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Evofosfamide

April 28, 2015 4:38 am / 1 Comment on Evofosfamide

Evofosfamide, HAP-302 , TH-302

Evofosfamide
Names

IUPAC name (1-Methyl-2-nitro-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl N,N’-bis(2-bromoethyl)phosphorodiamidate
Other names TH-302; HAP-302
Identifiers
CAS Registry Number	918633-87-1
ChemSpider	10157061
InChI [show]
Jmol-3D images	Image
PubChem	11984561
SMILES [show]
Properties
Molecular formula	C₉H₁₆Br₂N₅O₄P
Molar mass	449.04 g·mol⁻¹
Solubility in water	6 to 7 g/l

TH-302 is a nitroimidazole-linked prodrug of a brominated derivative of an isophosphoramide mustard previously used in cancer drugs

evofosfamide (first disclosed in WO2007002931), useful for treating cancer.

Threshold Pharmaceuticals and licensee Merck Serono are codeveloping evofosfamide, the lead in a series of topoisomerase II-inhibiting hypoxia-activated prodrugs and a 2-nitroimidazole-triggered bromo analog of ifosfamide, for treating cancer, primarily soft tissue sarcoma and pancreatic cancer (phase 3 clinical, as of April 2015).

In November 2014, the FDA granted Fast Track designation to the drug for the treatment of previously untreated patients with metastatic or locally advanced unresectable soft tissue sarcoma.

Evofosfamide (INN,^[1] USAN;^[2] formerly known as TH-302) is an investigational hypoxia-activated prodrug that is in clinical development for cancer treatment. The prodrug is activated only at very low levels of oxygen (hypoxia). Such levels are common in human solid tumors, a phenomenon known as tumor hypoxia.^[3]

Evofosfamide is being evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of multiple tumor types as a monotherapy and in combination with chemotherapeutic agents and other targeted cancer drugs
Discovered at Threshold, TH-302 is a hypoxia-activated prodrug (HAP) designed to exploit low oxygen levels in hypoxic tumor regions. Therapeutics that specifically target resistant hypoxic zones could provide significant additional antitumor activity and clinical benefit over current chemotherapeutic and radiation therapies.

Evofosfamide (TH-302) was developed by Threshold Pharmaceuticals Inc. (Threshold).^[4] The company is located in South San Francisco, CA, USA.

In 2012, Threshold signed a global license and co-development agreement for evofosfamide with Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, which includes an option for Threshold to co-commercialize eofosfamide in the United States. Threshold is responsible for the development of evofosfamide in the soft tissue sarcoma indication in the United States. In all other cancer indications, Threshold and Merck KGaA are developing evofosfamide together.^[5] From 2012 to 2013, Merck KGaA paid 110 million US$ for upfront payment and milestone payments to Threshold. Additionally, Merck KGaA covers 70% of all evofosfamide development expenses.^[6]
Discovered at Threshold, TH-302 is a hypoxia-activated prodrug (HAP) designed to exploit low oxygen levels in hypoxic tumor regions. Therapeutics that specifically target resistant hypoxic zones could provide significant additional antitumor activity and clinical benefit over current chemotherapeutic and radiation therapies.

History

Date	Event
Jun 2005	Threshold files evofosfamide (TH-302) patent applications in the U.S.^[49]
Jun 2006	Threshold files a evofosfamide (TH-302) patent application in the EU and in Japan^[50]
Sep 2011	Threshold starts a Phase 3 trial (TH-CR-406) of evofosfamide in combination with doxorubicin in patients with soft tissue sarcoma
Feb 2012	Threshold signs an agreement with Merck KGaA to co-develop evofosfamide
Apr 2012	A Phase 2b trial (TH-CR-404) of evofosfamide in combination with gemcitabine in patients with pancreatic cancer meets primary endpoint

SEE

WO2007002931

http://www.google.com/patents/WO2007002931A2?cl=en

Example 8

Synthesis of Compounds 25, 26 [0380] To a solution of 2-bromoethylammmonium bromide (19.4 g) in DCM (90 mL) at – 1O⁰C was added a solution OfPOCl₃ (2.3 mL) in DCM (4 mL) followed by addition of a solution of TEA (14.1 mL) in DCM (25 mL). The reaction mixture was filtered, the filtrate concentrated to ca. 30% of the original volume and filtered. The residue was washed with DCM (3×25 mL) and the combined DCM portions concentrated to yield a solid to which a mixture of THF (6 mL) and water (8 mL) was added. THF was removed in a rotary evaporator, the resulting solution chilled overnight in a fridge. The precipitate obtained was filtered, washed with water (10 mL) and ether (30 mL), and dryed in vacuo to yield 2.1 g of:

Isophosphoramide mustard

can be synthesized employing the method provided in Example 8, substituting 2- bromoethylammmonium bromide with 2-chloroethylammmonium chloride. Synthesis of Isophosphoramide mustard has been described (see for example Wiessler et al., supra).

The phosphoramidate alkylator toxin:

was transformed into compounds 24 and 25, employing the method provided in Example 6 and the appropriate Trigger-OH.

Example 25

Synthesis of l-N-methyl-2-nitroimidazole-5-carboxylis acid

A suspension of the nitro ester (39.2 g, 196.9 rnmol) in IN NaOH (600 mL) and water (200 mL) was stirred at rt for about 20 h to give a clear light brown solution. The pH of the reaction mixture was adjusted to about 1 by addition of cone. HCl and the reaction mixture extracted with EA (5 x 150 mL). The combined ethyl acetate layers were dried over MgS O4 and concentrated to yield l-N-methyl-2-nitroimidazole-5-carboxylis acid (“nitro acid”) as a light brown solid (32.2 g, 95%). Example 26

Synthesis of l-N-methyl-2-nitroimidazole-5-carboxylis acid

A mixture of the nitro acid (30.82 g, 180.23 mmol) and triethylamine (140 niL, 285 mmol) in anhydrous THF (360 mL) was stirred while the reaction mixture was cooled in a dry ice-acetonitrile bath (temperature < -20 ⁰C). Isobutyl chloroformate (37.8 mL, 288 mmol) was added drop wise to this cooled reaction mixture during a period of 10 min and stirred for 1 h followed by the addition of sodium borohydride (36 g, 947 mmol) and dropwise addition of water during a period of 1 h while maintaining a temperature around or less than O⁰C. The reaction mixture was warmed up to O⁰C. The solid was filtered off and washed with THF. The combined THF portions were evaporated to yield l-N-methyl-2- nitroimidazole-5-methanol as an orange solid (25 g) which was recrystallized from ethyl acetate.

……………………………………….

WO-2015051921

EXAMPLE 1

N-Formylsarcosine ethyl ester 1 (1 ,85 kg) was dissolved in toluene (3,9 kg) and ethyl formate (3,28 kg) and cooled to 10 °C. A 20 wt-% solution of potassium tert-butoxide (1 ,84 kg) in tetrahydrofuran (7,4 kg) was added and stirring was continued for 3h. The reaction mixture was extracted 2x with a solution of sodium chloride in water (10 wt-%) and the combined water extracts were washed lx with toluene.

Aqueous hydrogen chloride (25% wt-%; 5,62 kg) was added to the aqueous solution, followed by ethylene glycol (2,36 kg). The reaction mixture was heated to 55-60 °C for lh before only the organic solvent residues were distilled off under vacuum.

Aqueous Cyanamide (50 wt-%, 2,16 kg) was then added at 20 °C, followed by sodium acetate (3,04 kg). The resulting reaction mixture was heated to 85-90 °C for 2h and cooled to 0-5 °C before a pH of ~ 8-9 was adjusted via addition of aqueous sodium hydroxide (32% wt-%; 4,1 kg). Compound 3 (1,66 kg; 75%) was isolated after filtration and washing with water.

Ή-NMR (400 MHz, d6-DMSO): δ= 1,24 (3H, t, J= 7,1 Hz); 3,53 (3H, s); 4,16 (2H, q, J= 7,0 Hz) ; 6,15 (s, 2 H); 7,28 (s, 1H).

HPLC (R_t = 7,7 min): 97,9% (a/a).

REFERENCES

WHO Drug Information; Recommended INN: List 73
2
Adopted Names of the United States Adopted Names Council
3
Duan J; Jiao, H; Kaizerman, J; Stanton, T; Evans, JW; Lan, L; Lorente, G; Banica, M et al. (2008). “Potent and Highly Selective Hypoxia-Activated Achiral Phosphoramidate Mustards as Anticancer Drugs”. J. Med. Chem. 51 (8): 2412–20. doi:10.1021/jm701028q. PMID 18257544.
4
Website of Threshold Pharmaceuticals Inc.
5
Threshold Pharmaceuticals and Merck KGaA Announce Global Agreement to Co-Develop and Commercialize Phase 3 Hypoxia-Targeted Drug TH-302 – Press release from 3 February 2012
6

Threshold Pharmaceuticals Form 8-K from 3 Nov 2014

DHAKA BANGLADESH

Steamers and ferries in Sadarghat Port

Kawran Bazar

Dry fish sellers at the Karwan Dry Fish Market (Bazar), Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Sage Therapeutics receives fast track designation for status epilepticus therapy

July 24, 2014 7:34 am / 1 Comment on Sage Therapeutics receives fast track designation for status epilepticus therapy

SAGE-547

ALLOPREGNANOLONE

Sage Therapeutics (Originator)

Sage Therapeutics

For Epilepsy, status epilepticus

SGE-102; SAGE-547; allopregnanolone; allosteric GABA A receptor modulators (CNS disorders),

Sage Therapeutics receives fast track designation for status epilepticus therapy
Ligand Pharmaceuticals announced that its partner Sage Therapeutics has received fast track designation from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the Captisol-enabled SAGE-547 to treat status epilepticus.

read at

http://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/news/newssage-therapeutics-receives-fast-track-designation-for-status-epilepticus-therapy-4324543?WT.mc_id=DN_News

Chemical Name: (3α)-Allopregnanolone

Synonyms: (+)-3α-Hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one; (3α,5α)-3-Hydroxypregnan-20-one; 3α,5α-THP; 3α,5α-Tetrahydroprogesterone; 3α-Hydroxy-5α-dihydroprogesterone; 3α-Hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one; 3α-Hydroxy-5α-pregnane-20-one; 5α-Pregnan-3α-ol-20-one; 5α-Pregnane-3α-ol-20-one; Allopregnan-3α-ol-20-one; Allopregnanolone; Allotetrahydroprogesterone;

CAS Number: 516-54-1

Applications: (3α)-Allopregnanolone acts as a GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator. (3α)-Allopregnanolone is a metabolite of Progesterone (P755900). (3α)-Allopregnanolone is a neuroactive steroid present in the blood and also the brain.

References: Puja, G. et al.: Neuron, 4, 759 (1990); Belelli, D. et ael. Neurosteroid, 6, 565 (2006); Viapiano, M. et al.: Neurochem. Res., 23, 155 (1998);

Mol. Formula: C21H34O2

Appearance: White Solid

Melting Point: 174-176°C

Mol. Weight: 318.49

SAGE-547 is a GABA(A) receptor modulator in phase I/II clinical trials at Sage Therapeutics as adjunctive therapy for the treatment of adults with super-refractory status epilepticus (SRSE).

In 2014, orphan drug designation was assigned in the U.S for the treatment of status epilepticus. In July 2014, fast track designation was received in the U.S. for the treatment of adults with super-refractory status epilepticus (SRSE).

July 22, 2014

SAGE Therapeutics, a biopharmaceutical company developing novel medicines to treat life-threatening, rare central nervous system (CNS) disorders, announced today that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted fast track designation to the SAGE-547 development program. SAGE-547 is an allosteric modulator of GABAA receptors in development for the treatment of adult patients with refractory status epilepticus who have not responded to standard regimens (super-refractory status epilepticus, or SRSE). SAGE is currently evaluating SAGE-547 in a Phase 1/2 clinical trial for the treatment of SRSE. Preliminary data indicate that the first four patients enrolled in the clinical trial met the key efficacy endpoint, in that each was successfully weaned off his or her anesthetic agent while SAGE-547 was being administered. There have also been no reported drug-related serious adverse events in these four patients to date.

“The fast track designation for SAGE-547 recognizes the significant unmet need that exists in the treatment of super-refractory status epilepticus,” said Jeff Jonas, MD, chief executive officer of SAGE Therapeutics. “The receipt of orphan drug designation earlier this year for status epilepticus and the fast track designation are both significant regulatory milestones for SAGE-547, and we will continue to work closely with the FDA to advance our lead compound and the additional programs in our pipeline for the treatment of life-threatening CNS disorders.”

Fast track designation is granted by the FDA to facilitate the development and expedite the review of drug candidates that are intended to treat serious or life-threatening conditions and that demonstrate the potential to address unmet medical needs.

About SAGE-547

SAGE-547 is an allosteric modulator of both synaptic and extra-synaptic GABAA receptors. GABAA receptors are widely regarded as validated drug targets for a variety of CNS disorders, with decades of research and multiple approved drugs targeting these receptor systems. SAGE-547 is an intravenous agent in Phase 1/2 clinical development as an adjunctive therapy, a therapy combined with current therapeutic approaches, for the treatment of SRSE.

About Status Epilepticus (SE)

SE is a life-threatening seizure condition that occurs in approximately 150,000 people each year in the U.S., of which 30,000 SE patients die.1 We estimate that there are 35,000 patients with SE in the U.S. that are hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU) each year. An SE patient is first treated with benzodiazepines, and if no response, is then treated with other, second-line, anti-seizure drugs. If the seizure persists after the second-line therapy, the patient is diagnosed as having refractory SE (RSE), admitted to the ICU and placed into a medically induced coma. Currently, there are no therapies that have been specifically approved for RSE; however, physicians typically use anesthetic agents to induce the coma and stop the seizure immediately. After a period of 24 hours, an attempt is made to wean the patient from the anesthetic agents to evaluate whether or not the seizure condition has resolved. Unfortunately, not all patients respond to weaning attempts, in which case the patient must be maintained in the medically induced coma. At this point, the patient is diagnosed as having SRSE. Currently, there are no therapies specifically approved for SRSE.

About SAGE Therapeutics

SAGE Therapeutics (NASDAQ: SAGE) is a biopharmaceutical company committed to developing and commercializing novel medicines to treat life-threatening, rare CNS disorders. SAGE’s lead program, SAGE-547, is in clinical development for super-refractory status epilepticus and is the first of several compounds the company is developing in its portfolio of potential seizure medicines. SAGE’s proprietary chemistry platform has generated multiple new compounds that target GABAA and NMDA receptors, which are broadly accepted as impacting many psychiatric and neurological disorders. SAGE Therapeutics is a public company launched in 2010 by an experienced team of R&D leaders, CNS experts and investors. For more information, please visitwww.sagerx.com.

