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BELINOSTAT, FAST TRACK, ORPHAN DRUG, A hydroxamate-type inhibitor of histone deacetylase.
Belinostat (PXD101)
PHASE 2, FAST TRACK FDA , ORPHAN STATUS
- PDX101
- PX 105684
- PXD-101
- PXD101
- UNII-F4H96P17NZ
Belinostat (PXD101) is a novel HDAC inhibitor with IC50 of 27 nM, with activity demonstrated in cisplatin-resistant tumors.
CLINICAL TRIALS…http://clinicaltrials.gov/search/intervention=Belinostat+OR+PXD101
Belinostat inhibits the growth of tumor cells (A2780, HCT116, HT29, WIL, CALU-3, MCF7, PC3 and HS852) with IC50 from 0.2-0.66 μM. PD101 shows low activity in A2780/cp70 and 2780AD cells. Belinostat inhibits bladder cancer cell growth, especially in 5637 cells, which shows accumulation of G0-G1 phase, decrease in S phase, and increase in G2-M phase. Belinostat also shows enhanced tubulin acetylation in ovarian cancer cell lines. A recent study shows that Belinostat activates protein kinase A in a TGF-β signaling-dependent mechanism and decreases survivin mRNA.
| MW 318.07 | |
| MF | C15H14N2O4S |
414864-00-9 cas no
866323-14-0
(2E)-N-hydroxy-3-[3-(phenylsulfamoyl)phenyl]acrylamide
A novel HDAC inhibitor
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Belinostat (PXD101) is experimental drug candidate under development byTopoTarget for the treatment of hematological malignancies and solid tumors. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor.[1]
A hydroxamate-type inhibitor of histone deacetylase.
NCI: A novel hydroxamic acid-type histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor with antineoplastic activity. Belinostat targets HDAC enzymes, thereby inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis, promoting cellular differentiation, and inhibiting angiogenesis. This agent may sensitize drug-resistant tumor cells to other antineoplastic agents, possibly through a mechanism involving the down-regulation of thymidylate synthase
In 2007 preliminary results were released from the Phase II clinical trial of intravenous belinostat in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel for relapsedovarian cancer.[2] Final results in late 2009 of a phase II trial for T cell lymphomawere encouraging.[3] Belinostat has been granted orphan drug and fast trackdesignation by the FDA.[4]
The study of inhibitors of histone deacetylases indicates that these enzymes play an important role in cell proliferation and differentiation. The inhibitor Trichostatin A (TSA) (Yoshida et al., 1990a) causes cell cycle arrest at both G1 and G2 phases (Yoshida and Beppu, 1988), reverts the transformed phenotype of different cell lines, and induces differentiation of Friend leukaemia cells and others (Yoshida et al., 1990b). TSA (and SAHA) have been reported to inhibit cell growth, induce terminal differentiation, and prevent the formation of tumours in mice (Finnin et al., 1999).
Trichostatin A (TSA)
Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid (SAHA)
Cell cycle arrest by TSA correlates with an increased expression of gelsolin (Hoshikawa et al., 1994), an actin regulatory protein that is down regulated in malignant breast cancer (Mielnicki et al., 1999). Similar effects on cell cycle and differentiation have been observed with a number of deacetylase inhibitors (Kim et al., 1999). Trichostatin A has also been reported to be useful in the treatment of fibrosis, e.g., liver fibrosis and liver cirrhosis. See, e.g., Geerts et al., 1998.
Recently, certain compounds that induce differentiation have been reported to inhibit histone deacetylases. Several experimental antitumour compounds, such as trichostatin A (TSA), trapoxin, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), and phenylbutyrate have been reported to act, at least in part, by inhibiting histone deacetylase (see, e.g., Yoshida et al., 1990; Richon et al., 1998; Kijima et al., 1993). Additionally, diallyl sulfide and related molecules (see, e.g., Lea et al., 1999), oxamflatin (see, e.g., Kim et al., 1999), MS-27-275, a synthetic benzamide derivative (see, e.g., Saito et al., 1999; Suzuki et al., 1999; note that MS-27-275 was later re-named as MS-275), butyrate derivatives (see, e.g., Lea and Tulsyan, 1995), FR901228 (see, e.g., Nokajima et al., 1998), depudecin (see, e.g., Kwon et al., 1998), and m-carboxycinnamic acid bishydroxamide (see, e.g., Richon et al., 1998) have been reported to inhibit histone deacetylases. In vitro, some of these compounds are reported to inhibit the growth of fibroblast cells by causing cell cycle arrest in the G1 and G2 phases, and can lead to the terminal differentiation and loss of transforming potential of a variety of transformed cell lines (see, e.g., Richon et al, 1996; Kim et al., 1999; Yoshida et al., 1995; Yoshida & Beppu, 1988). In vivo, phenybutyrate is reported to be effective in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia in conjunction with retinoic acid (see, e.g., Warrell et al., 1998). SAHA is reported to be effective in preventing the formation of mammary tumours in rats, and lung tumours in mice (see, e.g., Desai et al., 1999).
The clear involvement of HDACs in the control of cell proliferation and differentiation suggest that aberrant HDAC activity may play a role in cancer. The most direct demonstration that deacetylases contribute to cancer development comes from the analysis of different acute promyelocytic leukaemias (APL). In most APL patients, a translocation of chromosomes 15 and 17 (t(15;17)) results in the expression of a fusion protein containing the N-terminal portion of PML gene product linked to most of RARσ (retinoic acid receptor). In some cases, a different translocation (t(11 ;17)) causes the fusion between the zinc finger protein PLZF and RARα. In the absence of ligand, the wild type RARα represses target genes by tethering HDAC repressor complexes to the promoter DNA. During normal hematopoiesis, retinoic acid (RA) binds RARα and displaces the repressor complex, allowing expression of genes implicated in myeloid differentiation. The RARα fusion proteins occurring in APL patients are no longer responsive to physiological levels of RA and they interfere with the expression of the RA- inducible genes that promote myeloid differentiation. This results in a clonal expansion of promyelocytic cells and development of leukaemia. In vitro experiments have shown that TSA is capable of restoring RA-responsiveness to the fusion RARα proteins and of allowing myeloid differentiation. These results establish a link between HDACs and oncogenesis and suggest that HDACs are potential targets for pharmaceutical intervention in APL patients. (See, for example, Kitamura et al., 2000; David et al., 1998; Lin et al., 1998).
BELINOSTAT
Furthermore, different lines of evidence suggest that HDACs may be important therapeutic targets in other types of cancer. Cell lines derived from many different cancers (prostate, coloreetal, breast, neuronal, hepatic) are induced to differentiate by HDAC inhibitors (Yoshida and Horinouchi, 1999). A number of HDAC inhibitors have been studied in animal models of cancer. They reduce tumour growth and prolong the lifespan of mice bearing different types of transplanted tumours, including melanoma, leukaemia, colon, lung and gastric carcinomas, etc. (Ueda et al., 1994; Kim et al., 1999).
Psoriasis is a common chronic disfiguring skin disease which is characterised by well-demarcated, red, hardened scaly plaques: these may be limited or widespread. The prevalence rate of psoriasis is approximately 2%, i.e., 12.5 million sufferers in the triad countries (US/Europe/Japan). While the disease is rarely fatal, it clearly has serious detrimental effects upon the quality of life of the patient: this is further compounded by the lack of effective therapies. Present treatments are either ineffective, cosmetically unacceptable, or possess undesired side effects. There is therefore a large unmet clinical need for effective and safe drugs for this condition. Psoriasis is a disease of complex etiology. Whilst there is clearly a genetic component, with a number of gene loci being involved, there are also undefined environmental triggers. Whatever the ultimate cause of psoriasis, at the cellular level, it is characterised by local T-cell mediated inflammation, by keratinocyte hyperproliferation, and by localised angiogenesis. These are all processes in which histone deacetylases have been implicated (see, e.g., Saunders et al., 1999; Bernhard et al, 1999; Takahashi et al, 1996; Kim et al , 2001 ). Therefore HDAC inhibitors may be of use in therapy for psoriasis. Candidate drugs may be screened, for example, using proliferation assays with T-cells and/or keratinocytes.
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PXD101/Belinostat®
(E)-N-hydroxy-3-(3-phenylsulfamoyl-phenyl)-acrylamide, also known as PXD101 and Belinostat®, shown below, is a well known histone deacetylate (HDAC) inhibitor. It is being developed for treatment of a range of disorders mediated by HDAC, including proliferative conditions (such as cancer and psoriasis), malaria, etc.
PXD101 was first described in WO 02/30879 A2. That document describes a multi-step method of synthesis which may conveniently be illustrated by the following scheme.
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GENERAL SYNTHESIS
IGNORE 10
ENTRY 45 IS BELINOSTAT
Scheme 1
By using amines instead of aniline, the corresponding products may be obtained. The use of aniline, 4-methoxyaniline, 4-methylaniline, 4-bromoaniline, 4-chloroaniline, 4-benzylamine, and 4-phenethyamine, among others, is described in the Examples below.
In another method, a suitable amino acid (e.g., ω-amino acid) having a protected carboxylic acid (e.g., as an ester) and an unprotected amino group is reacted with a sulfonyl chloride compound (e.g., RSO2CI) to give the corresponding sulfonamide having a protected carboxylic acid. The protected carboxylic acid is then deprotected using base to give the free carboxylic acid, which is then reacted with, for example, hydroxylamine 2-chlorotrityl resin followed by acid (e.g., trifluoroacetic acid), to give the desired carbamic acid.
One example of this approach is illustrated below, in Scheme 2, wherein the reaction conditions are as follows: (i) RSO2CI, pyridine, DCM, room temperature, 12 hours; (ii) 1 M LiOH or 1 M NaOH, dioxane, room temperature, 3-48 hours; (iii) hydroxylamine 2-chlorotrityl resin, HOAt, HATU, DIPEA, DCM, room temperature, 16 hours; and (iv) TFA/DCM (5:95, v/v), room temperature, 1.5 hours.
Scheme 2
Additional methods for the synthesis of compounds of the present invention are illustrated below and are exemplified in the examples below.
Scheme 3A
Scheme 3B
Scheme 4
Scheme 8
Scheme 9
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SYNTHESIS
Example 1
3-Formylbenzenesulfonic acid, sodium salt (1)
Oleum (5 ml) was placed in a reaction vessel and benzaldehyde (2.00 g, 18.84 mmol) was slowly added not exceeding the temperature of the reaction mixture more than 30°C. The obtained solution was stirred at 40°C for ten hours and at ambient temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was poured into ice and extracted with ethyl acetate. The aqueous phase was treated with CaC03 until the evolution of C02 ceased (pH~6-7), then the precipitated CaSO4was filtered off and washed with water. The filtrate was treated with Na2CO3 until the pH of the reaction medium increased to pH 8, obtained CaCO3 was filtered off and water solution was evaporated in vacuum. The residue was washed with methanol, the washings were evaporated and the residue was dried in desiccator over P2Oβ affording the title compound (2.00 g, 51%). 1H NMR (D20), δ: 7.56-8.40 (4H, m); 10.04 ppm (1 H, s).
