (January 2021). “Dual GIP and GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Tirzepatide Improves Beta-cell Function and Insulin Sensitivity in Type 2 Diabetes”. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 106 (2): 388–396. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaa863. PMC 7823251. PMID 33236115.
^ Coskun T, Sloop KW, Loghin C, Alsina-Fernandez J, Urva S, Bokvist KB, et al. (December 2018). “LY3298176, a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: From discovery to clinical proof of concept”. Molecular Metabolism. 18: 3–14. doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2018.09.009. PMC 6308032. PMID 30473097.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Min T, Bain SC (January 2021). “The Role of Tirzepatide, Dual GIP and GLP-1 Receptor Agonist, in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes: The SURPASS Clinical Trials”. Diabetes Therapy. 12 (1): 143–157. doi:10.1007/s13300-020-00981-0. PMC 7843845. PMID 33325008.
^ Frias JP, Nauck MA, Van J, Kutner ME, Cui X, Benson C, et al. (November 2018). “Efficacy and safety of LY3298176, a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist, in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, placebo-controlled and active comparator-controlled phase 2 trial”. The Lancet. 392 (10160): 2180–2193. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32260-8. PMID 30293770.
^ Frias JP, Nauck MA, Van J, Benson C, Bray R, Cui X, et al. (June 2020). “Efficacy and tolerability of tirzepatide, a dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist in patients with type 2 diabetes: A 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate different dose-escalation regimens”. Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism. 22 (6): 938–946. doi:10.1111/dom.13979. PMC 7318331. PMID 31984598.
^ Dahl D, Onishi Y, Norwood P, Huh R, Bray R, Patel H, Rodríguez Á (February 2022). “Effect of Subcutaneous Tirzepatide vs Placebo Added to Titrated Insulin Glargine on Glycemic Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: The SURPASS-5 Randomized Clinical Trial”. JAMA. 327 (6): 534–545. doi:10.1001/jama.2022.0078. PMID 35133415.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Ahangarpour M, Kavianinia I, Harris PW, Brimble MA (January 2021). “Photo-induced radical thiol-ene chemistry: a versatile toolbox for peptide-based drug design”. Chemical Society Reviews. Royal Society of Chemistry. 50 (2): 898–944. doi:10.1039/d0cs00354a. PMID 33404559. S2CID 230783854.
^ Bastin M, Andreelli F (2019). “Dual GIP-GLP1-Receptor Agonists In The Treatment Of Type 2 Diabetes: A Short Review On Emerging Data And Therapeutic Potential”. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy. 12: 1973–1985. doi:10.2147/DMSO.S191438. PMC 6777434. PMID 31686879.
^ “Tirzepatide significantly reduced A1C and body weight in people with type 2 diabetes in two phase 3 trials from Lilly’s SURPASS program” (Press release). Eli Lilly and Company. 17 February 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021 – via PR Newswire.
^ “Lilly : Phase 3 Tirzepatide Results Show Superior A1C And Body Weight Reductions In Type 2 Diabetes”. Business Insider. RTTNews. 19 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Willard FS, Douros JD, Gabe MB, Showalter AD, Wainscott DB, Suter TM, et al. (September 2020). “Tirzepatide is an imbalanced and biased dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist”. JCI Insight. 5 (17). doi:10.1172/jci.insight.140532. PMC 7526454. PMID 32730231.
^ Østergaard S, Paulsson JF, Kofoed J, Zosel F, Olsen J, Jeppesen CB, et al. (October 2021). “The effect of fatty diacid acylation of human PYY_3-36 on Y₂ receptor potency and half-life in minipigs”. Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 21179. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1121179O. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-00654-3. PMC 8551270. PMID 34707178.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b US patent 9474780, Bokvist BK, Coskun T, Cummins RC, Alsina-Fernandez J, “GIP and GLP-1 co-agonist compounds”, issued 2016-10-25, assigned to Eli Lilly and Co
^ Frederick MO, Boyse RA, Braden TM, Calvin JR, Campbell BM, Changi SM, et al. (2021). “Kilogram-Scale GMP Manufacture of Tirzepatide Using a Hybrid SPPS/LPPS Approach with Continuous Manufacturing”. Organic Process Research & Development. 25 (7): 1628–1636. doi:10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00108. S2CID 237690232.
^ Sagonowsky, Eric (26 October 2021). “As Lilly gears up for key 2022 launches, Trulicity, Taltz and more drive solid growth”. Fierce Pharma. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
^ Kellaher, Colin (28 April 2022). “Eli Lilly’s Tirzepatide Meets Main Endpoints in Phase 3 Obesity Study >LLY”. Dow Jones Newswires. Retrieved 29 April 2022 – via MarketWatch.
^ Kahan, Scott; Garvey, W. Timothy (28 April 2022). “SURMOUNT-1: Adults achieve weight loss of 16% or more at 72 weeks with tirzepatide”. healio.com. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
^ Taylor, Nick Paul (28 April 2022). “SURMOUNT-able: Lilly’s tirzepatide clears high bar set by Novo’s Wegovy in obesity”. FierceBiotech. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
^ Frías JP, Davies MJ, Rosenstock J, Pérez Manghi FC, Fernández Landó L, Bergman BK, et al. (August 2021). “Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes”. The New England Journal of Medicine. 385 (6): 503–515. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2107519. PMID 34170647. S2CID 235635529.
^ Dutta D, Surana V, Singla R, Aggarwal S, Sharma M (November–December 2021). “Efficacy and safety of novel twincretin tirzepatide a dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist in the management of type-2 diabetes: A Cochrane meta-analysis”. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 25 (6): 475–489. doi:10.4103/ijem.ijem_423_21.
^ World Health Organization (2019). “International nonproprietary names for pharmaceutical substances (INN): recommended INN: list 81”. WHO Drug Information. 33 (1). hdl:10665/330896.

External links

“Tirzepatide”. Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
Clinical trial number NCT03954834 for “A Study of Tirzepatide (LY3298176) in Participants With Type 2 Diabetes Not Controlled With Diet and Exercise Alone (SURPASS-1)” at ClinicalTrials.gov
Clinical trial number NCT03987919 for “A Study of Tirzepatide (LY3298176) Versus Semaglutide Once Weekly as Add-on Therapy to Metformin in Participants With Type 2 Diabetes (SURPASS-2)” at ClinicalTrials.gov
Clinical trial number NCT03882970 for “A Study of Tirzepatide (LY3298176) Versus Insulin Degludec in Participants With Type 2 Diabetes (SURPASS-3)” at ClinicalTrials.gov
Clinical trial number NCT03730662 for “A Study of Tirzepatide (LY3298176) Once a Week Versus Insulin Glargine Once a Day in Participants With Type 2 Diabetes and Increased Cardiovascular Risk (SURPASS-4)” at ClinicalTrials.gov
Clinical trial number NCT04039503 for “A Study of Tirzepatide (LY3298176) Versus Placebo in Participants With Type 2 Diabetes Inadequately Controlled on Insulin Glargine With or Without Metformin (SURPASS-5)” at ClinicalTrials.gov

CLIP

https://investor.lilly.com/news-releases/news-release-details/fda-approves-lillys-mounjarotm-tirzepatide-injection-first-and

FDA approves Lilly’s Mounjaro™ (tirzepatide) injection, the first and only GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist for the treatment of adults with type 2 diabetes

May 13, 2022

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Mounjaro delivered superior A1C reductions versus all comparators in phase 3 SURPASS clinical trials

While not indicated for weight loss, Mounjaro led to significantly greater weight reductions versus comparators in a key secondary endpoint

Mounjaro represents the first new class of diabetes medicines introduced in nearly a decade and is expected to be available in the U.S. in the coming weeks

INDIANAPOLIS, May 13, 2022 /PRNewswire/ — The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Mounjaro™ (tirzepatide) injection, Eli Lilly and Company’s (NYSE: LLY) new once-weekly GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide) and GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) receptor agonist indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes. Mounjaro has not been studied in patients with a history of pancreatitis and is not indicated for use in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

As the first and only FDA-approved GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist, Mounjaro is a single molecule that activates the body’s receptors for GIP and GLP-1, which are natural incretin hormones.¹

“Mounjaro delivered superior and consistent A1C reductions against all of the comparators throughout the SURPASS program, which was designed to assess Mounjaro’s efficacy and safety in a broad range of adults with type 2 diabetes who could be treated in clinical practice. The approval of Mounjaro is an exciting step forward for people living with type 2 diabetes given the results seen in these clinical trials,” said Juan Pablo Frías, M.D., Medical Director, National Research Institute and Investigator in the SURPASS program.

Mounjaro will be available in six doses (2.5 mg, 5 mg, 7.5 mg, 10 mg, 12.5 mg, 15 mg) and will come in Lilly’s well-established auto-injector pen with a pre-attached, hidden needle that patients do not need to handle or see.

The approval was based on results from the phase 3 SURPASS program, which included active comparators of injectable semaglutide 1 mg, insulin glargine and insulin degludec. Efficacy was evaluated for Mounjaro 5 mg, 10 mg and 15 mg used alone or in combination with commonly prescribed diabetes medications, including metformin, SGLT2 inhibitors, sulfonylureas and insulin glargine. Participants in the SURPASS program achieved average A1C reductions between 1.8% and 2.1% for Mounjaro 5 mg and between 1.7% and 2.4% for both Mounjaro 10 mg and Mounjaro 15 mg. While not indicated for weight loss, mean change in body weight was a key secondary endpoint in all SURPASS studies. Participants treated with Mounjaro lost between 12 lb. (5 mg) and 25 lb. (15 mg) on average.¹

Side effects reported in at least 5% of patients treated with Mounjaro include nausea, diarrhea, decreased appetite, vomiting, constipation, indigestion (dyspepsia), and stomach (abdominal) pain. The labeling for Mounjaro contains a Boxed Warning regarding thyroid C-cell tumors. Mounjaro is contraindicated in patients with a personal or family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma or in patients with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia syndrome type 2.¹

“Lilly has a nearly 100-year heritage of advancing care for people living with diabetes – never settling for current outcomes. We’re not satisfied knowing that half of the more than 30 million Americans living with type 2 diabetes are not reaching their target blood glucose levels,” said Mike Mason, president, Lilly Diabetes. “We are thrilled to introduce Mounjaro, which represents the first new class of type 2 diabetes medication introduced in almost a decade and embodies our mission to bring innovative new therapies to the diabetes community.”

Mounjaro is expected to be available in the United States in the coming weeks. Lilly is committed to helping people access the medicines they are prescribed and will work with insurers, health systems and providers to help enable patient access to Mounjaro. Lilly plans to offer a Mounjaro savings card for people who qualify. Patients or healthcare professionals with questions about Mounjaro can visit www.Mounjaro.com or call The Lilly Answers Center at 1-800-LillyRx (1-800-545-5979).

Tirzepatide is also under regulatory review for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in Europe, Japan and several additional markets. A multimedia gallery is available on Lilly.com.

About the SURPASS clinical trial program
The SURPASS phase 3 global clinical development program for tirzepatide began in late 2018 and included five global registration trials and two regional trials in Japan. These studies ranged from 40 to 52 weeks and evaluated the efficacy and safety of Mounjaro 5 mg, 10 mg and 15 mg as a monotherapy and as an add-on to various standard-of-care medications for type 2 diabetes. The active comparators in the studies were injectable semaglutide 1 mg, insulin glargine and insulin degludec. Collectively, the five global registration trials consistently demonstrated A1C reductions for participants taking Mounjaro across multiple stages of their type 2 diabetes journeys, from an average around five to 13 years of having diabetes.^2-8

SURPASS-1 (NCT03954834) was a 40-week study comparing the efficacy and safety of Mounjaro 5 mg (N=121), 10 mg (N=121) and 15 mg (N=120) as monotherapy to placebo (N=113) in adults with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with diet and exercise alone. From a baseline A1C of 7.9%, Mounjaro reduced participants’ A1C by a mean of 1.8%* (5 mg) and 1.7%* (10 mg and 15 mg) compared to 0.1% for placebo. In a key secondary endpoint, from a baseline weight of 189 lb., Mounjaro reduced participants’ weight by a mean of 14 lb.* (5 mg), 15 lb.* (10 mg) and 17 lb.* (15 mg) compared to 2 lb. for placebo.^2,3
SURPASS-2 (NCT03987919) was a 40-week study comparing the efficacy and safety of Mounjaro 5 mg (N=470), 10 mg (N=469) and 15 mg (N=469) to injectable semaglutide 1 mg (N=468) in adults with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with ≥1500 mg/day metformin alone. From a baseline A1C of 8.3%, Mounjaro reduced participants’ A1C by a mean of 2.0%^ꝉ (5 mg), 2.2%* (10 mg) and 2.3%* (15 mg) compared to 1.9% for semaglutide. In a key secondary endpoint, from a baseline weight of 207 lb., Mounjaro reduced participants’ weight by a mean of 17 lb.^ꝉ (5 mg), 21 lb.* (10 mg) and 25 lb.* (15 mg) compared to 13 lb. for semaglutide.^4,5
SURPASS-3 (NCT03882970) was a 52-week study comparing the efficacy of Mounjaro 5 mg (N=358), 10 mg (N=360) and 15 mg (N=358) to titrated insulin degludec (N=359) in adults with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin with or without an SGLT-2 inhibitor. From a baseline A1C of 8.2%, Mounjaro reduced participants’ A1C by a mean of 1.9%* (5 mg), 2.0%* (10 mg) and 2.1%* (15 mg) compared to 1.3% for insulin degludec. From a baseline weight of 208 lb., Mounjaro reduced participants’ weight by a mean of 15 lb.* (5 mg), 21 lb.* (10 mg) and 25 lb.* (15 mg) compared to an increase of 4 lb. for insulin degludec.⁶
SURPASS-4 (NCT03730662) was a 104-week study comparing the efficacy and safety of Mounjaro 5 mg (N=328), 10 mg (N=326) and 15 mg (N=337) to insulin glargine (N=998) in adults with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with at least one and up to three oral antihyperglycemic medications (metformin, sulfonylureas or SGLT-2 inhibitors), who have increased cardiovascular (CV) risk. The primary endpoint was measured at 52 weeks. From a baseline A1C of 8.5%, Mounjaro reduced participants’ A1C by a mean of 2.1%* (5 mg), 2.3%* (10 mg) and 2.4%* (15 mg) compared to 1.4% for insulin glargine. From a baseline weight of 199 lb., Mounjaro reduced weight by a mean of 14 lb.* (5 mg), 20 lb.* (10 mg) and 23 lb.* (15 mg) compared to an increase of 4 lb. for insulin glargine.⁷
SURPASS-5 (NCT04039503) was a 40-week study comparing the efficacy and safety of Mounjaro 5 mg (N=116), 10 mg (N=118) and 15 mg (N=118) to placebo (N=119) in adults with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes already being treated with insulin glargine, with or without metformin. From a baseline A1C of 8.3%, Mounjaro reduced A1C by a mean of 2.1%* (5 mg), 2.4%* (10 mg) and 2.3%* (15 mg) compared to 0.9% for placebo. From a baseline weight of 210 lb., Mounjaro reduced participants’ weight by a mean of 12 lb.* (5 mg), 17 lb.* (10 mg) and 19 lb.* (15 mg) compared to an increase of 4 lb. for placebo.⁸

*p<0.001 for superiority vs. placebo or active comparator, adjusted for multiplicity
^ꝉp<0.05 for superiority vs. semaglutide 1 mg, adjusted for multiplicity

About Mounjaro™ (tirzepatide) injection¹
Mounjaro™ (tirzepatide) injection is FDA-approved as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. As the first and only FDA-approved GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist, Mounjaro is a single molecule that activates the body’s receptors for GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide) and GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1). Mounjaro will be available in six doses (2.5 mg, 5 mg, 7.5 mg, 10 mg, 12.5 mg, 15 mg) and will come in Lilly’s well-established auto-injector pen with a pre-attached, hidden needle that patients do not need to handle or see.

PURPOSE AND SAFETY SUMMARY WITH WARNINGS
Important Facts About Mounjaro^TM (mown-JAHR-OH). It is also known as tirzepatide.

Mounjaro is an injectable prescription medicine for adults with type 2 diabetes used along with diet and exercise to improve blood sugar (glucose).
It is not known if Mounjaro can be used in people who have had inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis). Mounjaro is not for use in people with type 1 diabetes. It is not known if Mounjaro is safe and effective for use in children under 18 years of age.

Warnings
Mounjaro may cause tumors in the thyroid, including thyroid cancer. Watch for possible symptoms, such as a lump or swelling in the neck, hoarseness, trouble swallowing, or shortness of breath. If you have a symptom, tell your healthcare provider.

Do not use Mounjaro if you or any of your family have ever had a type of thyroid cancer called medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC).
Do not use Mounjaro if you have Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia syndrome type 2 (MEN 2).
Do not use Mounjaro if you are allergic to tirzepatide or any of the ingredients in Mounjaro.

Mounjaro may cause serious side effects, including:

Inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis). Stop using Mounjaro and call your healthcare provider right away if you have severe pain in your stomach area (abdomen) that will not go away, with or without vomiting. You may feel the pain from your abdomen to your back.

Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia). Your risk for getting low blood sugar may be higher if you use Mounjaro with another medicine that can cause low blood sugar, such as a sulfonylurea or insulin. Signs and symptoms of low blood sugar may include dizziness or light-headedness, sweating, confusion or drowsiness, headache, blurred vision, slurred speech, shakiness, fast heartbeat, anxiety, irritability, or mood changes, hunger, weakness and feeling jittery.

Serious allergic reactions. Stop using Mounjaro and get medical help right away if you have any symptoms of a serious allergic reaction, including swelling of your face, lips, tongue or throat, problems breathing or swallowing, severe rash or itching, fainting or feeling dizzy, and very rapid heartbeat.

Kidney problems (kidney failure). In people who have kidney problems, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting may cause a loss of fluids (dehydration), which may cause kidney problems to get worse. It is important for you to drink fluids to help reduce your chance of dehydration.

Severe stomach problems. Stomach problems, sometimes severe, have been reported in people who use Mounjaro. Tell your healthcare provider if you have stomach problems that are severe or will not go away.

Changes in vision. Tell your healthcare provider if you have changes in vision during treatment with Mounjaro.

Gallbladder problems. Gallbladder problems have happened in some people who use Mounjaro. Tell your healthcare provider right away if you get symptoms of gallbladder problems, which may include pain in your upper stomach (abdomen), fever, yellowing of skin or eyes (jaundice), and clay-colored stools.

Common side effects
The most common side effects of Mounjaro include nausea, diarrhea, decreased appetite, vomiting, constipation, indigestion, and stomach (abdominal) pain. These are not all the possible side effects of Mounjaro. Talk to your healthcare provider about any side effect that bothers you or doesn’t go away.

Tell your healthcare provider if you have any side effects. You can report side effects at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.

Before using

Your healthcare provider should show you how to use Mounjaro before you use it for the first time.
Before you use Mounjaro, talk to your healthcare provider about low blood sugar and how to manage it.

Review these questions with your healthcare provider:

Do you have other medical conditions, including problems with your pancreas or kidneys, or severe problems with your stomach, such as slowed emptying of your stomach (gastroparesis) or problems digesting food?
Do you take other diabetes medicines, such as insulin or sulfonylureas?
Do you have a history of diabetic retinopathy?
Are you pregnant or plan to become pregnant or breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed? It is not known if Mounjaro will harm your unborn baby.
Do you take birth control pills by mouth? These may not work as well while using Mounjaro. Your healthcare provider may recommend another type of birth control when you start Mounjaro or when you increase your dose.
Do you take any other prescription medicines or over-the-counter drugs, vitamins, or herbal supplements?

How to take

Read the Instructions for Use that come with Mounjaro.
Use Mounjaro exactly as your healthcare provider says.
Mounjaro is injected under the skin (subcutaneously) of your stomach (abdomen), thigh, or upper arm.
Use Mounjaro 1 time each week, at any time of the day.
Do not mix insulin and Mounjaro together in the same injection.
If you take too much Mounjaro, call your healthcare provider or seek medical advice promptly.

Learn more
For more information, call 1-800-LillyRx (1-800-545-5979) or go to www.mounjaro.com.

This information does not take the place of talking with your healthcare provider. Be sure to talk to your healthcare provider about Mounjaro and how to take it. Your healthcare provider is the best person to help you decide if Mounjaro is right for you.

Mounjaro^TM and its delivery device base are trademarks owned or licensed by Eli Lilly and Company, its subsidiaries, or affiliates.

Please click to access full Prescribing Information and Medication Guide.