Allopregnanolone

IUPAC name 1-(3-hydroxy-10,13-dimethyl- 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydro- 1H-cyclopenta[a] phenanthren-17-yl)ethanone
Other names 3α,5α-Tetrahydroprogesterone
Identifiers

PubChem	262961
ChemSpider	17216124
ChEMBL	CHEMBL38856
Jmol-3D images	Image 1

Properties
Molecular formula	C₂₁H₃₄O₂
Molar mass	318.49 g/mol

Allopregnanolone (3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one or 3α,5α-tetrahydroprogesterone), generally abbreviated as ALLO or as 3α,5α-THP, is an endogenous inhibitory pregnane neurosteroid.^[1] It is synthesized from progesterone, and is a potent positive allosteric modulator of the GABA_A receptor.^[1] Allopregnanolone has effects similar to those of other potentiators of the GABA_A receptor such as the benzodiazepines, including anxiolytic, sedative, and anticonvulsant activity.^[1]

The 21-hydroxylated derivative of this compound, tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone (THDOC), is an endogenous inhibitory neurosteroid with similar properties to those of allopregnanolone, and the 3β-methyl analogue of allopregnanolone, ganaxolone, is under development to treat epilepsy and other conditions.^[1]

Biosynthesis

The biosynthesis of allopregnanolone starts with the conversion of progesterone into 5α-dihydroprogesterone by 5α-reductase type I. After that, 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase converts this intermediate into allopregnanolone.^[1]

Depression, anxiety, and sexual dysfunction are frequently-seen side effects of 5α-reductase inhibitors such as finasteride, and are thought to be caused, in part, by interfering with the normal production of allopregnanolone.^[2]

Mechanism

Allopregnanolone acts as a potent positive allosteric modulator of the GABA_A receptor.^[1] While allopregnanolone, like other inhibitory neurosteroids such as THDOC, positively modulates all GABA_A receptor isoforms, those isoforms containing δ subunits exhibit the greatest potentiation.^[1] Allopregnanolone has also been found to act as a positive allosteric modulator of the GABA_A-ρ receptor, though the implications of this action are unclear.^[3]^[4] In addition to its actions on GABA receptors, allopregnanolone, like progesterone, is known to be a negative allosteric modulator of nACh receptors,^[5] and also appears to act as a negative allosteric modulator of the 5-HT₃ receptor.^[6] Along with the other inhibitory neurosteroids, allopregnanolone appears to have little or no action at other ligand-gated ion channels, including the NMDA, AMPA, kainate, and glycine receptors.^[7]

Unlike progesterone, allopregnanolone is inactive at the nuclear progesterone receptor (nPR).^[7] However, allopregnanolone can be intracellularly oxidized into 5α-dihydroprogesterone, which is an agonist of the nPR, and thus/in accordance, allopregnanolone does appear to have indirect nPR-mediated progestogenic effects.^[8] In addition, allopregnanolone has recently been found to be an agonist of the newly-discovered membrane progesterone receptors (mPR), including mPRδ, mPRα, and mPRβ, with its activity at these receptors about a magnitude more potent than at the GABA_A receptor.^[9]^[10] The action of allopregnanolone at these receptors may be related, in part, to its neuroprotective and antigonadotropic properties.^[9]^[11] Also like progesterone, recent evidence has shown that allopregnanolone is an activator of the pregnane X receptor.^[7]^[12]

Similarly to many other GABA_A receptor positive allosteric modulators, allopregnanolone has been found to act as an inhibitor of L-type voltage-gated calcium channels (L-VGCCs),^[13] including α₁ subtypes Ca_v1.2 and Ca_v1.3.^[14] However, the threshold concentration of allopregnanolone to inhibit L-VGCCs was determined to be 3 μM (3,000 nM), which is far greater than the concentration of 5 nM that has been estimated to be naturally produced in the human brain.^[14] Thus, inhibition of L-VGCCs is unlikely of any actual significance in the effects of endogenous allopregnanolone.^[14] Also, allopregnanolone, along with several other neurosteroids, has been found to activate the G protein-coupled bile acid receptor (GPBAR1, or TGR5).^[15] However, it is only able to do so at micromolar concentrations, which, similarly to the case of the L-VGCCs, are far greater than the low nanomolar concentrations of allopregnanolone estimated to be present in the brain.^[15]

Function

Allopregnanolone possesses a wide variety of effects, including, in no particular order, antidepressant, anxiolytic, stress-reducing, rewarding,^[16] prosocial,^[17] antiaggressive,^[18] prosexual,^[17] sedative, pro-sleep,^[19] cognitive and memory-impairing, analgesic,^[20] anesthetic, anticonvulsant, neuroprotective, and neurogenic effects.^[1]

Fluctuations in the levels of allopregnanolone and the other neurosteroids seem to play an important role in the pathophysiology of mood, anxiety, premenstrual syndrome, catamenial epilepsy, and various other neuropsychiatric conditions.^[21]^[22]^[23]

Increased levels of allopregnanolone can produce paradoxical effects, including negative mood, anxiety, irritability, and aggression.^[24]^[25]^[26] This appears to be because allopregnanolone possesses biphasic, U-shaped actions at the GABA_A receptor – moderate level increases (in the range of 1.5–2 nM/L total allopregnanolone, which are approximately equivalent to luteal phase levels) inhibit the activity of the receptor, while lower and higher concentration increases stimulate it.^[24]^[25] This seems to be a common effect of many GABA_A receptor positive allosteric modulators.^[26]^[21] In accordance, acute administration of low doses of micronized progesterone (which reliably elevates allopregnanolone levels), have been found to have negative effects on mood, while higher doses have a neutral effect.^[27]

Therapeutic applications

Allopregnanolone and the other endogenous inhibitory neurosteroids have very short half-lives, and for this reason, have not been pursued for clinical use themselves. Instead, synthetic analogs with improved pharmacokinetic profiles, such as ganaxolone, have been synthesized and are being investigated. However, exogenous progesterone, such as oral micronized progesterone (OMP), reliably elevates allopregnanolone levels in the body with good dose-to-serum level correlations.^[28] Due to this, it has been suggested that OMP could be described as a prodrug of sorts for allopregnanolone.^[28] As a result, there has been some interest in using OMP to treat catamenial epilepsy,^[29] as well as other menstrual cycle-related and neurosteroid-associated conditions.

……………………………………….

http://www.google.com/patents/WO2006037016A2?cl=en

Materials and Methods

[0181] The materials and methods used for the follwing experiments have been described in Griffin L.D., et al, Nature Medicine 10: 704-711 (2004). This reference is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Example 1: Allopregnanolone Treatment of Niemann Pick type-C Mice Substantially Reduces Accumulation of the Gangliosides GMl, GM2, and GM3 in the Brain [0182] Mice were given a single injection of allopregnanolone, prepared in 20% βcyclodextrin in phosphate buffered saline, at a concentration of 25 mg/kg. The injection was on day 7 of life (P7, postnatal day 7). Concentrations of gangliosides GMl, GM2, GM3, were measured as well as other lipids such as ceramides and cerebrosides.

…………………………………………….

WO-2014031792 OR EQ

http://www.google.com/patents/US20140057885?cl=en

…………………………………….

WO-2013112605

http://www.google.com/patents/WO2013112605A2?cl=en

References

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Römer B, Gass P (December 2010). “Finasteride-induced depression: new insights into possible pathomechanisms”. J Cosmet Dermatol 9 (4): 331–2. doi:10.1111/j.1473-2165.2010.00533.x. PMID 21122055.
Morris KD, Moorefield CN, Amin J (October 1999). “Differential modulation of the gamma-aminobutyric acid type C receptor by neuroactive steroids”. Mol. Pharmacol. 56 (4): 752–9. PMID 10496958.
Li W, Jin X, Covey DF, Steinbach JH (October 2007). “Neuroactive steroids and human recombinant rho1 GABAC receptors”. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 323 (1): 236–47. doi:10.1124/jpet.107.127365. PMID 17636008.
Bullock AE, Clark AL, Grady SR, et al. (June 1997). “Neurosteroids modulate nicotinic receptor function in mouse striatal and thalamic synaptosomes”. J. Neurochem. 68 (6): 2412–23. PMID 9166735.
Wetzel CH, Hermann B, Behl C, et al. (September 1998). “Functional antagonism of gonadal steroids at the 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 receptor”. Mol. Endocrinol. 12 (9): 1441–51. doi:10.1210/mend.12.9.0163. PMID 9731711.
Mellon SH (October 2007). “Neurosteroid regulation of central nervous system development”. Pharmacol. Ther. 116 (1): 107–24. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.04.011. PMC 2386997. PMID 17651807.
Rupprecht R, Reul JM, Trapp T, et al. (September 1993). “Progesterone receptor-mediated effects of neuroactive steroids”. Neuron 11 (3): 523–30. PMID 8398145.
Thomas P, Pang Y (2012). “Membrane progesterone receptors: evidence for neuroprotective, neurosteroid signaling and neuroendocrine functions in neuronal cells”. Neuroendocrinology 96 (2): 162–71. doi:10.1159/000339822. PMC 3489003. PMID 22687885.
Pang Y, Dong J, Thomas P (January 2013). “Characterization, neurosteroid binding and brain distribution of human membrane progesterone receptors δ and {epsilon} (mPRδ and mPR{epsilon}) and mPRδ involvement in neurosteroid inhibition of apoptosis”. Endocrinology 154 (1): 283–95. doi:10.1210/en.2012-1772. PMC 3529379. PMID 23161870.
Sleiter N, Pang Y, Park C, et al. (August 2009). “Progesterone receptor A (PRA) and PRB-independent effects of progesterone on gonadotropin-releasing hormone release”. Endocrinology 150 (8): 3833–44. doi:10.1210/en.2008-0774. PMC 2717864. PMID 19423765.
Lamba V, Yasuda K, Lamba JK, et al. (September 2004). “PXR (NR1I2): splice variants in human tissues, including brain, and identification of neurosteroids and nicotine as PXR activators”. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 199 (3): 251–65. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2003.12.027. PMID 15364541.
Hu AQ, Wang ZM, Lan DM, et al. (July 2007). “Inhibition of evoked glutamate release by neurosteroid allopregnanolone via inhibition of L-type calcium channels in rat medial prefrontal cortex”. Neuropsychopharmacology 32 (7): 1477–89. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301261. PMID 17151597.
Earl DE, Tietz EI (April 2011). “Inhibition of recombinant L-type voltage-gated calcium channels by positive allosteric modulators of GABAA receptors”. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 337 (1): 301–11. doi:10.1124/jpet.110.178244. PMC 3063747. PMID 21262851.
Keitel V, Görg B, Bidmon HJ, et al. (November 2010). “The bile acid receptor TGR5 (Gpbar-1) acts as a neurosteroid receptor in brain”. Glia 58 (15): 1794–805. doi:10.1002/glia.21049. PMID 20665558.
Rougé-Pont F, Mayo W, Marinelli M, Gingras M, Le Moal M, Piazza PV (July 2002). “The neurosteroid allopregnanolone increases dopamine release and dopaminergic response to morphine in the rat nucleus accumbens”. Eur. J. Neurosci. 16 (1): 169–73. PMID 12153544.
Frye CA (December 2009). “Neurosteroids’ effects and mechanisms for social, cognitive, emotional, and physical functions”. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 34 Suppl 1: S143–61. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.07.005. PMC 2898141. PMID 19656632.
Pinna G, Costa E, Guidotti A (February 2005). “Changes in brain testosterone and allopregnanolone biosynthesis elicit aggressive behavior”. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 (6): 2135–40. doi:10.1073/pnas.0409643102. PMC 548579. PMID 15677716.
Terán-Pérez G, Arana-Lechuga Y, Esqueda-León E, Santana-Miranda R, Rojas-Zamorano JÁ, Velázquez Moctezuma J (October 2012). “Steroid hormones and sleep regulation”. Mini Rev Med Chem 12 (11): 1040–8. PMID 23092405.
Patte-Mensah C, Meyer L, Taleb O, Mensah-Nyagan AG (February 2014). “Potential role of allopregnanolone for a safe and effective therapy of neuropathic pain”. Prog. Neurobiol. 113: 70–8. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.07.004. PMID 23948490.
Bäckström T, Andersson A, Andreé L, et al. (December 2003). “Pathogenesis in menstrual cycle-linked CNS disorders”. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1007: 42–53. PMID 14993039.
Guille C, Spencer S, Cavus I, Epperson CN (July 2008). “The role of sex steroids in catamenial epilepsy and premenstrual dysphoric disorder: implications for diagnosis and treatment”. Epilepsy Behav 13 (1): 12–24. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2008.02.004. PMID 18346939.
Finocchi C, Ferrari M (May 2011). “Female reproductive steroids and neuronal excitability”. Neurol. Sci. 32 Suppl 1: S31–5. doi:10.1007/s10072-011-0532-5. PMID 21533709.
Bäckström T, Haage D, Löfgren M, et al. (September 2011). “Paradoxical effects of GABA-A modulators may explain sex steroid induced negative mood symptoms in some persons”. Neuroscience 191: 46–54. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.03.061. PMID 21600269.
Andréen L, Nyberg S, Turkmen S, van Wingen G, Fernández G, Bäckström T (September 2009). “Sex steroid induced negative mood may be explained by the paradoxical effect mediated by GABAA modulators”. Psychoneuroendocrinology 34 (8): 1121–32. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.02.003. PMID 19272715.
Bäckström T, Bixo M, Johansson M, et al. (February 2014). “Allopregnanolone and mood disorders”. Prog. Neurobiol. 113: 88–94. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.07.005. PMID 23978486.
Andréen L, Sundström-Poromaa I, Bixo M, Nyberg S, Bäckström T (August 2006). “Allopregnanolone concentration and mood–a bimodal association in postmenopausal women treated with oral progesterone”. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 187 (2): 209–21. doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0417-0. PMID 16724185.
Andréen L, Spigset O, Andersson A, Nyberg S, Bäckström T (June 2006). “Pharmacokinetics of progesterone and its metabolites allopregnanolone and pregnanolone after oral administration of low-dose progesterone”. Maturitas 54 (3): 238–44. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2005.11.005. PMID 16406399.
Orrin Devinsky; Steven Schachter; Steven Pacia (1 January 2005). Complementary and Alternative Therapies for Epilepsy. Demos Medical Publishing. pp. 378–. ISBN 978-1-934559-08-6.

Additional reading

Herd, MB; Belelli, D; Lambert, JJ (2007). Neurosteroid modulation of synaptic and extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors. Pharmacol. Ther. 116(1):20-34. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.03.007.

Nemonoxacin….TaiGen’s pneumonia antibiotic Taigexyn 奈诺沙星 gets marketing approval in Taiwan

March 18, 2014 4:07 am / Leave a comment

Nemonoxacin 奈诺沙星

378746-64-6 CAS

TG-873870

C20-H25-N3-O4

371.4345

WARNER CHILCOTT ORIGINATOR

CLINICAL TRIALS http://clinicaltrials.gov/search/intervention=Nemonoxacin

(3S,5S)-7-[3-amino-5-methyl-piperidinyl]-l-cyclopropyl-l,4- dihydro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid

7-[3(S)-Amino-5(S)-methylpiperidin-1-yl]-1-cyclopropyl-8-methoxy-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid
Taigexyn has been approved in Taiwan IN 2014

太景生物

“TAIPEI, MARCH 13, 2014 /PRNEWSWIRE/ — TAIGEN BIOTECHNOLOGY …”
13.03.14 |

TaiGen Biotechnology Receives Marketing Approval from the Taiwan Food and Drug Administration for Taigexyn in Taiwan

TAIPEI, March 13, 2014 /PRNewswire/ — TaiGen Biotechnology Company, Limited (“TaiGen”) today announced that the Taiwan Food and Drug Administration (TFDA) has approved the new drug application (NDA) of Taigexyn® (nemonoxacin) oral formulation (500 mg) for the treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CAP). With this NDA approval, Taiwan is the first region to grant marketing approval to Taigexyn®. An NDA for Taigexyn® was also submitted to China FDA (CFDA) in April 2013 and is currently under review.

http://www.ad-hoc-news.de/taigen-biotechnology-receives-marketing-approval-from-the-taiwan-food-and-drug-administration-for-taigexyn-in-taiwan–/de/News/35824729

Nemonoxacin is a novel non-fluorinated quinolone antibiotic undergoing clinical trials.

Taigexyn Granted QIDP and Fast Track Designations

TaiGen Biotechnology announced that the FDA has granted nemonoxacin (Taigexyn) Qualified Infectious Disease Product (QIDP) and Fast Track designations for community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CAP) and acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSI).

Safety and clinical pharmacokinetics of nemonoxacin, a novel non-fluorinated quinolone, in healthy Chinese volunteers following single and multiple oral doses

Nemonoxacin is a novel non-fluorinated quinolone broad spectrum antibiotic available in both oral and intravenous formulations. Nemonoxacin demonstrates activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and atypical pathogens. Nemonoxacin also possesses activities against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant pathogens.

Nemonoxacin is a novel non-flourinated quinolone antibiotic registered in Taiwan for the oral treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. Clinical trials are in development at TaiGen Biotechnology for the treatment of diabetic foot infections and for the treatment of moderate to severe community-acquired pneumonia with an intravenous formulation. The drug is thought to accomplish its antibacterial action through topoisomerase inhibition.

Originally developed at Procter & Gamble, nemonoxacin was the subject of a strategic alliance formed in January 2005 between P&G and TaiGen to further the development and commercialization of nemonoxacin. In 2012, the product was licensed by TaiGen Biotechnology to Zhejiang Medicine in China for manufacturing, sales and marketing. In 2014, TaiGen out-licensed the exclusive rights of the product in Russian Federation, Commonwealth Independent States and Turkey to R-Pharm.

TaiGen has completed two Phase 2 clinical studies, one in CAP and the other in diabetic foot infections with demonstrated efficacy and safety. In the clinical trials conducted to date, nemonoxacin has shown activity against drug-resistant bacteria such as MRSA, quinolone-resistant MRSA, as well as quinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Malate salt

Nemonoxacin malate anhydrous
951163-60-3 CAS NO, MW: 505.5209

Nemonoxacin malate hemihydrate
951313-26-1, MW: 1029.0566

Chemical structure of nemonoxacin as a malate salt (C20H25N3O4·C4H6O5·H2O). Nemonoxacin is the free base, and its molecular mass is 371.44 g/mol. The molecular mass of the salt, nemonoxacin malate, is 514.53 g/mol.