Example 2 3-(3-Sulfophenyl)acrylic acid methyl ester, sodium salt (2)
Sodium salt of 3-formylbenzenesulfonic acid (1) (1.00 g, 4.80 mmol), potassium carbonate (1.32 g, 9.56 mmol), trimethyl phosphonoacetate (1.05 g, 5.77 mmol) and water (2 ml) were stirred at ambient temperature for 30 min., precipitated solid was filtered and washed with methanol. The filtrate was evaporated and the title compound (2) was obtained as a white solid (0.70 g, 55%). 1H NMR (DMSO- dβl HMDSO), δ: 3.68 (3H, s); 6.51 (1 H, d, J=16.0 Hz); 7.30-7.88 (5H, m).
Example 3 3-(3-Chlorosulfonylphenyl)acrylic acid methyl ester (3)
To the sodium salt of 3-(3-sulfophenyl)acrylic acid methyl ester (2) (0.670 g, 2.53 mmol) benzene (2 ml), thionyl chloride (1.508 g, 0.9 ml, 12.67 mmol) and 3 drops of dimethylformamide were added and the resultant suspension was stirred at reflux for one hour. The reaction mixture was evaporated, the residue was dissolved in benzene (3 ml), filtered and the filtrate was evaporated to give the title compound (0.6’40 g, 97%).
Example 4 3-(3-Phenylsulfamoylphenyl)acrylic acid methyl ester (4a)
A solution of 3-(3-chlorosulfonylphenyl)acrylic acid methyl ester (3) (0.640 g, 2.45 mmol) in dichloromethane (2 ml) was added to a mixture of aniline (0.465 g, 4.99 mmol) and pyridine (1 ml), and the resultant solution was stirred at 50°C for one hour. The reaction mixture was evaporated and the residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate and 10% HCI. The organic layer was washed successively with water, saturated NaCl, and dried (Na2S0 ). The solvent was removed and the residue was chromatographed on silica gel with chloroform-ethyl acetate (7:1 , v/v) as eluent. The obtained product was washed with diethyl ether to give the title compound (0.226 g, 29%). 1H NMR (CDCI3, HMDSO), δ: 3.72 (3H, s); 6.34 (1H, d, J=16.0 Hz); 6.68 (1 H, br s); 6.92-7.89 (10H, m).
Example 5 3-(3-Phenylsulfamoylphenyl)acrylic acid (5a)
3-(3-Phenylsulfamoylphenyl)acrylic acid methyl ester (4a) (0.220 g, 0.69 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (3 ml), 1N NaOH (2.08 ml, 2.08 mmol) was added and the resultant solution was stirred at ambient temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate and water. The aqueous layer was acidified with 10% HCI and stirred for 30 min. The precipitated solid was filtered, washed with water and dried in desiccator over P2Os to give the title compound as a white solid (0.173 g, 82%). Example 6 3-(3-Phenylsulfamoylphenyl)acryloyl chloride (6a)
To a suspension of 3-(3-phenylsulfamoylphenyl)acrylic acid (5a) (0.173 g, 0.57 mmol) in dichloromethane (2.3 ml) oxalyl chloride (0.17 ml, 1.95 mmol) and one drop of dimethylformamide were added. The reaction mixture was stirred at 40°C for one hour and concentrated under reduced pressure to give crude title compound (0.185 g).
Example 7
N-Hydroxy-3-(3-phenylsulfamoylphenyl)acrylamide (7a) (PX105684) BELINOSTAT
To a suspension of hydroxylamine hydrochloride (0.200 g, 2.87 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (3.5 ml) a saturated NaHCOβ solution (2.5 ml) was added and the resultant mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 10 min. To the reaction mixture a 3-(3-phenylsulfamoylphenyl)acryloyl chloride (6a) (0.185 g) solution in tetrahydrofuran (2.3 ml) was added and stirred at ambient temperature for one hour. The reaction mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate and 2N HCI. The organic layer was washed successively with water and saturated NaCl, the solvent was removed and the residue was washed with acetonitrile and diethyl ether.
The title compound was obtained as a white solid (0.066 g, 36%), m.p. 172°C. BELINOSTAT
1H NMR (DMSO-d6, HMDSO), δ: 6.49 (1 H, d, J=16.0 Hz); 7.18-8.05 (10H, m); 9.16 (1 H, br s); 10.34 (1 H, s); 10.85 ppm (1 H, br s).
HPLC analysis on Symmetry C18column: impurities 4% (column size 3.9×150 mm; mobile phase acetonitrile – 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 2.5), 40:60; sample concentration 1 mg/ml; flow rate 0.8 ml/ min; detector UV 220 nm).
Anal. Calcd for C15Hι4N204S, %: C 56.59, H 4.43, N 8.80. Found, %: C 56.28, H 4.44, N 8.56.
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SYNTHESIS
US20100286279
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SYNTHESIS AND SPECTRAL DATA
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 2011 , vol. 54, 13 pg. 4694 – 4720
(E)-N-Hydroxy-3-(3-phenylsulfamoyl-phenyl)-acrylamide (28, belinostat, PXD101).
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/jm2003552
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/jm2003552/suppl_file/jm2003552_si_001.pdf
The methyl ester (27) (8.0 g) was prepared according to reported synthetic route,
(Watkins, C. J.; Romero-Martin, M.-R.; Moore, K. G.; Ritchie, J.; Finn, P. W.; Kalvinsh, I.;
Loza, E.; Dikvoska, K.; Gailite, V.; Vorona, M.; Piskunova, I.; Starchenkov, I.; Harris, C. J.;
Duffy, J. E. S. Carbamic acid compounds comprising a sulfonamide linkage as HDAC
inhibitors. PCT Int. Appl. WO200230879A2, April 18, 2002.)
but using procedure D (Experimental Section) or method described for 26 to convert the methyl ester to crude
hydroxamic acid which was further purified by chromatography (silica, MeOH/DCM = 1:10) to
afford 28 (PXD101) as off-white or pale yellow powder (2.5 g, 31%).
LC–MS m/z 319.0 ([M +H]+).
1H NMR (DMSO-d6) 12–9 (very broad, 2H), 7.90 (s, 1H), 7.76 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.70 (d, J
= 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (d, J = 15.8 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.08 (d,
J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.01 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.50 (d, J = 15.8 Hz, 1H);
13C NMR (DMSO-d6) 162.1,
140.6, 138.0, 136.5, 135.9, 131.8, 130.0, 129.2, 127.1, 124.8, 124.1, 121.3, 120.4.
Anal.
(C15H14N2O4S) C, H, N
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SYNTHESIS
PXDIOI / Belinostat®
(E)-N-hydroxy-3-(3-phenylsulfamoyl-phenyl)-acrylamide, also known as PXD101 and Belinostat®, shown below, is a well known histone deacetylate (HDAC) inhibitor. It is being developed for treatment of a range of disorders mediated by HDAC, including proliferative conditions (such as cancer and psoriasis), malaria, etc.
PXD101 was first described in WO 02/30879 A2. That document describes a multi-step method of synthesis which may conveniently be illustrated by the following scheme.
Scheme 1
Not isolated
ed on (A)
on (D)
d on (H)
There is a need for alternative methods for the synthesis of PXD101 and related compounds for example, methods which are simpler and/or employ fewer steps and/or permit higher yields and/or higher purity product.
Scheme 5
DMAP, toluene
Synthesis 1 3-Bromo-N-phenyl-benzenesulfonamide (3)
To a 30 gallon (-136 L) reactor was charged aniline (2) (4.01 kg; 93.13 g/mol; 43 mol), toluene (25 L), and 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP) (12 g), and the mixture was heated to 50-600C. 3-Bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride (1) (5 kg; 255.52 g/mol; 19.6 mol) was charged into the reactor over 30 minutes at 50-600C and progress of the reaction was monitored by HPLC. After 19 hours, toluene (5 L) was added due to losses overnight through the vent line and the reaction was deemed to be complete with no compound (1) being detected by HPLC. The reaction mixture was diluted with toluene (10 L) and then quenched with 2 M aqueous hydrochloric acid (20 L). The organic and aqueous layers were separated, the aqueous layer was discarded, and the organic layer was washed with water (20 L), and then 5% (w/w) sodium bicarbonate solution (20 L), while maintaining the batch temperature at 45-55°C. The batch was then used in the next synthesis.
Synthesis 2 (E)-3-(3-Phenylsulfamoyl-phenyl)-acrylic acid ethyl ester (5)
To the batch containing 3-bromo-N-phenyl-benzenesulfonamide (3) (the treated organic layer obtained in the previous synthesis) was added triethylamine (2.97 kg; 101.19 g/mol; 29.4 mol), tri(o-tolyl)phosphine (119 g; 304.37 g/mol; 0.4 mol), and palladium (II) acetate (44 g; 224.51 g/mol; 0.2 mol), and the resulting mixture was degassed four times with a vacuum/nitrogen purge at 45-55°C. Catalytic palladium (0) was formed in situ. The batch was then heated to 80-900C and ethyl acrylate (4) (2.16 kg; 100.12 g/mol; 21.6 mol) was slowly added over 2.75 hours. The batch was sampled after a further 2 hours and was deemed to be complete with no compound (3) being detected by HPLC. The batch was cooled to 45-55°C and for convenience was left at this temperature overnight.
The batch was then reduced in volume under vacuum to 20-25 L, at a batch temperature of 45-55°C, and ethyl acetate (20 L) was added. The batch was filtered and the residue washed with ethyl acetate (3.5 L). The residue was discarded and the filtrates were sent to a 100 gallon (-454 L) reactor, which had been pre-heated to 600C. The 30 gallon (-136 L) reactor was then cleaned to remove any residual Pd, while the batch in the 100 gallon (-454 L) reactor was washed with 2 M aqueous hydrochloric acid and water at 45-55°C. Once the washes were complete and the 30 gallon (-136 L) reactor was clean, the batch was transferred from the 100 gallon (-454 L) reactor back to the 30 gallon (-136 L) reactor and the solvent was swapped under vacuum from ethyl acetate/toluene to toluene while maintaining a batch temperature of 45-55°C (the volume was reduced to 20-25 L). At this point, the batch had precipitated and heptanes (10 L) were added to re-dissolve it. The batch was then cooled to 0-100C and held at this temperature over the weekend in order to precipitate the product. The batch was filtered and the residue was washed with heptanes (5 L). A sample of the wet-cake was taken for Pd analysis. The Pd content of the crude product (5) was determined to be 12.9 ppm.