TR CON CBS MAY2022

About Lilly
Lilly unites caring with discovery to create medicines that make life better for people around the world. We’ve been pioneering life-changing discoveries for nearly 150 years, and today our medicines help more than 47 million people across the globe. Harnessing the power of biotechnology, chemistry and genetic medicine, our scientists are urgently advancing new discoveries to solve some of the world’s most significant health challenges, redefining diabetes care, treating obesity and curtailing its most devastating long-term effects, advancing the fight against Alzheimer’s disease, providing solutions to some of the most debilitating immune system disorders, and transforming the most difficult-to-treat cancers into manageable diseases. With each step toward a healthier world, we’re motivated by one thing: making life better for millions more people. That includes delivering innovative clinical trials that reflect the diversity of our world and working to ensure our medicines are accessible and affordable. To learn more, visit Lilly.com and Lilly.com/newsroom or follow us on Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and LinkedIn. P-LLY

Lilly Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This press release contains forward-looking statements (as that term is defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995) about Mounjaro™ (tirzepatide 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 7.5 mg, 10 mg, 12.5 mg and 15 mg) injection as a treatment to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes, the timeline for supply of Mounjaro to become available, and certain other milestones and ongoing clinical trials of Mounjaro and reflects Lilly’s current beliefs and expectations. However, as with any pharmaceutical product or medical device, there are substantial risks and uncertainties in the process of research, development and commercialization. Among other things, there can be no guarantee that Mounjaro will be commercially successful, that future study results will be consistent with results to date, or that we will meet our anticipated timelines for the commercialization of Mounjaro. For further discussion of these and other risks and uncertainties, see Lilly’s most recent Form 10-K and Form 10-Q filings with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission. Except as required by law, Lilly undertakes no duty to update forward-looking statements to reflect events after the date of this release.

References

Mounjaro. Prescribing Information. Lilly USA, LLC.
Rosenstock, J, et. al. Efficacy and Safety of Once Weekly Tirzepatide, a Dual GIP/GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Versus Placebo as Monotherapy in People with Type 2 Diabetes (SURPASS-1). Abstract 100-OR. Presented virtually at the American Diabetes Association’s 81st Scientific Sessions; June 25-29.
Rosenstock, J, et. al. (2021). Efficacy and safety of a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide in patients with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-1): a double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2021;398(10295):143-155. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01324-6.
Frías JP, Davies MJ, Rosenstock J, et al; for the SURPASS-2 Investigators. Tirzepatide versus semaglutide once weekly in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(6)(suppl):503-515. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2107519
Frias, J.P. Efficacy and Safety of Tirzepatide vs. Semaglutide Once Weekly as Add-On Therapy to Metformin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Abstract 84-LB. Presented virtually at the American Diabetes Association’s 81^st Scientific Sessions; June 25-29.
Ludvik B, Giorgino F, Jódar E, et al. Once-weekly tirzepatide versus once-daily insulin degludec as add-on to metformin with or without SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-3): a randomised, open-label, parallel-group, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2021;398(10300):583-598. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01443-4
Del Prato S, Kahn SE, Pavo I, et al; for the SURPASS-4 Investigators. Tirzepatide versus insulin glargine in type 2 diabetes and increased cardiovascular risk (SURPASS-4): a randomised, open-label, parallel-group, multicentre, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2021;398(10313):1811-1824. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02188-7
Dahl D, Onishi Y, Norwood P, et al. Effect of subcutaneous tirzepatide vs placebo added to titrated insulin glargine on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: the SURPASS-5 randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2022;327(6):534-545. doi:10.1001/jama.2022.0078

CLIP

https://investor.lilly.com/news-releases/news-release-details/lillys-tirzepatide-delivered-225-weight-loss-adults-obesity-or

Lilly’s tirzepatide delivered up to 22.5% weight loss in adults with obesity or overweight in SURMOUNT-1

April 28, 2022

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Participants taking tirzepatide lost up to 52 lb. (24 kg) in this 72-week phase 3 study

63% of participants taking tirzepatide 15 mg achieved at least 20% body weight reductions as a key secondary endpoint

INDIANAPOLIS, April 28, 2022 /PRNewswire/ — Tirzepatide (5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg) achieved superior weight loss compared to placebo at 72 weeks of treatment in topline results from Eli Lilly and Company’s (NYSE: LLY) SURMOUNT-1 clinical trial, with participants losing up to 22.5% (52 lb. or 24 kg) of their body weight for the efficacy estimandⁱ. This study enrolled 2,539 participants and was the first phase 3 global registration trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of tirzepatide in adults with obesity, or overweight with at least one comorbidity, who do not have diabetes. Tirzepatide met both co-primary endpoints of superior mean percent change in body weight from baseline and greater percentage of participants achieving body weight reductions of at least 5% compared to placebo for both estimandsⁱⁱ. The study also achieved all key secondary endpoints at 72 weeks.

For the efficacy estimand, participants taking tirzepatide achieved average weight reductions of 16.0% (35 lb. or 16 kg on 5 mg), 21.4% (49 lb. or 22 kg on 10 mg) and 22.5% (52 lb. or 24 kg on 15 mg), compared to placebo (2.4%, 5 lb. or 2 kg). Additionally, 89% (5 mg) and 96% (10 mg and 15 mg) of people taking tirzepatide achieved at least 5% body weight reductions compared to 28% of those taking placebo.

In a key secondary endpoint, 55% (10 mg) and 63% (15 mg) of people taking tirzepatide achieved at least 20% body weight reductions compared to 1.3% of those taking placebo. In an additional secondary endpoint not controlled for type 1 error, 32% of participants taking tirzepatide 5 mg achieved at least 20% body weight reductions. The mean baseline body weight of participants was 231 lb. (105 kg).

“Obesity is a chronic disease that often does not receive the same standard of care as other conditions, despite its impact on physical, psychological and metabolic health, which can include increased risk of hypertension, heart disease, cancer and decreased survival,” said Louis J. Aronne, MD, FACP, DABOM, director of the Comprehensive Weight Control Center and the Sanford I. Weill Professor of Metabolic Research at Weill Cornell Medicine, obesity expert at NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center and Investigator of SURMOUNT-1. “Tirzepatide delivered impressive body weight reductions in SURMOUNT-1, which could represent an important step forward for helping the patient and physician partnership treat this complex disease.”

For the treatment-regimen estimandⁱⁱⁱ, results showed:

Average body weight reductions: 15.0% (5 mg), 19.5% (10 mg), 20.9% (15 mg), 3.1% (placebo)
Percentage of participants achieving body weight reductions of ≥5%: 85% (5 mg), 89% (10 mg), 91% (15 mg), 35% (placebo)
Percentage of participants achieving body weight reductions of ≥20%: 30% (5 mg, not controlled for type 1 error), 50% (10 mg), 57% (15 mg), 3.1% (placebo)

The overall safety and tolerability profile of tirzepatide was similar to other incretin-based therapies approved for the treatment of obesity. The most commonly reported adverse events were gastrointestinal-related and generally mild to moderate in severity, usually occurring during the dose escalation period. For those treated with tirzepatide (5 mg, 10 mg and 15 mg, respectively), nausea (24.6%, 33.3%, 31.0%), diarrhea (18.7%, 21.2%, 23.0%), vomiting (8.3%, 10.7%, 12.2%) and constipation (16.8%, 17.1%, 11.7%) were more frequently experienced compared to placebo (9.5% [nausea], 7.3% [diarrhea], 1.7% [vomiting], 5.8% [constipation]).

Treatment discontinuation rates due to adverse events were 4.3% (5 mg), 7.1% (10 mg), 6.2% (15 mg) and 2.6% (placebo). The overall treatment discontinuation rates were 14.3% (5 mg), 16.4% (10 mg), 15.1% (15 mg) and 26.4% (placebo).

Participants who had pre-diabetes at study commencement will remain enrolled in SURMOUNT-1 for an additional 104 weeks of treatment following the initial 72-week completion date to evaluate the impact on body weight and the potential differences in progression to type 2 diabetes at three years of treatment with tirzepatide compared to placebo.

“Tirzepatide is the first investigational medicine to deliver more than 20 percent weight loss on average in a phase 3 study, reinforcing our confidence in its potential to help people living with obesity,” said Jeff Emmick, MD, Ph.D., vice president, product development, Lilly. “Obesity is a chronic disease that requires effective treatment options, and Lilly is working relentlessly to support people with obesity and modernize how this disease is approached. We’re proud to research and develop potentially innovative treatments like tirzepatide, which helped nearly two thirds of participants on the highest dose reduce their body weight by at least 20 percent in SURMOUNT-1.”

Tirzepatide is a novel investigational once-weekly GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide) receptor and GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) receptor agonist, representing a new class of medicines being studied for the treatment of obesity. Tirzepatide is a single peptide that activates the body’s receptors for GIP and GLP-1, two natural incretin hormones. Obesity is a chronic, progressive disease caused by disruptions in the mechanisms that control body weight, often leading to an increase in food intake and/or a decrease in energy expenditure. These disruptions are multifactorial and can be related to genetic, developmental, behavioral, environmental and social factors. To learn more, visit Lilly.com/obesity.

Lilly will continue to evaluate the SURMOUNT-1 results, which will be presented at an upcoming medical meeting and submitted to a peer-reviewed journal. Additional studies are ongoing for tirzepatide as a potential treatment for obesity or overweight.

About tirzepatide

Tirzepatide is a once-weekly GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide) receptor and GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) receptor agonist that integrates the actions of both incretins into a single novel molecule. GIP is a hormone that may complement the effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists. In preclinical models, GIP has been shown to decrease food intake and increase energy expenditure therefore resulting in weight reductions, and when combined with GLP-1 receptor agonism, may result in greater effects on markers of metabolic dysregulation such as body weight, glucose and lipids. Tirzepatide is in phase 3 development for adults with obesity or overweight with weight-related comorbidity and is currently under regulatory review as a treatment for adults with type 2 diabetes. It is also being studied as a potential treatment for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Studies of tirzepatide in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and in morbidity/mortality in obesity are planned as well.

About SURMOUNT-1 and the SURMOUNT clinical trial program

SURMOUNT-1 (NCT04184622) is a multi-center, randomized, double-blind, parallel, placebo-controlled trial comparing the efficacy and safety of tirzepatide 5 mg, 10 mg and 15 mg to placebo as an adjunct to a reduced-calorie diet and increased physical activity in adults without type 2 diabetes who have obesity, or overweight with at least one of the following comorbidities: hypertension, dyslipidemia, obstructive sleep apnea or cardiovascular disease. The trial randomized 2,539 participants across the U.S., Argentina, Brazil, China, India, Japan, Mexico, Russia and Taiwan in a 1:1:1:1 ratio to receive either tirzepatide 5 mg, 10 mg or 15 mg or placebo. The co-primary objectives of the study were to demonstrate that tirzepatide 10 mg and/or 15 mg is superior in percentage of body weight reductions from baseline and percentage of participants achieving ≥5% body weight reduction at 72 weeks compared to placebo. Participants who had pre-diabetes at study commencement will remain enrolled in SURMOUNT-1 for an additional 104 weeks of treatment following the initial 72-week completion date to evaluate the impact on body weight and potential differences in progression to type 2 diabetes at three years of treatment with tirzepatide compared to placebo.

All participants in the tirzepatide treatment arms started the study at a dose of tirzepatide 2.5 mg once-weekly and then increased the dose in a step-wise approach at four-week intervals to their final randomized maintenance dose of 5 mg (via a 2.5 mg step), 10 mg (via steps at 2.5 mg, 5 mg and 7.5 mg) or 15 mg (via steps at 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 7.5 mg, 10 mg and 12.5 mg).

The SURMOUNT phase 3 global clinical development program for tirzepatide began in late 2019 and has enrolled more than 5,000 people with obesity or overweight across six clinical trials, four of which are global studies. Results from SURMOUNT-2, -3, and -4 are anticipated in 2023.

About Lilly

Lilly unites caring with discovery to create medicines that make life better for people around the world. We’ve been pioneering life-changing discoveries for nearly 150 years, and today our medicines help more than 47 million people across the globe. Harnessing the power of biotechnology, chemistry and genetic medicine, our scientists are urgently advancing new discoveries to solve some of the world’s most significant health challenges, redefining diabetes care, treating obesity and curtailing its most devastating long-term effects, advancing the fight against Alzheimer’s disease, providing solutions to some of the most debilitating immune system disorders, and transforming the most difficult-to-treat cancers into manageable diseases. With each step toward a healthier world, we’re motivated by one thing: making life better for millions more people. That includes delivering innovative clinical trials that reflect the diversity of our world and working to ensure our medicines are accessible and affordable. To learn more, visit Lilly.com and Lilly.com/newsroom or follow us on Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and LinkedIn. P-LLY

CLIP

https://www.pu-kang.com/Tirzepatide-results-superior-A1C-and-body-weight-reductions-compared-to-insulin-glargine-in-adults-with-type-2-diabetes-id3348038.html

Tirzepatide results superior A1C and body weight reductions compared to insulin glargine in adults with type 2 diabetes

Newly published data show that participants maintained A1C and weight control up to two years in SURPASS-4, the largest and longest SURPASS trial completed to dateNo increased cardiovascular risk identified with tirzepatide; hazard ratio of 0.74 observed for MACE-4 events

SURPASS-4 is the largest and longest clinical trial completed to date of the phase 3 program studying tirzepatide as a potential treatment for type 2 diabetes. The primary endpoint was measured at 52 weeks, with participants continuing treatment up to 104 weeks or until study completion. The completion of the study was triggered by the accrual of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) to assess CV risk. In newly published data from the treatment period after 52 weeks, participants taking tirzepatide maintained A1C and weight control for up to two years.

The overall safety profile of tirzepatide, assessed over the full study period, was consistent with the safety results measured at 52 weeks, with no new findings up to 104 weeks. Gastrointestinal side effects were the most commonly reported adverse events, usually occurring during the escalation period and then decreasing over time.

“We are encouraged by the continued A1C and weight control that participants experienced past the initial 52 week treatment period and up to two years as we continue to explore the potential impact of tirzepatide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes,” said John Doupis, M.D., Ph.D., Director, Diabetes Division and Clinical Research Center, Iatriko Paleou Falirou Medical Center, Athens, Greece and Senior Investigator for SURPASS-4.

Tirzepatide is a novel investigational once-weekly dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist that integrates the actions of both incretins into a single molecule, representing a new class of medicines being studied for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

SURPASS-4 was an open-label global trial comparing the safety and efficacy of three tirzepatide doses (5 mg, 10 mg and 15 mg) to titrated insulin glargine in 2,002 adults with type 2 diabetes with increased CV risk who were treated with between one and three oral antihyperglycemic medicines (metformin, a sulfonylurea or an SGLT-2 inhibitor). Of the total participants randomized, 1,819 (91%) completed the primary 52-week visit and 1,706 (85%) completed the study on treatment. The median study duration was 85 weeks and 202 participants (10%) completed two years.

Study participants had a mean duration of diabetes of 11.8 years, a baseline A1C of 8.52 percent and a baseline weight of 90.3 kg. More than 85 percent of participants had a history of cardiovascular events. In the insulin glargine arm, the insulin dose was titrated following a treat-to-target algorithm with the goal of fasting blood glucose below 100 mg/dL. The starting dose of insulin glargine was 10 units per day, and the mean dose of insulin glargine at 52 weeks was 43.5 units per day.

About tirzepatide
Tirzepatide is a once-weekly dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist that integrates the actions of both incretins into a single novel molecule. GIP is a hormone that may complement the effects of GLP-1. In preclinical models, GIP has been shown to decrease food intake and increase energy expenditure therefore resulting in weight reductions, and when combined with a GLP-1 receptor agonist, may result in greater effects on glucose and body weight. Tirzepatide is in phase 3 development for blood glucose management in adults with type 2 diabetes, for chronic weight management and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). It is also being studied as a potential treatment for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).

About SURPASS-4 and the SURPASS clinical trial program
SURPASS-4 (NCT03730662) is a randomized, parallel, open-label trial comparing the efficacy and safety of tirzepatide 5 mg, 10 mg and 15 mg to insulin glargine in adults with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with at least one and up to three oral antihyperglycemic medications (metformin, sulfonylureas or SGLT-2 inhibitors), who have increased cardiovascular (CV) risk. The trial randomized 2,002 study participants in a 1:1:1:3 ratio to receive either tirzepatide 5 mg, 10 mg or 15 mg or insulin glargine. Participants were located in the European Union, North America (Canada and the United States), Australia, Israel, Taiwan and Latin America (Brazil, Argentina and Mexico). The primary objective of the study was to demonstrate that tirzepatide (10 mg and/or 15 mg) is non-inferior to insulin glargine for change from baseline A1C at 52 weeks in people with type 2 diabetes and increased CV risk. The primary and key secondary endpoints were measured at 52 weeks, with participants continuing treatment up to 104 weeks or until study completion. The completion of the study was triggered by the accrual of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Study participants enrolled had to have a mean baseline A1C between 7.5 percent and 10.5 percent and a BMI greater than or equal to 25 kg/m2 at baseline. All participants in the tirzepatide treatment arms started the study at a dose of tirzepatide 2.5 mg once-weekly and then increased the dose in a step-wise approach at four-week intervals to their final randomized maintenance dose of 5 mg (via a 2.5 mg step), 10 mg (via steps at 2.5 mg, 5 mg and 7.5 mg) or 15 mg (via steps at 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 7.5 mg, 10 mg and 12.5 mg). All participants in the titrated insulin glargine treatment arm started with a baseline dose of 10 units per day and titrated following a treat-to-target algorithm to reach a fasting blood glucose below 100 mg/dL.

The SURPASS phase 3 global clinical development program for tirzepatide has enrolled more than 20,000 people with type 2 diabetes across 10 clinical trials, five of which are global registration studies. The program began in late 2018, and all five global registration trials have been completed.

About Diabetes

Approximately 34 million Americans2 (just over 1 in 10) and an estimated 463 million adults worldwide3 have diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is the most common type internationally, accounting for an estimated 90 to 95 percent of all diabetes cases in the United States alone2. Diabetes is a chronic disease that occurs when the body does not properly produce or use the hormone insulin.

Clinical data

Trade names	Mounjaro
Other names	LY3298176, GIP/GLP-1 RA
License data	US DailyMed: Tirzepatide
Routes of administration	subcutaneous
Drug class	Antidiabetic, GLP-1 receptor agonist
ATC code	None
Legal status
Legal status	US: ℞-only ^[1]^[2]
Identifiers
show IUPAC name
CAS Number	2023788-19-2
PubChem CID	156588324
IUPHAR/BPS	11429
DrugBank	DB15171
ChemSpider	76714503
UNII	OYN3CCI6QE
KEGG	D11360
ChEMBL	ChEMBL4297839
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C₂₂₅H₃₄₈N₄₈O₆₈
Molar mass	4813.527 g·mol⁻¹
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
show SMILES
show InChI

////////////Tirzepatide, FDA 2022, APPROVALS 2022, Mounjaro, PEPTIDE, チルゼパチド , LY3298176,

UNIIOYN3CCI6QE

chart 1 Structure of GLP-1 & TZP & Exenatide & Somalutide

Sutimlimab-jome

February 10, 2022 8:23 am / Leave a comment

(Heavy chain)
EVQLVESGGG LVKPGGSLRL SCAASGFTFS NYAMSWVRQA PGKGLEWVAT ISSGGSHTYY
LDSVKGRFTI SRDNSKNTLY LQMNSLRAED TALYYCARLF TGYAMDYWGQ GTLVTVSSAS
TKGPSVFPLA PCSRSTSEST AALGCLVKDY FPEPVTVSWN SGALTSGVHT FPAVLQSSGL
YSLSSVVTVP SSSLGTKTYT CNVDHKPSNT KVDKRVESKY GPPCPPCPAP EFEGGPSVFL
FPPKPKDTLM ISRTPEVTCV VVDVSQEDPE VQFNWYVDGV EVHNAKTKPR EEQFNSTYRV
VSVLTVLHQD WLNGKEYKCK VSNKGLPSSI EKTISKAKGQ PREPQVYTLP PSQEEMTKNQ
VSLTCLVKGF YPSDIAVEWE SNGQPENNYK TTPPVLDSDG SFFLYSRLTV DKSRWQEGNV
FSCSVMHEAL HNHYTQKSLS LSLGK
(Light chain)
QIVLTQSPAT LSLSPGERAT MSCTASSSVS SSYLHWYQQK PGKAPKLWIY STSNLASGVP
SRFSGSGSGT DYTLTISSLQ PEDFATYYCH QYYRLPPITF GQGTKLEIKR TVAAPSVFIF
PPSDEQLKSG TASVVCLLNN FYPREAKVQW KVDNALQSGN SQESVTEQDS KDSTYSLSST
LTLSKADYEK HKVYACEVTH QGLSSPVTKS FNRGEC
(Disulfide bridge: H22-H96, H132-L216, H145-H201, H224-H’224, H227-H’227, H259-H319, H365-H423, H’22-H’96, H’132-L’216, H’145-H’201, H’259-H’319, H’365-H’423, L23-L89, L136-L196, L’23-L’89, L’136-L’196)

Sutimlimab-jome

スチムリマブ (遺伝子組換え)

Formula	C6436H9912N1700O2016S46
CAS	2049079-64-1
Mol weight	144832.7369

BIVV009
Sutimlimab
Sutimlimab [INN]
Sutimlimab [WHO-DD]
TNT009
UNII-GNWE7KJ995
WHO 10757

Efficacy	Anti-anemic, Anti-complement C1s antibody
Comment	Monoclonal antibody

FDA APPROVED 2/4/2022, To decrease the need for red blood cell transfusion due to hemolysis in cold agglutinin disease, Enjaymo

A Humanized Antibody for the Specific Inhibition of the Classical Complement Pathway.