……………………..

isomeric compounds are:

(3S,5S)-7-[3-amino-5-methyl-piperidinyl]-l-cyclopropyl-l,4-dihydro-8- methoxy-4-oxo-3 -quinolinecarboxylic acid

COMPD1…….DESIRED

(3S,5R)-7-[3-amino-5-methyl-piperidinyl]-l-cyclopropyl-l,4-dihydro-8- methoxy-4-oxo-3 -quinolinecarboxylic acid

COMPD 1’….NOT DESIRED

EP2303271A1

Example 1

Malate salts of (3S,5S)-7-[3-amino-5-methyl-piperidinyl]-l-cyclopropyl-l,4- dihydro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid (Compound 1) and (3S,5R)-7- [3-ammo-5-methyl-piperidinyl]- 1 -cyclopropyl- 1 ,4-dihydro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-3- quinolinecarboxylic acid (Compound 1′) were synthesized as follows:

(A) Synthesis of (3S,5S)-(5-Methyl-piperidin-3-yl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (Compound 9) and (3S,5R)-(5-Methyl-piperidin-3-yl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (Compound 9′): Compound 9′ was synthesized as shown in Scheme 1 below:

Scheme 1

3 4 Boc

A 50-L reactor was charged with Compound 2 (5.50 kg, 42.60 mol), methanol (27 L) and cooled to 10-15⁰C. Thionyl chloride (10.11 kg, 2.0 equiv.) was added via an addition funnel over a period of 65 min, with external cooling to keep temperature below 30°. The resulting solution was stirred at 25⁰C for 1.0 hour, after which methanol was removed under reduced pressure. The oily residue was azeotroped with ethyl acetate (3 x 2.5 L) to remove residual methanol, dissolved in ethyl acetate (27.4 L), charged into a 50 L reactor, and neutralized by slow addition of triethylamine (3.6 kg) below 3O⁰C. The resulting suspension was filtered to remove triethylamine hydrochloride.

The filtrate was charged to a 50 L reactor, along with DMAP (0.53 kg). Di- fert-butyl dicarbonate (8.43 kg) was added via hot water heated addition funnel, over a period of 30 min at a temperature of 20-30⁰C. The reaction was complete after 1 hour as determined by TLC analysis. The organic phase was washed with ice cold IN HCl (2 x 7.5 L), saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (1 x 7.5 L), dried over magnesium sulfate, and filtered. After ethyl acetate was removed under reduced pressure, crystalline slurry was obtained, triturated with MTBE (10.0 L), and filtered to afford Compound 3 as a white solid (5.45 kg, 52.4%).

Anal. Calcd for C_HH_I7NO₅ : C, 54.3; H, 7.04; N, 5.76. Found: C, 54.5; H, 6.96; N, 5.80. HRMS (ESI⁺) Expected for C_HH_I8NO₅, [M+H] 244.1185. Found

244.1174; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz):δ=4.54 (dd, J= 3.1, 9.5 Hz, IH), 3.7 (s, 3H), 2.58-2.50 (m, IH), 2.41 (ddd, IH, J= 17.6, 9.5, 3.7), 2.30-2.23 (m, IH), 1.98-1.93 (m, IH), 1.40 (s, 9H); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 125.70 MHz) δ 173.3, 171.9, 149.2, 83.5, 58.8, 52.5, 31.1, 27.9, 21.5. Mp 70.2⁰C.

A 50-L reactor was charged with Compound 3 (7.25 kg, 28.8 mol), DME (6.31 kg), and Bredereck’s Reagent (7.7 kg, 44.2 mole). The solution was agitated and heated to 75⁰C + 5⁰C for three hours. The reaction was cooled to O⁰C over an hour, during which time a precipitate formed. The mixture was kept at O⁰C for an hour, filtered, and dried in a vacuum oven for at least 30 hours at 3O⁰C + 5⁰C to give compound 4 as a white crystalline solid (6.93 kg, 77.9%).

Anal. Calcd for Ci₄H₂₂N₂O₅: C, 56.4; H, 7.43; N, 9.39. Found C, 56.4; H, 7.32; N, 9.48; HRMS (ESI⁺) Expected for Ci₄H₂₂N₂O₅, [M+H] 299.1607. Found 299.1613; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 499.8 MHz) δ = 7.11 (s, IH), 4.54 (dd, IH, J= 10.8, 3.6), 3.74 (s, 3H), 3.28-3.19 (m, IH), 3.00 (s, 6H), 2.97-2.85 (m,lH), 1.48 (s, 9H); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 125.7 MHz) δ = 172.6, 169.5, 150.5, 146.5, 90.8, 82.2, 56.0, 52.3, 42.0, 28.1, 26.3. MP 127.9⁰C. A 10-gallon Pfaudler reactor was charged with ESCAT 142 (Engelhard Corp.

N.J, US) 5% palladium powder on carbon (50% wet, 0.58 kg wet wt), Compound 4 (1.89 kg, 6.33 mol), and isopropanol (22.4 Kg). After agitated under a 45-psi hydrogen atmosphere at 45⁰C for 18 hrs, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered though a bed of Celite (0.51 kg). The filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure to give a thick oil, which was solidified on standing to afford Compound 5 (1.69 kg, 100%) as a 93:7 diastereomeric mixture.

A sample of product mixture was purified by preparative HPLC to give material for analytical data. Anal. Calcd for Ci₂Hi₉NO₅: C, 56.0; H, 7.44; N, 5.44. Found C, 55.8; H, 7.31; N, 5.44; MS (ESI⁺) Expected for Ci₂Hi₉NO₅, [M+H] 258.1342. Found 258.1321; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 499.8 MHz) δ = 4.44 (m, IH), 3.72 (s, 3H), 2.60-2.48 (m, 2H), 1.59-1.54 (m, IH), 1.43 (s, 9H), 1.20 (d, j = 6.8 Hz,3H); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 125.7 MHz) δ = 175.7, 172.1, 149.5, 83.6, 57.4, 52.5, 37.5, 29.8, 27.9, 16.2. Mp 89.9⁰C.

A 50-L reactor was charged with Compound 5 (3.02 kg, 11.7 mol), absolute ethanol (8.22 kg), and MTBE (14.81 kg). Sodium borohydride (1.36 kg, 35.9 mol) was added in small portions at 0⁰C + 5⁰C. A small amount of effervescence was observed. The reaction mixture was warmed to 1O⁰C + 5⁰C and calcium chloride dihydrate (2.65 kg) was added in portions at 1O⁰C + 5⁰C over an hour. The reaction was allowed to warm to 2O⁰C + 5⁰C over one hour and agitated for an additional 12 hours at 20⁰C + 5⁰C. After the reaction was cooled to -5⁰C + 5⁰C, ice-cold 2N HCl (26.9 kg) was added slowly at of O⁰C + 5⁰C. Agitation was stopped. The lower aqueous phase was removed. The reactor was charged with aqueous saturated sodium bicarbonate (15.6 kg) over five minutes under agitation. Agitation was stopped again and the lower aqueous phase was removed. The reactor was charged with magnesium sulfate (2.5 kg) and agitated for at leastlO minutes. The mixture was filtered though a nutsche filter, and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 6 (1.80 kg, 66%). Anal. Calcd for CnH₂₃NO₄: C, 56.6 H, 9.94; N, 6.00. Found C, 56.0; H, 9.68;

N, 5.96; HRMS (ESI⁺) Expected for CnH₂₄NO₄, [M+H] 234.1705. Found 234.1703; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz) δ = 6.34 (d, J= 8.9 Hz, IH, NH), 4.51 (t, J= 5.8, 5.3 Hz, IH, NHCHCH₂OH), 4.34 (t, J= 5.3, 5.3 Hz, IH, OBCHCH₂OH), 3.46-3.45, (m, IH, NHCH), 3.28 (dd, J= 10.6, 5.3 Hz, NHCHCHHOH), 3.21 (dd, J= 10.2, 5.8 Hz , IH, CH₃CHCHHOH), 3.16 (dd, J = 10.2, 6.2 Hz, IH, NHCHCHHOH), 3.12 (dd, J= 10.6, 7.1 Hz , IH, CH₃CHCHHOH), 1.53-1.50 (m, IH, CH₃CHCHHOH), 1.35 (s, 9H, 0(CH_B)₃, 1.30 (ddd, J = 13.9, 10.2, 3.7 Hz, IH, NHCHCHHCH), 1.14 (ddd, J= 13.6, 10.2, 3.4 Hz, IH, NHCHCHHCH), 0.80 (d, J= 6.6 Hz, 3H, CH₃); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 125.7 MHz) δ 156.1, 77.9, 50.8, 65.1, 67.6, 65.1, 35.6, 32.8, 29.0, 17.1. Mp 92.1⁰C. A 50 L reactor was charged with a solution of Compound 6 (5.1 kg) in isopropyl acetate (19.7 kg). The reaction was cooled to 15⁰C + 5°C and triethylamine (7.8 kg) was added at that temperature. The reactor was further cooled to O⁰C + 5⁰C and methanesulfonyl chloride (MsCl) (6.6 kg) was added. The reaction was stirred for a few hours and monitored for completion by HPLC or TLC. The reaction was quenched by saturated aqueous bicarbonate solution. The organic phase was isolated and washed successively with cold 10% aqueous triethylamine solution, cold aqueous HCl solution, cold saturated aqueous bicarbonate solution, and finally saturated aqueous brine solution. The organic phase was dried, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo below 55⁰C + 5⁰C to afford compound 7 as a solid/liquid slurry, which was used in the subsequent reaction without further purification.

After charged with 9.1 kg of neat benzylamine, a 50 L reactor was warmed to 55⁰C, at which temperature, a solution of compound 7 (8.2 kg) in 1,2- dimethoxyethane (14.1 kg) was added. After the addition, the reaction was stirred at 6O⁰C + 5⁰C for several hours and monitored for completion by TLC or HPLC. The reaction was cooled to ambient temperature and the solvent was removed under vacuum. The residue was diluted with 11.7 kg of 15% (v/v) ethyl acetate/hexanes solution and treated, while agitating, with 18.7 kg of 20% (wt) aqueous potassium carbonate solution. A triphasic mixture was obtained upon standing. The upper organic layer was collected. The isolated middle layer was extracted twice again with 11.7 kg portions of 15% (v/v) ethyl acetate/hexanes solution. The combined organic layers were concentrated under vacuum to give an oily residue. The residue was then purified by chromatography to afford Compound 8 as an oil. A 40 L pressure vessel was charged with 0.6 kg 50% wet, solid palladium on carbon (ElOl, 10 wt. %) under flow of nitrogen. A solution of Compound 8 (3.2 kg) in 13.7 kg of absolute ethanol was then added to the reactor under nitrogen. The reactor was purged with nitrogen and then pressurized with hydrogen at 45 psi. The reaction was then heated to 45°C. It was monitored by TLC or LC. Upon completion, the reaction was cooled to ambient temperature, vented, and purged with nitrogen. The mixture was filtered through a bed of Celite and the solid was washed with 2.8 kg of absolute ethanol. The filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to afford Compound 9 as a waxy solid.

TLC R/(Silica F₂₅₄, 70:30 v/v ethyl acetate-hexanes, KMnO₄ stain) = 0.12; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.31 (br s, IH), 3.80-3.68 (m, IH), 2.92 (d, J=I 1.4 Hz,

IH), 2.77 (AB quart, J_AB=12.0 Hz, v=50.2 Hz, 2H), 2.19 (t, J=10.7 Hz, IH), 1.82-1.68 (m, 2H), 1.54 (br s, IH), 1.43 (s, 9H), 1.25-1.15 (m, IH), 0.83 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 155.3, 78.9, 54.3, 50.8, 45.3, 37.9, 28.4, 27.1, 19.2; MS (ESI+) m/z 215 (M+H), 429 (2M+H). Similarly, (3S,5R)-(5-Methyl-piperidin-3-yl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester

(Compound 9′) was synthesized as shown in Scheme 2.

Scheme 2

_HN Boc HN Boc

NaBH₄,EtOH _w – ^“ MsCI₁TEA . „ _. – – _. „ Benzyl Amine

THF EA₁CoId

(B) Synthesis of l-Cyclopropyl-7-fluoro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-l,4-dihydro-quinoline-3- carboxylic acid (Compound 10): Compound 10 was prepared according to the method described in U.S. Patent

6,329,391.

(C) Synthesis of borone ester chelate of l-Cyclopropyl-7-fluoro-8-methoxy-4-oxo- l,4-dihydro-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid (Compound 11):

Scheme 3

Toluene, tert-Butylmethyl ether 20-50⁰C, filter

A reactor was charged with boron oxide (2.0 kg, 29 mol), glacial acetic acid (8.1 L, 142 mol), and acetic anhydride (16.2 L, 171 mol). The resulting mixture was refluxed at least 2 hours, and then cooled to 40⁰C, at which temperature, 7- fluoroquinolone acid compound 10 (14.2 kg, 51 mol) was added. The mixture was refluxed for at least 6 hours, and then cooled to about 90⁰C. Toluene (45 L) was added to the reaction. At 5O⁰C, terϊ-butylmethyl ether (19 L) was added to introduce precipitation. The mixture was then cooled to 20⁰C and filtered to isolate the precipitation. The isolated solid was then washed with teτt-butylmethyl ether (26 L) prior to drying in a vacuum oven at 4O⁰C (50 torr) to afford Compound 11 in a yield of 86.4%. Raman (cm ¹): 3084.7, 3022.3, 2930.8, 1709.2, 1620.8, 1548.5, 1468.0, 1397.7, 1368.3, 1338.5, 1201.5, 955.3, 653.9, 580.7, 552.8, 384.0, 305.8. NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ (ppm): 9.22 (s, IH), 8.38-8.33 (m, IH), 7.54 (t, J=9.8 Hz, IH), 4.38-4.35 (m, IH), 4.13 (s, 3H), 2.04 (s, 6H), 1.42-1.38 (m, 2H), 1.34-1.29 (m, 2H). TLC (Whatman MKC18F Silica, 6θA, 200 μm), Mobile Phase: 1 :1 (v/v) CH₃CN : 0.5N NaCl (aq), UV (254/366 nm) visualization; R^O.4-0.5. (D) Synthesis of malate salt of (3S,5S)-7-[3-amino-5-methyl-piperidmyl]-l- cyclopropyl-l,4-dihydro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid (Compound 1) and malate salt of (3S,5R)-7-[3-amino-5-methyl-piperidmyl]-l-cyclopropyl-l,4- dihydro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid (Compound 1′)

Compound 1 was synthesized from compound 9 as shown in Scheme 4 below:

Scheme 4

5O⁰C 3 d

a 6 0 N HCI (aq) CH₂CI₂ 35°40°C 12 h t> Extract pH ad]ust to ~7-8 50″-65″C filter

A reactor was charged with Compound 11 (4.4 kg, 10.9 mol), Compound 9 (2.1 kg, 9.8 mol), triethylamine (TEA) (2.1 L, 14.8 mol), and acetonitrile (33.5 L, 15.7 L/kg). The resulting mixture was stirred at approximately 50⁰C till completion of the reaction, as monitored by HPLC or reverse phase TLC. It was cooled to approximately 35°C and the reaction volume was reduced to approximately half by distillation of acetonitrile under vacuum between 0-400 torr. After 28.2 kg of 3.0 N NaOH (aq) solution was added, the reaction mixture was warmed to approximately 4O⁰C, distilled under vacuum until no further distillates were observed, and hydro lyzed at room temperature. Upon completion of hydrolysis, which was monitored by HPLC or reverse phase TLC, 4-5 kg of glacial acetic acid was added to neutralize the reaction mixture.

The resulting solution was extracted 3 times with 12.7 kg (9.6 L) of dichloromethane. The organic layers were combined and transferred to another reactor. The reaction volume was reduced to approximately a half by evaporation at 40⁰C. After 20.2 Kg 6.0N HCl (aq) solution was added, the reaction mixture was stirred for at least 12 hours at 35°C. After the reaction was completed as monitored by HPLC or reverse phase TLC, agitation was discontinued to allow phase separation. The organic phase was removed and the aqueous layer was extracted with 12.7 kg (9.6 L) of dichloromethane. The aqueous layer was diluted with 18.3 kg distilled water and warmed to approximately 50⁰C. Dichloromethane was further removed by distillation under vacuum (100-400 torr).

The pH of the aqueous solution was then adjusted to 7.8-8.1 by adding about 9.42 kg of 3.0 N NaOH (aq) below 65°C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 50⁰C for at least an hour and then cooled to room temperature. The precipitate was isolated by suction filtration, washed twice with 5.2 kg of distilled water, and dried with suction for at least 12 hours and then in a convection oven at 55°C for additional 12 hours. Compound 12 (3.2 kg, 79%) was obtained as a solid.

A reactor was charged with 3.2 kg of Compound 12 and 25.6 kg of 95% ethanol. To the reactor was added 1.1 kg of solid D,L-malic acid. The mixture was refluxed temperature (~80°C). Distilled water (-5.7 L) was added to dissolve the precipice and 0.2 kg of activated charcoal was added. The reaction mixture was passed through a filter. The clear filtrate was cooled to 45°C and allowed to sit for at least 2 hours to allow crystallization. After the reaction mixture was further cooled to 5°C, the precipitate was isolated by suction filtration, washed with 6.6 kg of 95% ethanol, and dried with suction for at least 4 hours. The solid was further dried in a convection oven at 45⁰C for at least 12 hours to afford 3.1 kg of Compound 1 (yield: 70%). NEMONOXACIN

NMR (D₂O, 300 MHz) δ (ppm): 8.54 (s, IH), 7.37 (d, J=9.0 Hz, IH), 7.05 (d, J=9.0 Hz, IH), 4.23-4.18 (m, IH), 4.10-3.89 (m, IH), 3.66 (br s, IH), 3.58 (s, 3H), 3.45 (d, J=9.0 Hz, IH), 3.34 (d, J=9.3 Hz, IH), 3.16 (d, J=12.9 Hz, IH), 2.65 (dd, J=16.1, 4.1 Hz, IH), 2.64-2.53 (m, IH), 2.46 (dd, J=16.1, 8.0 Hz, IH), 2.06 (br s, IH), 1.87 (d, J=14.4 Hz, IH), 1.58-1.45 (m, IH), 1.15-0.95 (m, 2H), 0.91 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 3H), 0.85-0.78 (m, 2H).