The wet-cake was then charged back into the 30 gallon (-136 L) reactor along with ethyl acetate (50 L) and heated to 40-500C in order to obtain a solution. A sparkler filter loaded with 12 impregnated Darco G60® carbon pads was then connected to the reactor and the solution was pumped around in a loop through the sparkler filter. After 1 hour, a sample was taken and evaporated to dryness and analysed for Pd content. The amount of Pd was found to be 1.4 ppm. A second sample was taken after 2 hours and evaporated to dryness and analysed for Pd content. The amount of Pd had been reduced to 0.6 ppm. The batch was blown back into the reactor and held at 40-500C overnight before the solvent was swapped under vacuum from ethyl acetate to toluene while maintaining a batch temperature of 45-55°C (the volume was reduced to 20-25 L). At this point, the batch had precipitated and heptanes (10 L) were added to re-dissolve it and the batch was cooled to 0-100C and held at this temperature overnight in order to precipitate the product. The batch was filtered and the residue was washed with heptanes (5 L). The filtrate was discarded and the residue was dried at 45-55°C under vacuum for 25 hours. A first lot of the title compound (5) was obtained as an off-white solid (4.48 kg, 69% overall yield from 3-bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride (1)) with a Pd content of 0.4 ppm and a purity of 99.22% (AUC) by HPLC.
Synthesis 3 (E)-3-(3-Phenylsulfamoyl-phenyl)-acrvlic acid (6)
To the 30 gallon (-136 L) reactor was charged the (E)-3-(3-phenylsulfamoyl-phenyl)- acrylic acid ethyl ester (5) (4.48 kg; 331.39 g/mol; 13.5 mol) along with 2 M aqueous sodium hydroxide (17.76 L; -35 mol). The mixture was heated to 40-50°C and held at this temperature for 2 hours before sampling, at which point the reaction was deemed to be complete with no compound (5) being detected by HPLC. The batch was adjusted to pH 2.2 using 1 M aqueous hydrochloric acid while maintaining the batch temperature between 40-500C. The product had precipitated and the batch was cooled to 20-300C and held at this temperature for 1 hour before filtering and washing the cake with water (8.9 L). The filtrate was discarded. The batch was allowed to condition on the filter overnight before being charged back into the reactor and slurried in water (44.4 L) at 40-500C for 2 hours. The batch was cooled to 15-20°C, held for 1 hour, and then filtered and the residue washed with water (8.9 L). The filtrate was discarded. The crude title compound (6) was transferred to an oven for drying at 45-55°C under vacuum with a slight nitrogen bleed for 5 days (this was done for convenience) to give a white solid (3.93 kg, 97% yield). The moisture content of the crude material was measured using Karl Fischer (KF) titration and found to be <0.1% (w/w). To the 30 gallon (-136 L) reactor was charged the crude compound (6) along with acetonitrile (47.2 L). The batch was heated to reflux (about 80°C) and held at reflux for 2 hours before cooling to 0-10°C and holding at this temperature overnight in order to precipitate the product. The batch was filtered and the residue was washed with cold acetonitrile (7.9 L). The filtrate was discarded and the residue was dried under vacuum at 45-55°C for 21.5 hours. The title compound (6) was obtained as a fluffy white solid (3.37 kg, 84% yield with respect to compound (5)) with a purity of 99.89% (AUC) by HPLC.
Synthesis 4 (E)-N-Hvdroxy-3-(3-phenylsulfamoyl-phenyl)-acrylamide (PXD101) BELINOSTAT
To the 30 gallon (-136 L) reactor was charged (E)-3-(3-phenylsulfamoyl-phenyl)-acrylic acid (6) (3.37 kg; 303.34 g/mol; 11.1 mol) and a pre-mixed solution of 1 ,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) in isopropyl acetate (IPAc) (27 g in 30 L; 152.24 g/mol; 0.18 mol). The slurry was stirred and thionyl chloride (SOCI2) (960 mL; density ~1.631 g/mL; 118.97 g/mol; -13 mol) was added to the reaction mixture and the batch was stirred at 20-300C overnight. After 18.5 hours, the batch was sampled and deemed to be complete with no compound (6) being detected by HPLC. The resulting solution was transferred to a 100 L Schott reactor for temporary storage while the
30 gallon (-136 L) reactor was rinsed with isopropyl acetate (IPAc) and water. Deionized water (28.9 L) was then added to the 30 gallon (-136 L) reactor followed by 50% (w/w) hydroxylamine (6.57 L; -1.078 g/mL; 33.03 g/mol; -214 mol) and another charge of deionized water (1.66 L) to rinse the lines free of hydroxylamine to make a 10% (w/w) hydroxylamine solution. Tetrahydrofuran (THF) (6.64 L) was then charged to the
30 gallon (-136 L) reactor and the mixture was stirred and cooled to 0-100C. The acid chloride solution (from the 100 L Schott reactor) was then slowly charged into the hydroxylamine solution over 1 hour maintaining a batch temperature of 0-10°C during the addition. The batch was then allowed to warm to 20-300C. The aqueous layer was separated and discarded. The organic layer was then reduced in volume under vacuum while maintaining a batch temperature of less than 300C. The intention was to distill out 10-13 L of solvent, but this level was overshot. A larger volume of isopropyl acetate (IPAc) (16.6 L) was added and about 6 L of solvent was distilled out. The batch had precipitated and heptanes (24.9 L) were added and the batch was held at 20-30°C overnight. The batch was filtered and the residue was washed with heptanes (6.64 L). The filtrate was discarded and the residue was dried at 45-55°C under vacuum with a slight nitrogen bleed over the weekend. The title compound (PXD101) was obtained as a light orange solid (3.11 kg, 89% yield with respect to compound (6)) with a purity of 99.25% (AUC) by HPLC.
The title compound (PXD101) (1.2 kg, 3.77 mol) was dissolved in 8 volumes of 1:1 (EtOH/water) at 600C. Sodium bicarbonate (15.8 g, 5 mol%) was added to the solution. Water (HPLC grade) was then added at a rate of 65 mL/min while keeping the internal temperature >57°C. After water (6.6 L) had been added, crystals started to form and the water addition was stopped. The reaction mixture was then cooled at a rate of 10°C/90 min to a temperature of 0-10cC and then stirred at ambient temperature overnight. The crystals were then filtered and collected. The filter cake was washed by slurrying in water (2 x 1.2 L) and then dried in an oven at 45°C for 60 hours with a slight nitrogen bleed. 1.048 kg (87% recovery) of a light orange solid was recovered. Microscopy and XRPD data showed a conglomerate of irregularly shaped birefringant crystalline particles. The compound was found to contain 0.02% water.
As discussed above: the yield of compound (5) with respect to compound (1) was 69%. the yield of compound (6) with respect to compound (5) was 84%. the yield of PXD101 with respect to compound (6) was 89%.
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FORMULATION
Formulation Studies
These studies demonstrate a substantial enhancement of HDACi solubility (on the order of a 500-fold increase for PXD-101) using one or more of: cyclodextrin, arginine, and meglumine. The resulting compositions are stable and can be diluted to the desired target concentration without the risk of precipitation. Furthermore, the compositions have a pH that, while higher than ideal, is acceptable for use.
UV Absorbance
The ultraviolet (UV absorbance E\ value for PXD-101 was determined by plotting a calibration curve of PXD-101 concentration in 50:50 methanol/water at the λmax for the material, 269 nm. Using this method, the E1i value was determined as 715.7.
Methanol/water was selected as the subsequent diluting medium for solubility studies rather than neat methanol (or other organic solvent) to reduce the risk of precipitation of the cyclodextrin.
Solubility in Demineralised Water
The solubility of PXD-101 was determined to be 0.14 mg/mL for demineralised water. Solubility Enhancement with Cvclodextrins
Saturated samples of PXD-101 were prepared in aqueous solutions of two natural cyclodextrins (α-CD and γ-CD) and hydroxypropyl derivatives of the α, β and Y cyclodextrins (HP-α-CD, HP-β-CD and HP-γ-CD). All experiments were completed with cyclodextrin concentrations of 250 mg/mL, except for α-CD, where the solubility of the cyclodextrin was not sufficient to achieve this concentration. The data are summarised in the following table. HP-β-CD offers the best solubility enhancement for PXD-101.
Phase Solubility Determination of HP-β-CD
The phase solubility diagram for HP-β-CD was prepared for concentrations of cyclodextrin between 50 and 500 mg/mL (5-50% w/v). The calculated saturated solubilities of the complexed HDACi were plotted against the concentration of cyclodextrin. See Figure 1.
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- Plumb, Jane A.; Finn, Paul W.; Williams, Robert J.; Bandara, Morwenna J.; Romero, M. Rosario; Watkins, Claire J.; La Thangue, Nicholas B.; Brown, Robert (2003). “Pharmacodynamic Response and Inhibition of Growth of Human Tumor Xenografts by the Novel Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor PXD101”. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics 2 (8): 721–728. PMID 12939461.
- “CuraGen Corporation (CRGN) and TopoTarget A/S Announce Presentation of Belinostat Clinical Trial Results at AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference”. October 2007.
- Final Results of a Phase II Trial of Belinostat (PXD101) in Patients with Recurrent or Refractory Peripheral or Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma, December 2009
- “Spectrum adds to cancer pipeline with $350M deal.”. February 2010.
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SPECTRUM
Tiny Biotech With Three Cancer Drugs Is More Alluring Takeover Bet Now
Forbes
The drug is one of Spectrum’s two drugs undergoing phase 3 clinical trials. Allergan paid Spectrum $41.5 million and will make additional payments of up to $304 million based on achieving certain milestones. So far, Raj Shrotriya, Spectrum’s chairman, …
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LEUCODERMA CASE ; PROGRESSING FOR CURE ; सफेद दाग , लियूकोडर्मा का एक केस जिसे ई०टी०जी० आयुर्वेदास्कैन तकनीक आधारित आयुर्वेदिक इलाज से फायदा
दिनान्क २८ अगस्त २०१३ को एक २७ साल के लड़्के ने सफेद दाग के इलाज के लिये मेरे OUT DOOR HOSPITAL मे consultation के लिये समपर्क किया था / इस लड़्के के सारे शरीर पर छोटे बड़े सैकड़ों की सन्ख्या मे LUECODERMA यानी सफेद दाग के चकत्ते पड़े हुये थे, जो उसको पिछले १५ साल पहले हुये थे / इसके पिता एक होम्योपैथी के डाक्टर है जो प्रैक्टिस करते है / वे ही इसे लेकर इलाज के लिये मेरे OUT-DOOR HOSPITAL मे लेकर आये थे /
मैने उनको बताया कि बिना ई०टी०जी० आयुर्वेदास्कैन और आयुर्वेद के रकत और पेशाब के परीक्शन के इलाज कराना बेकार है / LEUCODERMA के ईलाज के लिये परीक्षण कराना सबसे पहली आवश्यकता है /
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CLAZOSENTAN
Clazosentan
READ ALL AT
http://www.allfordrugs.com/2014/01/22/clazosentan/
READ MORE ON SNTAN SERIES……http://medcheminternational.blogspot.in/p/sentan-series.html
Tezosentan Disodium for pulmonary hypertension
TEZOSENTAN
180384-57-0 CAS OF FREE ACID
N-[6-(2-Hydroxyethoxy)-5-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-2-[2-(2H-tetrazol-5-yl)pyridin-4-yl]pyrimidin-4-yl]-5-propan-2-ylpyridine-2-sulfonamide
5-isopropyl-pyridine-2-sulphonic acid 6-(2-hydroxy-ethoxy)-5- (2-methoxy-phenoxy)-2-(2-1 H-tetrazol-5-yl-pyridin-4-yl)- pyrimidin-4-ylamide
| Formula | C27H27N9O6S |
|---|---|
| Mol. mass | 605.624 |
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Tezosentan disodium, Ro-61-0612, Veletri
5-isopropyl-pyridine-2-sulfonic acid [6-(2-hydroxy-ethoxy)-5-(2-methoxy-phenoxy)-2-[2-(1H-tetrazole-5-yl)-pyridine-4-yl]-pyrimidine-4-yl]-amide sodium salt (1:2)
180384-58-1 of disodium salt, 180384-57-0 (free acid)
Tezosentan is a non-selective ETA and ETB receptor antagonist.[1] It acts as a vasodilator and was designed as a therapy for patients with acuteheart failure. Recent studies have shown however, that tezosentan does not improve dyspnea or reduce the risk of fatal or nonfatal cardiovascular events.[2]
Pulmonary disease (COPD), which may possibly be associated with pulmonary hypertension, as well as allergic and non-allergic rhinitis, provided that treatment with endothelin from a therapeutic standpoint is not contraindicated.