Enjaymo Approved for Cold Agglutinin Disease - MPR

Sutimlimab, sold under the brand name Enjaymo, is a monoclonal antibody that is used to treat adults with cold agglutinin disease (CAD).^[1]^[2]^[3] It is given by intravenous infusion.^[1]

The most common side effects include respiratory tract infection, viral infection, diarrhea, dyspepsia (indigestion), cough, arthralgia (joint stiffness), arthritis, and swelling in the lower legs and hands.^[2]

Sutimlimab prevents complement-enhanced activation of autoimmune human B cells in vitro.^[4]

This drug is being developed by Bioverativ, a Sanofi company.^[5] Sutimlimab was approved for medical use in the United States in February 2022.^[2]^[6]

Sutimlimab-jome, a classical complement inhibitor, is a humanized monoclonal antibody expressed by recombinant in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and produced in vitro using standard mammalian cell culture methods. Sutimlimab-jome is composed of two heterodimers. Each heterodimer is composed of a heavy and a light polypeptide chain. Each heavy chain (H-chain) is composed of 445 amino acids and each light chain (L-chain) contains 216 amino acids. Sutimlimab-jome has a molecular weight of approximately 147 kDa.

ENJAYMO (sutimlimab-jome) injection is a sterile, clear to slightly opalescent, colorless to slightly yellow, preservative-free solution for intravenous use. Each single-dose vial contains 1,100 mg sutimlimab-jome at a concentration of 50 mg/mL with a pH of 6.1. Each mL contains 50 mg of sutimlimab-jome and also contains polysorbate 80 (0.2 mg), sodium chloride (8.18 mg), sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate (0.48 mg), sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate (1.13 mg), and Water for Injection, USP. https://www.rxlist.com/enjaymo-drug.htm#clinpharm

Medical uses

Sutimlimab is indicated to decrease the need for red blood cell transfusion due to hemolysis (red blood cell destruction) in adults with cold agglutinin disease (CAD).^[1]^[2]

History

The effectiveness of sutimlimab was assessed in a study of 24 adults with cold agglutinin disease who had a blood transfusion within the past six months.^[2] All participants received sutimlimab for up to six months and could choose to continue therapy in a second part of the trial.^[2] Based on body weight, participants received either a 6.5g or 7.5g infusion of sutimlimab into their vein on day 0, day 7, and every 14 days through week 25.^[2]

In total, 54% of participants responded to sutimlimab.^[2] The response was defined in the study as an increase in hemoglobin (an indirect measurement of the amount of red blood cells that are not destroyed) of 2 g/dL or greater (or to 12 g/dL or greater), and no red blood cell transfusions after the first five weeks of treatment; and no other therapies for cold agglutinin disease as defined in the study.^[2]

The application for sutimlimab received orphan drug,^[2]^[7] breakthrough therapy,^[2] and priority review designations.^[2]

Society and culture

Names

Sutimlimab is the International nonproprietary name (INN).^[8]

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CLIP

https://www.sanofi.com/en/media-room/press-releases/2022/2022-02-04-23-00-00-2379517

FDA approves Enjaymo™ (sutimlimab-jome), first treatment for use in patients with cold agglutinin disease

Enjaymo is the only approved treatment to decrease the need for red blood cell transfusion due to hemolysis, the destruction of red blood cells, in adults with cold agglutinin disease (CAD)
Enjaymo addresses a serious and chronic unmet medical need for adults living with CAD, a rare blood disorder

Paris, February 4, 2022. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved Enjaymo™ (sutimlimab-jome) to decrease the need for red blood cell transfusion due to hemolysis in adults with cold agglutinin disease (CAD). Enjaymo is the first and only approved treatment for people with CAD and works by inhibiting the destruction of red blood cells (hemolysis).

Bill Sibold
Executive Vice President, Head of Specialty Care
“Until now, people living with cold agglutinin disease haven’t had an approved treatment option to manage the constant destruction of red blood cells. Without healthy, viable red blood cells, a chain reaction of debilitating signs and symptoms can be triggered, starting with severe anemia. Enjaymo is the only approved treatment to inhibit red blood cell destruction in CAD and help stop the chain reaction from the start.”

CAD, a rare autoimmune hemolytic anemia, is caused by antibodies called cold agglutinins binding to the surface of red blood cells, which starts a process that causes the body’s immune system to mistakenly attack healthy red blood cells and cause their rupture (hemolysis). As red blood cells have the vital job of carrying oxygen throughout the body, patients with CAD may experience severe anemia, which can result in fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, light-headedness, chest pain, irregular heartbeat, and other potential complications. CAD is a chronic and rare blood disorder that impacts the lives of an estimated 5,000 people in the U.S.

Enjaymo, targeting C1s in the classical complement pathway

Enjaymo is a humanized monoclonal antibody that is designed to selectively target and inhibit C1s in the classical complement pathway, which is part of the innate immune system. By blocking C1s, Enjaymo inhibits the activation of the complement cascade in the immune system and inhibits C1-activated hemolysis in CAD to prevent the abnormal destruction of healthy red blood cells. Enjaymo does not inhibit the lectin and alternative pathways.

Enjaymo Phase 3 pivotal CARDINAL study results supporting approval

The approval of Enjaymo in the U.S. is based on positive results from the 26-week open label, single arm pivotal Phase 3 study in patients with CAD (n=24) who have a recent history of blood transfusion, also known as the CARDINAL study.

Catherine Broome, MD
Associate professor of medicine at Georgetown University Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, and a principal investigator in the CARDINAL study
“For people living with cold agglutinin disease, it is as if their body’s immune system is waging a war on itself. The relentless destruction of healthy red blood cells is a daily, silent reality for people with CAD. For the first time, we have a treatment that targets complement-mediated hemolysis, which is the underlying cause of the red blood cell destruction in many CAD patients. In the pivotal study, patients treated with sutimlimab had an improvement in anemia as measured by hemoglobin and bilirubin levels during the 26-week study.”

In the study, Enjaymo met its primary efficacy endpoint, which was a composite endpoint defined as the proportion of patients who achieved normalization of hemoglobin (Hgb) level ≥12 g/dL or demonstrated an increase from baseline in Hgb level ≥2 g/dL at the treatment assessment time point (mean value from weeks 23, 25, and 26) and no blood transfusion from weeks 5 through 26 or medications prohibited per the protocol from weeks 5 through 26. Secondary endpoints were also met, including improvements in hemoglobin and normalization of bilirubin.

The majority of patients (54%; n=13) met the composite primary endpoint criteria with 63% (n=15) of patients achieving a hemoglobin ≥ 12 g/dL or an increase of at least 2 g/dL; 71% (n=17) of patients remaining transfusion-free after week five; and 92% (n=22) of patients did not use other CAD-related treatments.
For the secondary measures on disease process, patients enrolled experienced a mean increase in hemoglobin level of 2.29 g/dL (SE: 0.308) at week 3 and 3.18 g/dL (SE: 0.476) at the 26-week treatment assessment timepoint from the mean baseline level of 8.6 g/dL. The mean reduction in bilirubin levels (n=14) was by -2.23 mg/dL (95% CI: -2.49 to -1.98) from a mean baseline level of 3.23 mg/dL (2.7-fold ULN).

In the CARDINAL study, the most common adverse reactions occurring in 10 percent or more of patients were respiratory tract infection, viral infection, diarrhea, dyspepsia, cough, arthralgia, arthritis, and peripheral edema. Serious adverse reactions were reported in 13 percent (3/24) of patients who received Enjaymo. These serious adverse reactions were streptococcal sepsis and staphylococcal wound infection (n=1), arthralgia (n=1), and respiratory tract infection (n=1). None of the adverse reactions led to discontinuation of Enjaymo in the study. Dosage interruptions due to an adverse reaction occurred in 17 percent (4/24) of patients who received Enjaymo.

Following the completion of the 26-week treatment period of CARDINAL (Part A), eligible patients continued to receive Enjaymo in an extension study.

The recommended dose of Enjaymo is based on body weight (6,500 mg for people 39-75 kg and 7,500 mg for people >75 kg). Enjaymo is administered intravenously weekly for the first two weeks with administration every two weeks thereafter.

Enjaymo is expected to be available in the U.S. in the coming weeks. The U.S. list price, or wholesale acquisition cost, of Enjaymo is $1,800 per vial. Actual costs to patients are generally anticipated to be lower as the list price does not reflect insurance coverage, co-pay support, or financial assistance from patient support programs. As part of our commitment to ensure treatment access and affordability for innovative therapies, Enjaymo Patient Solutions provides disease education, financial and co-pay assistance programs and other support services to eligible patients. For more information, please call 1-833-223-2428.

Enjaymo received FDA Breakthrough Therapy and Orphan Drug designation, and priority review, which is reserved for medicines that, if approved, would represent significant improvements in safety or efficacy in treating serious conditions. Outside of the U.S., sutimlimab has been submitted to regulatory authorities in Europe and Japan and reviews are ongoing.

About Sanofi
We are an innovative global healthcare company, driven by one purpose: we chase the miracles of science to improve people’s lives. Our team, across some 100 countries, is dedicated to transforming the practice of medicine by working to turn the impossible into the possible. We provide potentially life-changing treatment options and life-saving vaccine protection to millions of people globally, while putting sustainability and social responsibility at the center of our ambitions.
Sanofi is listed on EURONEXT: SAN and NASDAQ: SNY

References

^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2022/761164s000lbl.pdf
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l “FDA approves treatment for adults with rare type of anemia”. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 4 February 2022. Retrieved 6 February 2022. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ Tvedt TH, Steien E, Øvrebø B, Haaverstad R, Hobbs W, Wardęcki M, et al. (February 2022). “Sutimlimab, an investigational C1s inhibitor, effectively prevents exacerbation of hemolytic anemia in a patient with cold agglutinin disease undergoing major surgery”. American Journal of Hematology. 97 (2): E51–E54. doi:10.1002/ajh.26409. PMID 34778998. S2CID 244116614.
^ Nikitin PA, Rose EL, Byun TS, Parry GC, Panicker S (February 2019). “C1s Inhibition by BIVV009 (Sutimlimab) Prevents Complement-Enhanced Activation of Autoimmune Human B Cells In Vitro”. Journal of Immunology. 202 (4): 1200–1209. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1800998. PMC 6360260. PMID 30635392.
^ “Sutimlimab FDA Approval Status”. FDA. 19 May 2020.
^ “FDA approves Enjaymo (sutimlimab-jome), first treatment for use in patients with cold agglutinin disease”. Sanofi (Press release). 4 February 2022. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
^ “Sutimlimab Orphan Drug Designations and Approvals”. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 27 July 2016. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
^ World Health Organization (2018). “International nonproprietary names for pharmaceutical substances (INN): recommended INN: list 80”. WHO Drug Information. 32 (3). hdl:10665/330907.

External links

“Sutimlimab”. Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
Clinical trial number NCT03347396 for “A Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of BIVV009 (Sutimlimab) in Participants With Primary Cold Agglutinin Disease Who Have a Recent History of Blood Transfusion (Cardinal Study)” at ClinicalTrials.gov

//////////////Sutimlimab-jome, Enjaymo, FDA 2022, APPROVALS 2022, agglutinin disease, BIVV009, TNT009, UNII-GNWE7KJ995, WHO 10757, PEPTIDE, MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY, スチムリマブ (遺伝子組換え),

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Faricimab-svoa

February 3, 2022 4:05 am / Leave a comment

(A chain)
QVQLVQSGAE VKKPGASVKV SCKASGYTFT GYYMHWVRQA PGQGLEWMGW INPNSGGTNY
AQKFQGRVTM TRDTSISTAY MELSRLRSDD TAVYYCARSP NPYYYDSSGY YYPGAFDIWG
QGTMVTVSSA SVAAPSVFIF PPSDEQLKSG TASVVCLLNN FYPREAKVQW KVDNALQSGN
SQESVTEQDS KDSTYSLSST LTLSKADYEK HKVYACEVTH QGLSSPVTKS FNRGECDKTH
TCPPCPAPEA AGGPSVFLFP PKPKDTLMAS RTPEVTCVVV DVSHEDPEVK FNWYVDGVEV
HNAKTKPREE QYNSTYRVVS VLTVLAQDWL NGKEYKCKVS NKALGAPIEK TISKAKGQPR
EPQVCTLPPS RDELTKNQVS LSCAVKGFYP SDIAVEWESN GQPENNYKTT PPVLDSDGSF
FLVSKLTVDK SRWQQGNVFS CSVMHEALHN AYTQKSLSLS PGK
(B chain)
EVQLVESGGG LVQPGGSLRL SCAASGYDFT HYGMNWVRQA PGKGLEWVGW INTYTGEPTY
AADFKRRFTF SLDTSKSTAY LQMNSLRAED TAVYYCAKYP YYYGTSHWYF DVWGQGTLVT
VSSASTKGPS VFPLAPSSKS TSGGTAALGC LVKDYFPEPV TVSWNSGALT SGVHTFPAVL
QSSGLYSLSS VVTVPSSSLG TQTYICNVNH KPSNTKVDKK VEPKSCDKTH TCPPCPAPEA
AGGPSVFLFP PKPKDTLMAS RTPEVTCVVV DVSHEDPEVK FNWYVDGVEV HNAKTKPREE
QYNSTYRVVS VLTVLAQDWL NGKEYKCKVS NKALGAPIEK TISKAKGQPR EPQVYTLPPC
RDELTKNQVS LWCLVKGFYP SDIAVEWESN GQPENNYKTT PPVLDSDGSF FLYSKLTVDK
SRWQQGNVFS CSVMHEALHN AYTQKSLSLS PGK
(C chain)
DIQLTQSPSS LSASVGDRVT ITCSASQDIS NYLNWYQQKP GKAPKVLIYF TSSLHSGVPS
RFSGSGSGTD FTLTISSLQP EDFATYYCQQ YSTVPWTFGQ GTKVEIKRTV AAPSVFIFPP
SDEQLKSGTA SVVCLLNNFY PREAKVQWKV DNALQSGNSQ ESVTEQDSKD STYSLSSTLT
LSKADYEKHK VYACEVTHQG LSSPVTKSFN RGEC
(D chain)
SYVLTQPPSV SVAPGQTARI TCGGNNIGSK SVHWYQQKPG QAPVLVVYDD SDRPSGIPER
FSGSNSGNTA TLTISRVEAG DEADYYCQVW DSSSDHWVFG GGTKLTVLSS ASTKGPSVFP
LAPSSKSTSG GTAALGCLVK DYFPEPVTVS WNSGALTSGV HTFPAVLQSS GLYSLSSVVT
VPSSSLGTQT YICNVNHKPS NTKVDKKVEP KSC
(Disulfide bridge: A22-A96, A156-A216, A236-D213, A242-B232, A245-B235, A277-A337, A365-A441, B22-B96, B150-B206, B226-C214, B267-B327, B360-B431, B23-B88, B134-B194, D22-D87, D137-D193)

Faricimab

Formula	C6506H9968N1724O1026S45
CAS	1607793-29-2
Mol weight	130194.6203

Faricimab-svoa

FDA APPROVED 1/28/2022, Vabysmo

To treat neovascular (wet) aged-related macular degeneration and diabetic macular edema

RO6867461

Faricimab
Faricimab [INN]
RG-7716
RG7716
RO-6867461
RO6867461
UNII-QC4F7FKK7I
WHO 10563

FDA Approves Faricimab for nAMD and Diabetic Macular Edema

Efficacy	Angiogenesis inhibitor, Anti-angiopoietin 2 antibody, Anti-VEGF antibody
Comment	Antibody Opthamology indications in patients susceptible to blocking of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2)

Faricimab, sold under the brand name Vabysmo, is a monoclonal antibody used for the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) and diabetic macular edema (DME).^[1] Faricimab is a bispecific monoclonal antibody.^[2]

Faricimab was developed by Roche. Faricimab completed Phase III trials^[3] and was approved for use in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration in January 2022.^[1]^[4]

FDA Approves Faricimab to Treat Wet AMD and DME\

FDA Approves Faricimab to Treat Wet AMD and DMEFebruary 1, 2022

Laura Joszt, MA

This represents the approval of the first bispecific antibody to treat wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic macular edema (DME).

https://www.ajmc.com/view/fda-approves-fariximab-to-treat-wet-amd-and-dme

The FDA has approved faricimab-svoa (Vabysmo; Genentech) to treat 2 leading causes of vision loss: wet, or neovascular, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic macular edema (DME).

After 4 initial monthly doses, faricimab is delivered as injections from 1 to 4 months apart in the first year while the current standard of care for wet AMD and DME requires injections every 1 to 2 months. In wet AMD, patients receive the 4 monthly injections first and then based on outcomes may receive their subsequent treatments every 2, 3, or 4 months. For DME, after the 4 initial monthly injections, treatment is extended or reduced based on outcomes, with a range of 1 to 4 months between doses.

The treatment targets and inhibits pathways involving angiopoietin-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), which are thought to contribute to vision loss by destabilizing blood vessels.

“Vabysmo represents an important step forward for ophthalmology. It is the first bispecific antibody approved for the eye and a major advance in treating retinal conditions such as wet AMD and diabetic macular edema,” Charles Wykoff, MD, PhD, director of research at Retina Consultants of Texas in Houston and a Vabysmo phase 3 investigator, said in a statement. “With Vabysmo, we now have the opportunity to offer patients a medicine that could improve their vision, potentially lowering treatment burden with fewer injections over time.”

The FDA approved faricimab on the results from 4 phase 3 studies: TENAYA and LUCERNE for wet AMD and YOSEMITE and RHINE for DME. All 4 studies were randomized, multicenter, double-masked, global trials.

TENAYA and LUCERNE were identical: 1329 treatment-naive patients with wet AMD, aged 50 and older, were assigned 1:1 to faricimab up to every 16 weeks or aflibercept every 8 weeks. YOSEMITE and RHINE were also identical: 1891 patients with vision loss due to DME were randomly assigned 1:1:1 to faricimab every 8 weeks, faricimab per personalized treatment interval, or aflibercept every 8 weeks.

For all trials, faricimab was noninferior to aflibercept and the incidence of ocular adverse events was comparable. The researchers determined that the longer time between dosing intervals combined with the visual benefits of faricimab reduced the burden in patients.

The 1-year results from these studies were published January 24 in The Lancet.^1,2

“These data published in The Lancet reinforce the potential of faricimab as an important treatment option that may help improve and maintain vision while extending the time between treatments up to 4 months,” Levi Garraway, MD, PhD, chief medical officer and head of Global Product Development, said in a statement. “We remain deeply committed to developing new medicines such as faricimab that may help preserve sight in many people living with serious retinal conditions.”

Now that faricimab is approved, Genentech expects it to become available in the United States within weeks. Meanwhile, the European Medicines Agency is currently evaluating a Marketing Authorization Application for faricimab to treat wet AMD and DME.

There are additional trials—COMINO and BALATON—underway to evaluate the efficacy and safety of faricimab in people with macular edema following retinal vein occlusion. In addition, 2-year results for faricimab in DME will be presented at the Angiogeneisis, Exudation, and Degeneration 2022 meeting in February.

References

1. Heier JS, Khanani AM, Quezada Ruiz C, et al; TENAYA and LUCERNE Investigators. Efficacy, durability, and safety of intravitreal faricimab up to every 16 weeks for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (TENAYA and LUCERNE): two randomised, double-masked, phase 3, non-inferiority trials. Lancet. Published January 24, 2022. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00010-1

2. Wykoff CC, Abreu F, Adamis AP, et al. Efficacy, durability, and safety of intravitreal faricimab with extended dosing up to every 16 weeks in patients with diabetic macular oedema (YOSEMITE and RHINE): two randomised, double-masked, phase 3 trials. Lancet. Published online January 24, 2022. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00018-6

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Monoclonal antibody
Type	Whole antibody
Source	Humanized
Target	VEGF-A, angiopoietin 2
Clinical data
Trade names	Vabysmo
Other names	RO6867461; faricimab-svoa
License data	US DailyMed: Faricimab
ATC code	None
Legal status
Legal status	US: ℞-only
Identifiers
CAS Number	1607793-29-2
UNII	QC4F7FKK7I
KEGG	D11516
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C₆₅₀₆H₉₉₆₈N₁₇₂₄O₁₀₂₆S₄₅
Molar mass	130197.05 g·mol⁻¹

Society and culture

Names

Faricimab is the International Nonproprietary Name (INN).^[5]

References

^ Jump up to:^a ^b “FDA approves Roche’s Vabysmo, the first bispecific antibody for the eye, to treat two leading causes of vision loss”. Roche (Press release). 31 January 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
^ Nicolò M, Ferro Desideri L, Vagge A, Traverso CE (March 2021). “Faricimab: an investigational agent targeting the Tie-2/angiopoietin pathway and VEGF-A for the treatment of retinal diseases”. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 30 (3): 193–200. doi:10.1080/13543784.2021.1879791. PMID 33471572. S2CID 231665201.
^ Khan M, Aziz AA, Shafi NA, Abbas T, Khanani AM (August 2020). “Targeting Angiopoietin in Retinal Vascular Diseases: A Literature Review and Summary of Clinical Trials Involving Faricimab”. Cells. 9 (8): 1869. doi:10.3390/cells9081869. PMC 7464130. PMID 32785136.
^ “FDA approves faricimab for treatment of wet AMD, DME”. Ophthalmology Times. 28 January 2022.
^ World Health Organization (2018). “International nonproprietary names for pharmaceutical substances (INN): recommended INN: list 80”. WHO Drug Information. 32 (3). hdl:10665/330907.