Similarly, Compound 1′ was synthesized from Compound 9′ as shown in Scheme 5 below:

Scheme 5

(3S,5R)-7-[3-amino-5-methyl-piperidinyl]-l-cyclopropyl-l,4-dihydro-8- methoxy-4-oxo-3 -quinolinecarboxylic acid

COMPD 1’….NOT DESIRED

…………………

US20070232650

US2007/232650 A1,

malate salts of

(3S,5S)-7-[3-amino-5-methyl-piperidinyl]-1-cyclopropyl-1,4-dihydro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid (hereinafter Compound I, see also intermediate (23) in Section D, of Detailed Description of the Invention).

EXAMPLES Example 1 Synthesis of (3S,5S)-7-[3-amino-5-methyl-piperidinyl]-1-cyclopropyl-1,4-dihydro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid and malate salt thereof A. Synthesis of (3S,5S)-(5-Methyl-piperidin-3-yl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (8)

(2S)-1-(1,1-Dimethylethyl)-5-oxo-1,2-pyrrolidinedicarboxylic acid-2-methyl ester, (2). A 50-L reactor is charged with compound (1) (5.50 Kg, 42.60 mol), methanol (27 L) and cooled to 10-15° C. Thionyl chloride (10.11 Kg, 2.0 equiv.) is added via addition funnel over a period of 65 min, with external cooling to maintain temperature at <30°. The resulting solution is stirred at 25° C.+5° C. for 1.0 hour, after which the methanol is distilled off under reduced pressure. The resulting thick oil is azeotroped with ethyl acetate (3×2.5 L) to remove residual methanol. The residue is dissolved in ethyl acetate (27.4 L), charged into a 50 L reactor, and neutralized by the addition of triethylamine (3.6 Kg) from an addition funnel over 30 minutes. The temperature of the neutralization is maintained below 30° C. via external cooling. The resulting suspension of triethylamine hydrochloride is removed by filtration, and the clarified mother liquor solution is charged to a 50 L reactor, along with DMAP (0.53 Kg). Di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (8.43 Kg) is added via hot water heated addition funnel, over a period of 30 min with external cooling to maintain temperature at about 20-30° C. The reaction is complete after 1 hour as determined by TLC analysis. The organic phase is washed with ice cold 1N HCl (2×7.5 L), saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (1×7.5 L), and dried over magnesium sulfate. The mixture is filtered through a nutsche filter and ethyl acetate is removed under reduced pressure to yield a crystalline slurry that is triturated with MTBE (10.0 L) and filtered to afford intermediate (2) as a white solid (5.45 Kg, 52.4%). Anal. Calcd for C₁₁H₁₇NO₅: C, 54.3; H, 7.04; N, 5.76. Found: C, 54.5; H, 6.96; N, 5.80. HRMS (ESI⁺) Expected for C₁₁H₁₈NO₅, [M+H] 244.1185. Found 244.1174; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz): δ=4.54 (dd, J=3.1, 9.5 Hz, 1H), 3.7 (s, 3H), 2.58-2.50 (m, 1H), 2.41 (ddd, 1H, J=17.6, 9.5, 3.7), 2.30-2.23 (m, 1H), 1.98-1.93 (m, 1H), 1.40 (s, 9H); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 125.70 MHz) δ 173.3, 171.9, 149.2, 83.5, 58.8, 52.5, 31.1, 27.9, 21.5; Mp 70.2° C.

(2S,4E)-1-(1,1-Dimethylethyl)-4-[(dimethylamino)methylene]-5-oxo-1,2-pyrrolidinedicarboxylic acid-2-methyl ester (3). A 50-L reactor is charged with intermediate (2) (7.25 Kg, 28.8 mol), DME (6.31 Kg), and Bredereck’s Reagent (7.7 Kg, 44.2 mole). The solution is agitated and heated to 75° C.±5° C. for at least three hours. The progress of the reaction is monitored by HPLC. The reaction is cooled to 0° C.±5° C. over on hour during which time a precipitate forms. The mixture is held at 0° C.±5° C. for one hour and filtered though a nutsche filter and the product dried in a vacuum oven for at least 30 hours at 30° C.±5° C. to give intermediate (3) as a white crystalline solid (6.93 Kg, 77.9%). Anal. Calcd for C₁₄H₂₂N₂O₅: C, 56.4; H, 7.43; N, 9.39. Found C, 56.4; H, 7.32; N, 9.48; HRMS (ESI⁺) Expected for C₁₄H₂₂N₂O₅, [M+H] 299.1607. Found 299.1613; ¹H NMR(CDCl₃, 499.8 MHz)δ=7.11 (s, 1H), 4.54 (dd, 1H, J=10.8, 3.6), 3.74 (s, 3H), 3.28-3.19 (m, 1H), 3.00 (s, 6H), 2.97-2.85 (m, 1H), 1.48 (s, 9H); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 125.7 MHz) δ=172.6, 169.5, 150.5, 146.5, 90.8, 82.2, 56.0, 52.3, 42.0, 28.1, 26.3. Mp 127.9° C.

(2S,4S)-1-(1,1-Dimethylethyl)-4-methyl-5-oxo-1,2-pyrrolidinedicarboxylic acid-2-methyl ester (4). A 10-gallon Pfaudler reactor is inerted with nitrogen and charged with ESCAT 142 5% palladium powder on carbon (50% wet, 0.58 Kg wet wt.), intermediate (3) (1.89 Kg, 6.33 mol) and isopropanol (22.4 Kg). The reaction mixture is agitated under a 45-psi hydrogen atmosphere at 45° C. for 18 hrs. The reaction mixture is then cooled to room temperature and filtered though a bed of Celite (0.51 Kg) in a nutsche filter to remove catalyst. The mother liquor is evaporated under reduced pressure to give a thick oil that crystallizes on standing to afford 4 (1.69 Kg, 100%) as a 93:7 diastereomeric mixture. A sample of product mixture is purified by preparative HPLC to give material for analytical data. Anal. Calcd for C₁₂H₁₉NO₅: C, 56.0; H, 7.44; N, 5.44. Found C, 55.8; H, 7.31; N, 5.44; MS (ESI⁺) Expected for C₁₂H₁₉NO₅, [M+H] 258.1342. Found 258.1321; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 499.8 MHz) δ=4.44 (m, 1H), 3.72 (s, 3H), 2.60-2.48 (m, 2H), 1.59-1.54 (m, 1H), 1.43 (s, 9H), 1.20 (d, j=6.8 Hz,3H); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 125.7 MHz) δ=175.7, 172.1, 149.5, 83.6, 57.4, 52.5, 37.5, 29.8, 27.9, 16.2. Mp 89.9° C.

(1S,3S)-(4-Hydroxyl-1-hydroxymethyl-3-methyl-butyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (5). A 50-L reactor is charged with intermediate (4) (3.02 Kg, 11.7 mol), absolute ethanol (8.22 Kg), and MTBE (14.81 Kg). The solution is agitated and cooled to 0° C.±5° C. and sodium borohydride (1.36 Kg, 35.9 mol) is added in small portions so as to maintain reaction temperature at 0° C.±5° C. A small amount of effervescence is observed. The reaction mixture is warmed to 10° C.±5° C. and calcium chloride dihydrate (2.65 Kg) is added portion wise at a slow rate over an hour so as to maintain a reaction temperature of 10° C.±5° C. The reaction is allowed to warm to 20° C.±5° C. over one hour and agitated for an additional 12 hours at 20° C.±5° C. The reaction is cooled to −5° C.±5° C., ice-cold 2N HCl (26.9 Kg) is added at a rate to maintain a reaction temperature of 0° C.±5° C. Agitation is stopped to allow phases to separate. The lower aqueous phase (pH=1) is removed. The reactor is charged with aqueous saturated sodium bicarbonate (15.6 Kg) over five minutes. Agitation is stopped to allow phases to separate. The lower aqueous phase (pH=8) is removed. The reactor is charged with magnesium sulfate (2.5 Kg) and agitated for at least 10 minutes. The mixture is filtered though a nutsche filter, and condensed under reduced pressure to afford intermediate (5) (1.80 Kg, 66%). Anal. Calcd for C₁₁H₂₃NO₄: C, 56.6; H, 9.94; N, 6.00. Found C, 56.0; H, 9.68; N, 5.96; HRMS (ESI⁺) Expected for C₁₁H₂₄NO₄, [M+H] 234.1705. Found 234.1703; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz)δ=6.34(d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H, NH), 4.51 (t, J=5.8, 5.3 Hz, 1H, NHCHCH₂OH), 4.34 (t, J=5.3, 5.3 Hz, 1H, CH3CHCH₂OH), 3.46-3.45, (m, 1H, NHCH), 3.28 (dd, J=10.6, 5.3 Hz, NHCHCHHOH), 3.21 (dd, J=10.2, 5.8 Hz, 1H, CH₃CHCHHOH), 3.16 (dd, J=10.2, 6.2 Hz, 1H, NHCHCHHOH), 3.12 (dd, J=10.6, 7.1 Hz, 1H, CH₃CHCHHOH), 1.53-1.50 (m, 1H, CH₃CHCHHOH), 1.35 (s, 9H, O(CH ₃)₃, 1.30 (ddd, J=13.9, 10.2, 3.7 Hz, 1H, NHCHCHHCH), 1.14 (ddd, J=13.6, 10.2, 3.4 Hz, 1H, NHCHCHHCH), 0.80 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H, CH₃); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 125.7 MHz) δ 156.1, 77.9, 50.8, 65.1, 67.6, 65.1, 35.6, 32.8, 29.0, 17.1. Mp 92.1° C.

(2S,4S)-Methanesulfonic acid 2-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-5-methanesulfonyloxy-4-methyl-pentyl ester (6). A 50 L reactor is charged with a solution of intermediate (5) (5.1 Kg) in isopropyl acetate (i-PrOAc) 11.8 Kg followed by a rinse with an additional 7.9 Kg i-PrOAc. The reaction is cooled to 15° C.±5° C. and triethylamine (TEA) (7.8 Kg) is added while maintaining the set temperature. The reactor is further cooled to 0° C.±5° C. and methanesulfonyl chloride (MsCl) (6.6 Kg) is added to the reaction solution while maintaining the set temperature. The reaction is stirred for a few hours and monitored for completion by HPLC or TLC. The reaction is quenched by the addition of a saturated aqueous bicarbonate solution and the resulting isolated organic phase is washed successively with cold 10% aqueous triethylamine solution, cold aqueous HCl solution, cold saturated aqueous bicarbonate solution, and finally saturated aqueous brine solution. The organic phase is dried, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo below 55° C.±5° C. until a solid/liquid slurry containing intermediate (6) is obtained. The slurry is used crude in subsequent reaction without further characterization.

(3S,5S)-(1-Benzyl-5-methyl-piperidin-3-yl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (7). A 50 L reactor is charged with 9.1 Kg of neat benzylamine. The reactor is brought to 55° C. and a solution of intermediate (6) (8.2 Kg) in 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) (14.1 Kg) is added to the reactor while maintaining a temperature of 60° C.±5° C. After complete addition of this solution, the reaction is stirred at 60° C.±5° C. for several hours and monitored for completion by TLC or HPLC. The reaction is cooled to ambient temperature and volatiles (DME) are removed by rotary evaporation under vacuum. The residue is diluted with 11.7 Kg of 15% (v/v) ethyl acetate/hexanes solution and treated, while agitating, with 18.7 Kg of 20% (wt) aqueous potassium carbonate solution. A triphasic mixture is obtained upon settling. The bottom aqueous phase is removed and the middle phase is set aside. The upper organic phase is collected and held for combination with extracts from additional extractions. The isolated middle phase is extracted twice again with 11.7 Kg portions of 15% (v/v) ethyl acetate/hexanes solution, each time combining the extracts with original organic phase. The combined organic extracts are transferred into a rotary evaporator and solvent is removed under vacuum until an oily residue remains. The residue is then purified via large-scale preparative chromatography to afford purified intermediate (7) as an oil.

(3S,5S)-(5-Methyl-piperidin-3-yl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (8). A 40 L pressure vessel is charged with 0.6 Kg 50% wet, solid palladium on carbon (E101, 10 wt. %) under flow of nitrogen. A solution of 3.2 Kg intermediate (7) in 13.7 Kg of absolute ethanol is then charged to the reactor under nitrogen. The reactor is purged with nitrogen and is then pressurized with hydrogen at 45 psi. The reaction is then heated to 45° C. while maintaining a hydrogen pressure of 45 psi. The reaction is monitored by TLC or LC until complete. The reaction is cooled to ambient temperature, vented, and purged with nitrogen. The reactor contents are filtered through a bed of Celite and the solids are washed with 2.8 Kg of absolute ethanol. The filtrate is concentrated by rotary evaporation under vacuum until a waxy solid is obtained to afford intermediate (8): TLC R_f(Silica F₂₅₄, 70:30 v/v ethyl acetate-hexanes, KMnO₄stain)=0.12; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.31 (br s, 1H), 3.80-3.68 (m, 1H), 2.92 (d, J=11.4 Hz, 1H), 2.77 (AB quart, J_AB=12.0 Hz, Δν=50.2 Hz, 2H), 2.19 (t, J=10.7 Hz, 1H), 1.82-1.68 (m, 2H), 1.54 (br s, 1H), 1.43 (s, 9H), 1.25-1.15 (m, 1H), 0.83 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 155.3, 78.9, 54.3, 50.8, 45.3, 37.9, 28.4, 27.1, 19.2; MS (ESI⁺) m/z 215 (M+H), 429 (2M+H).

B. Synthesis of 1-Cyclopropyl-7-fluoro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid (19)

Intermediate (12): A reactor is charged with a solution of intermediate (11) (1.2 Kg, 7.7 mol, 1.0 eq) in anhydrous toluene (12 L) followed by ethylene glycol (1.8 L, 15.7 mol, 4.2 eq) and solid p-toluenesulfonic acid (120 g, 10 wt. %). The reaction mixture is stirred at ambient temperature for at least 30 minutes and then heated to reflux, collecting the water/toluene azeotrope in a Dean Stark type trap apparatus until the reaction is complete as determined by TLC analysis (15% EtOAc/Hexanes v/v). Upon completion, the reaction is cooled to ambient temperature and poured into an aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate (6 L). The organic toluene phase was removed and washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (6 L), distilled water (2×6 L), and saturated aqueous brine (6 L). The organic phase was removed and dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under reduced pressure to afford intermediate (12) as an oil (1.3 Kg, 86%). The material is used without further purification in subsequent reaction steps.

Intermediate (13): A reactor is charged with a solution of intermediate (12) (1.2 Kg, 6.0 mol, 1.0 eq) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (12 L) and n-butyllithium (2.5M in hexanes, 2.6 L, 6.6 mol, 1.1 eq) is added at −40° C., while maintaining this temperature throughout the addition. The reaction is stirred for at least one hour at −40° C. and trimethylborate (0.9 L, 7.8 mol, 1.3 eq) is added to the mixture while maintaining the temperature at or below −40° C. The reaction mixture is stirred for at least one hour at −40° C. until complete as determined by TLC analysis (30% EtOAc/Hexanes v/v). The reaction is warmed slightly to −30° C. and acetic acid (3 L) is added slowly. Upon complete addition, water is added (0.5 L) to the reaction and the mixture is allowed to quickly warm to ambient temperature while stirring overnight. Organic solvent is removed from the reaction by distillation under reduced pressure at 45° C. To the reaction residue is added 3-4 volumes of water (6 L) and 30% hydrogen peroxide (0.7 L, 1.0 eq) slowly at ambient temperature with cooling provided to control the exotherm. The reaction is stirred for at least an hour at ambient temperature until complete as determined by TLC (15% EtOAc/Hexanes v/v). The reaction mixture is cooled to 0-5° C. and excess peroxide is quenched with the addition of 10% aqueous sodium bisulfite solution (2 L). The mixture is tested to ensure a negative peroxide result and the reaction is acidified by the addition of 6N HCl (aq) (1.2 L). The reaction is stirred until the hydrolysis reaction is complete as determined by TLC or NMR analysis. The resulting solids are collected by suction filtration to afford intermediate (13) as a yellow solid (1.0 Kg, 79%).