Tezosentan disodium is an endothelin ETB receptor antagonist in phase II clinical development for the treatment of stable, chronic pulmonary arterial hypertension. The drug was previously being evaluated for heart failure, but trials in that indication have been discontinued. The compound is being developed by Actelion.
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SYNTHESIS
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SYNTHESIS
Reaction of 4-cyano-pyridine (I) with Na in methanol followed by treatment with ammonium chloride provides 4-amidino-pyridine hydrochloride (II), which is then converted into 5-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-2-(pyridin-4-yl)-pyrimidine-4,6-diol (IV) by condensation with diethyl malonate derivative (III) by means of Na in MeOH. By heating compound (IV) with phosphorus oxychloride (POCl3), 4,6-dichloro-5-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-2-pyridin-4-yl)pyrimidine (V) is obtained, which in turn is oxidized with peracetic acid in refluxing acetonitrile to afford N-oxide derivative (VI). Condensation of (VI) with 5-isopropylpyridine-2-sulfonamide potassium (VII) furnishes 5-isopropylpyridine-2-sulfonic acid 6-chloro-5-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-2-(1-oxy-pyridin-4-yl)-pyrimidin-4-yl amide (VIII), which is then dissolved in dimethoxyethane and subjected to reaction with Na in hot ethylene glycol (IX) to provide N-[6-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-5-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-2-(1-oxy-pyridin-4-yl)-pyrimidin-4-yl]-5-isopropylpyridine-2-sulfonamide (X). Refluxing of (X) with trimethylsilylcyanide and Et3N in acetonitrile yields cyano derivative (XI), which is then converted into the tetrazole derivative (XII) by reaction with sodium azide and NH4Cl in DMF at 70 C. Finally, the disodium salt of tezosentan is obtained by treatment of (XII) with Na/MeOH in THF. refEP 0799209; JP 1998509182; WO 9619459
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SYNTHESIS PROCEDURE as in EP0979822A1
Examples
- 1360 ml of formamide were added to 136 g (437 mmol) of 5-(2-methoxy-phenoxy)-2-pyridine-4-yl-pyrimidine-4,6-diole. Then, at a temperature of 0°C, 11.7 ml (219 mmol) of concentrated sulfuric acid and thereafter 36.5 g (130 mmol) of iron(II)sulfate heptahydrate were added to the suspension. After that, 89 ml (874 mmol) of 30% hydrogen peroxide were added dropwise within 1 hr at a temperature of 0°C to 5°C. The viscous yellow-brownish suspension was stirred at 0°C for 1.5 hr. Subsequently, a solution of 83 g (437 mmol) of sodium pyrosulfite in 680 ml of de-ionized water was added dropwise to the reaction mixture within 30 min. at 0°C to 5°C and the reaction mixture was stirred at 0°C to 5°C for 30 min. The suspension was then filtered under reduced pressure. The filtrate was first washed with 1750 ml of de-ionized water and thereafter with 700 ml of ethanol. Then the solid was dried at 80°C, 2000 Pa for 16 hr. There were obtained 132.4 g (91% of theory) of 4-[4,6-dihydroxy-5-(2-methoxy-phenoxy)-pyrimidine-2-yl]-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid amide with a HPLC purity of 91.4% (w/w).
-
Preparation of starting material:
- a) 53.1 g of 4-cyano-pyridine (98%) are added all at once to a solution of 1.15 g of sodium in 200 ml of abs. MeOH. After 6 hr 29.5 g of NH4Cl are added while stirring vigorously. The mixture is stirred at room temperature overnight. 600 ml of ether are added thereto, whereupon the precipitate is filtered off under suction and thereafter dried at 50°C under reduced pressure. There is thus obtained 4-amidino-pyridine hydrochloride (decomposition point 245-247°C).
- b) 112.9 g of diethyl (2-methoxyphenoxy)malonate are added dropwise within 30 min. to a solution of 27.60 g of sodium in 400 ml of MeOH. Thereafter, 74.86 g of the amidine hydrochloride obtained in a) are added all at once. The mixture is stirred at room temperature overnight and evaporated at 50°C under reduced pressure. The residue is treated with 500 ml of ether and filtered off under suction. The filter cake is dissolved in 1000 ml of H2O and treated little by little with 50 ml of CH3COOH. The precipitate is filtered off under suction, washed with 400 ml of H2O and dried at 80°C under reduced pressure. There is thus obtained 5-(2-methoxy-phenoxy)-2-(pyridine-4-yl)-pyrimidine-4,6-diole (or tautomer), melting point above 250°C.
- Example 1
Example 2
- Within 20 min. 61 ml (633 mmol) of POCl3 were added dropwise to 34 ml (200 mmol) of diisopropyl ethylamine at 5°C to 10°C followed by stirring at 5°C to 10°C for 15 min. Then 23.5 g (66 mmol) of 4-[4,6-dihydroxy-5-(2-methoxy-phenoxy)-pyrimidine-2-yl]-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid amide were added in four portions under cooling followed by stirring at 90°C for 25 hr. The reaction mixture was cooled down to 20°C and transferred to a new flask together with 50 ml of dichloromethane. Volatile components (i.e. excess of POCl3) was removed by evaporation from 20°C to 70°C followed by re-distillation with 100 ml of toluene. After adding 250 ml of dichloromethane to the residue (88 g of a black oil) the solution was heated to 35°C to 40°C and 80 ml of de-ionized water were added dropwise within 30 min. whereby the pH was kept constant by the subsequent addition of 28% NaOH solution (60 ml) within 5 to 6 hr. The mixture was stirred at 35°C to 40°C for 30 min. followed by removal of dichloromethane by distillation. The resulting suspension was allowed to cool down to 20°C and was stirred for additional 2 hr. The solid was filtered off under suction, washed with 500 ml of water and dried at 70°C, 2000 Pa for 16 hr. There were obtained 21.3 g (86% of theory) of 4-[4,6-dichloro-5-(2-methoxy-phenoxy)-pyrimidine-2-yl]-pyridine-2-carbonitrile with a HPLC purity of 94.3% (w/w).
- 8.95 g (24 mmol) of 4-[4,6-dichloro-5-(2-methoxy-phenoxy)-pyrimidine-2-yl]-pyridine-2-carbonitrile were suspended in 100 ml of acetone. At a temperature of 20°C, 5.04 g (25 mmol) of 5-isopropyl-pyridine-2-sulfonamide, 1 ml of de-ionized water, 10.6 g (77 mmol) of potassium carbonate and 135 mg (1.2 mmol) 1,4-diazobicyclo[2.2.2]octane were added. The mixture was stirred at 40°C for 20 hr. Thereafter, another 240 mg (1.2 mmol) of 5-isopropyl-pyridine-2-sulfonamide and 80 mg (0.7 mmol) of 1,4-diazobicyclo[2.2.2]octane were added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 24 hr at 40°C followed by cooling to 20°C. Then 50 ml of de-ionized water and 45 ml of 3 N aqueous hydrochloric acid were added slowly until pH = 1. The acetone was removed by distillation and the resulting suspension was stirred at 20°C for 1.5 hr. The solid was filtered off under suction, washed first with 100 ml of de-ionized water and thereafter with 50 ml of t-butylmethylether. Then the solid was dried at 70°C, 2000 Pa for 20 hr. There were obtained 13.2 g (102% of theory) of 5-isopropyl-pyridine-2-sulfonic acid [6-chloro-2-(2-cyano-pyridine-4-yl)-5-(2-methoxy-phenoxy)-pyrimidine-4-yl]-amide with a HPLC purity of 87.8% (w/w).
- Example 4
- 122 g (233 mmol) of 5-isopropyl-pyridine-2-sulfonic acid [6-chloro-2-(2-cyano-pyridine-4-yl)-5-(2-methoxy-phenoxy)-pyrimidine-4-yl]-amide was suspended in 450 ml of N,N-dimethyl formamide and the mixture was cooled down to 15°C. At this temperature, 35 ml of hydrazine hydrate were added dropwise within 1 hr. The resulting solution was stirred at 15°C to 20°C for 16 hr and thereafter diluted with 600 ml of de-ionized water. Then 50 ml of glacial acetic acid were added dropwise at 0°C to 5°C until pH = 5.5. 600 g of ice were added and the suspension was stirred for 1 hr. The solid was filtered off under suction, washed with 3000 ml of water and dried at 40°C, 2000 Pa for 24 hr. There were obtained 126 g (97% of theory) of 5-isopropyl-pyridine-2-sulfonic acid [6-chloro-2-[2-(hydrazino-imino-methyl)-pyridine-4-yl]-5-(2-methoxy-phenoxy)-pyrimidine-4-yl]-amide with a HPLC purity of 91.8% (w/w).