External links

“Faricimab”. Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.

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Tixagevimab

January 20, 2022 10:06 am / Leave a comment

(Heavy chain)
QMQLVQSGPE VKKPGTSVKV SCKASGFTFM SSAVQWVRQA RGQRLEWIGW IVIGSGNTNY
AQKFQERVTI TRDMSTSTAY MELSSLRSED TAVYYCAAPY CSSISCNDGF DIWGQGTMVT
VSSASTKGPS VFPLAPSSKS TSGGTAALGC LVKDYFPEPV TVSWNSGALT SGVHTFPAVL
QSSGLYSLSS VVTVPSSSLG TQTYICNVNH KPSNTKVDKR VEPKSCDKTH TCPPCPAPEF
EGGPSVFLFP PKPKDTLYIT REPEVTCVVV DVSHEDPEVK FNWYVDGVEV HNAKTKPREE
QYNSTYRVVS VLTVLHQDWL NGKEYKCKVS NKALPASIEK TISKAKGQPR EPQVYTLPPS
REEMTKNQVS LTCLVKGFYP SDIAVEWESN GQPENNYKTT PPVLDSDGSF FLYSKLTVDK
SRWQQGNVFS CSVMHEALHN HYTQKSLSLS PGK
(Light chain)
EIVLTQSPGT LSLSPGERAT LSCRASQSVS SSYLAWYQQK PGQAPRLLIY GASSRATGIP
DRFSGSGSGT DFTLTISRLE PEDFAVYYCQ HYGSSRGWTF GQGTKVEIKR TVAAPSVFIF
PPSDEQLKSG TASVVCLLNN FYPREAKVQW KVDNALQSGN SQESVTEQDS KDSTYSLSST
LTLSKADYEK HKVYACEVTH QGLSSPVTKS FNRGEC
(Disulfide bridge: H22-H96, H101-H106, H150-H206, H216-L216, H232-H’232, H235-H’235, H267-H327, H373-H431, H’22-H’96, H’101-H’106, H’150-H’206, H’226-L’216, H’267-H’327, H’373-H’431, L23-L89, L136-L196, L’23-L’89, L’136-L’196)

Tixagevimab

FDA 2021, 2021/12/8

ANTI VIRAL, CORONA VIRUS, PEPTIDE

Monoclonal antibody
Treatment and prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection

Formula	C6488H10034N1746O2038S50
CAS	2420564-02-7
Mol weight	146704.817

2196
AZD-8895
AZD8895
COV2-2196
Tixagevimab
Tixagevimab [INN]
UNII-F0LZ415Z3B
WHO 11776

OriginatorVanderbilt University
DeveloperAstraZeneca; INSERM; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
ClassAntivirals; Monoclonal antibodies
Mechanism of ActionVirus internalisation inhibitors
RegisteredCOVID 2019 infections

24 Dec 2021Pharmacodynamics data from a preclinical trial in COVID-2019 infections released by AstraZeneca
16 Dec 2021Pharmacodynamics data from a preclinical trial in COVID-2019 infections released by AstraZeneca
10 Dec 2021Registered for COVID-2019 infections (In the elderly, Prevention, In adults) in USA (IM) – Emergency Use Authorization

Tixagevimab/cilgavimab is a combination of two human monoclonal antibodies, tixagevimab (AZD8895) and cilgavimab (AZD1061) targeted against the surface spike protein of SARS-CoV-2^[4]^[5] used to prevent COVID-19. It is being developed by British-Swedish multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology company AstraZeneca.^[6]^[7] It is co-packaged and given as two separate consecutive intramuscular injections (one injection per monoclonal antibody, given in immediate succession).^[2]

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Development

In 2020, researchers at Vanderbilt University Medical Center discovered particularly potent monoclonal antibodies, isolated from COVID-19 patients infected with a SARS-CoV-2 circulating at that time. Initially designated COV2-2196 and COV2-2130, antibody engineering was used to transfer their SARS-CoV-2 binding specificity to IgG scaffolds that would last longer in the body, and these engineered antibodies were named AZD8895 and AZD1061, respectively (and the combination was called AZD7442).^[8]

To evaluate the antibodies’ potential as monoclonal antibody based prophylaxis (prevention), the ‘Provent’ clinical trial enrolled 5,000 high risk but not yet infected individuals and monitored them for 15 months.^[9]^[10] The trial reported that those receiving the cocktail showed a 77% reduction in symptomatic COVID-19 and that there were no severe cases or deaths. AstraZeneca also found that the antibody cocktail “neutralizes recent emergent SARS-CoV-2 viral variants, including the Delta variant“.^[7]

In contrast to pre-exposure prophylaxis, the Storm Chaser study of already-exposed people (post-exposure prophylaxis) did not meet its primary endpoint, which was prevention of symptomatic COVID-19 in people already exposed. AZD7442 was administered to 1,000 volunteers who had recently been exposed to COVID.^[9]

Regulatory review

In October 2021, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) started a rolling review of tixagevimab/cilgavimab, which is being developed by AstraZeneca AB, for the prevention of COVID-19 in adults.^[11]

Also in October 2021, AstraZeneca requested Emergency Use Authorization for tixagevimab/cilgavimab to prevent COVID-19 from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).^[12]^[13]

Emergency use authorization

On 14 November 2021, Bahrain granted emergency use authorization.^[14]

On 8 December 2021, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted emergency use authorization of this combination to prevent COVID-19 (before exposure) in people with weakened immunity or who cannot be fully vaccinated due to a history of severe reaction to coronavirus vaccines.^[15] The FDA issued an emergency use authorization (EUA) for AstraZeneca’s Evusheld (tixagevimab co-packaged with cilgavimab and administered together) for the pre-exposure prophylaxis (prevention) of COVID-19 in certain people aged 12 years of age and older weighing at least 40 kilograms (88 lb).^[2] The product is only authorized for those individuals who are not currently infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus and who have not recently been exposed to an individual infected with SARS-CoV-2.^[2]

References

^ “Evusheld- azd7442 kit”. DailyMed. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d “Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Authorizes New Long-Acting Monoclonal Antibodies for Pre-exposure Prevention of COVID-19 in Certain Individuals”. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Press release). 8 December 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2021. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ O’Shaughnessy, Jacqueline A. (20 December 2021). “Re: Emergency Use Authorization 104” (PDF). Food and Drug Administration. Letter to AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP | Attention: Stacey Cromer Berman, PhD. Archived from the original on 29 December 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
^ “IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY”. IUPHAR. 27 December 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
^ “IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY”. IUPHAR. 27 December 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
^ Ray, Siladitya (21 August 2021). “AstraZeneca’s Covid-19 Antibody Therapy Effective In Preventing Symptoms Among High-Risk Groups, Trial Finds”. Forbes. ISSN 0015-6914. Archived from the original on 21 August 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Goriainoff, Anthony O. (20 August 2021). “AstraZeneca Says AZD7442 Antibody Phase 3 Trial Met Primary Endpoint in Preventing Covid-19”. MarketWatch. Archived from the original on 21 August 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
^ Dong J, Zost SJ, Greaney AJ, Starr TN, Dingens AS, Chen EC, et al. (October 2021). “Genetic and structural basis for SARS-CoV-2 variant neutralization by a two-antibody cocktail”. Nature Microbiology. 6 (10): 1233–1244. doi:10.1038/s41564-021-00972-2. ISSN 2058-5276. PMC 8543371. PMID 34548634.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Haridy, Rich (23 August 2021). “”Game-changing” antibody cocktail prevents COVID-19 in the chronically ill”. New Atlas. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
^ “AZD7442 PROVENT Phase III prophylaxis trial met primary endpoint in preventing COVID-19”. AstraZeneca (Press release). 20 August 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
^ “EMA starts rolling review of Evusheld (tixagevimab and cilgavimab)”. European Medicines Agency. 14 October 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
^ “AZD7442 request for Emergency Use Authorization for COVID-19 prophylaxis filed in US”. AstraZeneca US (Press release). 5 October 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
^ “AZD7442 request for Emergency Use Authorization for COVID-19 prophylaxis filed in US”. AstraZeneca (Press release). 5 October 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
^ Abd-Alaziz, Moaz; Elhamy, Ahmad (14 November 2021). Macfie, Nick (ed.). “Bahrain authorizes AstraZeneca’s anti-COVID drug for emergency use”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 23 November 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
^ Mishra, Manas; Satija, Bhanvi (8 December 2021). Dasgupta, Shounak (ed.). “U.S. FDA authorizes use of AstraZeneca COVID-19 antibody cocktail”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 13 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.

External links

“Tixagevimab”. Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.

“Cilgavimab”. Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
Clinical trial number NCT04625972 for “Phase III Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study of AZD7442 for Post-exposure Prophylaxis of COVID-19 in Adults (STORM CHASER)” at ClinicalTrials.gov
Clinical trial number NCT04625725 for “Phase III Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study of AZD7442 for Pre-exposure Prophylaxis of COVID-19 in Adult. (PROVENT)” at ClinicalTrials.gov

Combination of
Tixagevimab (teal, right) and cilgavimab (purple, left) binding the spike protein RBD. From PDB: 7L7E.
Tixagevimab	Monoclonal antibody
Cilgavimab	Monoclonal antibody
Clinical data
Trade names	Evusheld
Other names	AZD7442
License data	US DailyMed: Tixagevimab
Routes of administration	Intramuscular
ATC code	J06BD03 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal status	US: ℞-only via emergency use authorization^[1]^[2]^[3]
Identifiers
KEGG	D12262

Clinical data
Drug class	Antiviral
ATC code	None
Identifiers
CAS Number	2420564-02-7
DrugBank	DB16394
UNII	F0LZ415Z3B
KEGG	D11993
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C₆₄₈₈H₁₀₀₃₄N₁₇₄₆O₂₀₃₈S₅₀
Molar mass	146706.82 g·mol⁻¹

Clinical data
Drug class	Antiviral
ATC code	None
Identifiers
CAS Number	2420563-99-9
DrugBank	DB16393
UNII	1KUR4BN70F
KEGG	D11994
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C₆₆₂₆H₁₀₂₁₈N₁₇₅₀O₂₀₇₈S₄₄
Molar mass	149053.44 g·mol⁻¹

/////////////////Tixagevimab, ANTI VIRAL, CORONA VIRUS, PEPTIDE, Monoclonal antibody, SARS-CoV-2 , WHO 11776, 2196, AZD-8895, AZD 8895, COV2-2196, COVID 19

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Tezepelumab-ekko

December 23, 2021 11:21 am / Leave a comment

(Heavy chain)
QMQLVESGGG VVQPGRSLRL SCAASGFTFR TYGMHWVRQA PGKGLEWVAV IWYDGSNKHY
ADSVKGRFTI TRDNSKNTLN LQMNSLRAED TAVYYCARAP QWELVHEAFD IWGQGTMVTV
SSASTKGPSV FPLAPCSRST SESTAALGCL VKDYFPEPVT VSWNSGALTS GVHTFPAVLQ
SSGLYSLSSV VTVPSSNFGT QTYTCNVDHK PSNTKVDKTV ERKCCVECPP CPAPPVAGPS
VFLFPPKPKD TLMISRTPEV TCVVVDVSHE DPEVQFNWYV DGVEVHNAKT KPREEQFNST
FRVVSVLTVV HQDWLNGKEY KCKVSNKGLP APIEKTISKT KGQPREPQVY TLPPSREEMT
KNQVSLTCLV KGFYPSDIAV EWESNGQPEN NYKTTPPMLD SDGSFFLYSK LTVDKSRWQQ
GNVFSCSVMH EALHNHYTQK SLSLSPGK
(Light chain)
SYVLTQPPSV SVAPGQTARI TCGGNNLGSK SVHWYQQKPG QAPVLVVYDD SDRPSWIPER
FSGSNSGNTA TLTISRGEAG DEADYYCQVW DSSSDHVVFG GGTKLTVLGQ PKAAPSVTLF
PPSSEELQAN KATLVCLISD FYPGAVTVAW KADSSPVKAG VETTTPSKQS NNKYAASSYL
SLTPEQWKSH RSYSCQVTHE GSTVEKTVAP TECS
(Disulfide bridge: H22-H96, H136-L213, H149-H205, H224-H’224, H225-H’225, H228-H’228, H231-H’231, H262-H322, H368-H426, H’22-H’96, H’136-L’213, H’149-H’205, H’262-H’322, H’368-H’426, L22-L87, L136-L195, L’22-L’87, L’136-L’195)

Tezepelumab-ekko

テゼペルマブ (遺伝子組換え)

Formula	C6400H9844N1732O1992S52
CAS	1572943-04-4
Mol weight	144588.4306

PEPTIDE

UD FDA APPROVED, 12/17/2021, To treat severe asthma as an add-on maintenance therapy , Tezspire

Monoclonal antibody
Treatment of asthma and atopic dermatitis

Tezepelumab, sold under the brand name Tezspire, is a human monoclonal antibody used for the treatment of asthma.^[4]^[5]

It blocks thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP),^[2] an epithelial cytokine that has been suggested to be critical in the initiation and persistence of airway inflammation.^[6]

It was approved for medical use in the United States in December 2021.^[2]^[3]

Medical uses

Tezepelumab is indicated for the add-on maintenance treatment of people aged twelve years and older with severe asthma.^[2]

Research

In Phase III trials, tezepelumab demonstrated efficacy compared to placebo for patients with severe, uncontrolled asthma.^[7]^[8]

Structural studies by X-ray crystallography showed that Tezepelumab competes against a critical part of the TSLPR binding site on TSLP.^[1]

It is being studied for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, chronic spontaneous urticaria and eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE).^[3]

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References

^ Jump up to:^a ^b Verstraete K, Peelman F, Braun H, Lopez J, Van Rompaey D, Dansercoer A, et al. (April 2017). “Structure and antagonism of the receptor complex mediated by human TSLP in allergy and asthma”. Nature Communications. 8 (1): 14937. Bibcode:2017NatCo…814937V. doi:10.1038/ncomms14937. PMC 5382266. PMID 28368013.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2021/761224s000lbl.pdf
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c “Tezspire (tezepelumab) approved in the US for severe asthma”. AstraZeneca (Press release). 17 December 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
^ Marone G, Spadaro G, Braile M, Poto R, Criscuolo G, Pahima H, et al. (November 2019). “Tezepelumab: a novel biological therapy for the treatment of severe uncontrolled asthma”. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 28 (11): 931–940. doi:10.1080/13543784.2019.1672657. PMID 31549891. S2CID 202746054.
^ Matera MG, Rogliani P, Calzetta L, Cazzola M (February 2020). “TSLP Inhibitors for Asthma: Current Status and Future Prospects”. Drugs. 80 (5): 449–458. doi:10.1007/s40265-020-01273-4. PMID 32078149. S2CID 211194472.
^ “Tezepelumab granted Breakthrough Therapy Designation by US FDA”. AstraZeneca (Press release). 7 September 2018.
^ “Studies found for: Tezepelumab”. ClinicalTrials.Gov. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
^ Menzies-Gow A, Corren J, Bourdin A, Chupp G, Israel E, Wechsler ME, et al. (May 2021). “Tezepelumab in Adults and Adolescents with Severe, Uncontrolled Asthma”. New England Journal of Medicine. 384 (19): 1800–09. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2034975. PMID 33979488. S2CID 234484931.

External links

“Tezepelumab”. Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
Clinical trial number NCT02054130 for “Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of MEDI9929 (AMG 157) in Adult Subjects With Inadequately Controlled, Severe Asthma” at ClinicalTrials.gov
Clinical trial number NCT03347279 for “Study to Evaluate Tezepelumab in Adults & Adolescents With Severe Uncontrolled Asthma (NAVIGATOR)” at ClinicalTrials.gov

Monoclonal antibody
Structural basis for inhibition of TSLP-signaling by Tezepelumab (PDB 5J13)^[1]
Type	Whole antibody
Source	Human
Target	thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP)
Clinical data
Trade names	Tezspire
Other names	MEDI9929, AMG 157, tezepelumab-ekko
License data	US DailyMed: Tezepelumab
Routes of administration	Subcutaneous
ATC code	None
Legal status
Legal status	US: ℞-only ^[2]^[3]
Identifiers
CAS Number	1572943-04-4
DrugBank	DB15090
ChemSpider	None
UNII	RJ1IW3B4QX
KEGG	D11771
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C₆₄₀₀H₉₈₄₄N₁₇₃₂O₁₉₉₂S₅₂
Molar mass	144590.40 g·mol⁻¹

////////////Tezepelumab-ekko, Tezspire, PEPTIDE, APPROVALS 2021, FDA 2021, Monoclonal antibody
, asthma, atopic dermatitis, ANTI INFLAMATORY, テゼペルマブ (遺伝子組換え)

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Efgartigimod alfa-fcab

December 23, 2021 4:30 am / Leave a comment

DKTHTCPPCP APELLGGPSV FLFPPKPKDT LYITREPEVT CVVVDVSHED PEVKFNWYVD
GVEVHNAKTK PREEQYNSTY RVVSVLTVLH QDWLNGKEYK CKVSNKALPA PIEKTISKAK
GQPREPQVYT LPPSRDELTK NQVSLTCLVK GFYPSDIAVE WESNGQPENN YKTTPPVLDS
DGSFFLYSKL TVDKSRWQQG NVFSCSVMHE ALKFHYTQKS LSLSPGK
(Disulfide bridge: 6-6′, 9-9′, 41-101, 147-205, 41′-101′, 147′-205′)

Efgartigimod alfa-fcab

Formula	C2310H3554N602O692S14
CAS	1821402-21-4
Mol weight	51279.464

US FDA APPROVED 12/17/2021, To treat generalized myasthenia gravis
Press Release, Vyvgart, BLA 761195

エフガルチギモドアルファ (遺伝子組換え)

PEPTIDE

Treatment of IgG-driven autoimmune diseases

AS ON DEC2021 3,491,869 VIEWS ON BLOG WORLDREACH AVAILABLEFOR YOUR ADVERTISEMENT

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https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-new-treatment-myasthenia-gravis

FDA Approves New Treatment for Myasthenia Gravis

Approval is the First of a New Class of Medication for this Rare, Chronic, Autoimmune, Neuromuscular DiseaseFor Immediate Release:December 17, 2021

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration today approved Vyvgart (efgartigimod) for the treatment of generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG) in adults who test positive for the anti-acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody.

Myasthenia gravis is a chronic autoimmune, neuromuscular disease that causes weakness in the skeletal muscles (also called voluntary muscles) that worsens after periods of activity and improves after periods of rest. Myasthenia gravis affects voluntary muscles, especially those that are responsible for controlling the eyes, face, mouth, throat, and limbs. In myasthenia gravis, the immune system produces AChR antibodies that interfere with communication between nerves and muscles, resulting in weakness. Severe attacks of weakness can cause breathing and swallowing problems that can be life-threatening.

“There are significant unmet medical needs for people living with myasthenia gravis, as with many other rare diseases,” said Billy Dunn, M.D., director of the Office of Neuroscience in the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. “Today’s approval is an important step in providing a novel therapy option for patients and underscores the agency’s commitment to help make new treatment options available for people living with rare diseases.”

Vyvgart is the first approval of a new class of medication. It is an antibody fragment that binds to the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), preventing FcRn from recycling immunoglobulin G (IgG) back into the blood. The medication causes a reduction in overall levels of IgG, including the abnormal AChR antibodies that are present in myasthenia gravis.

The safety and efficacy of Vyvgart were evaluated in a 26-week clinical study of 167 patients with myasthenia gravis who were randomized to receive either Vyvgart or placebo. The study showed that more patients with myasthenia gravis with antibodies responded to treatment during the first cycle of Vyvgart (68%) compared to those who received placebo (30%) on a measure that assesses the impact of myasthenia gravis on daily function. More patients receiving Vyvgart also demonstrated response on a measure of muscle weakness compared to placebo.

The most common side effects associated with the use of Vyvgart include respiratory tract infections, headache, and urinary tract infections. As Vyvgart causes a reduction in IgG levels, the risk of infections may increase. Hypersensitivity reactions such as eyelid swelling, shortness of breath, and rash have occurred. If a hypersensitivity reaction occurs, discontinue the infusion and institute appropriate therapy. Patients using Vyvgart should monitor for signs and symptoms of infections during treatment. Health care professionals should administer appropriate treatment and consider delaying administration of Vyvgart to patients with an active infection until the infection is resolved.