Intermediate (14): A reactor is charged with intermediate (13) (0.53 Kg, 3.0 mol, 1.0 eq) and dissolved in dry toluene (2.7 Kg, 3.1 L). To this solution is added dimethylsulfate (0.49 Kg, 3.9 mol, 1.30 eq) followed by solid potassium carbonate (0.58 Kg, 4.2 mol, 1.4 eq). The reaction mixture is heated to reflux and held for at least 1 hour until complete as determined by HPLC. During this time, vigorous gas evolution is observed. The reaction is then cooled to ambient temperature and diluted with distilled water (3.2 L) along with 30% NaOH (aq) (0.13 Kg, 0.33 eq). The aqueous phase is separated and the remaining toluene phase is extracted twice more with distilled water (3.2 L) combined with 30% NaOH (aq) (0.13 Kg, 0.33 eq), removing the aqueous phase each time. The organic upper phase is concentrated by distillation in vacuo (<100 mbar) at approximately 40° C. until a concentrated toluene solution is achieved. The resulting solution is cooled to ambient temperature, checked for quality and yield by HPLC, and carried forward to the next step in the synthesis without further purification (theoretical yield for intermediate (14) assumed, 0.56 Kg).

Intermediate (15a,b): A reactor is charged with 1.8 Kg (2.1 L) anhydrous toluene along with sodium hydride (0.26 Kg, 6.6 mol, 2.20 eq) as a 60 wt. % dispersion in mineral oil. To this mixture is added (0.85 Kg, 7.2 mol, 2.4 eq) diethylcarbonate as the reaction mixture is heated to 90° C. over 1 hour. A solution of intermediate (14) (˜1.0 eq) in toluene from the previous step is added to the reaction while maintaining a temperature of 90° C.±5° C. Gas evolution can be observed during this addition. After complete addition, the reaction is stirred for at least 30 minutes or until complete as determined by HPLC analysis. Upon completion, the mixture is cooled to ambient temperature and diluted with 10 wt. % aqueous sulfuric acid (3.8 Kg, 3.9 mol, 1.3 eq) with agitation. The phases are allowed to separate and the lower aqueous phase is removed. The remaining organic phase is concentrated in vacuo (<100 mbar) at approximately 40° C. until a concentrated toluene solution is achieved. The resulting solution is cooled to ambient temperature and carried forward to the next step in the synthesis without further purification (theoretical yield for intermediate (15a,b) assumed, 0.85 Kg).

Intermediate (16a,b; 17a,b): A reactor is charged with a solution of intermediate (15a,b) (0.85 Kg, ˜3.0 mol, ˜1.0 eq) in toluene from the previous step. To the reactor is then added dimethylformamide-dimethylacetal (0.54 Kg, 4.5 mol, 1.5 eq) and the resulting solution is heated to reflux temperature (˜95-105° C.). The lower boiling solvent (methanol from reaction) is allowed to distill off while the temperature is maintained at ≧90° C. Heating is continued for at least 1 hour or until complete as determined by HPLC analysis. Upon completion, the reaction containing the mixture of intermediate (16a,b), is cooled to ambient temperature and toluene (1.8 Kg, 2.1 L) along with cyclopropylamine (0.21 Kg, 3.6 mol, 1.2 eq) are added to the reaction. The reaction is stirred at ambient temperature for at least 30 minutes until complete as determined by HPLC. Upon completion, the reaction is diluted with 10 wt. % aqueous sulfuric acid (2.9 Kg, 3.0 mol, 1.0 eq) with agitation, and the phases are then allowed to separate. The aqueous phase is removed and the organic phase is concentrated under reduced pressure (<100 mbar) at approximately 40° C. by distillation. When the desired concentration is achieved, the solution is cooled to ambient temperature and the toluene solution containing the mixture of intermediate (17a,b) is carried forward to the next step in the synthesis without further purification (theoretical yield for intermediate (17a,b) assumed, ˜1.1 Kg).

Intermediate (18): A reactor is charged with a solution of the mixture of intermediate (17a,b) (˜4.7 Kg, ˜3.0 mol) at ambient temperature. To the reactor is added N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide (0.61 Kg, 3.0 mol, 1.0 eq) and the reaction is heated to reflux temperature (˜105-115° C.) for at least 30 minutes or until complete as determined by HPLC analysis. If not complete, an additional amount of N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide (0.18 Kg, 0.9 mol, 0.3 eq) is added to the reaction to achieve completion. Upon completion, the reaction is cooled to below 40° C. and organic solvent is removed under reduced pressure (<100 mbar) at approximately 40° C. by distillation until a precipitate is formed. The reaction is cooled to ambient temperature and the precipitated solids are isolated by suction filtration and washed with distilled water twice (1×1.8 L, 1×0.9 L). The solid is dried to afford intermediate (18) as a white solid (0.76 Kg, 82%). The material is used without further purification in the next reaction step.

Intermediate (19): A reactor is charged with solid intermediate (18) (0.76 Kg, ˜2.5 mol, ˜1.0 eq) at ambient temperature followed by ethanol (5.3 Kg, 6.8 L) and 32 wt. % aqueous hydrochloric acid (1.1 Kg, 10 mol). The reaction mixture is brought to reflux temperature (76-80° C.) during which time the mixture first becomes homogeneous and later becomes heterogeneous. The mixture is heated at reflux for at least 5 hours or until complete as determined by TLC analysis (15% EtOAc/Hexanes v/v). Upon completion, the reaction is cooled to 0° C.±5° C. and the precipitated solid is isolated by filtration and washed with distilled water (1.7 Kg) followed by ethanol (1.7 Kg). The isolated solid is dried to afford intermediate (19) as a white solid (0.65 Kg, ˜95%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ (ppm): 14.58 (s, 1H), 8.9 (s, 1H), 8.25 (m, 1H), 7.35 (m, 1H), 4.35 (m, 1H), 4.08 (s, 3H), 1.3 (m, 2H), 1.1 (m, 2H) ¹⁹F NMR (CDCl₃+CFCl₃, 292 MHz) δ (ppm): −119. HPLC: 99.5% by area.

C. Synthesis of borone ester chelate of 1-Cyclopropyl-7-fluoro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid (20)

A reactor is charged with boron oxide (2.0 Kg, 29 mol) followed by dilution with glacial acetic acid (8.1 L, 142 mol) and acetic anhydride (16.2 L, 171 mol). The resulting mixture is heated to reflux temperature for at least 2 hours. The reaction contents are cooled to 40° C. and the solid 7-fluoroquinolone acid intermediate (19) (14.2 Kg, 51 mol) is added to the reaction mixture. The mixture is again heated to reflux temperature for at least 6 hours. Reaction progress is monitored by HPLC and NMR. The mixture is cooled to approximately 90° C. and toluene (45 L) is added to the reaction. The reaction is further cooled to 50° C. and tert-butylmethyl ether (19 L) is added to the reaction mixture to bring about precipitation of the product. The mixture is then cooled to 20° C. and the solid product 19 is isolated by filtration. The isolated solids are then washed with tert-butylmethyl ether (26 L) prior to drying in a vacuum oven at 40° C. (50 torr). The product yield obtained for intermediate (20) in this reaction is 86.4%. Raman (cm⁻¹): 3084.7, 3022.3, 2930.8, 1709.2, 1620.8, 1548.5, 1468.0, 1397.7, 1368.3, 1338.5, 1201.5, 955.3, 653.9, 580.7, 552.8, 384.0, 305.8. NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ (ppm): 9.22 (s, 1H), 8.38-8.33 (m, 1H), 7.54 (t, J=9.8 Hz, 1H), 4.38-4.35 (m, 1H), 4.13 (s, 3H), 2.04 (s, 6H), 1.42-1.38 (m, 2H), 1.34-1.29 (m, 2H). TLC (Whatman MKC18F Silica, 60 Å, 200 μm), Mobile Phase: 1:1 (v/v) CH₃CN:0.5N NaCl (aq), UV (254/366 nm) visualization; R_f=0.4-0.5.

D. Coupling of 1-Cyclopropyl-7-fluoro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid (20) to (3S,5S)-(5-Methyl-piperidin-3-yl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (8), and synthesis of malate salt of (3S,5S)-7-[3-amino-5-methyl-piperidinyl]-1-cyclopropyl-1,4-dihydro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid (25)

A reactor is charged with solid intermediate (20) (4.4 Kg, 10.9 mol) followed by dilution with a solution of triethylamine (TEA) (2.1 L, 14.8 mol) and piperidine side chain intermediate (8) (2.1 Kg, 9.8 mol) in acetonitrile (33.5 L, 15.7 L/Kg) at room temperature. The resulting mixture is warmed to approximately 50° C. until reaction is judged complete. Reaction progress is monitored by HPLC or reverse phase TLC. When complete, the reaction is cooled to approximately 35° C. and reaction volume is reduced to approximately half by distillation of acetonitrile under vacuum between 0-400 torr. The reactor is then charged with 28.2 Kg of 3.0N NaOH (aq) solution and the temperature is raised to approximately 40° C. Distillation under vacuum is continued between 1-4 hours or until no further distillates are observed. The reaction is then cooled to room temperature and the hydrolysis reaction is monitored by HPLC or reverse phase TLC. Upon completion, the reaction mixture is neutralized to a pH of between 6-8 by adding ˜4-5 Kg of glacial acetic acid. The reactor is then charged with 12.7 Kg (9.6 L) of dichloromethane as an extraction solvent, the mixture is agitated, phases are allowed to separate, and the organic dichloromethane phase is removed. The extraction process is repeated two additional times using 12.7 Kg (9.6 L) of dichloromethane, collecting the lower, organic phase each time. The aqueous phase is discarded and the organic extracts are combined in a single reactor. The reactor contents are heated to 40° C. and the reaction volume is reduced to approximately one half by distillation. The reactor is then charged with 20.2 Kg 6.0N HCl (aq) solution, the temperature is adjusted to 35° C., and agitation is allowed for at least 12 hours to permit the Boc deprotection reaction to occur. The reaction is monitored by HPLC or reverse phase TLC. When complete, agitation is discontinued and the phases are allowed to separate. The lower, organic phase is removed and set aside. The reactor is then charged with 12.7 Kg (9.6 L) of dichloromethane as an extraction solvent, the mixture is agitated, phases are allowed to separate, and the organic dichloromethane phase is removed. The organic extracts are combined and discarded. The remaining aqueous phase is diluted with 18.3 Kg distilled water and the temperature is raised to approximately 50° C. Distillation under vacuum (100-400 torr) is performed to remove residual dichloromethane from the reaction. The pH of the reaction is then adjusted to between 7.8-8.1 using about 9.42 Kg of 3.0N NaOH (aq) solution while keeping the temperature of the reaction below 65° C. The reaction is cooled to 50° C. and the precipitated solids are aged for at least an hour prior to cooling the mixture to room temperature. The solids are isolated by suction filtration and washed twice with 5.2 Kg portions of distilled water. The solids are dried for at least 12 hours with suction and then for an additional 12 hours in a convection oven at 55° C. The yield achieved for intermediate (23) in this example is 3.2 Kg (79%). A reactor is charged with 3.2 Kg solid intermediate (23) and the solids are suspended in 25.6 Kg of 95% ethanol as solvent. To the reactor is then added 1.1 Kg of solid D,L-malic acid (24), and the mixture is heated to reflux temperature (˜80° C.). Distilled water (˜5.7 L) is added to the reaction until a complete solution is achieved and 0.2 Kg of activated charcoal is added. The reaction mixture is passed through a filter to achieve clarification, cooled to 45° C. and held for a period of at least 2 hours to allow crystallization to occur. The reaction mixture is further cooled to 5° C. and the suspended solids are isolated by suction filtration. The solids are then washed with 6.6 KG of 95% ethanol and dried for at least 4 hours with suction under vacuum. The solids are then further dried in a convection oven for at least 12 hours at 45° C. to afford 3.1 Kg of intermediate (24) (70%). NMR (D₂O, 300 MHz) δ (ppm): 8.54 (s, 1H), 7.37 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 4.23-4.18 (m, 1H), 4.10-3.89 (m, 1H), 3.66 (br s, 1H), 3.58 (s, 3H), 3.45 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 3.34 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 3.16 (d, J=12.9 Hz, 1H), 2.65 (dd, J=16.1, 4.1 Hz, 1H), 2.64-2.53 (m, 1H), 2.46 (dd, J=16.1, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 2.06 (br s, 1H), 1.87 (d, J=14.4 Hz, 1H), 1.58-1.45 (m, 1H), 1.15-0.95 (m, 2H), 0.91 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 3H); 0.85-0.78 (m, 2H). TLC (Whatman MKC18F Silica, 60 Å, 200 μm), Mobile Phase: 1:1 (v/v) CH₃CN:0.5N NaCl (aq), UV (254/366 nm) visualization. HPLC: Mobile Phase H₂O with 0.1% formic acid/Acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid, gradient elution with 88% H₂O/formic acid to 20% H₂O/formic acid, Zorbax SB-C8 4.6 mm×150 mm column, Part No. 883975.906, 1.5 ml/min rate, 20 min run time, 292 nm, Detector Model G1314A, S/N JP72003849, Quat Pump Model G1311A, S/N US72102299, Auto Sampler Model G1313A, S/N DE14918139, Degasser Model G1322A, S/N JP73007229; approximate retention time for intermediate (19): 13.0 min; approximate retention time for intermediate (20): 11.6 min; approximate retention time for intermediate (21): 16.3 min; approximate retention time for intermediate (22): 18.2 min; approximate retention time for intermediate (23): 8.6 min; approximate retention time for compound (25): 8.6 min.

………………..

REF

A. ARJONA ET AL: “Nemonoxacin“, DRUGS OF THE FUTURE, vol. 34, no. 3, 1 January 2009 (2009-01-01), page 196, XP55014485, ISSN: 0377-8282, DOI: 10.1358/dof.2009.034.03.1350294


2	*	ANONYMOUS: “TaiGen Announces Positive Data From the Phase II Study of Nemonoxacin (TG-873870) in Community-Acquired Pneumonia“, INTERNET CITATION, [Online] 7 April 2008 (2008-04-07), page 1, XP007919900, Retrieved from the Internet: URL:http://www.taigenbiotech.com/news.html#16> [retrieved on 2011-12-12]
3	*	ANONYMOUS: “TaiGen Biotechnology Initiates Phase II Trial Of Nemonoxacin For Treatment Of Adult Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)“, 20070108, [Online] 8 January 2007 (2007-01-08), page 1, XP007919910, Retrieved from the Internet: URL:http://www.taigenbiotech.com/news.html#11> [retrieved on 2011-12-12]
4	*	ANONYMOUS: “TaiGen Initiates Phase 1B Trial of a Novel Quinolone Antibiotic“, 20050618, 18 June 2005 (2005-06-18), pages 1-2, XP007919904,
5	*	See also references of WO2010002415A1

WO2007110834A2 *	Mar 26, 2007	Oct 4, 2007	Procter & Gamble	Malate salts, and polymorphs of (3s,5s)-7-[3-amino-5-methyl-piperidinyl]-1-cyclopropyl-1,4-dihydro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid
WO2009023473A2 *	Aug 5, 2008	Feb 19, 2009	Chi-Hsin Richard King	Antimicrobial parenteral formulation
WO2010009014A2 *	Jul 10, 2009	Jan 21, 2010	Taigen Biotechnology Co., Ltd.

US8211909	7-4-2012	TREATMENT OF ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANT BACTERIA INFECTION
US8158798	4-18-2012	Coupling Process For Preparing Quinolone Intermediates
US8039485	10-19-2011	Malate salts, and polymorphs of (3S,5S)-7-[3-amino-5-methyl-piperidinyl]-1-cyclopropyl-1,4-dihydro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid
US2010152452	6-18-2010	STEREOSELECTIVE SYNTHESIS OF PIPERIDINE DERIVATIVES
US2010041697	2-19-2010	PNEUMONIA TREATMENT
US7528264	5-6-2009	Hydride reduction process for preparing quinolone intermediates
US2009042932	2-13-2009	ANTIMICROBIAL PARENTERAL FORMULATION
US7456279	11-26-2008	Coupling process for preparing quinolone intermediates

US8158798	Oct 27, 2008	Apr 17, 2012	Taigen Biotechnology Co., Ltd.	Coupling process for preparing quinolone intermediates
US8211909	Sep 8, 2008	Jul 3, 2012	Taigen Biotechnology Co., Ltd.	Treatment of antibiotic-resistant bacteria infection
WO2010002965A2 *	Jul 1, 2009	Jan 7, 2010	Taigen Biotechnology Co., Ltd.	Pneumonia treatmen

WO 2007110834

WO 2007110835

WO 2007110836

WO 1999014214

WO 2010077798

1, nemonoxacin; 2, delafloxacin; 3, finafloxacin; 4, zabofloxacin; 5, JNJ-Q2; 6, DS-8587; 7, KPI-10; 8, ozenoxacin; 9, chinfloxacin; 10, ACH-702.