- Example 6
- 20 g (35 mmol) of 5-isopropyl-pyridine-2-sulfonic acid [6-chloro-2-[2-(hydrazino-imino-methyl)-pyridine-4-yl]-5-(2-methoxy-phenoxy)-pyrimidine-4-yl]-amide were added to 160 ml of N,N-dimethyl formamide. The solution was kept at 15°C to 20°C and 23 ml of 6 N aqueous hydrochloric acid were added, followed by addition of a solution containing 4.8 g (7 mmol) of sodium nitrite in 20 ml de-ionized water within 10 min. The mixture was stirred at 20°C for 1 hr, then 140 ml of de-ionized water were added and the suspension was stirred at 0°C for 1 hr. The solid was filtered, firstly washed with 80 ml of de-ionized water and thereafter with 80 ml of t-butylmethylether. Then the solid was dried at 70°C and 2000 Pa for 16 hr. The crude product (23.4 g) was taken up with 117 ml of tetrahydrofuran for 1 hr. After filtration at 0°C the crystallized product was washed with 25 ml of t-butylmethylether and was then dried at 70°C, 2000 Pa for 16 hr. There were obtained 17.3 g (84% of theory) of 5-isopropyl-pyridine-2-sulfonic acid [6-chloro-5-(2-methoxy-phenoxy)-2-[2-(1H-tetrazole-5-yl)-pyridine-4-yl]-pyrimidine-4-yl]-amide with a HPLC purity of 91.1% (w/w).
- Example 8
- Example 10
- 6.2 g of sodium hydroxide were added to 15 g (26 mmol) of 5-isopropyl-pyridine-2-sulfonic acid [6-chloro-5-(2-methoxy-phenoxy)-2-[2-(1H-tetrazole-5-yl)-pyridine-4-yl]-pyrimidine-4-yl]-amid and 75 ml of ethylene glycol. The mixture was heated to 85°C for 5 hr. Then 55 ml of de-ionized water were added and thereafter 55 ml of 3 N hydrochloric acid were added dropwise. The mixture was allowed to cool down to 20°C and was stirred for 1 hr. The solid was filtered off and dried at 70°C, 2000 Pa for 18 hr. There were obtained 16.2 g (103%) of 5-isopropyl-pyridine-2-sulfonic acid 16-(2-hydroxy-ethoxy)-5-(2-methoxy-phenoxy)-2-[2-(1H-tetrazole-5-yl)-pyridine-4-yl]-pyrimidine-4-yl]-amide with a HPLC purity of 92% (w/w). 80 ml of dioxane and 80 ml of ethanol were added to this solid. At a temperature of 60°C, gaseous ammonia was introduced into the liquid until pH = 9 to 10. The resulting suspension was allowed to cool down to 20°C and was stirred at 20°C for 20 hr and thereafter at 0°C for 2.5 hr. Then the solid was filtered off and dried at 70°C, 2000 Pa for 18 hr. There were obtained 14.2 g of mono ammonium salt with a HPLC purity of 96.2% (w/w). The solid was heated (reflux) in 70 ml of methanol, cooled down slowly to 20°C and stirred at 20°C for 19 hr and thereafter at 0°C for 2 hr. Then the solid was filtered off and dried at 70°C, 2000 Pa for 19 hr. There were obtained 11.5 g (66% of theory) of 5-isopropyl-pyridine-2-sulfonic acid [6-(2-hydroxy-ethoxy)-5-(2-methoxy-phenoxy)-2-[2-(1H-tetrazole-5-yl)-pyridine-4-yl]-pyrimidine-4-yl]-amide sodium salt (1:2) with a HPLC purity of 98.6% (w/w).
Reaction of 2-chloro-5-ispropylpyridine (VII) with thiourea (A) in aqueous HCl gives 5-isopropyl- pyridine-2-thiol (VIII), which is chlorinated with chlorine in acetic acid to yield 5-isopropylpyridine-2-sulfochloride (IX). This compound is converted into 5-isopropylpyridine-2-sulfonamide potassium salt (X).
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synthesis
. Example 1
a) 200 ml of dimethoxyethane and 1 10.9 g of 4-[4-(4-tert- butyl-phenyl-sulphonylamino)-6-chloro-5-(2-methoxy-phenoxy)- pyrimidin-2-yl]-pyridine 1 -oxide are added all at once to a solution of 23.80 g of sodium in 660 ml of ethylene glycol. The solution is heated at 90°C for 20 hours while stirring, thereafter cooled, poured into 2500 ml of H2O and thereafter treated with CH3COOH to pH 5. The mixture is extracted three times with EtOAc, the organic phase is washed with H2O, dried with Na2Sθ4 and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue is recrystall- ized from CH3CN and thereafter twice from a mixture of acetone and CH3CN. There is thus obtained 4-[4-(4-tert-butyl-phenyl- sulphonylamino)-6-(2-hydroxy-ethoxy)-5-(2-methoxy-phenoxy)- pyrimidin-2-yl]-pyridine 1 -oxide.
Preparation of the starting material:
b) 53.1 g of 4-cyano-pyridine (98%) are added all at once to a solution of 1.15 g of sodium in 200 ml of abs. MeOH. After
6 hours 29.5 g of NH4CI are added while stirring vigorously. The mixture is stirred at room temperature overnight. 600 ml of ether are added thereto, whereupon the precipitate is filtered off under suction and thereafter dried at 50°C under reduced pressure. There is thus obtained 4-amidino-pyridine hydro- chloride (decomposition point 245-247°C).
c) 1 12.9 g of diethyl (2-methoxyphenoxy)malonate are added dropwise within 30 minutes to a solution of 27.60 g of sodium in 400 ml of MeOH. Thereafter, 74.86 g of the amidine hydro- chloride obtained in b) are added all at once. The mixture is stirred at room temperature overnight and evaporated at 50°C under reduced pressure. The residue is treated with 500 ml of ether and filtered off under suction. The filter cake is dissolved in 1000 ml of H2O and treated little by little with 50 ml of CH3COOH. The precipitate is filtered off under suction, washed with 400 ml of H2O and dried at 80°C under reduced pressure. There is thus obtained 5-(2-methoxy-phenoxy)-2-(pyridin-4-yl)- pyrimidine-4,6-diol (or tautomer), melting point above 250°C.
d) A suspension of 1 54.6 g of 5-(2-methoxy-phenoxy)-2- (pyridin-4-yl)-pyrimidine-4,6-diol (or tautomer) in 280 ml of POCI3 is heated at 120°C in an oil bath for 24 hours while stirring vigorously. The reaction mixture changes gradually into a dark brown liquid which is evaporated under reduced pressure and thereafter taken up three times with 500 ml of toluene and evaporated. The residue is dissolved in 1000 ml of CH2CI2, treated with ice and H2O and thereafter adjusted with 3N NaOH until the aqueous phase has pH 8. The organic phase is separated and the aqueous phase is extracted twice with CH2CI2. The combined CH2CI2 extracts are dried with MgSθ4, evaporated to half of the volume, treated with 1000 ml of acetone and the CH2CI2 remaining is distilled off at normal pressure. After standing in a refrigerator for 2 hours the crystals are filtered off under suction and dried at 50°C overnight. There is thus obtained 4,6-dichloro-5-(2-methoxy-phenoxy)-2-pyridin-4-yl)- pyrimidine, melting point 1 78-1 80°C.
e) A solution of 1 7.4 g of 4,6-dichloro-5-(2-methoxy- phenoxy)-2-pyridin-4-yl)-pyrimidine in 100 ml of CH3CN is boiled at reflux for 3 hours with 1 5 ml of a 32% peracetic acid solution, thereafter cooled and stored in a refrigerator overnight. The crystals are filtered off under suction and dried at 50°C under reduced pressure. There is thus obtained 4-[4,6-dichloro- 5-(2-methoxy-phenoxy)-pyrimidin-2-yl]-pyridine 1 -oxide, melting point 189-1 90°C.
f) A solution of 36.4 g of 4-[4,6-dichloro-5-(2-methoxy- phenoxy)-pyrimidin-2-yl]-pyridine 1 -oxide and 52.8 g of p-tert- butylphenyl-sulphonamide potassium in 1 50 ml of abs. DMF is stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. Thereafter, it is poured into a mixture of 1 500 ml of H2O and 1000 ml of ether while stirring mechanically, whereby a precipitate forms. The suspension is adjusted to pH 5 with CH3COOH, suction filtered, the crystals are washed with cold water and thereafter with ether and dried at 50°C. There is thus obtained 4-[4-(4-tert- butyl-phenylsulphonylamino)-6-chloro-5-(2-methoxy-phenoxy)- pyrimidin-2-yl]-pyridine 1 -oxide as a colourless material of melting point 247-249°C.
Example 2
A solution of 78.45 g of 4-[4-(4-tert-butyl-phenyl- sulphonylamino)-6-(2-hydroxy-ethoxy)-5-(2-methoxy-phenoxy)- pyrimidin-2-yl]-pyridine 1 -oxide, 122.5 g of trimethylsilyl cyanide, 127.8 g of triethylamine and 1200 ml of CH3CN is boiled at reflux for 20 hours and thereafter evaporated under reduced pressure. The oily residue is taken up in 1000 ml of EtOAc and the solution is washed with CH3COOH:H2θ 9:1 and then with H2O. The EtOAc extracts are dried with Na2SO4. After evaporation of the solvent the residue is taken up in a mixture of CH3CN and CF3COOH (20:1 ), whereby a crystalline precipitate separates. There is thus obtained 4-tert-butyl-N-[2-(2-cyano-pyridin-4- yl)-6-(2-hydroxy-ethoxy)-5-(2-methoxy-phenoxy)-pyrimidin-4- yl]-benzenesulphonamide of melting point 176-1 79°C.
Example 3 for analogy only compd is different
A suspension of 50.0 g of 4-tert-butyl-N-[2-(2-cyano- pyridin-4-yl)-6-(2-hydroxy-ethoxy)-5-(2-methoxy-phenoxy)- pyrimidin-4-yl]-benzenesulphonamide, 46.33 g of NH4CI and 56.47 g of NaN3 in 1600 ml of DMF is heated to 70°C for 24 hours while stirring vigorously. The majority of the solvent is distilled off under reduced pressure, the residue is dissolved in H2O, the solution is extracted four times at pH 6.5 with ether, thereafter treated with CH3COOH to pH = 4.5 and extracted with EtOAc. After working up there is obtained a residue which is treated with ether and filtered off under suction therefrom. There is thus obtained 4-tert-butyl-N-[6-(2-hydroxy-ethoxy)-5-(2- methoxy-phenoxy)-2-(2-1 H-tetrazol-5-yl-pyridin-4-yl)- pyrimidin-4-yl]-benzenesulphonamide, melting point 225-227°C.
Example 30 final product
In analogy to Example 3, from 5-isopropyl-pyridine-2- sulphonic acid 2-(2-cyano-pyridin-4-yl)-6-(2-hydroxy-ethoxy)- 5-(2-methoxy-phenoxy)-pyrimidin-4-ylamide there is obtained 5-isopropyl-pyridine-2-sulphonic acid 6-(2-hydroxy-ethoxy)-5- (2-methoxy-phenoxy)-2-(2-1 H-tetrazol-5-yl-pyridin-4-yl)- pyrimidin-4-ylamide (tezosantan free base) as a white substance of melting point 1 98- 200°C from acetonitrile.