The FDA granted this application Fast Track and Orphan Drug designations. The FDA granted the approval of Vyvgart to argenx BV.

///////////efgartigimod alfa-fcab, Vyvgart, FDA 2021,APPROVALS 2021, myasthenia gravis, argenx BV, Fast Track, Orphan Drug, PEPTIDE,

エフガルチギモドアルファ (遺伝子組換え)

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Regdanvimab

December 11, 2021 10:57 am / Leave a comment

Celltrion plans to expand the supply of its Covid-19 antibody drug, Regkirona (ingredient: regdanvimab), to more medical facilities treating early-stage patients.

(Heavy chain)
QITLKESGPT LVKPTQTLTL TCSFSGFSLS TSGVGVGWIR QPPGKALEWL ALIDWDDNKY
HTTSLKTRLT ISKDTSKNQV VLTMTNMDPV DTATYYCARI PGFLRYRNRY YYYGMDVWGQ
GTTVTVSSAS TKGPSVFPLA PSSKSTSGGT AALGCLVKDY FPEPVTVSWN SGALTSGVHT
FPAVLQSSGL YSLSSVVTVP SSSLGTQTYI CNVNHKPSNT KVDKRVEPKS CDKTHTCPPC
PAPELLGGPS VFLFPPKPKD TLMISRTPEV TCVVVDVSHE DPEVKFNWYV DGVEVHNAKT
KPREEQYNST YRVVSVLTVL HQDWLNGKEY KCKVSNKALP APIEKTISKA KGQPREPQVY
TLPPSRDELT KNQVSLTCLV KGFYPSDIAV EWESNGQPEN NYKTTPPVLD SDGSFFLYSK
LTVDKSRWQQ GNVFSCSVMH EALHNHYTQK SLSLSPGK
(Light chain)
ELVLTQPPSV SAAPGQKVTI SCSGSSSNIG NNYVSWYQQL PGTAPKLLIY DNNKRPSGIP
DRFSGSKSGT SATLGITGLQ TGDEADYYCG TWDSSLSAGV FGGGTELTVL GQPKAAPSVT
LFPPSSEELQ ANKATLVCLI SDFYPGAVTV AWKADGSPVK AGVETTKPSK QSNNKYAASS
YLSLTPEQWK SHRSYSCQVT HEGSTVEKTV APTECS
(Disulfide bridge: H22-H97, H155-H211, H231-L215, H237-H’237, H240-H’240, H272-H332, H378-H436, H’22-H’97, H’155-H’211, H’231-L’215, H’272-H’332, H’378-H’436, L22-L89, L138-L197, L’22-L’89, L’138-L’197)

>Regdanvimab light chain:
ELVLTQPPSVSAAPGQKVTISCSGSSSNIGNNYVSWYQQLPGTAPKLLIYDNNKRPSGIP
DRFSGSKSGTSATLGITGLQTGDEADYYCGTWDSSLSAGVFGGGTELTVLGQPKAAPSVT
LFPPSSEELQANKATLVCLISDFYPGAVTVAWKADGSPVKAGVETTKPSKQSNNKYAASS
YLSLTPEQWKSHRSYSCQVTHEGSTVEKTVAPTECS

>Regdanvimab heavy chain:
QITLKESGPTLVKPTQTLTLTCSFSGFSLSTSGVGVGWIRQPPGKALEWLALIDWDDNKY
HTTSLKTRLTISKDTSKNQVVLTMTNMDPVDTATYYCARIPGFLRYRNRYYYYGMDVWGQ
GTTVTVSSASTKGPSVFPLAPSSKSTSGGTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHT
FPAVLQSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTQTYICNVNHKPSNTKVDKRVEPKSCDKTHTCPPC
PAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKT
KPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVY
TLPPSRDELTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSK
LTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGK

Regdanvimab

レグダンビマブ;

EMA APPROVED, 2021/11/12, Regkirona

Treatment of adults with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)

MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY, ANTI VIRAL, PEPTIDE

CAS: 2444308-95-4, CT-P59

Regdanvimab, sold under the brand name Regkirona, is a human monoclonal antibody used for the treatment of COVID-19.^[1] The antibody is directed against the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. It is developed by Celltrion.^[2]^[3] The medicine is given by infusion (drip) into a vein.^[1]^[4]

The most common side effects include infusion-related reactions, including allergic reactions and anaphylaxis.^[1]

Regdanvimab was approved for medical use in the European Union in November 2021.^[1]

Regdanvimab is a monoclonal antibody targeted against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein used to treat patients with COVID-19 who are at risk of progressing to severe COVID-19.

Regdanvimab (CT-P59) is a recombinant human IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed at the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.⁴ It blocks the interaction between viral spike proteins and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) that allows for viral entry into the cell, thereby inhibiting the virus’ ability to replicate. Trials investigating the use of regdanvimab as a therapeutic candidate for the treatment of COVID-19 began in mid-2020.^1,3 It received its first full approval in South Korea in September 2021,³ followed by the EU in November 2021.⁵

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Synthesis Reference

Kim C, Ryu DK, Lee J, Kim YI, Seo JM, Kim YG, Jeong JH, Kim M, Kim JI, Kim P, Bae JS, Shim EY, Lee MS, Kim MS, Noh H, Park GS, Park JS, Son D, An Y, Lee JN, Kwon KS, Lee JY, Lee H, Yang JS, Kim KC, Kim SS, Woo HM, Kim JW, Park MS, Yu KM, Kim SM, Kim EH, Park SJ, Jeong ST, Yu CH, Song Y, Gu SH, Oh H, Koo BS, Hong JJ, Ryu CM, Park WB, Oh MD, Choi YK, Lee SY: A therapeutic neutralizing antibody targeting receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Nat Commun. 2021 Jan 12;12(1):288. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-20602-5.

Celltrion’s Monoclonal Antibody Treatment regdanvimab, Approved by the European Commission for the Treatment of COVID-19

https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20211114005312/en/Celltrion%E2%80%99s-Monoclonal-Antibody-Treatment-regdanvimab-Approved-by-the-European-Commission-for-the-Treatment-of-COVID-19

The European Commission (EC) granted marketing authorisation for Celltrion’s regdanvimab following positive opinion by the European Medicines Agency’s (EMA) Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) last week (11/11/2021)
Celltrion continues to discuss supply agreements with regulatory agencies and contractors in more than 30 countries in Europe, Asia and LATAM to accelerate global access to regdanvimab
The use of regdanvimab across the Republic of Korea is rapidly increasing to address the ongoing outbreaks

November 14, 2021 08:04 PM Eastern Standard Time

INCHEON, South Korea–(BUSINESS WIRE)–Celltrion Group announced today that the European Commission (EC) has approved Regkirona (regdanvimab, CT-P59), one of the first monoclonal antibody treatments granted marketing authorisation from the European Medicines Agency (EMA). The EC granted marketing authorisation for adults with COVID-19 who do not require supplemental oxygen and who are at increased risk of progressing to severe COVID-19. The decision from the EC follows a positive opinion by the European Medicines Agency’s (EMA) Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) on November 11^th, 2021.¹

“Today’s achievement, coupled with CHMP positive opinion for regdanvimab, underscores our ongoing commitment to addressing the world’s greatest health challenges,” said Dr. HoUng Kim, Ph.D., Head of Medical and Marketing Division at Celltrion Healthcare. “Typically, the recommendations from the CHMP are passed on to the EC for rapid legally binding decisions within a month or two, however, given the unprecedented times, we have received the EC approval within a day. As part of our global efforts to accelerate access, we have been communicating with the governments and contractors in 30 countries in Europe, Asia and LATAM. We will continue working with all key stakeholders to ensure COVID-19 patients around the world have access to safe and effective treatments.”

Monoclonal antibodies are proteins designed to attach to a specific target, in this case the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, which works to block the path the virus uses to enter human cells. The EC approval is based on the global Phase III clinical trial involving more than 1,315 people to evaluate the efficacy and safety of regdanvimab in 13 countries including the U.S., Spain, and Romania. Data showed regdanvimab significantly reduced the risk of COVID-19 related hospitalisation or death by 72% for patients at high-risk of progressing to severe COVID-19.

Emergency use authorisations are currently in place in Indonesia and Brazil, and the monoclonal antibody treatment is fully approved in the Republic of Korea. In the U.S., regdanvimab has not yet been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), but the company is in discussion with the FDA to submit applications for an Emergency Use Authorisation (EUA).

As of November 12^th, 2021, more than 22,587 people have been treated with regdanvimab in 129 hospitals in the Republic of Korea.

Notes to Editors:

About Celltrion Healthcare

Celltrion Healthcare is committed to delivering innovative and affordable medications to promote patients’ access to advanced therapies. Its products are manufactured at state-of-the-art mammalian cell culture facilities, designed and built to comply with the US FDA cGMP and the EU GMP guidelines. Celltrion Healthcare endeavours to offer high-quality cost-effective solutions through an extensive global network that spans more than 110 different countries. For more information please visit: https://www.celltrionhealthcare.com/en-us.

About regdanvimab (CT-P59)

CT-P59 was identified as a potential treatment for COVID-19 through screening of antibody candidates and selecting those that showed the highest potency in neutralising the SARS-CoV-2 virus. In vitro and in vivo pre- clinical studies showed that CT-P59 strongly binds to SARS-CoV-2 RBD and significantly neutralise the wild type and mutant variants of concern. In in vivo models, CT-P59 effectively reduced the viral load of SARS-CoV-2 and inflammation in lung. Results from the global Phase I and Phase II/III clinical trials of CT-P59 demonstrated a promising safety, tolerability, antiviral effect and efficacy profile in patients with mild-to-moderate symptoms of COVID-19.² Celltrion also has recently commenced the development of a neutralising antibody cocktail with CT-P59 against new emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2.

Medical uses

In the European Union, regdanvimab is indicated for the treatment of adults with COVID-19 who do not require supplemental oxygen and who are at increased risk of progressing to severe COVID-19.^[1]

Society and culture

Names

Regdanvimab is the proposed international nonproprietary name (pINN).^[5]

Legal status

In March 2021, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) started a rolling review of data on regdanvimab.^[6]^[7] In October 2021, the EMA started evaluating an application for marketing authorization for the monoclonal antibody regdanvimab (Regkirona) to treat adults with COVID-19 who do not require supplemental oxygen therapy and who are at increased risk of progressing to severe COVID 19.^[8] The applicant is Celltrion Healthcare Hungary Kft.^[8] The European Medicines Agency (EMA) concluded that regdanvimab can be used for the treatment of confirmed COVID-19 in adults who do not require supplemental oxygen therapy and who are at high risk of progressing to severe COVID-19.^[4]

In November 2021, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) recommended granting a marketing authorization in the European Union for regdanvimab (Regkirona) for the treatment of COVID-19.^[9]^[10] The company that applied for authorization of Regkirona is Celltrion Healthcare Hungary Kft.^[10] Regdanvimab was approved for medical use in the European Union in November 2021.^[1]

Monoclonal antibody
Type	Whole antibody
Source	Human
Target	Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2
Clinical data
Trade names	Regkirona
Other names	CT-P59
License data	EU EMA: by INN
Routes of administration	Intravenous infusion
ATC code	None
Legal status
Legal status	EU: Rx-only ^[1]
Identifiers
CAS Number	2444308-95-4
DrugBank	DB16405
UNII	I0BGE6P6I6
KEGG	D12241

Tuccori M, Ferraro S, Convertino I, Cappello E, Valdiserra G, Blandizzi C, Maggi F, Focosi D: Anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing monoclonal antibodies: clinical pipeline. MAbs. 2020 Jan-Dec;12(1):1854149. doi: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1854149. [Article]
Kim C, Ryu DK, Lee J, Kim YI, Seo JM, Kim YG, Jeong JH, Kim M, Kim JI, Kim P, Bae JS, Shim EY, Lee MS, Kim MS, Noh H, Park GS, Park JS, Son D, An Y, Lee JN, Kwon KS, Lee JY, Lee H, Yang JS, Kim KC, Kim SS, Woo HM, Kim JW, Park MS, Yu KM, Kim SM, Kim EH, Park SJ, Jeong ST, Yu CH, Song Y, Gu SH, Oh H, Koo BS, Hong JJ, Ryu CM, Park WB, Oh MD, Choi YK, Lee SY: A therapeutic neutralizing antibody targeting receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Nat Commun. 2021 Jan 12;12(1):288. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-20602-5. [Article]
Syed YY: Regdanvimab: First Approval. Drugs. 2021 Nov 1. pii: 10.1007/s40265-021-01626-7. doi: 10.1007/s40265-021-01626-7. [Article]
EMA Summary of Product Characteristics: Regkirona (regdanvimab) concentrate for solution for intravenous infusion [Link]
EMA COVID-19 News: EMA recommends authorisation of two monoclonal antibody medicines [Link]
EMA CHMP Assessment Report: Celltrion use of regdanvimab for the treatment of COVID-19 [Link]
Protein Data Bank: Crystal Structure of COVID-19 virus spike receptor-binding domain complexed with a neutralizing antibody CT-P59 [Link]

References

^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g “Regkirona EPAR”. European Medicines Agency. Retrieved 12 November 2021. Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.
^ “Celltrion Develops Tailored Neutralising Antibody Cocktail Treatment with CT-P59 to Tackle COVID-19 Variant Spread Using Its Antibody Development Platform” (Press release). Celltrion. 11 February 2021. Retrieved 4 March 2021 – via Business Wire.
^ “Celltrion Group announces positive top-line efficacy and safety data from global Phase II/III clinical trial of COVID-19 treatment candidate CT-P59” (Press release). Celltrion. 13 January 2021. Retrieved 4 March 2021 – via Business Wire.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b “EMA issues advice on use of regdanvimab for treating COVID-19”. European Medicines Agency. 26 March 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
^ World Health Organization (2020). “International Nonproprietary Names for Pharmaceutical Substances (INN). Proposed INN: List 124 – COVID-19 (special edition)” (PDF). WHO Drug Information. 34 (3): 660–1.
^ “EMA starts rolling review of Celltrion antibody regdanvimab for COVID-19” (Press release). European Medicines Agency (EMA). 24 February 2021. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
^ “EMA review of regdanvimab for COVID-19 to support national decisions on early use” (Press release). European Medicines Agency (EMA). 2 March 2021. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b “EMA receives application for marketing authorisation Regkirona (regdanvimab) treating patients with COVID-19”. European Medicines Agency. 4 October 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
^ “Regkirona: Pending EC decision”. European Medicines Agency. 11 November 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b “COVID-19: EMA recommends authorisation of two monoclonal antibody medicines”. European Medicines Agency (EMA) (Press release). 11 November 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.

External links

“Regdanvimab”. Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.

///////////Regdanvimab, Regkirona, MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY, ANTI VIRAL, EU 2021, APPROVALS 2021, EMA 2021, COVID 19, CORONAVIRUS, PEPTIDE, レグダンビマブ , CT-P59, CT P59

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Ropeginterferon alfa-2b

November 25, 2021 2:41 am / Leave a comment

PCDLPQTHSL GSRRTLMLLA QMRRISLFSC LKDRHDFGFP QEEFGNQFQK AETIPVLHEM
IQQIFNLFST KDSSAAWDET LLDKFYTELY QQLNDLEACV IQGVGVTETP LMKEDSILAV
RKYFQRITLY LKEKKYSPCA WEVVRAEIMR SFSLSTNLQE SLRSKE
(Disulfide bridge: 2-99, 30-139)

Ropeginterferon alfa-2b

AOP2014

CAS 1335098-50-4

UNII981TME683S

FDA APPROVED, 2021/11/12, BESREMI

PEPTIDE, Antineoplastic, Antiviral

Polycythemia vera (PV) is the most common Philadelphia chromosome-negative myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN), characterized by increased hematocrit and platelet/leukocyte counts, an increased risk for hemorrhage and thromboembolic events, and a long-term propensity for myelofibrosis and leukemia.^1,2 Interferon alfa-2b has been used for decades to treat PV but requires frequent dosing and is not tolerated by all patients.² Ropeginterferon alfa-2b is a next-generation mono-pegylated type I interferon produced from proline-IFN-α-2b in Escherichia coli that has high tolerability and a long half-life.^4,6 Ropeginterferon alfa-2b has shown efficacy in PV in in vitro and in vivo models and clinical trials.^3,4

Ropeginterferon alfa-2b was approved by the FDA on November 12, 2021, and is currently marketed under the trademark BESREMi by PharmaEssentia Corporation.⁶

Ropeginterferon alfa-2b, sold under the brand name Besremi, is a medication used to treat polycythemia vera.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] It is an interferon.^[1]^[3] It is given by injection.^[1]^[3]

The most common side effects include low levels of white blood cells and platelets (blood components that help the blood to clot), muscle and joint pain, tiredness, flu-like symptoms and increased blood levels of gamma-glutamyl transferase (a sign of liver problems).^[3] Ropeginterferon alfa-2b can cause liver enzyme elevations, low levels of white blood cells, low levels of platelets, joint pain, fatigue, itching, upper airway infection, muscle pain and flu-like illness.^[2] Side effects may also include urinary tract infection, depression and transient ischemic attacks (stroke-like attacks).^[2]

It was approved for medical use in the European Union in February 2019,^[3] and in the United States in November 2021.^[2]^[5] Ropeginterferon alfa-2b is the first medication approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat polycythemia vera that people can take regardless of their treatment history, and the first interferon therapy specifically approved for polycythemia vera.^[2]

https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-treatment-rare-blood-disease#:~:text=FDA%20NEWS%20RELEASE-,FDA%20Approves%20Treatment%20for%20Rare%20Blood%20Disease,FDA%2DApproved%20Option%20Patients%20Can%20Take%20Regardless%20of%20Previous%20Therapies,-ShareFor Immediate Release:November 12, 2021

Today, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved Besremi (ropeginterferon alfa-2b-njft) injection to treat adults with polycythemia vera, a blood disease that causes the overproduction of red blood cells. The excess cells thicken the blood, slowing blood flow and increasing the chance of blood clots.

“Over 7,000 rare diseases affect more than 30 million people in the United States. Polycythemia vera affects approximately 6,200 Americans each year,” said Ann Farrell, M.D., director of the Division of Non-Malignant Hematology in the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. “This action highlights the FDA’s commitment to helping make new treatments available to patients with rare diseases.”

Besremi is the first FDA-approved medication for polycythemia vera that patients can take regardless of their treatment history, and the first interferon therapy specifically approved for polycythemia vera.

Treatment for polycythemia vera includes phlebotomies (a procedure that removes excess blood cells though a needle in a vein) as well as medicines to reduce the number of blood cells; Besremi is one of these medicines. Besremi is believed to work by attaching to certain receptors in the body, setting off a chain reaction that makes the bone marrow reduce blood cell production. Besremi is a long-acting drug that patients take by injection under the skin once every two weeks. If Besremi can reduce excess blood cells and maintain normal levels for at least one year, then dosing frequency may be reduced to once every four weeks.

The effectiveness and safety of Besremi were evaluated in a multicenter, single-arm trial that lasted 7.5 years. In this trial, 51 adults with polycythemia vera received Besremi for an average of about five years. Besremi’s effectiveness was assessed by looking at how many patients achieved complete hematological response, which meant that patients had a red blood cell volume of less than 45% without a recent phlebotomy, normal white cell counts and platelet counts, a normal spleen size, and no blood clots. Overall, 61% of patients had a complete hematological response.

Besremi can cause liver enzyme elevations, low levels of white blood cells, low levels of platelets, joint pain, fatigue, itching, upper airway infection, muscle pain and flu-like illness. Side effects may also include urinary tract infection, depression and transient ischemic attacks (stroke-like attacks).

Interferon alfa products like Besremi may cause or worsen neuropsychiatric, autoimmune, ischemic (not enough blood flow to a part of the body) and infectious diseases, which could lead to life-threatening or fatal complications. Patients who must not take Besremi include those who are allergic to the drug, those with a severe psychiatric disorder or a history of a severe psychiatric disorder, immunosuppressed transplant recipients, certain patients with autoimmune disease or a history of autoimmune disease, and patients with liver disease.

People who could be pregnant should be tested for pregnancy before using Besremi due to the risk of fetal harm.

Besremi received orphan drug designation for this indication. Orphan drug designation provides incentives to assist and encourage drug development for rare diseases.

The FDA granted the approval of Besremi to PharmaEssentia Corporation.