FDA grants fast-track status to Peregrine’s bavituximab for lung cancer treatment

January 8, 2014 3:21 am / Leave a comment

FDA grants fast-track status to Peregrine’s bavituximab for lung cancer treatment
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted fast-track designation for Peregrine Pharmaceuticals’ lead investigational immunotherapy ‘bavituximab’ to treat patients with second-line non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Betrixaban

March 5, 2013 9:45 am / 4 Comments on Betrixaban

N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-([4-(N,N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl)benzoyl]amino)-5-methoxybenzamide

Betrixaban:PRT-54021, PRT-021, MK-4448, PRT-054021

N- (5- chloro-2-pyridyl) -2 – [[4 – [(dimethylamino) methyl] benzoyl] amino] -5 – methoxy – benzamide

CAS 330942-05-7

_MW 451.91, C₂₃H₂₂ClN₅O₃

Venous Thromboembolism (VTE)

Millennium INNOVATOR

Takeda Pharmaceutical Co Ltd

Lee’s Pharmaceutical Holdings (Hong Kong) Ltd; Portola Pharmaceuticals Inc…DEVELOPERS

Ever since post was written now, FDA approval on June 23rd, 2017

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved betrixaban for the prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in adults hospitalized for an acute medical illness who are at risk for thromboembolic complications (related to limited mobility or other risk factors for VTE). Betrixaban is now the fifth FDA-approved oral anticoagulant on the market.

The decision was based on data from the phase III APEX trial, a double-blind, international study that randomized 7,513 patients to receive either extended-duration betrixaban (betrixaban 160 mg orally on day 1, then 80 mg daily for 35 to 42 days, followed by a placebo injection once-daily for 6 to 14 days) or short-duration enoxaparin (enoxaparin 40 mg subcutaneously once-daily for 6 to 14 days followed by an oral placebo pill once-daily for 35 to 42 days).

Image result for betrixaban

Patients in the betrixaban arm experienced fewer VTE events, a composite outcome score of asymptomatic or symptomatic proximal deep vein thrombosis, non-fatal pulmonary embolism, or VTE-related death: 4.4 percent versus 6 percent (relative risk = 0.75, 95% CI 0.61-0.91).

Fifty-four percent of betrixaban-treated patients experienced at least one adverse event (AE), compared with 52 percent of those on enoxaparin. The most common AEs (observed in ≥5% of patients) associated with betrixaban were bleeding-related, and bleeding was the most common reason for treatment discontinuation.

Betrixaban maleate

CAS 936539-80-9,

Molecular Weight, 567.98, Molecular Formula, C₂₃H₂₂ClN₅O₃ . C₄H₄O₄

(2Z)-but-2-enedioic acid; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2- [4-(N,N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl)benzamido]-5- methoxybenzamide

Image result for betrixaban

https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2017/208383Orig1s000ChemR.pdf

FDA approval on June 23rd, 2017. FDA approved betrixaban (BEVYXXA, Portola) for the prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in adult patients”.

Image result for betrixaban

血栓新药Bevyxxa（betrixaban，贝曲西班）的合成_syntheticfuture_新浪博客

新浪博客690 × 529Search by image

血栓新药Bevyxxa（betrixaban，贝曲西班）的合成

http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_131fff7a10102xeh2.html

Conversion of the carboxylic acid compound S-1 to the acid chloride followed by reaction with the aminopyridine S-2 gives the amide compound, which is subsequently hydro-reduced to give the compound S-4 . Dimethylamine in the presence of a strong base to deprotonated proton nitrile compound to obtain amidine compounds S-6 , hydrolysis ester group to give carboxylic acid compound S-7 . S-7 and S-4 resulted in Bevyxxa ( betrixaban ) with the participation of the condensation reagent EDC .

Synthetic route reference: WO2011084519A1

Betrixaban, a factor Xa (FXa) inhibitor, is chemically described as N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2[4-(N,N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl)-benzoylamino]-5-methoxybenzamide maleate. Its molecular formula (as maleate salt) is C₂₇H₂₆ClN₅O₇, which corresponds to a molecular weight of 567.98. Betrixaban (maleate salt) has the following structural formula:

BEVYXXA™ (betrixaban) Structural Formula Illustration

BEVYXXA capsules are available for oral administration in strengths of 80 mg and 40 mg of betrixaban with the following inactive ingredients: dextrose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium, magnesium stearate, and a hard gelatin capsule.

Patents

US8557852
US6376515
US8691847
US9629831
US9555023
US8404724
US8987463
US7598276
US6835739
US8518977

FDA Orange Book Patents

FDA Orange Book Patents: 1 of 10 (FDA Orange Book Patent ID)
Patent	6376515
Expiration	Sep 15, 2020
Applicant	PORTOLA PHARMS INC
Drug Application	N208383 (Prescription Drug: BEVYXXA. Ingredients: BETRIXABAN) N208383 (Prescription Drug: BEVYXXA. Ingredients: BETRIXABAN)

FDA Orange Book Patents: 2 of 10 (FDA Orange Book Patent ID)
Patent	6835739
Expiration	Sep 15, 2020
Applicant	PORTOLA PHARMS INC
Drug Application	N208383 (Prescription Drug: BEVYXXA. Ingredients: BETRIXABAN) N208383 (Prescription Drug: BEVYXXA. Ingredients: BETRIXABAN)

FDA Orange Book Patents: 3 of 10 (FDA Orange Book Patent ID)
Patent	9555023
Expiration	Nov 7, 2026
Applicant	PORTOLA PHARMS INC
Drug Application	N208383 (Prescription Drug: BEVYXXA. Ingredients: BETRIXABAN) N208383 (Prescription Drug: BEVYXXA. Ingredients: BETRIXABAN)

FDA Orange Book Patents: 4 of 10 (FDA Orange Book Patent ID)
Patent	9629831
Expiration	Sep 15, 2020
Applicant	PORTOLA PHARMS INC
Drug Application	N208383 (Prescription Drug: BEVYXXA. Ingredients: BETRIXABAN) N208383 (Prescription Drug: BEVYXXA. Ingredients: BETRIXABAN)

FDA Orange Book Patents: 5 of 10 (FDA Orange Book Patent ID)
Patent	7598276
Expiration	Nov 8, 2026
Applicant	PORTOLA PHARMS INC
Drug Application	N208383 (Prescription Drug: BEVYXXA. Ingredients: BETRIXABAN) N208383 (Prescription Drug: BEVYXXA. Ingredients: BETRIXABAN)

FDA Orange Book Patents: 6 of 10 (FDA Orange Book Patent ID)
Patent	8404724
Expiration	Mar 29, 2031
Applicant	PORTOLA PHARMS INC
Drug Application	N208383 (Prescription Drug: BEVYXXA. Ingredients: BETRIXABAN) N208383 (Prescription Drug: BEVYXXA. Ingredients: BETRIXABAN)

FDA Orange Book Patents: 7 of 10 (FDA Orange Book Patent ID)
Patent	8518977
Expiration	Sep 15, 2020
Applicant	PORTOLA PHARMS INC
Drug Application	N208383 (Prescription Drug: BEVYXXA. Ingredients: BETRIXABAN) N208383 (Prescription Drug: BEVYXXA. Ingredients: BETRIXABAN)

FDA Orange Book Patents: 8 of 10 (FDA Orange Book Patent ID)
Patent	8557852
Expiration	Sep 8, 2028
Applicant	PORTOLA PHARMS INC
Drug Application	N208383 (Prescription Drug: BEVYXXA. Ingredients: BETRIXABAN) N208383 (Prescription Drug: BEVYXXA. Ingredients: BETRIXABAN)

FDA Orange Book Patents: 9 of 10 (FDA Orange Book Patent ID)
Patent	8691847
Expiration	Sep 15, 2020
Applicant	PORTOLA PHARMS INC
Drug Application	N208383 (Prescription Drug: BEVYXXA. Ingredients: BETRIXABAN) N208383 (Prescription Drug: BEVYXXA. Ingredients: BETRIXABAN)

FDA Orange Book Patents: 10 of 10 (FDA Orange Book Patent ID)
Patent	8987463
Expiration	Dec 28, 2030
Applicant	PORTOLA PHARMS INC
Drug Application	N208383 (Prescription Drug: BEVYXXA. Ingredients: BETRIXABAN) N208383 (Prescription Drug: BEVYXXA. Ingredients: BETRIXABAN)

////////

PHASE 3 for Venous Thromboembolism (VTE)

Patents CN1391555A, CN102336702A, CN101595092A, CN102762538A

Portola Pharmaceuticals, under license from Takeda (formerly known as Millennium Pharmaceuticals), is developing betrixaban (was reported to be in phase III in November 2015), for treating venous thrombosis

In October 2015, betrixaban was granted Fast Track designation by the FDA for extended-duration prevention of VTE or blood clots in acute medically ill patients

Betrixaban (INN, codenamed PRT-054,021) is an anticoagulant drug which acts as a direct factor Xa inhibitor.^[1] It is potent, orally active and highly selective for factor Xa, being selected from a group of similar compounds for its low hERG affinity.^[2] Betrixaban has undergone human clinical trials for prevention of embolism after knee surgery,^[3] and prevention of stroke following atrial fibrillation,^[4] with promising results.^[5] Betrixaban is currently being studied in a human clinical trial for extended duration thromboprophylaxis to prevent venous thromboembolism in acute medically ill patients.^[6] Joint development with Portola was discontinued in 2011 by Merck.^[7] Betrixaban is now being developed by Portola Pharmaceuticals.

Long-acting, oral, direct Factor Xa Inhibitor

Description

Betrixaban is an oral small molecule anticoagulant that directly inhibits the activity of Factor Xa, an important validated target in the blood coagulation pathway.

Key Characteristics

Betrixaban has been specifically designed for chronic, once-a-day treatment. It has a half-life that supports true, once-daily dosing and a low peak-to-trough drug concentration ratio that minimizes anticoagulant variability. Betrixaban is primarily eliminated unchanged in the bile and has been studied in patients with all degrees of renal function, including those with severe renal impairment (excluding dialysis patients). Betrixaban is minimally metabolized through the Cytochrome 450 enzyme system, which may result in low potential for CYP-related drug interactions. Betrixaban is reversible with PRT4445, a universal Factor Xa inhibitor antidote that Portola is developing as a companion product.

Potential Indications

Treatment or prevention of life-threatening blood clots (venous thromboembolism; VTE) in acute medically ill patients.

Clinical Development

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:

NCT01583218

COMPLETION-August 2014

http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01583218

APEX Study

Portola has initiated its pivotal Phase 3 APEX Study to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of betrixaban for extended duration venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis for up to 35 days in acute medically ill patients with restricted mobility and certain risk factors. This randomized, double-blind, active-controlled, multicenter, multinational study will compare a once-daily dose of 80 mg of betrixaban for a total of 35 days (including both in the hospital and after discharge) with in-hospital administration of 40 mg of enoxaparin once daily for 6 to 14 days followed by placebo. The global study is expected to enroll approximately 6,850 patients at more than 400 study sites throughout the world. The primary objective of the trial is to demonstrate the superiority of betrixaban as compared to the current standard of care in the reduction of VTE-related events at 35 days while maintaining a favorable benefit to risk profile.

The APEX study is adequately powered to show a clinically relevant benefit with a p-value of less than 0.01 on the primary endpoint of total asymptomatic proximal DVT (as detected by ultrasound), symptomatic DVT (proximal or distal), non-fatal pulmonary embolism and VTE-related death. The first patient was enrolled in March 2012.

The safety and tolerability of betrixaban for stroke prevention was evaluated in 508 patients with atrial fibrillation in the Phase 2 EXPLORE-Xa dose-ranging study. Results were presented during a late-breaking session at the American College of Cardiology’s 59th Annual Scientific Session in March 2010. The data showed that a once-daily dose of oral betrixaban, given to patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter and at least one risk factor for stroke, reduced the incidence of major and clinically relevant non-major bleeds compared to dose-adjusted warfarin. In August 2010, additional pharmacodynamic data from a pre-specified analysis of EXPLORE-Xa showed a concentration dependent relationship and provided further evidence for the anticoagulant activity of betrixaban across all three doses studied in the clinical trial. The additional pharmacodynamic analysis provides information for dose selection for Phase 3 evaluation of betrixaban.

In 2007, positive top-line results from EXPERT were published in The Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. This randomized, multi-center, Phase 2 in-hospital efficacy and safety study of the prevention of VTE compared betrixaban with enoxaparin in 215 patients undergoing knee replacement surgery.

Patent Document CN1391555A first discloses a preparation method (see Scheme 1):

Figure CN104693114AD00042

CN101595092A (See Scheme 2).

Patent Document CN102762538A (see Scheme 3).

[0013]

CN104693114

Machine translated from chinese please bear with names

http://www.google.com/patents/CN104693114A?cl=en

Figure CN104693114AD00071

Preparation Example 1 shell song in Spanish

Under stirring, temperature 15 ~ 20 ° C, was added dropwise 2mol / L tetrahydrofuran solution of isopropylmagnesium chloride (available commercially available) 308ml (0 • 615mol, 5eq) to 2mol / L dimethylamine THF Solution (commercially available can) 339ml (0.677mol, 5. 5eq) to give dimethylamine reaction solution.

Under stirring, temperature 15 ~ 20 ° C, the compound of formula II 50. 0g (0 123mol, leq.) Was mixed with 500ml of tetrahydrofuran, was added dropwise the above-described reaction solution of dimethylamine; After the addition continued at 25 The reaction was stirred for ~ 30 ° C, the progress of the reaction was monitored by HPLC. After completion of the reaction, at 15 ~ 20 ° C, the reaction solution was added to about 2mol L hydrochloric acid solution 700ml / in hydrochloric acid and then adjusting the pH to 2-3; concentrated under reduced pressure and the organic solvent was evaporated, filtered and concentrated liquid The precipitated solid, the filter cake washed with an appropriate amount of water; the filter cake was mixed by stirring with 500ml of acetone, the pH adjusted with triethylamine to 7-8; filtered; the cake at 40 ~ 45 ° C and dried under reduced pressure to give Pui Spanish song 45. 5g. . Yield: 82 0%; HPLC purity: 98.9%, of which 0.05% dechlorinated impurities VIII, IX desmethyl impurities were not detected.

Take the above Tony Qu Spanish 45.0g, at about 70 ° C under stirring dissolved in N, N- dimethylacetamide 180ml, a toluene solution of 360ml; cooling crystallization, filtration, the filter cake washed with an appropriate amount of acetone at 40 ~ 45 ° C and dried under reduced pressure; the resulting song Tony Spanish HPLC purity 99.7%.

(+) LC-MS: m / z = 452 ([M + H] +). Che NMR (400MHz, DMS0-d6) S:…. 2 96 (s, 6H), 3 83 (s, 3H), 7. 06-7 09 (dd, 1H), 7. 55-7 59 ( m, 3H), 7. 80-7. 83 (dd, 1H), 8. 21-8. 23 (d, 1H), 8. 27-8. 30 (d, 2H), 8. 37-8. 40 (d, 1H), 8. 41-8. 43 (d, 1H), 10. 54 (br., 2H).

Preparation Example 2 Tony Qu Spanish maleate

Under stirring, temperature 0 ~ 5 ° C, dropping 2mol isopropyl magnesium chloride in tetrahydrofuran / L (available commercial available) 105ml (0 • 21mol, 8. 4eq) twenty methylamine hydrochloride 8. 91g (0 • llmol, 4. 4eq) in tetrahydrofuran 60ml of the suspension, the reaction solution obtained dimethylamine.

Under stirring, temperature 0 ~ 5 ° C, the compound of formula II 10. 0g (0 025mol, leq.) Was mixed with 100ml of tetrahydrofuran, and then dropping the above reaction liquid dimethylamine; After the addition continued 10 The reaction was stirred for ~ 15 ° c, the progress of the reaction was monitored by HPLC. After completion of the reaction, at 10 ~ 15 ° C, the reaction solution was added to an aqueous solution of 45g and 100ml dubbed maleic acid solution; the organic solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure and concentrated, filtered concentrate precipitated solid cake was washed with the right amount of water washing. Cake at 40 ~ 45 ° C and dried under reduced pressure to give Tony Qu Spanish maleate 12.lg. . Yield: 85 4%; HPLC purity: 98.6%, which is 0.03% dechlorinated impurities VIII, IX desmethyl impurities were not detected.

Take the above shellfish Spanish song maleate 10. 0g, at about 70 ° C under stirring dissolved in a mixed solvent of ethanol 50ml and 25ml of water, dropping water 150ml; cooling crystallization, filtration, the filter cake at 40 ~ 45 ° C and dried under reduced pressure; the resulting song Tony Spanish maleate HPLC purity 99.9%.

: HNMR (400MHz, DMS〇-d6) 8: 3. 25 (s, 3H), 3. 32 (s, 3H), 3. 87 (s, 3H), 6. 02 (s, 2H) , 7. 19-7. 21 (dd, 1H), 7. 44-7. 45 (1H), 7. 75-7. 77 (d, 2H), 7. 97-9. 98 (d, 2H) , 8. 08-8. 13 (m, 3H), 8. 44-8. 45 (d, 1H), 9. 01 (br., 1H), 9. 37 (br., 1H), 11.04 (s , 1H), 11. 13 (s, 1H).