The corresponding disodium salt (tezosantan di sodium salt) is obtained as a white powder from this product using sodium methylate in analogy to Example 5
Example 5 for analogy only, compd is different
A solution of 47.8 g of 2-[6-(4-tert-butyl-phenylsulphonyl- amino)-5-(2-methoxy-phenoxy)-2-(2-1 H-tetrazol-5-yl-pyridin- 4-yl)-pyrimidin-4-yloxy]-ethyl pyridin-2-ylcarbamate in 500 ml of abs. THF is treated dropwise with a cold solution of 2.8 g of sodium in 50 ml of methanol, whereby there forms gradually a solid precipitate which, after stirring at room temperature for 1 hour, is filtered off under suction, dried under greatly reduced pressure at 35°C for 3 days and thereafter at 50°C for 2 days. There is thus obtained the bis-sodium salt, decomposition point above 250°C.
References
- Urbanowicz, W; Sogni, P, Moreau, R, Tazi, K A, Barriere, E, Poirel, O, Martin, A, Guimont, M C, Cazals-Hatem, D, Lebrec, D (2004). “Tezosentan, an endothelin receptor antagonist, limits liver injury in endotoxin challenged cirrhotic rats”. Gut (BMJ Publishing Group Ltd & British Society of Gastroenterology) 53 (12): 1844–1849. doi:10.1136/gut.2003.036517. PMC 1774327. PMID 15542526.
- “Tezosentan does not appear to improve symptoms for patients with acute heart failure”. Medical Studies/Trials. news-medical.net. 7 Nov 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-24.
4 US2003/100507 A1
5 Drugs Fut 2003,28(8),754
6 WO 1996019459……
7 EP 0897914
8 WO 2011163085
9 WO 2004082637
| 10 WO 2002074034 |
11…
| 15055997 | 4-8-2004 | Discovery, modeling, and human pharmacokinetics of N-(2-acetyl-4,6-dimethylphenyl)-3-(3,4-dimethylisoxazol-5-ylsulfamoyl)thiophene-2-carboxamide (TBC3711), a second generation, ETA selective, and orally bioavailable endothelin antagonist. | Journal of medicinal chemistry |
12 ..
| 10610277 | 7-1-1999 | RO 610612 . | Drugs in R&D |
13….
| 3-27-2003 | Aqueous pharmaceutical composition comprising Tezosentan | |
| US6103902 | 8-16-2000 | Carbamoylation process |
| WO0036918 | 6-30-2000 | METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR TREATMENT OF CELL PROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR TREATMENT OF CELL PROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS |
| US6063911 | 5-17-2000 | Methods and compositions for treatment of cell proliferative disorders |
READ MORE ON SNTAN SERIES……http://medcheminternational.blogspot.in/p/sentan-series.html
Ciprostene calcium
Ciprostene calcium
(5Z)-9β-Methyl-6a-carbaprostaglandin I2, calcium salt, 9-β-methylcarbacyclin,
Restenosis Treatment of Antiplatelet Therapy
81703-55-1 (anhydrous ca salt)
81845-44-5 (free base, anhydrous)
| Chemical Name: | 6,9ALPHA-METHYLENE-9BETA-METHYL-11ALPHA,15S-DIHYDROXY-PROSTA-5Z,13E-DIEN-1-OIC ACID, CALCIUM SALT |
| Synonyms: | U-61431F;CIPROSTENE CALCIUM;CIPROSTENE CALCIUM SALT;9-beta-methylcarbacyclin;pentalenylidene)-,calciumsalt(2:1),(3as-(2z,3a-alpha,5-beta,6-alpha(1e,3r*;5-(hexahydro-5-hydroxy-6-(3-hydroxy-1-octenyl)-3a-methyl-2(1h)-pentanoicaci;6,9ALPHA-METHYLENE-9BETA-METHYL-11ALPHA,15S-DIHYDROXY-PROSTA-5Z,13E-DIEN-1-OIC ACID, CALCIUM SALTPentanoicacid,5-[hexahydro-5-hydroxy-6-(3-hydroxy-1-octenyl)-3a-methyl-2(1H)-pentalenylidene]-,calcium salt (2:1), [3aS-[2Z,3aa,5b,6a(1E,3R*),6aa]]-; Ciprostene calcium; U 61431F |
| Molecular Formula: | C44H70CaO8 |
| Formula Weight: | 767.1 |
U-61431F (anhydrous)
- 9-beta-Methylcarbacyclin
- Ciprostene calcium
- U 61431F
- U-61,431F
- UNII-A85Y5Y98EJ
Pfizer (Originator)
CIPROSTENE Ca
Carbacyclin and closely related compounds are known in the art. See Japanese Kokia 63,059 and 63,060, also abstracted respectively as Derwent Farmdoc CPI Numbers 48154B/26 and 48155B/26. See also British published specifications 2,012,265 and German Offenlegungsschrift 2,900,352, abstracted as Derwent Farmdoc CPI Number 54825B/30. See also British published applications 2,017,699, 2,014,143 and 2,013,661.
The synthesis of carbacyclin and related compounds is also reported in the chemical literature, as follows: Morton, D. R., et al., J. Organic Chemistry, 44:2880 (1979); Shibasaki, M., et al. Tetrahedron Letters, 433-436 (1979); Kojima, K., et al., Tetrahedron Letters, 3743-3746 (1978); Nicolaou, K. C., et al., J. Chem. Soc., Chemical Communications, 1067-1068 (1978); Sugie A., et al., Tetrahedron Letters 2607-2610 (1979); Shibasaki, M., Chemistry Letters, 1299-1300 (1979), and Hayashi, M., Chem. Lett. 1437-40 (1979); and Li, Tsung-tee, “A Facial Synthesis of 9(0)-Methano-prostacyclin”, Abstract No. 378, (Organic Chemistry), and P. A. Aristoff, “Synthesis of 6a-Carbaprostacyclin I.sub.2 “, Abstract No. 236 (Organic Chemistry) both at Abstract of Papers (Part II) Second Congress of the North American Continent, San Francisco, Calif. (Las Vegas, Nev.), USA, 24-29 August 1980.
7-Oxo and 7-hydroxy-CBA.sub.2 compounds are apparently disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,192,891. 19-Hydroxy-CBA.sub.2 compounds are disclosed in U.S. Ser. No. 054,811, filed July 5, 1979. CBA.sub.2 aromatic esters are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,180,657. 11-Deoxy-Δ.sup.10 – or Δ.sup.11 -CBA.sub.2 compounds are described in Japanese Kokai 77/24,865, published Feb. 24, 1979.
Prostaglandin E.sub.1 (3-hydroxy-2-(3-hydroxy-1-octenyl)-5-oxocyclopentaneheptanoic acid) is a naturally occurring prostaglandin and was one of the first to be isolated and characterised. It is available commercially for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease.
Prostacyclin (otherwise known as epoprostenol and PGI.sub.2) is also a natural prostaglandin occurring within the arterial wall of mammals. It has potent vasodilatory and antiplatelet properties and is available commercially as its sodium salt, sodium epoprostenol, for use in extracorporeal circuits during cardiopulmonary bypass, renal dialysis, and charcoal haemoperfusion. A number of recent publications in the literature have suggested that prostacyclin may also have fibrinolytic activity (J. Pharmac. Exp. Therap. 1982, 222(3), 544 to 549 and Thrombos, Res., 1983, 29, 655 to 660). Similar reports have also occurred for the prostacyclin analogue, iloprost (Brit. J. Pharmac., 1985, 86, 8138 and Thromb. Haemost., 1983, 50, 893). It has also been suggested that prostacyclin augments the thrombolytic activity of streptokinase (J. Cardiovasc. Pharmac., 1985, 7, 739 to 746).
A number of prostacyclin analogues have also been synthesised and evaluated as antithrombotic or antiplatelet agents (Circulation, 1985, 72(6), 1219 to 1225 and Progress in Medicinal Chemistry, 1984, 21, 237 to 279).
………………………………………………………..
Treatment of the optically pure lactone (I) with lithium dimethyl methylphosphonate in tetrahydrofuran gives hemiacetal (II), which is oxidized to the diketone (III) using Jones’ reagent in acetone. Then in the key step, compound (III) cyclizes to enone (IV) using potassium carbonate and 18-crown-6 in warm toluene. Lithium dimethyl cuprate addition to enone (IV) in ether gives ketone (V), which is converted to acid (VI) (a 1:1 mixture of E and Z olefins at C-5) using (4-carboxybutyl)triphenylphosphorane in dimethyl sulfoxide. Cleavage of the alcohol-protecting groups in (VI) with an acetic acid-water-tetrahydrofuran mixture followed by chromatography to remove the 5-E isomer affords 9-methylcarbacyclin (VII). Finally, treatment of (VII) with calcium oxide in tetrahydrofuran gives U-61431F (ciprostene calcium).
…………………………..
J Org Chem 1983,v 48, 26, pg 5341 as label 10, mp , ir given
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/jo00174a035 pdf dowload
Ciprostene calcium Calcium salt 10
5Z -9BETA-Methyl-6alpha-carbaprostaglandin I2, Calcium Salt (10). A suspension of 350 mg (0.96 mmol) of acid 8b, 23.6 mg (0.42 mmol) of calcium oxide, 5 mL of water, and 4 mL of THF was heated for 20 min at 50 “C and filtered, and the solvents were removed under reduced pressure. The resulting foam was dissolved in 4 mL of THF and then added dropwise to 50 mL of ether. The resulting suspension was stirred for 15 min, then filtered (rinsing with ether) to give 265 mg (82%) of calcium salt
10 as a white solid: mp 101-108 OC;
IR (mull) 3330,1670,1555, 1455, 1345, 1310, 1270, 1075, 1020, 970 cm-‘.
Anal. Calcd for C4H,,08Ca: C, 68.89; H, 9.20; Ca, 5.23. Found: C, 68.55; H, 8.94; Ca, 5.29
Ciprostene calcium FREE BASE 8b
(5Z)-9BETA-Methyl-6ALPHA-carbaprostaglandin I2 (8b) and (5E)-9BETA-Methyl-6a-carbaprostaglandin I2 (9b).