Medical uses

In the European Union, ropeginterferon alfa-2b is indicated as monotherapy in adults for the treatment of polycythemia vera without symptomatic splenomegaly.^[3] In the United States it is indicated for the treatment of polycythemia vera.^[1]^[2]^[5]

History

The effectiveness and safety of ropeginterferon alfa-2b were evaluated in a multicenter, single-arm trial that lasted 7.5 years.^[2] In this trial, 51 adults with polycythemia vera received ropeginterferon alfa-2b for an average of about five years.^[2] The effectiveness of ropeginterferon alfa-2b was assessed by looking at how many participants achieved complete hematological response, which meant that participants had a red blood cell volume of less than 45% without a recent phlebotomy, normal white cell counts and platelet counts, a normal spleen size, and no blood clots.^[2] Overall, 61% of participants had a complete hematological response.^[2] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted the application for Ropeginterferon_alfa-2b orphan drug designation and granted the approval of Besremi to PharmaEssentia Corporation^[2]

REF

Bartalucci N, Guglielmelli P, Vannucchi AM: Polycythemia vera: the current status of preclinical models and therapeutic targets. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2020 Jul;24(7):615-628. doi: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1762176. Epub 2020 May 18. [Article]
How J, Hobbs G: Use of Interferon Alfa in the Treatment of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: Perspectives and Review of the Literature. Cancers (Basel). 2020 Jul 18;12(7). pii: cancers12071954. doi: 10.3390/cancers12071954. [Article]
Verger E, Soret-Dulphy J, Maslah N, Roy L, Rey J, Ghrieb Z, Kralovics R, Gisslinger H, Grohmann-Izay B, Klade C, Chomienne C, Giraudier S, Cassinat B, Kiladjian JJ: Ropeginterferon alpha-2b targets JAK2V617F-positive polycythemia vera cells in vitro and in vivo. Blood Cancer J. 2018 Oct 4;8(10):94. doi: 10.1038/s41408-018-0133-0. [Article]
Gisslinger H, Zagrijtschuk O, Buxhofer-Ausch V, Thaler J, Schloegl E, Gastl GA, Wolf D, Kralovics R, Gisslinger B, Strecker K, Egle A, Melchardt T, Burgstaller S, Willenbacher E, Schalling M, Them NC, Kadlecova P, Klade C, Greil R: Ropeginterferon alfa-2b, a novel IFNalpha-2b, induces high response rates with low toxicity in patients with polycythemia vera. Blood. 2015 Oct 8;126(15):1762-9. doi: 10.1182/blood-2015-04-637280. Epub 2015 Aug 10. [Article]
EMA Approved Products: Besremi (ropeginterferon alfa-2b ) solution for injection [Link]
FDA Approved Drug Products: BESREMi (ropeginterferon alfa-2b-njft) injection [Link]

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References

^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d ^e https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2021/761166s000lbl.pdf
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l “FDA Approves Treatment for Rare Blood Disease”. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Press release). 12 November 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2021. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g “Besremi EPAR”. European Medicines Agency (EMA). Retrieved 14 November 2021. Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.
^ Wagner SM, Melchardt T, Greil R (March 2020). “Ropeginterferon alfa-2b for the treatment of patients with polycythemia vera”. Drugs of Today. Barcelona, Spain. 56 (3): 195–202. doi:10.1358/dot.2020.56.3.3107706. PMID 32282866. S2CID 215758794.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b “U.S. FDA Approves Besremi (ropeginterferon alfa-2b-njft) as the Only Interferon for Adults With Polycythemia Vera” (Press release). PharmaEssentia. 12 November 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2021 – via Business Wire.

External links

“Ropeginterferon alfa-2b”. Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
Clinical trial number NCT01193699 for “Safety Study of Pegylated Interferon Alpha 2b to Treat Polycythemia Vera (PEGINVERA)” at ClinicalTrials.gov
Clinical trial number NCT02218047 for “AOP2014 vs. BAT in Patients With Polycythemia Vera Who Previously Participated in the PROUD-PV Study. (CONTI-PV)” at ClinicalTrials.gov

Clinical data
Trade names	Besremi
Other names	AOP2014, ropeginterferon alfa-2b-njft
License data	EU EMA: by INNUS DailyMed: Ropeginterferon_alfa
Pregnancy category	Contraindicated
Routes of administration	Subcutaneous
Drug class	Interferon
ATC code	L03AB15 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal status	US: ℞-only ^[1]^[2]EU: Rx-only ^[3]
Identifiers
CAS Number	1335098-50-4
DrugBank	DB15119
UNII	981TME683S
KEGG	D11027

/////////Ropeginterferon alfa-2b, FDA 2021, APPROVALS 2021, BESREMI, PEPTIDE, Antineoplastic, Antiviral, AOP 2014, PharmaEssentia

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Vosoritide

September 21, 2021 2:37 am / Leave a comment

PGQEHPNARK YKGANKKGLS KGCFGLKLDR IGSMSGLGC
(Disulfide bridge: 23-39)

ChemSpider 2D Image | vosoritide | C176H290N56O51S3

H-Pro-Gly-Gln-Glu-His-Pro-Asn-Ala-Arg-Lys-Tyr-Lys-Gly-Ala-Asn-Lys-Lys-Gly-Leu-Ser-Lys-Gly-Cys(1)-Phe-Gly-Leu-Lys-Leu-Asp-Arg-Ile-Gly-Ser-Met-Ser-Gly-Leu-Gly-Cys(1)-OH

PGQEHPNARKYKGANKKGLSKGCFGLKLDRIGSMSGLGC
H-PGQEHPNARKYKGANKKGLSKGC(1)FGLKLDRIGSMSGLGC(1)-OH

PEPTIDE1{P.G.Q.E.H.P.N.A.R.K.Y.K.G.A.N.K.K.G.L.S.K.G.C.F.G.L.K.L.D.R.I.G.S.M.S.G.L.G.C}$PEPTIDE1,PEPTIDE1,23:R3-39:R3$$$

L-prolyl-glycyl-L-glutaminyl-L-alpha-glutamyl-L-histidyl-L-prolyl-L-asparagyl-L-alanyl-L-arginyl-L-lysyl-L-tyrosyl-L-lysyl-glycyl-L-alanyl-L-asparagyl-L-lysyl-L-lysyl-glycyl-L-leucyl-L-seryl-L-lysyl-glycyl-L-cysteinyl-L-phenylalanyl-glycyl-L-leucyl-L-lysyl-L-leucyl-L-alpha-aspartyl-L-arginyl-L-isoleucyl-glycyl-L-seryl-L-methionyl-L-seryl-glycyl-L-leucyl-glycyl-L-cysteine (23->39)-disulfide

(4R,10S,16S,19S,22S,28S,31S,34S,37S,40S,43S,49S,52R)-52-[[2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-4-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-4-amino-2-[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-5-amino-5-oxo-2-[[2-[[(2S)-pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]acetyl]amino]pentanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]-4-oxobutanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-4-oxobutanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-40-(4-aminobutyl)-49-benzyl-28-[(2S)-butan-2-yl]-31-(3-carbamimidamidopropyl)-34-(carboxymethyl)-16,22-bis(hydroxymethyl)-10,37,43-tris(2-methylpropyl)-19-(2-methylsulfanylethyl)-6,9,12,15,18,21,24,27,30,33,36,39,42,45,48,51-hexadecaoxo-1,2-dithia-5,8,11,14,17,20,23,26,29,32,35,38,41,44,47,50-hexadecazacyclotripentacontane-4-carboxylic acid

Vosoritide

Formula	C176H290N56O51S3
CAS	1480724-61-5
Mol weight	4102.7254

1480724-61-5[RN]BMN 111L-Cysteine, L-prolylglycyl-L-glutaminyl-L-α-glutamyl-L-histidyl-L-prolyl-L-asparaginyl-L-alanyl-L-arginyl-L-lysyl-L-tyrosyl-L-lysylglycyl-L-alanyl-L-asparaginyl-L-lysyl-L-lysylglycyl-L-leucyl-L-seryl-L-lysylglycyl-L-cysteinyl-L-phenylalanylglycyl-L-leucyl-L-lysyl-L-leucyl-L-α-aspartyl-L-arginyl-L-isoleucylglycyl-L-seryl-L-methionyl-L-serylglycyl-L-leucylglycyl-, cyclic (23→39)-disulfideL-prolylglycyl-(human C-type natriuretic peptide-(17-53)-peptide (CNP-37)), cyclic-(23-39)-disulfideUNII:7SE5582Q2Pвосоритид [Russian] [INN]فوسوريتيد [Arabic] [INN]伏索利肽 [Chinese] [INN]

Voxzogo, 2021/8/26 EU APPROVED

Product details
Name	Voxzogo
Agency product number	EMEA/H/C/005475
Active substance	Vosoritide
International non-proprietary name (INN) or common name	vosoritide
Therapeutic area (MeSH)	Achondroplasia
Anatomical therapeutic chemical (ATC) code	M05BX
Orphan	This medicine was designated an orphan medicine. This means that it was developed for use against a rare, life-threatening or chronically debilitating condition or, for economic reasons, it would be unlikely to have been developed without incentives. For more information, see Orphan designation.

Publication details
Marketing-authorisation holder	BioMarin International Limited
Date of issue of marketing authorisation valid throughout the European Union	26/08/2021

On 24 January 2013, orphan designation (EU/3/12/1094) was granted by the European Commission to BioMarin Europe Ltd, United Kingdom, for modified recombinant human C-type natriuretic peptide for the treatment of achondroplasia.

The sponsorship was transferred to BioMarin International Limited, Ireland, in February 2019.

This medicine is now known as Vosoritide.

The medicinal product has been authorised in the EU as Voxzogo since 26 August 2021.

PEPTIDE

Treatment of Achondroplasia
modified recombinant human C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP)

Vosoritide, sold under the brand name Voxzogo, is a medication used for the treatment of achondroplasia.^[1]

The most common side effects include injection site reactions (such as swelling, redness, itching or pain), vomiting and decreased blood pressure.^[1]

Vosoritide was approved for medical use in the European Union in August 2021.^[1]^[2]

Voxzogo is a medicine for treating achondroplasia in patients aged 2 years and older whose bones are still growing.

Achondroplasia is an inherited disease caused by a mutation (change) in a gene called fibroblast growth-factor receptor 3 (FGFR3). The mutation affects growth of almost all bones in the body including the skull, spine, arms and legs resulting in very short stature with a characteristic appearance.

Achondroplasia is rare, and Voxzogo was designated an ‘orphan medicine’ (a medicine used in rare diseases) on 24 January 2013. Further information on the orphan designation can be found here: ema.europa.eu/medicines/human/orphan-designations/EU3121094.

Voxzogo contains the active substance vosoritide.

Achondroplasia Posters | Fine Art America

Medical uses

Vosoritide is indicated for the treatment of achondroplasia in people two years of age and older whose epiphyses are not closed.^[1]

Mechanism of action

A: Chondrocyte with constitutionally active FGFR3 that down-regulates its development via the MAPK/ERK pathway
B: Vosoritide (BMN 111) blocks this mechanism by binding to the atrial natriuretic peptide receptor B (NPR-B), which subsequently inhibits the MAPK/ERK pathway at the RAF-1 protein.^[3]

Vosoritide works by binding to a receptor (target) called natriuretic peptide receptor type B (NPR-B), which reduces the activity of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3).^[1] FGFR3 is a receptor that normally down-regulates cartilage and bone growth when activated by one of the proteins known as acidic and basic fibroblast growth factor. It does so by inhibiting the development (cell proliferation and differentiation) of chondrocytes, the cells that produce and maintain the cartilaginous matrix which is also necessary for bone growth. Children with achondroplasia have one of several possible FGFR3 mutations resulting in constitutive (permanent) activity of this receptor, resulting in overall reduced chondrocyte activity and thus bone growth.^[3]

The protein C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), naturally found in humans, reduces the effects of over-active FGFR3. Vosoritide is a CNP analogue with the same effect but prolonged half-life,^[3] allowing for once-daily administration.^[4]

Chemistry

Vosoritide is an analogue of CNP. It is a peptide consisting of the amino acids proline and glycine plus the 37 C-terminal amino acids from natural human CNP. The complete peptide sequence isP G Q E H P N A R K YKGANKKGL S KGC FGLKLDR IGSMSGLGC

with a disulfide bridge between positions 23 and 39 (underlined).^[5] The drug must be administered by injection as it would be rendered ineffective by the digestive system if taken by mouth.

History

Vosoritide is being developed by BioMarin Pharmaceutical and, being the only available causal treatment for this condition, has orphan drug status in the US as well as the European Union.^[1]^[2]^[6] As of September 2015, it is in Phase II clinical trials.^[7]^[4]

Society and culture

Controversy

Some people with achondroplasia, as well as parents of children with this condition, have reacted to vosoritide’s study results by saying that dwarfism is not a disease and consequently does not need treatment.^[8]

Research

Vosoritide has resulted in increased growth in a clinical trial with 26 children. The ten children receiving the highest dose grew 6.1 centimetres (2.4 in) in six months, compared to 4.0 centimetres (1.6 in) in the six months before the treatment (p=0.01).^[9] The body proportions, more specifically the ratio of leg length to upper body length – which is lower in achondroplasia patients than in the average population – was not improved by vosoritide, but not worsened either.^[7]^[10]

As of September 2015, it is not known whether the effect of the drug will last long enough to result in normal body heights,^[10] or whether it will reduce the occurrence of achondroplasia associated problems such as ear infections, sleep apnea or hydrocephalus. This, together with the safety of higher doses, is to be determined in further studies.^[4]

References

^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g “Voxzogo EPAR”. European Medicines Agency. 23 June 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2021. Text was copied from this source which is © European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b “European Commission Approves BioMarin’s Voxzogo (vosoritide) for the Treatment of Children with Achondroplasia from Age 2 Until Growth Plates Close”. BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc. (Press release). 27 August 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c Lorget F, Kaci N, Peng J, Benoist-Lasselin C, Mugniery E, Oppeneer T, et al. (December 2012). “Evaluation of the therapeutic potential of a CNP analog in a Fgfr3 mouse model recapitulating achondroplasia”. American Journal of Human Genetics. 91 (6): 1108–14. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.10.014. PMC 3516592. PMID 23200862.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c Clinical trial number NCT02055157 for “A Phase 2 Study of BMN 111 to Evaluate Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy in Children With Achondroplasia (ACH)” at ClinicalTrials.gov
^ “International Nonproprietary Names for Pharmaceutical Substances (INN): List 112” (PDF). WHO Drug Information. 28 (4): 539. 2014.
^ “Food and Drug Administration Accepts BioMarin’s New Drug Application for Vosoritide to Treat Children with Achondroplasia” (Press release). BioMarin Pharmaceutical. 2 November 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2021 – via PR Newswire.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Spreitzer H (6 July 2015). “Neue Wirkstoffe – Vosoritid”. Österreichische Apothekerzeitung (in German) (14/2015): 28.
^ Pollack A (17 June 2015). “Drug Accelerated Growth in Children With Dwarfism, Pharmaceutical Firm Says”. The New York Times.
^ “BMN 111 (vosoritide) Improves Growth Velocity in Children With Achondroplasia in Phase 2 Study”. BioMarin. 17 June 2015.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b “Vosoritid” (in German). Arznei-News.de. 20 June 2015.

External links

“Vosoritide”. Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.

Clinical data
Trade names	Voxzogo
Other names	BMN-111
Routes of administration	Subcutaneous injection
ATC code	None
Legal status
Legal status	EU: Rx-only ^[1]
Identifiers
CAS Number	1480724-61-5
DrugBank	DB11928
ChemSpider	44210446
UNII	7SE5582Q2P
KEGG	D11190
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C₁₇₆H₂₉₀N₅₆O₅₁S₃
Molar mass	4102.78 g·mol⁻¹
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
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/////////Vosoritide, Voxzogo, PEPTIDE, ボソリチド (遺伝子組換え) , восоритид , فوسوريتيد , 伏索利肽 , APPROVALS 2021, EU 2021, BMN 111, ORPHAN DRUG

CCC(C)C1C(=O)NCC(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)NCC(=O)NC(C(=O)NCC(=O)NC(CSSCC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)NCC(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)N1)CCCNC(=N)N)CC(=O)O)CC(C)C)CCCCN)CC(C)C)CC2=CC=CC=C2)NC(=O)CNC(=O)C(CCCCN)NC(=O)C(CO)NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)CNC(=O)C(CCCCN)NC(=O)C(CCCCN)NC(=O)C(CC(=O)N)NC(=O)C(C)NC(=O)CNC(=O)C(CCCCN)NC(=O)C(CC3=CC=C(C=C3)O)NC(=O)C(CCCCN)NC(=O)C(CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)C(C)NC(=O)C(CC(=O)N)NC(=O)C4CCCN4C(=O)C(CC5=CN=CN5)NC(=O)C(CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)C(CCC(=O)N)NC(=O)CNC(=O)C6CCCN6)C(=O)O)CC(C)C)CO)CCSC)CO

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Difelikefalin acetate

August 31, 2021 2:53 am / Leave a comment

Difelikefalin acetate

ジフェリケファリン酢酸塩

CAS 1024829-44-4

Formula	C36H53N7O6. (C2H4O2)x

D-Phe-D-Phe-D-Leu-D-Lys-[ω(4-aminopiperidine-4- carboxylic acid)]-OH

FDA APPROVED, 2021/8/23, FORSUVA

Analgesic, Antipruritic, Opioid receptor agonist

Treatment of moderate-to-severe pruritus associated with chronic kidney disease in adults undergoing hemodialysis

Difelikefalin, CR-845; MR-13A-9; MR-13A9

4-amino-1- (D-phenylalanyl-D-phenylalanyl-D-leucyl-D-lysyl) piperidine-4-carboxylic acid

C36H53N7O6, 679.40573

ORIGINATOR	Ferring Pharmaceuticals
DEVELOPER	Cara Therapeutics
CLASS	Analgesic drugs (peptides)
MECHANISM OF ACTION	Opioid kappa receptor agonists
WHO ATC CODES	D04A-X (Other antipruritics), N02A (Opioids)
EPHMRA CODES	D4A (Anti-Pruritics, Including Topical Antihistamines, Anaesthetics, etc), N2A (Narcotics)
INDICATION	Pain, Osteoarthritis, Pruritus

Difelikefalin, sold under the brand name Korsuva , is an analgesic opioid peptide used for the treatment of moderate-to-severe pruritus. It acts as a peripherally specific, highly selective agonist of the κ-opioid receptor (KOR).^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]

Difelikefalin was approved for medical use in the United States in August 2021.^[2]^[7]^[8]

Difelikefalin acts as an analgesic by activating KORs on peripheral nerve terminals and KORs expressed by certain immune system cells.^[3] Activation of KORs on peripheral nerve terminals results in the inhibition of ion channels responsible for afferent nerve activity, causing reduced transmission of pain signals, while activation of KORs expressed by immune system cells results in reduced release of proinflammatory, nerve-sensitizing mediators (e.g., prostaglandins).^[3]