Preparation Example 3 Tony Spanish song of [0075] Example

Under stirring, temperature 25 ~ 30 ° C, isopropylmagnesium chloride in tetrahydrofuran was added dropwise a solution of 2mol / L (available commercially available) 81ml (0 • 161mol, 7eq) to 2mol / L dimethylamine THF Solution (commercially available can) 121ml (0 • 242mol, 10. 5eq) to give dimethylamine reaction solution.

Under stirring, temperature 25 ~ 30 ° C, the hydrochloride salt of a compound of formula II 10. 0g (0 023mol, leq.) Was mixed with 100ml of tetrahydrofuran, was added dropwise the above-described reaction solution of dimethylamine; After the addition was complete The reaction continued stirring at 25 ~ 30 ° C, the progress of the reaction was monitored by HPLC. After completion of the reaction, at 15 ~ 20 ° C, the reaction solution was added to about 2mol L hydrochloric acid solution 210ml / in hydrochloric acid and then adjusting the pH to 2-3; concentrated under reduced pressure and the organic solvent was evaporated, filtered and concentrated liquid The precipitated solid, the filter cake washed with an appropriate amount of water; the filter cake with 90ml acetone was stirred and mixed, the pH adjusted with triethylamine to 7-8; filtration; cake was 45 ~ 50 ° C and dried under reduced pressure to give Pui Qu Spanish 8. 35g. Yield: 80.5%. HPLC purity: 98.7%, which is 0.03% dechlorinated impurities VIII, IX desmethyl impurities were not detected.

Preparation Example 4 shellfish Spanish song hydrochloride

Under stirring, temperature 15 ~ 20 ° C, dropping lmol / n-amyl magnesium bromide tetrahydrofuran solution (which can be commercialized available) 75ml (0 • 075mol, 3eq) to 2mol / L of dimethyl L amine in tetrahydrofuran (commercially available can) 56ml (0 • 113mol, 4. 5eq) to give dimethylamine reaction solution.

Under stirring, temperature 15 ~ 20 ° C, the compound of formula II 10. 0g (0 025mol, leq.) Was mixed with 100ml of tetrahydrofuran, was added dropwise the above-described reaction solution of dimethylamine; After the addition continued at 25 The reaction was stirred for ~ 30 ° C, the progress of the reaction was monitored by HPLC. After completion of the reaction, at 15 ~ 20 ° C, the reaction solution was added to about 2mol L hydrochloric acid solution 100ml / in hydrochloric acid and then adjusting the pH to 2-3; concentrated under reduced pressure and the organic solvent was evaporated, filtered and concentrated liquid The precipitated solid, the filter cake washed with an appropriate amount of water. Cake at 40 ~ 45 ° C and dried under reduced pressure to give Tony Qu Spanish hydrochloride 10.lg, yield:. 82 9%; HPLC purity: 99.0%, which is 0.02% dechlorination impurity VIII, from A impurities IX was not detected.

Take the above shellfish Spanish song hydrochloride 10. 0g, at about 70 ° C under stirring dissolved in N, N- dimethylacetamide 40ml, a toluene solution of 80ml; cooling crystallization, filtration, cake at 40 ~ 45 ° C and dried under reduced pressure; the resulting song Tony Spanish hydrochloride HPLC purity 99.8%.

Preparation 5 shellfish Spanish song of [0082] Example

Under stirring, temperature 0 ~ 5 ° C, dropping lmol / diethyl zinc toluene solution of L (available commercially oriented) 50ml (0. 050mol, 2eq) to 2mol / L dimethylamine tetrahydrofuran (commercially available can) 28ml (0. 055mol, 2. 2eq) to give dimethylamine reaction solution.

Under stirring, temperature 0 ~ 5 ° C, the compound of formula II 10. 0g (0 025mol, leq.) Was mixed with 100ml of tetrahydrofuran, and then dropping the above reaction liquid dimethylamine; After dropping 5 continues The reaction was stirred for ~ 10 ° C, the progress of the reaction was monitored by HPLC. After completion of the reaction, in the next 5 ~ 10 ° C, the reaction mixture was added to about 2mol L dilute hydrochloric acid solution 70ml / in hydrochloric acid and then adjusting the pH to 2-3; concentrated under reduced pressure and the organic solvent was evaporated, filtered and concentrated liquid The precipitated solid, the filter cake was washed successively with a suitable amount of water; the filter cake with acetone l〇〇ml mixing, the pH adjusted with triethylamine to 7-8; filtered; the cake at 40 ~ 45 ° C under reduced pressed and dried to give Tony Qu Spanish 9. 03g. . Yield: 80 1%; HPLC purity: 99.0%, which is 0.02% dechlorinated impurities VIII, IX desmethyl impurities were not detected.

Preparation of compounds of Formula II Preparation Example 1

Methoxy-2-nitro – (5-chloro-pyridin-2-yl) -5 – benzamide (compound V) Preparation of [0086] (1) N-

with stirring at room temperature, 5-methoxy-2-nitrobenzoic acid (Compound VI, can be commercially available) 250g (1. 27mol, leq) and 2-amino-5-chloropyridine (Compound VII .) 163g (l 27mol, leq) was suspended in 1700ml of acetonitrile, pyridine 301g (3 81mol, 3eq), and then phosphorus oxychloride was added dropwise 231g (l 52mol, 1 2eq);… After stirring for 1 hour the reaction 3500ml water quenching crystallization; the filter cake was washed with water 1700mlX2; dried under reduced pressure to obtain compound V349g.

(2) 2-Amino -N- (5- chloro – pyridin-2-yl) -5-methoxy – benzamide (compound IV) is prepared

with stirring at room temperature, the N- (5- chloro – pyridin-2-yl) -5-methoxy-2-nitro – benzamide (Compound V) 300g (0 • 977mol, 1.Oeq) 3000ml was dissolved in acetic acid, and iron powder was added portionwise 546g (9 77mol, 10eq.); After the addition of iron stirring was continued for 3 hours, and then ethyl acetate and water 6000ml 3000ml, liquid separation; the aqueous phase was separated 3000mlX2 extracted with ethyl acetate; combined organic phases were washed with water, saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate, saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give compound IV244g.

(3) N- (5- chloro – pyridin-2-yl) -2- (4-cyano – benzoyl – amino) -5-methoxy – benzamide (compound II) is prepared

at 10 ~ 20 ° C, a solution of a compound of formula IV 200g (0 • 72mol, 1.Oeq) and triethylamine 109g (1. 08mol, 1. 5eq) 2000ml dissolved in tetrahydrofuran, to which was added dropwise to cyano benzoyl chloride (compound III, commercially available technology) 130g (0 79mol, 1.leq.) and tetrahydrofuran solution dubbed 1000ml, HPLC monitoring progress of the reaction; after the reaction was filtered, the filter cake washed with an appropriate amount of ethanol, dried under reduced pressure to obtain compound II263g. HPLC purity: 98.7%.

(+) LC-MS: m / z = 407 ([M + H] +). Insect NMR (400MHz, DMS0-d6) S:… 3 85 (s, 3H), 7 16-7 .19 (dd, 1H), 7. 39-7 41 (d, 1H), 7. 93- 7. 96 (d, 2H), 8. 02-8. 04 (m, 4H), 8. 13-8. 14 (d, 2H), 8. 42-8. 43 (d, 1H), 11. 06 (br. 2H).

Example 2 Preparation of the hydrochloride salt of the compound of formula II

at 10 ~ 20 ° C, a solution of a compound of formula IV 40. 0g (0 • 14mol, 1.Oeq) was dissolved in 400ml of tetrahydrofuran, a solution of cyanobenzoyl chloride (Compound III, can be commercialized available) 24 8g (0 15mol, 1.leq) and tetrahydrofuran solution 200ml dubbed, HPLC monitoring progress of the reaction;.. After the reaction was filtered, the filter cake washed with ethanol and after an appropriate amount, and dried under reduced pressure to obtain a compound of formula II hydrochloride . HPLC purity: 99.5%.

WO 2015176591

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Example 1: Preparation of Spanish Preparation and Form A half-L- malic acid shellfish song

At 55 ~ 60 ℃, the shellfish song Spanish 6.0g (13.3mmol), L- malic acid 1.1g (8.0mmol) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran 70mL / water 7mL mixed solvent acetone was added with stirring 60mL, cooled to room temperature, Crystallization. Precipitated solid was filtered, and the resulting solid at 40 ~ 45 ℃ vacuum dried to give half L- malic acid shellfish Spanish song.

1H NMR(400MHz,MeOD)δ:2.355-2.419(dd,0.5H),2.735-2.781(dd,0.5H),3.226(s,6H),3.907(s,3H),4.302-4.326(dd,0.5H),7.195-7.224(dd,1H),7.448-7.455(d,1H),7.744-7.764(d,2H),7.821-7.849(dd,1H),8.145-8.165(d,2H),8.196-8.219(d,1H),8.238-8.261(d,1H),8.323-8.329(d,1H)。

Above 1 H-NMR results, δ: 3.907 (s, 3H) attributed to shellfish Spanish song molecule methyl CH 3 , 4.302-4.326 (dd, 0.5H) attributed to L- malic acid molecule methine CH , you can determine the song title product in shellfish Spanish and L- malic acid molar ratio of 2: 1.

PATENT

http://www.google.com.na/patents/EP2101760A2?cl=en

Example 2

Preparation of the compound of Formula II

a. Gram scale preparation A slurry of the compound of Formula F (455 g, 1.0 eq.) in THF (4.67 kg,

10.3 parts) was prepared and adjusted to <10 ⁰C. Lithium dimethyl amide was prepared as follows :hexyllithium (2.3 N/hexane, 2.45 L, 5.5 eq.) was added to dimethylamine solution (2 N/THF, 2.8 L, 5.5 eq.) maintaining <10 ⁰C. The lithium dimethyl amide solution was charged into the slurry containing the compound of Formula F keeping the pot temperature of <10 ⁰C. The reaction progress was monitored by in-process HPLC which confirmed that the amount of Formula F was <1.0 A%. A buffer solution of NaHCO₃ (490 g, 1.1 parts, 5.7 eq.) and Na₂CO₃ (490 g, 1.1 parts, 4.5 eq.) in deionized water (6.6 kg, 14.51 parts) was prepared, and the above reaction mixture was transferred to this aqueous solution maintaining < 5 ⁰C. The product precipitated out and the resulting slurry was adjusted to 20 ⁰C over a period of 12 hr. The solid was filtered, and the resulting wet cake was washed with 3.5 kg (7.7 parts) of deionized water. The solid was filtered off using a coarse frit glass bench filter, and rinsed forwarded with cold (0-5 ⁰C) absolute ethanol (628 g, 1.4 parts). The product was dried at 30-35 ⁰C. Dry product was obtained in 458 g (73% yield). b. Kilogram scale preparation A slurry of the compound of Formula F (31.5 kg, 1.0 eq.) in THF (251 kg,

8.0 parts) was prepared in a 780 L Hastelloy reactor (Reactor A) and adjusted to 0 ⁰C (-3 to 3 ⁰C). 2 M Dimethylamine in THF (161.0 kg, 5.0 eq.) and THF (63 kg, 2 parts) were charged into a 1900 L GLMS reactor (Reactor B) and adjusted to 0 ⁰C (-3 to 3 ⁰C) with maximum agitation. Hexyllithium (2.3 M, 97.2 kg, 4.5 eq.) was slowly charged to Reactor B while maintaining a max temperature of 10 ⁰C. The pump and lines were rinsed forward to Reactor B with THF (3.2 kg). The Reactor B contents were adjusted to 0 ⁰C (-3 to 3 ⁰C), then transferred to Reactor A while keeping Reactor A temperature < 10 ⁰C. The Reactor B pump and lines were rinsed forward with THF (31.4 kg, 1.0 part). The Reactor A contents were adjusted to 0 ⁰C (-3 to 3 ⁰C), and agitated at this temperature until the reaction was complete as verified by HPLC (1-2 hrs). After about 1 hr of agitation, in-process HPLC analysis indicated that 0 A% starting material remained (in-process criteria: max 1 A%). Reactor A contents were adjusted to -5 ⁰C (-8 to -3 ⁰C). In-process cleaning of Reactor B with water was performed. Two previously prepared aqueous solutions (NaHCO₃ (35.0 kg, 1.1 parts) in water (236 kg, 7.5 parts), and Na₂CO₃ (35.0 kg 1.1 parts) in water (236 kg, 7.5 parts))were charged to Reactor B and adjusted to -3 ⁰C (0 to 6 ⁰C). Reactor A contents were transferred to Reactor B through an insulated line, maintaining the temperature of Reactor B at -8 ⁰C to a maximum of 5 ⁰C. The Reactor A pump and lines were rinsed forward with cold [-5 ⁰C (-8 to -3 ⁰C)] THF (31.4 kg, 1.0 part). Reactor B contents were adjusted to 22 ⁰C (19-25 ⁰C) and agitated for ca. 3 hrs. Slurry formation was visually confirmed, and Reactor B contents were filtered onto a 30″ centrifuge fitted with a filter cloth. The Reactor B pump and lines were rinsed forward onto the 30″ centrifuge fitted with a filter cloth with drinking water (63 kg, 2 parts). The wet filter cake (66.5 kg) was transferred back to Reactor B and submitted to a slurry wash in drinking water (1005 kg, 32 parts) at 22 ⁰C (19-25) ⁰C for ca. 1 hr. The product was filtered onto the 30″ centrifuge (after in-process cleaning and fitting with a filter cloth), and the Reactor B lines and pump were rinsed forward with drinking water (63 kg, 2 parts). The water rinse was sampled for test by TDS, which was found to be 0.46%. The Reactor B pump, lines and wet filter cake were further rinsed with cold [0 ⁰C (-3 to 3 ⁰C)] ethanol (44 kg, 1.39 parts). The wet filter cake was dried under vacuum with a maximum temperature of water bath (to heat dryer jacket) of 35 ⁰C. In-process LOD was 0% after ca. 24 hrs of drying, and the product was discharged (24.8 kg) in 76.7% yield. HPLC showed 98 % purity, with dechlorinated impurity at 1.14 %. Example 3

Preparation of the compound of Formula F Step 1. Synthesis of 2-nitro-N-(5-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-5-methoxy-benzamide (C)

5-Methoxy-2-nitrobenzoic acid (A) (25.0 kg, 1.0 eq.), 2-amino-5- chloropyridine (B) (16.3 kg, 1.0 eq.), and acetonitrile (87.5 kg, 3.5 parts) were charged to a 380 L GLMS reactor. The reaction mixture was adjusted to 22 ⁰C (19-25 ⁰C) and anhydrous pyridine (30.0 kg, 3.0 eq.) was added. The pump and lines were rinsed forward with acetonitrile (22.5 kg, 0.9 parts), and the reactor contents were adjusted to a temperature of 19-22 ⁰C. Phosphorous oxychloride (23.3 kg, 1.20 eq.) was charged to the contents of the reactor via a metering pump, while maintaining a temperature of 25 ⁰C (22-28 ⁰C). The metering pump and lines were rinsed forward with acetonitrile (12.5 kg, 0.5 parts), while keeping the temperature at 25 ⁰C (22-28 ⁰C). The reaction mixture normally turned from a slurry to a clear solution after the addition of about 1/3 of the POCI₃. At the end of the addition, it became turbid. After complete addition, the reaction mixture was agitated at 25 ⁰C (22-28 ⁰C) for ca. 1 hr, at which time HPLC analysis confirmed reaction completion. The solution was cooled to 15 ⁰C (12-18 ⁰C) and drinking water (156.3 kg, 6.25 parts) was charged slowly while keeping reaction temperature of between 12 and 30 ⁰C. The reaction mixture was then adjusted to 22 ⁰C (19-25 ⁰C) and agitated for ca. 5 hrs until exotherm ceased. Formation of a slurry was visually confirmed and the contents of the reactor were filtered onto a pressure nutsche fitted with a filter cloth. The reactor, pump, and lines were washed forward onto the pressure nutsche with two portions of drinking water (62.5 kg, 2.5 parts each). The filtrate had a pH value of 7. The product (41.8 kg) was dried under vacuum with a maximum temperature of water bath (to heat dryer jacket) of 50 ⁰C. After ca. 12 hrs, in-process LOD analysis indicated a solvent content of 0.72%. The dry product (C) was discharged (34.4 kg) with 88.2% yield and 99.1 % purity by HPLC. Step 2. Synthesis of 2-amino-N-(5-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-5-methoxy-benzamide (D)