A solution of 17 mmol of sodium methylsulfinylmethide (prepared from 0.81 g of a 50% sodium hydride dispersion and 66 mL of Me2SO) was cooled to 15 “C, treated with 4.20 g (9.60 mmol) of (4-carboxybuty1)triphenylphosphonium bromide, stirred for 20 min, treated with 0.80 g (1.78 mmol) of ketone 6b in 12 mL of THF, stirred for 5 hat 45 “C, cooled to 0 “C, treated with 6 mL of water, stirred for 1 h, acidified with a solution of 5 mL of HZSO, in 100 mL of 1:1 water-brine, and extracted with ether. The ether extracts were washed several times with water and then with brine and were dried (Na2S04). The solvents were removed under reduced pressure and the residue was chromatographed on acid-washed silica gel eluted with 20% ethyl acetate in hexane to give 0.932 g (98%) of acid mixture 7b as an oil (Rf 0.38 in 65:34:1 hexane ethyl acetate-acetic acid). Without further purification, 0.75 g (1.41 mmol) of acid 7b was heated at 45 “C in a solution of 5 mL of THF, 7.5 mL of water, and 15 mL of glacial acetic acid. After 3 h the solution was cooled and partitioned between brine and 32 ethyl acetatehexme. The organic portion was dried (Na2S04) and the solvent removed under reduced pressure (using a toluene azeotrope to remove any remaining acetic acid). The crude product was chromatographed on HPLC silica gel eluted with 1000:405 chloroform-methanol-acetic acid to give 0.24 g (47%) of acid 8b as a colorless oil (Rf 0.25) and 0.23 g (45%) of acid 9b as a colorless oil (Rf 0.27). 8b:
NMR 6 0.89 (t, J = 5 Hz, 3 H), 1.02-2.8 (m including 3 H singlet at 6 1.08, 25 H), 3.5-4.35 (m, 2 H), 5.0-5.7 (m, 3 H), 6.05
(br s, 3 H);
IR (fh) 3340,2660,1710,1240,1205,1175,1130,1075, 1055,1020,970 cm-*;
mass spectrum, calcd for C30H5704Si3 [M’ – CH3 of tris(trimethylsily1) derivative],
m/e 565.3564; found, m/e 565.3552
DATA OF 9b ……….NOT DESIRED COMPD…please note
9b: NMR 6 0.90 (t, J = 5 Hz, 3 H), 1.06 (s, 3 H), 1.1-2.6 (m,22 H), 3.5-4.3 (m, 2 H), 5.0-5.7 (m, 3 H), 5.93 (br s, 3 H); IR (film) 3340, 2660, 1710, 1300, 1240, 1175, 1130, 1075, 1055, 1020, 970
cm-‘; mass spectrum, calcd for C30H5704Si3 [M+ – CH3 of tris-(trimethylsilyl) derivative], m/e 565.3564; found, m/e 565.3541
References
- Drugs Fut 1985, 10(11): 900
- Journal of Organic Chemistry, 1983 , vol. 48, 26 pg. 5341 – 5348 entry 10, mp,101 – 108 °CU-61,431F, a stable prostacyclin analogue, inhibits the proliferation of bovine vascular smooth muscle cells with little antiproliferative effect on endothelial cells.Shirotani M, Yui Y, Hattori R, Kawai C.Prostaglandins. 1991 Feb;41(2):97-110.
- J Org Chem 1983,v 48, 26, pg 5341 as label 10, mp , ir givenhttp://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jo00174a035
- US 4420632
- EP257859 B1…
- US2002/147184 A1…
- J Org Chem 1981,46, 1954
| US4158667 * | 28 Jul 1977 | 19 Jun 1979 | The Upjohn Company | 6-Keto PGF analogs |
| US4338323 * | 10 Nov 1980 | 6 Jul 1982 | Science Union Et Cie | Piperidylbenzimidazolinone derivatives |
| US4539333 * | 10 May 1977 | 3 Sep 1985 | Burroughs Wellcome Co. | Prostacyclin, methods of using and method of making |
| US4632919 * | 27 Sep 1984 | 30 Dec 1986 | University Of Medicine & Dentistry Of N.J. | Process for prolonging recalcification, prothrombin and thrombin times of plasma |
| EP0112122A2 * | 8 Dec 1983 | 27 Jun 1984 | South African Inventions Development Corporation | Plasminogen activator |
| WO1987003488A1 * | 15 Dec 1986 | 18 Jun 1987 | Schering Ag | Treatment of thrombosis with fibrinolytic agents and prostacyclines |
| US4158667 * | 28 Jul 1977 | 19 Jun 1979 | The Upjohn Company | 6-Keto PGF analogs |
| US4338325 * | 27 Oct 1980 | 6 Jul 1982 | The Upjohn Company | PGI.sub.2 Pharmacologically acceptable salts |
Aegerion Pharmaceuticals: Juxtapid Sales Continue To Climb
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Updated 01/20/14: With information on the approval of Juxtapid in Mexico for HoFH.
Aegerion Pharmaceuticals, a Cambridge, Massachusetts biopharmaceutical company focusing on development and commercialization of treatments for rare diseases, launches in the United States in January 2013, orphan drug Juxtapid (Lomitapide). Juxtapid is an oral once-a-day treatment for rare disease Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia (HoFH). HoFH is caused by genetic defects inherited from both parents that affects the function of the LDL receptor, that is responsible for removing bad cholesterol (LDL-C) from the body.
Background Information On Juxtapid For HoFH
• Receives FDA Orphan Drug Designation (ODD) in October 2007
• Receives FDA approval in December 2012; Lojuxta (Juxtapid name in EU) receives EU approval in July 2013
• Launches in US in January 2013
• US price of $235,000 – 295,000/year
• Boxed warning of potential for liver toxicity
• Restricted distribution through Risk Evaluation &…
View original post 652 more words
Gilead’s HCV drug Sovaldi gets Europe OK
Gilead Sciences’ closely-watched hepatitis C drug Sovaldi has been given the green light in Europe.
The European Commission has granted marketing authorisation for Sovaldi (sofosbuvir) 400mg tablets
which, as part of HCV combination therapy with peg-interferon and ribavirin, offers cure rates of around 90% in previously-untreated adults. However, most significant is that the once-daily nucleotide analogue polymerase inhibitor is the first all-oral treatment option for up to 24 weeks for patients unsuitable for interferon.
Read more at: http://www.pharmatimes.com/Article/14-01-20/Gilead_s_HCV_drug_Sovaldi_gets_Europe_OK.aspx#ixzz2qwHI3iJi
SYNTHESIS
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sofosbuvir » All About Drugs
http://www.allfordrugs.com/tag/sofosbuvir/ALL ABOUT DRUGS BY DR ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO, WORLD DRUG TRACKER HELPING … US Approves Breakthrough Hepatitis C Drug,Sofosbuvir.
PSC 833 ( Valspodar )
Valspodar, SDZ-PSC-833, PSC-833, Amdray
P-Glycoprotein (MDR-1; ABCB1) Inhibitors , Multidrug Resistance Modulators
Valspodar is a cyclosporine derivative and a P-glycoprotein inhibitor currently in phase III clinical trials at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) in combination with chemotherapy for the treatment of leukemia. The drug was also being developed in combination with chemotherapy for the treatment of various other types of cancers, however, no recent developments on these trials have been reported.
P-glycoprotein is an ABC-transporter protein that has been implicated in conferring multidrug resistance to tumor cells. In previous trials, valspodar was associated with greater disease-free and overall survival in younger patients (45 years or below), and was shown to significantly increase the cellular uptake of daunorubicin in leukemic blast cells in vivo. However, in a phase III trial examining the drug candidate’s effects on AML in patients at least 60 years of age, valspodar was associated with excessive mortality and complete remission rates were higher in groups not treated with the compound.
Nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin analog which is a potent multidrug resistance modifier; 7-10 fold more potent than cyclosporin A; a potent P glycoprotein inhibitor; MW 1215.
M.Wt: 1214.62
Formula: C63H111N11O12
CAS : 121584-18-7
IUPAC/Chemical name:
(3S,6S,9S,12R,15S,18S,21S,24S,30S,33S)-6,9,18,24-tetraisobutyl-3,21,30-triisopropyl-1,4,7,10,12,15,19,25,28-nonamethyl-33-((R,E)-2-methylhex-4-enoyl)-1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31-undecaazacyclotritriacontan-2,5,8,11,14,17,20,23,26,29,32-undecaone
6 – [(2S, 4R, 6E)-4-Methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-oxo-6-octenoic acid]-7-L-valine-cyclosporin A; Cyclo [[(2S, 4R, 6E) -4-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-oxo-6-octenoyl]-L-valyl-N-methylglycyl-N-methyl-L-leucyl-L-valyl-N-methyl-L-leucyl-L- alanyl-D-alanyl-N-methyl-L-leucyl-Nm
[3′-oxo-4-butenyl-4-methyl-Thr1]-[Val2]-cyclosporine
Clinical trials
http://clinicaltrials.gov/search/intervention=psc+833
Synonyms
- 3′-Keto-bmt(1)-val(2)-cyclosporin A
- Amdray
- Psc 833
- PSC-833
- PSC833
- SDZ PSC 833
- Sdz-psc-833
- UNII-Q7ZP55KF3X
- Valspodar
Valspodar or PSC833 is an experimental cancer treatment and chemosensitizer drug.[1] It is a derivative of ciclosporin D.
Its primary use is that of a p-glycoprotein inhibitor. Previous studies in animal models have found it to be effective at preventing cancer cell resistance to chemotherapeutics, but these findings did not translate to clinical success.[2]
Valspodar, also known as PSC-833 is an analogue of cyclosporin-A. Valspodar inhibits p-glycoprotein, the multidrug resistance efflux pump, thereby restoring the retention and activity of some drugs in some drug-resistant tumor cells. This agent also induces caspase-mediated apoptosis.
PSC-833 is a non-immunosuppressive cyclosporin derivative that potently and specifically inhibits P-gp. In vitro experiments indicate that PSC-833interacts directly with P-gp with high affinity and probably interferes with the ATPase activity of P-gp. Studies in multidrug resistant tumor models confirm P-gp as the in vivo target of PSC-833 and demonstrate the ability of PSC-833 to reverse MDR leukemias and solid tumors in mice. Presently,PSC-833 is being evaluated in the clinic.
Valspodar can cause nerve damage.[1]
Valspodar
Synthesis By oxidation of cyclosporin D (I) with N-chlorosuccinimide and dimethylsulfide in toluene (1) Scheme 1 Description alpha (20, D) -..?. 255.1 (c 0.5, CHCl3) Manufacturer Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corp (US).. . References 1 Bollinger, P., B flounder sterli, JJ, Borel, J.-F., Krieger, M., Payne, TG, Traber, RP, Wenger, R. (Sandoz AG; Sandoz Patent GmbH; Sandoz Erfindungen VmbH ). Cyclosporins and their use as pharmaceuticals.
AU 8817679, EP 296122, JP 89045396. AU 8817679; EP 0296122; JP 1989045396; JP 1996048696; US 5525590
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- The cyclosporins comprise a class of structurally distinctive, cyclic, poly-N-methylated undecapeptides, generally possessing pharmacological, in particular immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory and/or anti-parasitic activity, each to a greater or lesser degree. The first of the cyclosproins to be isolated was the naturally occurring fungal metabolite Ciclosporin or Cyclosporine, also known as cyclosporin A and now commercially available under the Registered Trade Mark SANDIMMUN®. Ciclosporin is the cyclosporin of formula A
wherein -MeBmt- represents the N-methyl-(4R)-4-but-2E-en-1-yl-4-methyl-(L)threonyl residue of formula B
in which -x-y- is trans -CH=CH- and the positive 2′, 3′ and 4′ have the configuration S, R and R respectively.