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Research

It is under development by Cara Therapeutics as an intravenous agent for the treatment of postoperative pain.^[3]^[4]^[6] An oral formulation has also been developed.^[6] Due to its peripheral selectivity, difelikefalin lacks the central side effects like sedation, dysphoria, and hallucinations of previous KOR-acting analgesics such as pentazocine and phenazocine.^[3]^[4] In addition to use as an analgesic, difelikefalin is also being investigated for the treatment of pruritus (itching).^[3]^[4]^[5] Difelikefalin has completed phase II clinical trials for postoperative pain and has demonstrated significant and “robust” clinical efficacy, along with being safe and well tolerated.^[4]^[6] It has also completed a phase III clinical trial for uremic pruritus in hemodialysis patients.^[9]Kappa opioid receptors have been suggested as targets for intervention for treatment or prevention of a wide array of diseases and conditions by administration of kappa opioid receptor agonists. See for example, Jolivalt et al., Diabetologia, 49(11):2775-85; Epub Aug. 19, 2006), describing efficacy of asimadoline, a kappa receptor agonist in rodent diabetic neuropathy; and Bileviciute-Ljungar et al., Eur. J. Pharm. 494:139-46 (2004) describing the efficacy of kappa agonist U-50,488 in the rat chronic constriction injury (CCI) model of neuropathic pain and the blocking of its effects by the opioid antagonist, naloxone. These observations support the use of kappa opioid receptor agonists for treatment of diabetic, viral and chemotherapy- induced neuropathic pain. The use of kappa receptor agonists for treatment or prevention of visceral pain including gynecological conditions such as dysmenorrheal cramps and endometriosis has also been reviewed. See for instance, Riviere, Br. J. Pharmacol. 141:1331-4 (2004).[0004] Kappa opioid receptor agonists have also been proposed for the treatment of pain, including hyperalgesia. Hyperalgesia is believed to be caused by changes in the milieu of the peripheral sensory terminal occur secondary to local tissue damage. Tissue damage (e.g., abrasions, burns) and inflammation can produce significant increases in the excitability of polymodal nociceptors (C fibers) and high threshold mechanoreceptors (Handwerker et al. (1991) Proceeding of the VIth World Congress on Pain, Bond et al., eds., Elsevier Science Publishers BV, pp. 59-70; Schaible et al. (1993) Pain 55:5-54). This increased excitability and exaggerated responses of sensory afferents is believed to underlie hyperalgesia, where the pain response is the result of an exaggerated response to a stimulus. The importance of the hyperalgesic state in the post-injury pain state has been repeatedly demonstrated and appears to account for a major proportion of the post-injury/inflammatory pain state. See for example, Woold et al. (1993) Anesthesia and Analgesia 77:362-79; Dubner et al.(1994) In, Textbook of Pain, Melzack et al., eds., Churchill-Livingstone, London, pp. 225-242.[0005] Kappa opioid receptors have been suggested as targets for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. See for example, Wu et al. “Cardioprotection of Preconditioning by Metabolic Inhibition in the Rat Ventricular Myocyte – Involvement of kappa Opioid Receptor” (1999) Circulation Res vol. 84: pp. 1388-1395. See also Yu et al. “Anti-Arrhythmic Effect of kappa Opioid Receptor Stimulation in the Perfused Rat Heart: Involvement of a cAMP-Dependent Pathway”(1999) JMoI Cell Cardiol, vol. 31(10): pp. 1809-1819.[0006] It has also been found that development or progression of these diseases and conditions involving neurodegeneration or neuronal cell death can be prevented, or at least slowed, by treatment with kappa opioid receptor agonists. This improved outcome is believed to be due to neuroprotection by the kappa opioid receptor agonists. See for instance, Kaushik et al. “Neuroprotection in Glaucoma” (2003) J. Postgraduate Medicine vol. 49 (1): pp. 90-95. [0007] The presence of kappa opioid receptors on immune cells (Bidlak et al.,(2000) Clin. Diag. Lab. Immunol. 7(5):719-723) has been implicated in the inhibitory • action of a kappa opioid receptor agonist, which has been shown to suppress HIV-I expression. See Peterson PK et al, Biochem Pharmacol 2001, 61(19):1145-51. [0008] Walker, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 521: 148-60 (2003) appraised the antiinflammatory properties of kappa agonists for treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and eczema. Bileviciute-Ljungar et al., Rheumatology 45:295-302 (2006) describe the reduction of pain and degeneration in Freund’s adjuvant-induced arthritis by the kappa agonist U-50,488.[0009] Wikstrom et al, J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 16:3742-7 (2005) describes the use of the kappa agonist, TRK-820 for treatment of uremic and opiate-induced pruritis, and Ko et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 305: 173-9 (2003) describe the efficacy of U- 50,488 in morphine-induced pruritis in the monkey. [0010] Application of peripheral opioids including kappa agonists for treatment of gastrointestinal diseases has also been extensively reviewed. See for example, Lembo, Diges. Dis. 24:91-8 (2006) for a discussion of use of opioids in treatment of digestive disorders, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), ileus, and functional dyspepsia.[0011] Ophthalmic disorders, including ocular inflammation and glaucoma have also been shown to be addressable by kappa opioids. See Potter et ah, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 309:548-53 (2004), describing the role of the potent kappa opioid receptor agonist, bremazocine, in reduction of intraocular pressure and blocking of this effect by norbinaltorphimine (norBNI), the prototypical kappa opioid receptor antagonist; and Dortch-Carnes et al, CNS Drug Rev. 11(2): 195-212 (2005). U.S. Patent 6,191,126 to Gamache discloses the use of kappa opioid agonists to treat ocular pain. Otic pain has also been shown to be treatable by administration of kappa opioid agonists. See U.S. Patent 6,174,878 also to Gamache.[0012] Kappa opioid agonists increase the renal excretion of water and decrease urinary sodium excretion (i.e., produces a selective water diuresis, also referred to as aquaresis). Many, but not all, investigators attribute this effect to a suppression of vasopressin secretion from the pituitary. Studies comparing centrally acting and purportedly peripherally selective kappa opioids have led to the conclusion that kappa opioid receptors within the blood-brain barrier are responsible for mediating this effect. Other investigators have proposed to treat hyponatremia with nociceptin peptides or charged peptide conjugates that act peripherally at the nociceptin receptor, which is related to but distinct from the kappa opioid receptor (D. R. Kapusta, Life ScL, 60: 15-21, 1997) (U.S. Pat. No. 5,840,696). U.S. Pat Appl. 20060052284.
PATENTJpn. Tokkyo Koho, 5807140US 20090156508WO 2008057608

PATENTUS 20100075910https://patents.google.com/patent/US8236766B2/en

Example 2Synthesis of Compound (2): D-Phe-D-Phe-D-Leu-D-Lys-[ω(4-aminopiperidine-4-carboxylic acid)]-OHSee the scheme of FIG. 3 and Biron et al., Optimized selective N-methylation of peptides on solid support. J. Peptide Science 12: 213-219 (2006). The amino acid derivatives used were Boc-D-Phe-OH, Fmoc-D-Phe-OH, Fmoc-D-Leu-OH, Fmoc-D-Lys(Dde)-OH, and N-Boc-amino-(4-N-Fmoc-piperidinyl)carboxylic acid. HPLC and MS analyses were performed as described in the synthesis of compound (1) described above.The fully protected resin-bound peptide was synthesized manually starting from 2-Chlorotrityl chloride resin (1.8 g, 0.9 mmol; Peptide International). Attachment of N-Boc-amino-(4-N-Fmoc-piperidinyl)carboxylic acid followed by peptide chain elongation and deprotection of Dde in D-Lys(Dde) at Xaa₄was carried out according to the procedure described in the synthesis of compound (1). See above. The resulting peptide resin (0.9 mmol; Boc-D-Phe-D-Phe-D-Leu-D-Lys-(N-Boc-amino-4-piperidinylcarboxylic acid)-[2-Cl-Trt resin]) was split and a portion of 0.3 mmol was used for subsequent cleavage. The peptide resin (0.3 mmol) was then treated with a mixture of TFA/TIS/H₂O (15 ml, v/v/v=95:2.5:2.5) at room temperature for 90 minutes. The resin was then filtered and washed with TFA. The filtrate was evaporated in vacuo and the crude synthetic peptide amide (0.3 mmol; D-Phe-D-Phe-D-Leu-D-Lys-[ω(4-aminopiperidine-4-carboxylic acid)]-OH) was precipitated from diethyl ether.For purification, the crude synthetic peptide amide (0.3 mmol) was dissolved in 2% acetic acid in H₂O (50 ml) and the solution was loaded onto an HPLC column and purified using TEAP buffer system with a pH 5.2 (buffers A=TEAP 5.2 and B=20% TEAP 5.2 in 80% ACN). The compound was eluted with a linear gradient of buffer B, 7% B to 37% B over 60 minutes. Fractions with purity exceeding 95% were pooled and the resulting solution was diluted with two volumes of water. The diluted solution was then loaded onto an HPLC column for salt exchange and further purification with a TFA buffer system (buffers A=0.1% TFA in H₂O and B=0.1% TFA in 80% ACN/20% H₂O) and a linear gradient of buffer B, 2% B to 75% B over 25 minutes. Fractions with purity exceeding 97% were pooled, frozen, and dried on a lyophilizer to yield the purified synthetic peptide amide as white amorphous powder (93 mg). HPLC analysis: t_R=16.43 min, purity 99.2%, gradient 5% B to 25% B over 20 min; MS (MH⁺): expected molecular ion mass 680.4, observed 680.3.Compound (2) was also prepared using a reaction scheme analogous to that shown in FIG. 3 with the following amino acid derivatives: Fmoc-D-Phe-OH, Fmoc-D-Leu-OH, Fmoc-D-Lys(Boc)-OH, and Boc-4-amino-1-Fmoc-(piperidine)-4-carboxylic acid.The fully protected resin-bound peptide was synthesized manually starting from 2-Chlorotrityl chloride resin (PS 1% DVB, 500 g, 1 meq/g). The resin was treated with Boc-4-amino-1-Fmoc-4-(piperidine)-4-carboxylic acid (280 g, 600 mmol) in a mixture of DMF, DCM and DIEA (260 mL of each) was added. The mixture was stirred for 4 hours and then the resin was capped for 1 h by the addition of MeOH (258 mL) and DIEA (258 mL).The resin was isolated and washed with DMF (3×3 L). The resin containing the first amino acid was treated with piperidine in DMF (3×3 L of 35%), washed with DMF (9×3 L) and Fmoc-D-Lys(Boc)-OH (472 g) was coupled using PyBOP (519 g) in the presence of HOBt (153 g) and DIEA (516 mL) and in DCM/DMF (500 mL/500 mL) with stiffing for 2.25 hours. The dipeptide containing resin was isolated and washed with DMF (3×3.6 L). The Fmoc group was removed by treatment with piperidine in DMF(3×3.6 L of 35%) and the resin was washed with DMF (9×3.6 L) and treated with Fmoc-D-Leu-OH (354 g), DIC (157 mL) and HOBt (154 g) in DCM/DMF (500 mL/500 mL) and stirred for 1 hour. Subsequent washing with DMF (3×4.1 L) followed by cleavage of the Fmoc group with piperidine in DMF (3×4.2 L of 35%) and then washing of the resin with DMF (9×4.2 L) provided the resin bound tripeptide. This material was treated with Fmoc-D-Phe-OH (387 g), DIC (157 mL) and HOBt (153 g) in DCM/DMF (500 mL/500 mL) and stirred overnight. The resin was isolated, washed with DMF (3×4.7 L) and then treated with piperidine in DMF (3×4.7 L of 35%) to cleave the Fmoc group and then washed again with DMF (9×4.7 L). The tetrapeptide loaded resin was treated with Fmoc-D-Phe-OH (389 g), DIC (157 mL) and HOBt (154 g) in DCM/DMF (500 mL/500 mL) and stirred for 2.25 hours. The resin was isolated, washed with DMF (3×5.2 L) and then treated piperidine (3×5.2 L of 35%) in DMF. The resin was isolated, and washed sequentially with DMF (9×5.2 L) then DCM (5×5.2 L). It was dried to provide a 90.4% yield of protected peptide bound to the resin. The peptide was cleaved from the resin using TFA/water (4.5 L, 95/5), which also served to remove the Boc protecting groups. The mixture was filtered, concentrated (⅓) and then precipitated by addition to MTBE (42 L). The solid was collected by filtration and dried under reduced pressure to give crude synthetic peptide amide.For purification, the crude synthetic peptide amide was dissolved in 0.1% TFA in H₂O and purified by preparative reverse phase HPLC (C18) using 0.1% TFA/water—ACN gradient as the mobile phase. Fractions with purity exceeding 95% were pooled, concentrated and lyophilized to provide pure synthetic peptide amide (>95.5% pure). Ion exchange was conducted using a Dowex ion exchange resin, eluting with water. The aqueous phase was filtered (0.22 μm filter capsule) and freeze-dried to give the acetate salt of the synthetic peptide amide (2) with overall yield, 71.3%, >99% purity.Hydrochloride, hydrobromide and fumarate counterions were evaluated for their ability to form crystalline salts of synthetic peptide amide (2). Approximately 1 or 2 equivalents (depending on desired stoichiometry) of hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid or fumaric acid, as a dilute solution in methanol (0.2-0.3 g) was added to synthetic peptide amide (2) (50-70 mg) dissolved in methanol (0.2-0.3 g). Each individual salt solution was added to isopropyl acetate (3-5 mL) and the resulting amorphous precipitate was collected by filtration and dried at ambient temperature and pressure. Crystallization experiments were carried out by dissolving the 10-20 mg of the specific amorphous salt obtained above in 70:30 ethanol-water mixture (0.1-0.2 g) followed by the addition of ethanol to adjust the ratio to 90:10 (˜0.6-0.8 mL). Each solution was then seeded with solid particles of the respective precipitated salt. Each sample tube was equipped with a magnetic stir bar and the sample was gently stirred at ambient temperature. The samples were periodically examined by plane-polarized light microscopy. Under these conditions, the mono- and di-hydrochloride salts, the di-hydrobromide salt and the mono-fumarate salt crystallized as needles of 20 to 50 μm in length with a thickness of about 1 μm.PATENT

WO 2008057608

https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2008057608A2/en Compound (2): D-Phe-D-Phe-D-Leu-D-Lys-[ω(4-aminopiperidine-4- carboxylic acid)]-OH (SEQ ID NO: 2):

EXAMPLE 2: Synthesis of compound (2)[00288] D-Phe-D-Phe-D-Leu-D-Lys-[ω(4-aminopiperidine-4-carboxylic acid)]-OH (SEQ ID NO: 2):[00289] See the scheme of Figure 2 and B iron et al., Optimized selective N- methylation of peptides on solid support. J. Peptide Science 12: 213-219 (2006). The amino acid derivatives used were Boc-D-Phe-OH, Fmoc-D-Phe-OH, Fmoc-D-Leu- OH, Fmoc-D-Lys(Dde)-OH, and N-Boc-amino-(4-N-Fmoc-piperidinyl) carboxylic acid. HPLC and MS analyses were performed as described in the synthesis of compound (1) described above.[00290] The fully protected resin-bound peptide was synthesized manually starting from 2-Chlorotrityl chloride resin (1.8 g, 0.9 mmol; Peptide International). Attachment of N-Boc-amino-(4-N-Fmoc-piperidinyl) carboxylic acid followed by peptide chain elongation and deprotection of Dde in D-Lys(Dde) at Xa^ was carried out according to the procedure described in the synthesis of compound (1). See above. The resulting peptide resin (0.9 mmol; Boc-D-Phe-D-Phe-D-Leu-D-Lys-(N- Boc-amino-4-piperidinylcarboxylic acid)-[2-Cl-Trt resin]) was split and a portion of 0.3 mmol was used for subsequent cleavage. The peptide resin (0.3 mmol) was then treated with a mixture of TFA/TIS/H₂O (15 ml, v/v/v = 95:2.5:2.5) at room temperature for 90 min. The resin was then filtered and washed with TFA. The filtrate was evaporated in vacuo and the crude peptide (0.3 mmol; D-Phe-D-Phe-D- Leu-D-Lys-[ω(4-aminopiperidine-4-carboxylic acid)]-OH) was precipitated from diethyl ether.[00291] For purification, the crude peptide (0.3 mmol) was dissolved in 2% acetic acid in H₂O (50 ml) and the solution was loaded onto an HPLC column and purified using TEAP buffer system with a pH 5.2 (buffers A = TEAP 5.2 and B = 20% TEAP 5.2 in 80% ACN). The compound was eluted with a linear gradient of buffer B, 7%B to 37%B over 60 min. Fractions with purity exceeding 95% were pooled and the resulting solution was diluted with two volumes of water. The diluted solution was then loaded onto an HPLC column for salt exchange and further purification with a TFA buffer system (buffers A = 0.1% TFA in H₂O and B = 0.1% TFA in 80% ACN/20% H₂O) and a linear gradient of buffer B, 2%B to 75%B over 25 min. Fractions with purity exceeding 97% were pooled, frozen, and dried on a lyophilizer to yield the purified peptide as white amorphous powder (93 mg). HPLC analysis: t_R = 16.43 min, purity 99.2%, gradient 5%B to 25%B over 20 min; MS (M+H⁺): expected molecular ion mass 680.4, observed 680.3.[00292] Compound (2) was also prepared using a reaction scheme analogous to that shown in figure 2 with the following amino acid derivatives: Fmoc-D-Phe-OH, Fmoc-D-Leu-OH, Fmoc-D-Lys(Boc)-OH, and Boc-4-amino-l-Fmoc-(piperidine)-4- carboxylic acid.[00293] The fully protected resin-bound peptide was synthesized manually starting from 2-Chlorotrityl chloride resin (PS 1%DVB, 500 g, 1 meq/g). The resin was treated with Boc-4-amino-l-Fmoc-4-(piperidine)-4-carboxylic acid (280 g, 600 mmol) in a mixture of DMF, DCM and DIEA (260 mL of each) was added. The mixture was stirred for 4 hours and then the resin was capped for Ih by the addition of MeOH (258 mL) and DIEA[00294] (258 mL). The resin was isolated and washed with DMF (3 x 3 L). The resin containing the first amino acid was treated with piperidine in DMF (3 x 3 L of 35%), washed with DMF (9 x 3 L) and Fmoc-D-Lys(Boc)-OH (472 g) was coupled using PyBOP (519 g) in the presence of HOBt (153 g) and DIEA (516 mL) and in DCM/DMF (500 mL/ 500 mL) with stirring for 2.25 hours. The dipeptide containing resin was isolated and washed with DMF (3 x 3.6 L). The Fmoc group was removed by treatment with piperidine in DMF [00295] , (3 x 3.6 L of 35%) and the resin was washed with DMF (9 x 3.6 L) and treated with Fmoc-D-Leu-OH (354 g), DIC (157 mL) and HOBt (154 g) in DCM/DMF (500 mL / 500 mL) and stirred for 1 hour. Subsequent washing with DMF (3 x 4.1 L) followed by cleavage of the Fmoc group with piperidine in DMF (3 x 4.2 L of 35%) and then washing of the resin with DMF (9 x 4.2 L) provided the resin bound tripeptide. This material was treated with Fmoc-D-Phe-OH (387 g), DIC (157 mL) and HOBt (153 g) in DCM/DMF (500 mL / 500 mL) and stirred overnight. The resin was isolated, washed with DMF (3 x 4.7 L) and then treated with piperidine in DMF (3 x 4.7 L of 35%) to cleave the Fmoc group and then washed again with DMF (9 x 4.7 L). The tetrapeptide loaded resin was treated with Fmoc-D-Phe-OH (389 g), DIC (157 mL) and HOBt (154 g) in DCM/DMF (500 mL / 500 mL) and stirred for 2.25 hours. The resin was isolated, washed with DMF (3 x 5.2 L) and then treated piperidine (3 x 5.2 L of 35%) in DMF. The resin was isolated, and washed sequentially with DMF (9 x 5.2 L) then DCM (5 x 5.2 L). It was dried to provide a 90.4% yield of protected peptide bound to the resin. The peptide was cleaved from the resin using TFA/ water (4.5 L, 95/5), which also served to remove the Boc protecting groups. The mixture was filtered, concentrated (1/3) and then precipitated by addition to MTBE (42 L). The solid was collected by filtration and dried under reduced pressure to give crude peptide.[00296] For purification, the crude peptide was dissolved in 0.1% TFA in H₂O and purified by preparative reverse phase HPLC (C 18) using 0.1% TF A/water – ACN gradient as the mobile phase. Fractions with purity exceeding 95% were pooled, concentrated and lyophilized to provide pure peptide (> 95.5% pure). Ion exchange was conducted using a Dowex ion exchange resin, eluting with water. The aqueous phase was filtered (0.22 μm filter capsule) and freeze-dried to give the acetate salt of the peptide (overall yield, 71.3%, >99% pure).