-
Since the original discovery of Ciclosporin, a wide variety of naturally occurring cyclosporins have been isolated and identified and many further non-natural cyclosporins have been prepared by total- or semi-synthetic means or by the application of modified culture techniques. The class comprised by the cyclosporins is thus now substantial and includes, for example, the naturally occurring cyclosporins A through Z [c.f. Traber et al. 1, Helv. Chim. Acta, 60, 1247-1255 (1977); Traber et al. 2, Helv. Chim. Acta, 65, 1655-1667 (1982); Kobel et al., Europ. J. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 14, 273-240 (1982); and von Wartburg et al. Progress in Allergy, 38, 28-45 (1986)], as well as various non-natural cyclosporin derivatives and artificial or synthetic cyclosporins including the dihydro- and iso-cyclosporins [in which the moiety -x-y- of the -MeBmt- residue (Formula B above) is saturated to give -x-y- = -CH₂-CH₂- / the linkage of the residue -MeBmt- to the residue at the 11-position of the cyclosporin molecule (Formula A above) is via the 3′-O-atom rather than the α-N-atom]; derivatised cyclosporins (e.g. in which the 3′-O-atom of the -MeBmt- residue is acylated or a further substituent is introduced at the α-carbon atom of the sarcosyl residue at the 3-position); cyclosporins in which the -MeBmt- residue is present in isomeric form (e.g. in which the configuration across positions 6′ and 7′ of the -MeBmt- residue is cis rather than trans); and cyclosporins wherein variant amino acids are incorporated at specific positions within the peptide sequence employing e.g. the total synthetic method for the production of cyclosporins developed by R. Wenger – see e.g. Traber et al. 1, Traber et al. 2 and Kobel et al. loc. cit.; U.S. Patents Nos 4 108 985, 4 210 581, 4 220 641, 4 288 431, 4 554 351 and 4 396 542; European Patent Publications Nos. 0 034 567 and 0 056 782; International Patent Publication No. WO 86/02080; Wenger 1, Transpl. Proc. 15, Suppl. 1:2230 (1983); Wenger 2, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 24, 77 (1985); and Wenger 3, Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products 50, 123 (1986).
-
The class comprised by the cyclosporins is thus now very large indeed and includes, for example [Thr]²-, [Val]²-, [Nva]²- and [Nva]²-[Nva]⁵-Ciclosporin (also known as cyclosporins C, D, G and M respectively), [3-O-acetyl-MeBmt]¹-Ciclosporin (also known as cyclosporin A acetate), [Dihydro-MeBmt]¹-[Val]²-Ciclosporin (also known as dihydro-cyclosporin D), [Iso-MeBmt]¹-[Nva]²-Ciclosporin (also known as isocyclosporin G), [(D)Ser]⁸-Ciclosporin, [MeIle]¹¹-Ciclosporin, [(D)MeVal]¹¹-Ciclosporin (also known as cyclosporin H), [MeAla]⁶-Ciclosporin, [(D)Pro]³-Ciclosporin and so on.
-
[In accordance with conventional nomenclature for cyclosporins, these are defined throughout the present specification and claims by reference to the structure of Ciclosporin (i.e. Cyclosporin A). This is done by first indicating the amino acid residues present which differ from those present in Ciclosporin (e.g. “[(D)Pro]³” to indicate that the cyclosporin in question has a -(D)Pro- rather than -Sar- residue at the 3-position) and then applying the term “Ciclosporin” to characterise remaining residues which are identical to those present in Ciclosporin.
-
The residue -MeBmt- at position 1 in Ciclosporin was unknown before the discovery of the cyclosporins. This residue and variants or modifications of it, e.g. as described below, are thus generally characteristic of the cyclosporins. In general, variants or alternatives to [MeBmt]¹ are defined by reference to the -MeBmt- structure. Thus for dihydrocyclosporins in which the moiety -x-y- (see formula B above) is reduced to -CH₂-CH₂-, the residue at the 1-position is defined as “-dihydro-MeBmt-“. Where the configuration across the moiety -x-y- is cis rather than trans, the resulting residue is defined as “-cis-MeBmt-“.
-
Where portions of the -MeBmt- residue are deleted, this is indicated by defining the position of the deletion, employing the qualifier “des” to indicate deletion, and then defining the group or atom omitted, prior to the determinant “-MeBmt-“, “-dihydro-MeBmt-“, “-cis-MeBmt-” etc.. Thus “-N-desmethyl-MeBmt-“, “-3′-desoxy-MeBmt-“, and “-3′-desoxy-4′-desmethyl-MeBmt-” are the residues of Formula B¹, B² and B³ respectively:
B¹ – X = CH₃, Y = OH, Z = H.
B² – X = CH₃, Y = H, Z = CH₃.
B³ – X = H, Y = H, Z = CH₃. -
Where positions or groups, e.g. in -MeBmt-, are substituted this is represented in conventional manner by defining the position and nature of the substitution. Thus -3′-O-acetyl-MeBmt- is the residue of formula B in which the 3′-OH group is acetylated (3′-O-COCH₃). Where substituents of groups, in e.g. -MeBmt-, are replaced, this is done by i) indicating the position of the replaced group by “des-terminology” as described above and ii) defining the replacing group. Thus -7′-desmethyl-7′-phenyl-MeBmt- is the residue of formula B above in which the terminal (8′) methyl group is replaced by phenyl. 3′-Desoxy-3′-oxo-MeBmt- is the residue of formula B above in which the 3′-OH group is replaced by =O.
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In addition, amino acid residues referred to by abbreviation, e.g. -Ala-, -MeVal-, -αAbu- etc… are, in accordance with conventional practice, to be understood as having the (L)-configuration unless otherwise indicated, e.g. as in the case of “-(D)Ala-“. Residue abbreviations preceded by “Me” as in the case of “-MeLeu-“, represent α-N-methylated residues. Individual residues of the cyclosporin molecule are numbered, as in the art, clockwise and starting with the residue -MeBmt-, -dihydro-MeBmt- etc. … in position 1. The same numerical sequence is employed throughout the present specification and claims.]
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[0010]Because of their unique pharmaceutical potential, the cyclosporins have attracted very considerable attention, not only in medical and academic circles, but also in the lay press. Cyclosporin itself is now commonly employed in the prevention of rejection following allogenic organ, e.g. heart, heart-lung, kidney and bone-marrow transplant, as well as, more recently, in the treatment of various auto-immune and related diseases and conditions. Extensive work has also been performed to investigate potential utility in the treatment of various parasitic diseases and infections, for example coccidiomycosis, malaria and schistosomiasis. Reports of investigative work into the potential utility of the very many other known cyclosporins in these or related indications now abound in the literature.
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References
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- Tao, Jian’guo; Sotomayor, Eduardo. (2012). Hematologic Cancers: From Molecular Pathobiology to Targeted Therapeutics. Springer. p. 335. ISBN 9789400750289.
- PSC-833Drugs Fut 1995, 20(10): 1010
- US 5525590
- Synthesis of [S-[1-14C]Val(7)]VALSPODAR application of (+)/(-)-[13,14Cn]BABS and (+)/(-)-[13,14Cn]DPMGBS, part 4J Label Compd Radiopharm 2000, 43(3): 205
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A New Class Of Antibiotics To Replace The Ones That Are No Longer Effective
As concerns about bacterial resistance to antibiotics grow, researchers are racing to find new kinds of drugs to replace ones that are no longer effective. One promising new class of molecules called acyldepsipeptides—ADEPs—kills bacteria in a way that no marketed antibacterial drug does—by altering the pathway through which cells rid themselves of harmful proteins.
Now, researchers from Brown Univ. and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have shown that giving the ADEPs more backbone can dramatically increase their biological potency. By modifying the structure of the ADEPs in ways that make them more rigid, the team prepared new ADEP analogs that are up to 1,200 times more potent than the naturally occurring molecule.
A paper describing the research was released online by the Journal of the American Chemical Society.
“The work is significant because we have outlined and validated a strategy for the enhancing the potency of this promising class of antibacterial drug…
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Boehringer-Ingelheim …A Well-Balanced Pipeline
Promising Drugs in Boehringer-Ingelheim Pipeline
| Compound* | Clinical phase | Indication | Therapeutic principle | Mode of action |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Olodaterol | Submitted | Chronic obstructive pulmonary Disease (COPD) | Long-acting beta-agonist | Bronchodilation |
| Tiotropium | Submitted | Cystic fibrosis (CF) | Bronchodilatator | Long Acting Muscarinic Antagonist |
| Afatinib | Phase III | Breast cancer | Signal transduction inhibition | Novel irreversible ErbB Family blocker |
| Afatinib | Phase III | Head and neck cancer | Signal transduction inhibition | Novel irreversible ErbB Family blocker |
| Deleobuvir (BI 207127) |
Phase III | Hepatitis C | Direct acting antiviral small molecule | Oral NS5B RNA-dependent polymerase inhibitor |
| Empagliflozin | Phase III | Diabetes mellitus type II |
SGLT-2-inhibitor | Inhibition of glucose transporter-2 |
| Faldaprevir (BI 201335) |
Phase III | Hepatitis C | Direct acting antiviral small molecule | Oral HCV NS3/4A protease inhibitor |
| Nintedanib | Phase III | Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) | Angiogenesis inhibition | Triple angiokinase inhibitor, simultaneously blocks VEGFR, FGFR, PDGFR |
| Nintedanib | Phase III | Ovarian cancer | Angiogenesis inhibition | Triple angiokinase inhibitor, simultaneously blocks VEGFR, FGFR, PDGFR |
| Nintedanib | Phase III | Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) | Anti-fibrotic kinase inhibition | Anti-fibrotic kinase inhibitor |
| Tiotropium | Phase III | Asthma | Bronchodilatator | Long Acting Muscarinic Antagonist |
| Volasertib | Phase III | Various cancer types | Cell-cycle kinase inhibition | PLK-1 antagonist |
* These are investigational agents; their safety and efficacy have not yet been established.
Status: April 2013
Successful Products from our Boehringer-Ingelheim Research & Development
| Product name | First launch | Active ingredient | Indication |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gilotrif™ | 2013 | Afatinib | Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) |
| Trajenta® | 2011 | Linagliptin | Diabetes mellitus type II |
| Pradaxa® | 2010 2008 |
Dabigatran etexilate | Stroke prevention in atrial fibrillationPrevention of venous thromboembolic events (VTE) in adults |
| Spiriva® Respimat Soft Mist™ InhalerSpiriva® |
2007 2002 |
Tiotropium | COPD |
| Micardis® | 1998 | Telmisartan | Essential hypertension |
| Sifrol® / Mirapex® /Mirapexin® | 20061997 | Pramipexole | Restless legs syndrome (RLS) Parkinson’s disease (PD) |
| Viramune® | 1996 | Nevirapine | HIV/AIDS |
Oncology Websites
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DR ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO
ORGANIC SPECTROSCOPY
New Drug Approvals 