PATENT

WO 2015198505

κ opioid receptor agonists are known to be useful as therapeutic agents for various pain. Among, kappa opioid receptor agonist with high selectivity for peripheral kappa opioid receptors, are expected as a medicament which does not cause the central side effects. Such as peripherally selective κ opioid receptor agonist, a synthetic pentapeptide has been reported (Patent Documents 1 and 2).　The following formula among the synthetic pentapeptide (A)

[Formula 1] Being Represented By Compounds Are Useful As Pain Therapeutics. The Preparation Of This Compound, Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis Methods In Patent Documents 1 And 2 Have Been Described.Document 1 Patent: Kohyo 2010-510966 JP
Patent Document 2: Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2013-241447　Compound (1) or a salt thereof and compound (A), for example as shown in the following reaction formula, 4-aminopiperidine-4-carboxylic acid, D- lysine (D-Lys), D- leucine (D-Leu) , it can be prepared by D- phenylalanine (D-Phe) and D- phenylalanine (D-Phe) sequentially solution phase peptide synthesis methods condensation.[Of 4]The present invention will next to examples will be described in further detail.Example
1 (1) Synthesis of Cbz-D-Lys (Boc) -α-Boc-Pic-OMe (3)
to the four-necked flask of 2L, α-Boc-Pic- OMe · HCl [α-Boc-4 – aminopiperidine-4-carboxylic acid methyl hydrochloride] were charged (2) 43.7g (148mmol), was suspended in EtOAc 656mL (15v / w). To the suspension of 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt) 27.2g (178mmol), while cooling with Cbz-D-Lys (Boc) -OH 59.2g (156mmol) was added an ice-bath 1-ethyl -3 – (3-dimethylcarbamoyl amino propyl) was added to the carbodiimide · HCl (EDC · HCl) 34.1g (178mmol). After 20 minutes, stirring was heated 12 hours at room temperature. After completion of the reaction, it was added and the organic layer was 1 N HCl 218 mL of (5.0v / w). NaHCO to the resulting organic layer ₃ Aq. 218ML (5.0V / W), Et ₃ N 33.0 g of (326Mmol) was stirred for 30 minutes, and the mixture was separated. The organic layer HCl 218ML 1N (5.0V / W), NaHCO ₃ Aq. 218mL (5.0v / w), NaClaq . Was washed successively with 218ML (5.0V / W), Na ₂ SO ₄　dried addition of 8.74g (0.2w / w). Subjected to vacuum filtration, was concentrated under reduced pressure resulting filtrate by an evaporator, and pump up in the vacuum pump, the Cbz-D-Lys (Boc) -α-Boc-Pic-OMe (3) 88.9g as a white solid obtained (96.5% yield, HPLC purity 96.5%).[0033](2) D-Lys (Boc) Synthesis Of -Arufa-Boc-Pic-OMe (4)
In An Eggplant-Shaped Flask Of 2L, Cbz-D-Lys (Boc) -Arufa-Boc-Pic-OMe (3) 88.3g (142mmol) were charged, it was added and dissolved 441mL (5.0v / w) the EtOAc. The 5% Pd / C to the reaction solution 17.7g (0.2w / w) was added, After three nitrogen substitution reduced pressure Atmosphere, Was Performed Three Times A Hydrogen Substituent. The Reaction Solution Was 18 Hours With Vigorous Stirring At Room Temperature To Remove The Pd / C And After The Completion Of The Reaction Vacuum Filtration. NaHCO The Resulting Filtrate ₃ Aq. 441ML And (5.0V / W) Were Added For Liquid Separation, And The Organic Layer Was Extracted By The Addition Of EtOAc 200ML (2.3V / W) In The Aqueous Layer. NaHCO The Combined Organic Layer ₃ Aq. 441ML And (5.0V / W) Were Added for liquid separation, and the organic layer was extracted addition of EtOAc 200mL (2.3v / w) in the aqueous layer. NaClaq the combined organic layers. 441mL and (5.0v / w) is added to liquid separation, was extracted by the addition EtOAc 200ML Of (2.3V / W) In The Aqueous Layer. The Combined Organic Layer On The Na ₂ SO ₄　Dried Addition Of 17.7 g of (0.2W / W), Then The Filtrate Was Concentrated Under Reduced Pressure Obtained Subjected To Vacuum Filtration By an evaporator, and pump up in the vacuum pump, D-Lys (Boc) -α-Boc-Pic- OMe (4) to give 62.7g (90.5% yield, HPLC purity 93.6%).(3) Cbz-D-Leu -D-Lys (Boc) -α-Boc-Pic-OMe synthesis of (5)
in the four-necked flask of 2L, D-Lys (Boc) -α-Boc-Pic-OMe (4) was charged 57.7 g (120 mmol), was suspended in EtOAc 576mL (10v / w). HOBt 19.3g (126mmol) to this suspension, was added EDC · HCl 24.2g (126mmol) while cooling in an ice bath added Cbz-D-Leu-OH 33.4g (126mmol). After 20 minutes, after stirring the temperature was raised 5 hours at room temperature, further the EDC · HCl and stirred 1.15 g (6.00 mmol) was added 16 h. After completion of the reaction, it was added liquid separation 1N HCl 576mL (10v / w) . NaHCO to the resulting organic layer ₃ Aq. 576ML (10V / W), Et ₃ N 24.3 g of (240Mmol) was stirred for 30 minutes, and the mixture was separated. The organic layer HCl 576ML 1N (10V / W), NaHCO ₃ Aq. 576mL (10v / w), NaClaq . Was washed successively with 576ML (10V / W), Na ₂ SO ₄　dried addition of 11.5g (0.2w / w). After the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure obtained subjected to vacuum filtration by an evaporator, and pump up in the vacuum pump, the Cbz-D-Leu-D- Lys (Boc) -α-Boc-Pic-OMe (5) 85.8g It was obtained as a white solid (98.7% yield, HPLC purity 96.9%).(4) D-Leu-D -Lys (Boc) -α-Boc-Pic-OMe synthesis of (6)
in an eggplant-shaped flask of 1L, Cbz-D-Leu- D-Lys (Boc) -α-Boc-Pic -OMe the (5) 91.9g (125mmol) were charged, was added and dissolved 459mL (5.0v / w) the EtOAc. The 5% Pd / C to the reaction solution 18.4g (0.2w / w) was added, After three nitrogen substitution reduced pressure atmosphere, was performed three times a hydrogen substituent. The reaction solution was subjected to 8 hours with vigorous stirring at room temperature to remove the Pd / C and after the completion of the reaction vacuum filtration. NaHCO the resulting filtrate ₃ Aq. 200mL (2.2v / w) were added to separate liquid, NaHCO to the organic layer ₃ Aq. 200mL (2.2v / w), NaClaq . It was sequentially added washed 200mL (2.2v / w). To the resulting organic layer Na ₂ SO ₄　dried added 18.4g (0.2w / w), to the filtrate concentrated under reduced pressure obtained subjected to vacuum filtration by an evaporator, and a pump-up with a vacuum pump. The resulting amorphous solid was dissolved adding EtOAc 200mL (2.2v / w), was crystallized by the addition of heptane 50mL (1.8v / w). Was filtered off precipitated crystals by vacuum filtration, the crystals were washed with a mixed solvent of EtOAc 120mL (1.3v / w), heptane 50mL (0.3v / w). The resulting crystal 46.1g to added to and dissolved EtOAc 480mL (5.2v / w), was crystallized added to the cyclohexane 660mL (7.2v / w). Was filtered off under reduced pressure filtered to precipitate crystals, cyclohexane 120mL (1.3v / w), and washed with a mixed solvent of EtOAc 20mL (0.2v / w), and 30 ° C. vacuum dried, D-Leu- as a white solid D-Lys (Boc) -α- Boc-Pic-OMe (6) to give 36.6 g (48.7% yield, HPLC purity 99.9%).(5) Synthesis of Cbz-D-Phe-D- Leu-D-Lys (Boc) -α-Boc-Pic-OMe (7)
to the four-necked flask of 1L, D-Leu-D- Lys (Boc) -α-Boc-Pic-OMe with (6) 35.8g (59.6mmol) was charged, it was suspended in EtOAc 358mL (10v / w). To this suspension HOBt 9.59g (62.6mmol), Cbz- D-Phe-OH 18.7g was cooled in an ice bath is added (62.6mmol) while EDC · HCl 12.0g (62.6mmol) It was added. After 20 minutes, a further EDC · HCl After stirring the temperature was raised 16 hours was added 3.09 g (16.1 mmol) to room temperature. After completion of the reaction, it was added and the organic layer was 1N HCl 358mL of (10v / w). NaHCO to the resulting organic layer ₃ Aq. 358ML (10V / W), Et ₃ N 12.1 g of (119Mmol) was stirred for 30 minutes, and the mixture was separated. The organic layer HCl 358ML 1N (10V / W), NaHCO ₃ Aq. 358mL (10v / w), NaClaq . Was washed successively with 358ML (10V / W), Na ₂ SO ₄　dried addition of 7.16g (0.2w / w). After the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure obtained subjected to vacuum filtration by an evaporator, and pump up in the vacuum pump, Cbz-D-Phe-D -Leu-D-Lys (Boc) -α-Boc-Pic-OMe (7) was obtained 52.5g as a white solid (yield quant, HPLC purity 97.6%).(6) D-Phe-D -Leu-D-Lys (Boc) synthesis of -α-Boc-Pic-OMe ( 8)
in an eggplant-shaped flask of 2L, Cbz-D-Phe- D-Leu-D-Lys ( Boc) -α-Boc-Pic- OMe (7) the 46.9g (53.3mmol) were charged, the 840ML EtOAc (18V / W), H ₂ added to and dissolved O 93.8mL (2.0v / w) It was. The 5% Pd / C to the reaction mixture 9.38g (0.2w / w) was added, After three nitrogen substitution reduced pressure atmosphere, was performed three times a hydrogen substituent. The reaction solution was subjected to 10 hours with vigorous stirring at room temperature to remove the Pd / C and after the completion of the reaction vacuum filtration. NaHCO the resulting filtrate ₃ Aq. 235mL (5.0v / w) were added to separate liquid, NaHCO to the organic layer ₃ Aq. 235mL (5.0v / w), NaClaq . It was added sequentially cleaning 235mL (5.0v / w). To the resulting organic layer Na ₂ SO ₄　dried addition of 9.38g (0.2w / w), then the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure obtained subjected to vacuum filtration by an evaporator, pump up with a vacuum pump to D-Phe -D-Leu-D-Lys ( Boc) -α-Boc-Pic-OMe (7) was obtained 39.7g (yield quant, HPLC purity 97.3%).351mL was suspended in (10v / w). To this suspension HOBt 7.92g (51.7mmol), Boc-D-Phe-OH HCl HCl(8) D-Phe-D -Phe-D-Leu-D-Lys-Pic-OMe Synthesis Of Hydrochloric Acid Salt (1)
In An Eggplant-Shaped Flask Of 20ML Boc-D-Phe-D -Phe-D- Leu-D- lys (Boc) -α -Boc- Pic-OMe (9) and 2.00gg, IPA 3.3mL (1.65v / w), was suspended by addition of PhMe 10mL (5v / w). It was stirred at room temperature for 19 hours by addition of 6N HCl / IPA 6.7mL (3.35v / w). The precipitated solid was filtered off by vacuum filtration and dried under reduced pressure to a white solid of D-Phe-D-Phe- D- Leu-D-Lys-Pic- OMe 1.59ghydrochloride (1) (yield: 99 .0%, HPLC purity 98.2%) was obtained.(9) D-Phe-D -Phe-D-Leu-D-Lys-Pic-OMe Purification Of The Hydrochloric Acid Salt (1)
In An Eggplant-Shaped Flask Of 20ML-D-Phe-D- Phe D-Leu -D-Lys- pic-OMe hydrochloride crude crystals (1) were charged 200mg, EtOH: MeCN = 1: after stirring for 1 hour then heated in a mixed solvent 4.0 mL (20v / w) was added 40 ° C. of 5 , further at room temperature for 2 was time stirring slurry. Was filtered off by vacuum filtration, the resulting solid was dried under reduced pressure a white solid ((1) Purification crystals) was obtained 161 mg (80% yield, HPLC purity 99.2% ).(10) D-Phe-D -Phe-D-Leu-D-Lys-Pic Synthesis (Using Purified
(1)) Of (A) To A Round-Bottomed Flask Of 10ML D-Phe-D-Phe-D- -D-Lys Leu-Pic-OMe Hydrochloride Salt (1) Was Charged With Purified Crystal 38.5Mg (0.0488Mmol), H ₂ Was Added And Dissolved O 0.2ML (5.2V / W). 1.5H Was Stirred Dropwise 1N NaOH 197MyuL (0.197mmol) at room temperature. After completion of the reaction, concentrated under reduced pressure by an evaporator added 1N HCl 48.8μL (0.0488mmol), to obtain a D-Phe-D-Phe- D-Leu-D-Lys- Pic (A) (yield: quant , HPLC purity 99.7%).

D-Phe-D-Phe- D-Leu-D-Lys-Pic-OMe (1) physical properties ¹ H NMR (400 MHz, 1M DCl) [delta] ppm by: 0.85-1.02 (yd,. 6 H), 1.34-1.63 ( m, 5 H), 1.65-2.12 ( m, 5 H), 2.23-2.45 (m, 2 H), 2.96-3.12 (m, 4 H), 3.19 (ddt, J = 5.0 & 5.0 & 10.0 Hz), 3.33-3.62 (m, 1 H), 3.68-3.82 (m, 1 H), 3.82-3.95 (m, 4 H), 3.95-4.18 (m, 1 H), 4.25-4.37 (m, 2 H), 4.61-4.77 (M, 2 H), 7.21-7.44 (M, 10 H) ¹³ C NMR (400MHz, 1M DCl) Deruta Ppm: 21.8, 22.5, 24.8, 27.0, 30.5, 30.8, 31.0, 31.2, 31.7, 37.2 , 37.8, 38.4, 39.0, 39.8, 40.4, 40.6, 41.8, 42.3, 49.8, 50.2, 52.2, 52.6, 54.6, 55.2, 57.7, 57.9, 127.6, 128.4, 129.2, 129.6, 129.7, 129.8 dp 209.5 ℃Example 2
(Trifluoroacetic Acid (TFA)
Use) (1) D-Phe-D-Phe-D-Leu-D-Lys-Pic-OMe TFA Synthesis Of Salt (1)
TFA 18ML Eggplant Flask Of 50ML (18V / W) , 1- Dodecanethiol 1.6ML (1.6V / W), Triisopropylsilane 0.2ML (0.2V / W), H ₂ Sequentially Added Stirring The O 0.2ML (0.2V / W) Did. The Solution To The Boc-D-Phe- D- Phe-D-Leu-D -Lys (Boc) -α-Boc-Pic-OMe the (9) 1.00g (1.01mmol) was added in small portions with a spatula. After completion of the reaction, concentrated under reduced pressure by an evaporator, it was added dropwise the resulting residue in IPE 20mL (20v / w). The precipitated solid was filtered off, the resulting solid was obtained and dried under reduced pressure to D-Phe-D-Phe- D-Leu -D-Lys-Pic-OMe · TFA salt as a white solid (1) (Osamu rate 93.0%, HPLC purity 95.2%).(2) D-Phe-D -Phe-D-Leu-D-Lys-Pic synthesis of (A)
to a round-bottomed flask of 10mL D-Phe-D-Phe -D-Leu-D-Lys-Pic-OMe TFA were charged salt (1) 83mg (0.0843mmol), was added and dissolved H2O 431μL (5.2v / w). Was 12h stirring dropwise 1N NaOH 345μL (0.345mmol) at room temperature. After completion of the reaction, concentrated under reduced pressure by an evaporator added 1N HCl 84.3μL (0.0843mmol), to obtain a D-Phe-D-Phe- D-Leu-D-Lys-Pic (A) ( yield: quant, HPLC purity 95.4%).Example
3 (HCl / EtOAc
Use) (1) In An Eggplant-Shaped Flask Of 30ML Boc-D-Phe-D -Phe-D-Leu-D-Lys (Boc) -Arufa-Boc-Pic-OMe (9) 1. It was charged with 00g (1.01mmol ), was added and dissolved EtOAc7.0mL (7.0v / w). 4N HCl / EtOAc 5.0mL (5.0v / w) was added after 24h stirring at room temperature, the precipitated solid was filtered off by vacuum filtration, washed with EtOAc 2mL (2.0v / w). The resulting solid D-Phe-D-Phe- D-Leu-D-Lys-Pic-OMe hydrochloride (1) was obtained 781mg of a white solid was dried under reduced pressure (the 96.7% yield, HPLC purity 95.4%).(2) D-Phe-D -Phe-D-Leu-D-Lys-Pic (A) Synthesis of
eggplant flask of 10mL D-Phe-D-Phe -D-Leu-D-Lys-Pic-OMe hydrochloride were charged salt (1) 90 mg (0.112 mmol), H ₂ was added and dissolved O 0.47mL (5.2v / w). Was 12h stirring dropwise 1N NaOH 459μL (0.459mmol) at room temperature. After completion of the reaction, concentrated under reduced pressure by an evaporator added 1N HCl 0.112μL (0.112mmol), was obtained D-Phe-D-Phe- D-Leu-D-Lys-Pic (A) ( yield: quant, HPLC purity 93.1%).4 Example
Compound (1) Of The Compound By Hydrolysis Synthesis Of (The A) (Compound (1) Without
Purification) Eggplant Flask 10ML D-Phe-D-Phe -D-Leu-D-Lys-Pic-OMe (1) Charged Hydrochloride Were (Without Pre-Step Purification) 114.5Mg (0.142Mmol), H ₂ Was Added And Dissolved O 595MyuL (5.2V / W). Was 14H Stirring Dropwise 1N NaOH 586MyuL (0.586Mmol) At Room Temperature. After Completion Of the reaction, concentrated under reduced pressure by an evaporator added 1N HCl 0.15μL (0.150mmol), was obtained D-Phe-D-Phe- D-Leu-D-Lys-Pic (A) (yield: quant, HPLC purity 95.2 %).Example 1 Comparative
Path Not Via The Compound (1) (Using Whole Guard Boc-D-Phe-D-Phe-D-Leu-D-Lys (Boc) -Alpha-Boc-Pic-OMe
(A)) (1) D–Boc Phe- D-Phe-D-Leu-D-Lys (Boc) -Arufa-Boc-Pic-OH Synthesis Of
Eggplant Flask Of 30ML Boc-D-Phe-D -Phe-D-Leu-D- Lys (Boc) -α- Boc-Pic -OMe (9) were charged 1.00g (1.00mmol), was added and dissolved MeOH 5.0mL (5.0v / w). After stirring for four days by the addition of 1N NaOH 1.1 mL (1.10mmol) at room temperature, further MeOH 5.0mL (5.0v / w), 1N NaOH 2.0mL the (2.0mmol) at 35 ℃ in addition 3h and the mixture was stirred. After completion of the reaction, 1 N HCl 6.1 mL was added, After distilling off the solvent was concentrated under reduced pressure was separated and the organic layer was added EtOAc 5.0mL (5.0mL) .NaClaq. 5.0mL (5.0v / w) Wash the organic layer was added, the organic layer as a white solid was concentrated under reduced pressure to Boc-D-Phe-D- Phe-D-Leu-D-Lys (Boc) – α-Boc-Pic-OH 975.1mg (99.3% yield, HPLC purity 80.8% )(2) D-Phe-D -Phe-D-Leu-D-Lys-Pic synthesis of (A)
to a round-bottomed flask of 20mL Boc-D-Phe-D -Phe-D-Leu-D-Lys (Boc) It was charged -α-Boc-Pic-OH ( 10) 959mg (0.978mmol), was added and dissolved EtOAc 4.9mL (5.0v / w). And 4h stirring at room temperature was added dropwise 4N HCl / EtOAc 4.9mL (5.0mL) at room temperature. After completion of the reaction, it was filtered under reduced pressure, a white solid as to give D-Phe-D-Phe- D-Leu-D-Lys-Pic the (A) (96.4% yield, HPLC purity 79.2%) .　If not via the compound of the present invention (1), the purity of the compound obtained (A) was less than 80%.

PATENThttp://www.google.com/patents/US20110212882

References

^ Janecka A, Perlikowska R, Gach K, Wyrebska A, Fichna J (2010). “Development of opioid peptide analogs for pain relief”. Curr. Pharm. Des. 16 (9): 1126–35. doi:10.2174/138161210790963869. PMID 20030621.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2021/214916s000lbl.pdf
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Raymond S. Sinatra; Jonathan S. Jahr; J. Michael Watkins-Pitchford (14 October 2010). The Essence of Analgesia and Analgesics. Cambridge University Press. pp. 490–491. ISBN 978-1-139-49198-3.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Jeffrey Apfelbaum (8 September 2014). Ambulatory Anesthesia, An Issue of Anesthesiology Clinics. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 190–. ISBN 978-0-323-29934-3.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Alan Cowan; Gil Yosipovitch (10 April 2015). Pharmacology of Itch. Springer. pp. 307–. ISBN 978-3-662-44605-8.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d Charlotte Allerton (2013). Pain Therapeutics: Current and Future Treatment Paradigms. Royal Society of Chemistry. pp. 56–. ISBN 978-1-84973-645-9.
^ “Korsuva: FDA-Approved Drugs”. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
^ “Vifor Pharma and Cara Therapeutics announce U.S. FDA approval of Korsuva injection for the treatment of moderate-to-severe pruritus in hemodialysis patients” (Press release). Vifor Pharma. 24 August 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2021 – via Business Wire.
^ Fishbane S, Jamal A, Munera C, Wen W, Menzaghi F (2020). “A phase 3 trial of difelikefalin in hemodialysis patients with pruritus”. N Engl J Med. 382 (3): 222–232. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1912770. PMID 31702883.

External links

“Difelikefalin”. Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
Clinical trial number NCT03422653 for “A Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of CR845 in Hemodialysis Patients With Moderate-to-Severe Pruritus (KALM-1)” at ClinicalTrials.gov
Clinical trial number NCT03636269 for “CR845-CLIN3103: A Global Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of CR845 in Hemodialysis Patients With Moderate-to-Severe Pruritus (KALM-2)” at ClinicalTrials.gov

Clinical data

Trade names	Korsuva
Other names	CR845, FE-202845, D-Phe-D-Phe-D-Leu-D-Lys-[γ-(4-N-piperidinyl)amino carboxylic acid]^[1]
License data	US DailyMed: Difelikefalin
Routes of administration	Intravenous
Drug class	Kappa opioid receptor agonist
ATC code	None
Legal status
Legal status	US: ℞-only ^[2]
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	100% (IV)^[3]
Metabolism	Not metabolized^[3]
Elimination half-life	2 hours^[3]
Excretion	Excreted as unchanged drug via bile and urine^[3]
Identifiers
show IUPAC name
CAS Number	1024828-77-0
PubChem CID	24794466
ChemSpider	44208824
UNII	NA1U919MRO
KEGG	D11111
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C₃₆H₅₃N₇O₆
Molar mass	679.863 g·mol⁻¹
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
show SMILES
show InChI

//////////Difelikefalin acetate, FDA 2021, APPROVALS 2021, FORSUVA, ジフェリケファリン酢酸塩 , Difelikefalin, CR 845, MR 13A-9, MR-13A9, PEPTIDE

	DR ANTHONY MELVIN CR… on ARIMOCLOMOL
	DR ANTHONY MELVIN CR… on LANSOPRAZOLE
	DR ANTHONY MELVIN CR… on Molnupiravir, EIDD 2801
	shivkr2 on JBI-802 BY JUBILANT
	DR ANTHONY MELVIN CR… on MAX 40279

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Celltrion’s Monoclonal Antibody Treatment regdanvimab, Approved by the European Commission for the Treatment of COVID-19