To a 780 L Hastelloy reactor, compound C (33 kg, 1.0 eq.), 5% platinum carbon (sulfided, 0.33 kg, 0.010 parts) and dichloromethane (578 kg, 17.5 parts) were charged. Agitation was started and reactor contents were adjusted to 22 ⁰C (19-25 ⁰C). The reactor was pressurized with ca. 30 psi hydrogen and the reaction mixture gently heated to 28 ⁰C (25-31 ⁰C). Hydrogenation of the reactor contents was performed under ca. 30 psi at 28 ⁰C (25 to 31 ⁰C; maximum 31 ⁰C) until the reaction was complete by HPLC. After 16.5 hrs, the reaction was deemed complete after confirming the disappearance of starting material (0.472 A%). The contents of the reactor were circulated through a conditioned celite pad (0.2-0.5 kg celite conditioned with 20-55 kg dichloromethane) prepared in a 8″ sparkler filter to remove the platinum catalyst. The reactor and celite bed were rinsed forward with two portions of dichloromethane (83 kg, 2.5 parts each). The filtrate was transferred to and concentrated in a 570 L GLMS reactor under a atmospheric pressure to ca. 132 L (4 parts volume). Ethanol (69 kg, 2.1 parts) was charged and concentration continued under atmospheric pressure to ca. 99 L (3 parts volume). In-process NMR indicated that the dichloromethane content was 39%. Ethanol (69 kg, 2.1 parts) was charged again and concentration continued again to ca. 99 L (3 parts volume). In-process NMR indicated that the dichloromethane content was 5%. The reaction mixture was then adjusted to 3 ⁰C (0 to 6 ⁰C), agitated for ca. 1 hr, and the resulting slurry filtered onto a jacketed pressure nutsche fitted with a filter cloth. The reactor, pump, and lines were rinsed forward with cold [3 ⁰C (0-6 ⁰C)] ethanol (26 kg, 0.8 parts). The wet filter cake (36.6 kg) was dried under vacuum at 40-50 ⁰C with a maximum temperature of water bath (to heat dryer jacket) of 50 ⁰C. LOD analysis after 12.5 hrs indicated solvent content was at 0.1%. The dry product (D) was discharged (26.4 kg) in 89.5% yield. HPLC showed 98.4 A% purity, with dechlorinated impurity at 0.083 %. Step 3. Synthesis of N-(5-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-2-(4-cyano-benzoyl-amino)-5-methoxy- benzamide Hydrochloride (F)

To a 780 L Hastelloy reactor, was charged 4-cyanobenzoyl chloride (E)

(17.2 kg, 1.1 eq.) and THF (92 kg, 3.5 parts). Reactor contents were agitated at 22 ⁰C (19- 25 ⁰C) until all of the solids had dissolved. The resulting solution was transferred to a lower receiver and the reactor was rinsed forward with THF (26 kg, 1 part). Compound D (26.4 kg, 1 eq.), THF (396 kg, 15 parts) and pyridine (2.90 kg, 0.4 eq.) were charged to a clean reactor. The pump and lines were rinsed forward with THF (34 kg, 1.3 parts). Via a metering pump, the 4-cyanobenzoyl chloride/THF solution was charged to the reactor, keeping the temperature at < 30 ⁰C and rinsing forward with THF (ca. 10 kg). The resulting yellow-colored slurry was agitated at 22 ⁰C (19-25 ⁰C) for ca 2 hrs. In-process HPLC taken after 2 hrs showed a compound of Formula D content of 0%, indicating completion of the reaction. The slurry was filtered onto a pressure nutsche fitted with a filter cloth. The reactor, pump, lines and wet cake were rinsed with three portions of ethanol (ca. 15 kg each). The wet filter cake was discharged (65.4 kg) and transferred back to the reactor for slurry wash in ethanol (317 kg, 12 parts) at 22 ⁰C (19-25 ⁰C) for ca. 1 hr. The slurry was filtered onto the pressure nutsche and the reactor, pump, lines, and wet filter cake were rinsed with two portions of ethanol (ca. 15 kg each) and two portions of THF (ca. 15 kg each). The wet filter cake was dried under vacuum with a maximum temperature of warm glycol bath (to heat the dryer jacket) of 40 ⁰C. After 14.5 hrs of drying, LOD was 0.75%. The dried material was milled (screen 0.125″) to give 31.8 kg of product, which was dried under vacuum for another 10.5 hrs. LOD after drying was 1.8%, and the product was discharged (31.5 kg) in 74.8% yield (expected 60-90%). HPLC showed 100 % purity.

PATENT

http://www.google.com/patents/WO2011084519A1?cl=en

U.S. Patent No. 6,376,515 B2 discloses a class of benzamide based compounds as specific factor Xa inhibitors. In particular, U.S. Patent No. 6,376,515 B2 describes a compound identified as Example 206, which is also disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 6,835,739 B2 as Example 206 and herein identified as betrixaban, which has the chemical formula of Formula I:

Scheme 1

Example 1: Preparation of betrixaban

[0113] Dimethylformamide (13L) and hydrochloride (18 mL) were charged into a reactor. Compound B (1 kg) was added followed by Compound A (0.88 kg).

Compound A is commercially available or, just as with Compound B may be prepared using the methods described in Examples 4 and 5. The reaction mixture was cooled between 0 °C and -10 °C. EDC (0.752 kg) was added while maintaining the temperature between -10 °C and 0 °C. The reaction mixture was stirred until the content of

Compound B is below 0.10% area by HPLC. The reaction mixture was stirred until betrixaban started to crystallize. Acetone (26 L) was then added during a period of at least 1 hr while the temperature was maintained at between -10 °C and 0 °C. The suspension was then stirred for additional 2 hrs at a temperature of between 0 °C and 10 °C. The suspension was filtered and washed with cold acetone to give a wet product betrixaban. Example 2: Preparation of a maleate salt of betrixaban

[0114] The wet betrixaban obtained above was reacted with maleic acid (0.52 x weight of maleic acid/weight of dry betrixaban) in ethanol (22.4 x volume of

liquid/weight of dry betrixaban (v/w)) and purified water (5.7 x v/w) to form a betrixaban maleate salt. The solution of the betrixaban maleate salt was filtered and concentrated under vacuum until a final volume of 5.7 x v/w. Water (2 x v/w) was then added and the mixture was back concentrated until the same volume. The procedure of adding water and distil until a final volume of 5.7 x v/w was carried out until the molar ratio between the content of ethanol and the content of betrixaban maleate salt in the mixture was lower than, or equal to, 6. Betrixaban maleate salt crystallized during the removal of ethanol. The suspension was cooled to a temperature between 19 °C and 25 °C and stirred for not less than 2 hours at this temperature range. Betrixaban maleate salt was isolated by filtration, washed with water and dried under vacuum at a maximum temperature of 40 °C until the content of water was lower than, or equal to, 0.5 % w/w by Karl-Fisher. The purity of the maleate salt was determined to be greater than 99 % by HPLC. The betrixaban maleate isolated was in a crystalline form A which was concluded based on IR, DSC and XRPD results obtained, see Figures 3-5, respectively. The major peaks of XRPD pattern of crystalline form A are also listed in Table 2. Table 2: Betrixaban Form A XRPD Peak °2-Theta (2Θ⁰)

Example 3: Synthesis of 2-nitro-N-(5-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-5-methoxy-benzamide (C)

D E C

[0115] 5-Methoxy-2-nitrobenzoic acid (D) (25.0 kg, 1.0 eq.), 2-amino-5- chloropyridine (E) (16.3 kg, 1.0 eq.), and acetonitrile (87.5 kg) were charged to a 380 L glass-lined reactor. The reaction mixture was adjusted to 22 °C (19-25 °C) and anhydrous pyridine (30.0 kg, 3.0 eq.) was added. The pump and lines were rinsed forward with acetonitrile (22.5 kg), and the reactor contents were adjusted to a temperature of 19-22 °C. Phosphorous oxychloride (23.3 kg, 1.20 eq.) was charged to the contents of the reactor via a metering pump, while maintaining a temperature of 25 °C (22-28 °C). The metering pump and lines were rinsed forward with acetonitrile (12.5 kg), while keeping the temperature at 25 °C (22-28 °C). The reaction mixture normally turned from a slurry to a clear solution after the addition of about 1/3 of the POCI₃. At the end of the addition, it became turbid. After complete addition, the reaction mixture was agitated at 25 °C (22- 28 °C) for ca. 1 hr, at which time HPLC analysis confirmed reaction completion. The solution was cooled to 15 °C (12-18 °C) and water (156.3 kg) was charged slowly while keeping reaction temperature of between 12 and 30 °C. The reaction mixture was then adjusted to 22 °C (19-25 °C) and agitated for ca. 5 hrs until exotherm ceased. Formation of a slurry was visually confirmed and the contents of the reactor were filtered onto a pressure nutsche fitted with a filter cloth. The reactor, pump, and lines were washed forward onto the pressure nutsche with two portions of water (62.5 kg). The filtrate had a pH value of 7. The product (41.8 kg) was dried under vacuum with a maximum temperature of water bath (to heat dryer jacket) of 50 °C. After ca. 12 hrs, in-process LOD analysis indicated a solvent content of 0.72%. The dry product (C) was discharged (34.4 kg) with 88.2% yield and 99.1 % purity by HPLC.

Exam le 4. Synthesis of 2-amino-N-(5-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-5-methoxy-benzamide

Process A

[0116] To a 780 L Hastelloy reactor, Compound C (33 kg, 1.0 eq.), 5%> platinum carbon (sulfided, 0.33 kg) and dichloromethane (578 kg) were charged. Agitation was started and reactor contents were adjusted to 22 °C (19-25 °C). The reactor was pressurized with ca. 30 psi hydrogen and the reaction mixture gently heated to 28 °C (25-31 °C). Hydrogenation of the reactor contents was performed under ca. 30 psi at 28 °C (25 to 31 °C; maximum 31 °C) until the reaction was complete by HPLC. After 16.5 hrs, the reaction was deemed complete after confirming the disappearance of starting material (0.472 A%). The contents of the reactor were circulated through a conditioned Celite™ (diatomaceous earth; Celite Co., Santa Barbara, Ca.) pad (0.2-0.5 kg Celite™ conditioned with 20-55 kg dichloromethane) prepared in a 8″ sparkler filter to remove the platinum catalyst. The reactor and Celite™ bed were rinsed forward with two portions of dichloromethane (83 kg). The filtrate was transferred to and concentrated in a 570 L glass-lined reactor under an atmospheric pressure to ca. 132 L. Ethanol (69 kg) was charged and concentration continued under atmospheric pressure to ca. 99 L. In-process NMR indicated that the dichloromethane content was 39%. Ethanol (69 kg) was charged again and concentration continued again to ca. 99 L. In-process NMR indicated that the dichloromethane content was 5%. The reaction mixture was then adjusted to 3 °C (0 to 6 °C), agitated for ca. 1 hr, and the resulting slurry filtered onto a jacketed pressure nutsche fitted with a filter cloth. The reactor, pump, and lines were rinsed forward with cold [3 °C (0-6 °C)] ethanol (26 kg. The wet filter cake (36.6 kg) was dried under vacuum at 40-50 °C with a maximum temperature of water bath (to heat dryer jacket) of 50 °C. LOD analysis after 12.5 hrs indicated solvent content was at 0.1%. The dry product (B) was discharged (26.4 kg) in 89.5% yield. HPLC showed 98.4 A% purity, with dechlorinated impurity at 0.083 %.

Process B

[0117] To a 780 L Hastelloy reactor, Compound C (33 kg, 1.0 eq.), 5%> platinum carbon (sulfided, 0.33 kg) and dichloromethane (578 kg) were charged. Agitation was started and reactor contents were adjusted to 22 °C (19-25 °C). The reactor was pressurized with ca. 30 psi hydrogen and the reaction mixture gently heated to 26 °C (21 to 31 °C). Hydrogenation of the reactor contents was performed under ca. 30 psi at 26 °C (21 to 31 °C; maximum 31 °C) until the reaction was complete by HPLC. After 16.5 hrs, the reaction was deemed complete after confirming the disappearance of starting material (0.472 A%). The contents of the reactor were circulated through a conditioned Celite™ pad (0.2-0.5 kg Celite™ conditioned with 20-55 kg dichloromethane) prepared in a 8″ sparkler filter to remove the platinum catalyst. The reactor and Celite™ bed were rinsed forward with two portions of dichloromethane (83 kg). The filtrate was transferred to and concentrated in a 570 L glass-lined reactor under vacuum and a maximum temperature of 45 °C to ca. 132 L. Ethanol (69 kg) was charged and concentration continued under vacuum and a maximum temperature of 45 °C to ca. 132 L. In-process NMR indicated that the dichloromethane content was 39%. Ethanol (69 kg) was charged again and concentration continued again to ca. 132 L. In-process NMR indicated that the dichloromethane content was 5%. The reaction mixture was then adjusted to 3 °C (0 to 6 °C), agitated for ca. 1 hr, and the resulting slurry filtered onto a jacketed pressure nutsche fitted with a filter cloth. The reactor, pump, and lines were rinsed forward with cold [3 °C (0-6 °C)] ethanol (26 kg. The wet filter cake (36.6 kg) was dried under vacuum at 40-50 °C with a maximum temperature of water bath (to heat dryer jacket) of 50 °C. LOD analysis after 12.5 hrs indicated solvent content was at 0.1%. The dry product (B) was discharged (26.4 kg) in 89.5% yield. HPLC showed 98.4 A% purity, with dechlorinated impurity at 0.083 %.

Example 5. Synthesis of 4-(N,N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl)benzoic acid (A)

Process A

Step 1: Amidine Formation

[0118] To a tetrahydrofuran solution of 2M dimethylamine, 2.3M hexane solution of hexyllithium was slowly added over a period of at least three (3) hours while maintaining the temperature at between -8°C and -12°C. This solution was added to the tetrahydrofuran solution of ethyl-4-cyanobenzoate (F) while maintaining the temperature between -8°C and -12°C. The completion of the reaction was confirmed by HPLC, and the solution temperature was adjusted to between -8°C and 3°C. The reaction mixture was slowly added to the cold solution of aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution and the desired ethyl-4-(N,N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl)benzoate (G) was extracted with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate layer was dried, filtered and evaporated under vacuum to afford ethyl-4-(N,N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl)benzoate (G) as a white solid.

Step 2: Hydrolysis of ester

[0119] To a THF solution of ethyl -4(N,N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl)benzoate (G) was added an aqueous solution of lithium hydroxide (2 eq.) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 6 hr. The completion of the reaction was confirmed by HPLC. To the reaction mixture was added water, followed by extraction with ethyl acetate. The aqueous layer was acidified with 6N HCI to pH between 3-4 at which point the desired 4-(N,N- dimethylcarbamimidoyl)benzoic acid precipitated as the white solid. The white solid isolated was washed with hexane to afford 4-(N,N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl)benzoic acid as an hydrochloride salt (A).

Process B:

Step 1: Ester Formation

[0120] To a methanolic solution of 4-cyanobenzoic acid was added concentrated sulfuric acid and refluxed the reaction for at least 12 hours. The completion of the reaction was confirmed by HPLC. The solution was cooled and the solvent was evaporated. To the residue was added ethyl acetate followed by washing with 10 % sodium hydroxide solution. The ethyl acetate layer was dried, filtered and evaporated to give desired 4-methyl cyanobenzoate as a white solid.

Step 2: Dimethylamidine formation

[0121] A stream of HCI (gas) was bubbled through a 0 °C solution of 4-methyl cyanobenzoate (1 mmol) in 50 mL of ethanol until saturation. The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight and evaporated to afford compound P. The resulting residue was treated with dimethylamine hydrochloride (0.15 eq.) in 20 mL ethanol at reflux temperature for 4 hours. The solvent was removed at reduced pressure and the residue was washed with hexane to afford desired product Q as a light yellow solid.

Step 3: Ester hydrolysis

[0122] To a THF solution of ethyl-4(N,N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl)benzoate (Q) was added an aqueous solution of lithium hydroxide (2 eq.) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 6 hours. The completion of the reaction was confirmed by HPLC. To the reaction mixture was added water, followed by extraction with ethyl acetate. The aqueous layer was acidified with 6N HC1 to pH between 3-4 at which point the desired 4- (N,N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl)benzoic acid precipitated as the white solid. The white solid isolated was washed with hexane to afford 4-(N,N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl)benzoic acid as an hydrochloride salt (A).

Example 6: Preparation of betrixaban, free base

[0123] To 100 mL round bottom flask, was added compound B (2.0 g, obtained as in Example 4), compound A (1.98 g, obtained as in example 5), 20 mL N,N- dimethylacetamide. The reaction mixture was stirred briefly so as to dissolve most of the solid, then con. HC1 (36 microliters) was added. To this thin slurry add EDC HCl (1.8 g total, Aldrich) in 3 portions, 0.6 g each, 20 min apart. The reaction mixture was stirred for 1.5 hours for complete reaction. [0124] To this reaction was added 2.3 g sodium carbonate solution in 10 mL water while the batch was cooled with water bath to keep the batch temperature 22-30 °C. Vigorous agitation was required to keep the batch well mixed. Then 10 mL water was added. The batch was stirred at 22-25 °C for 30 min. After a slurry was formed, 20 mL more water was added. The batch was stirred at 22 °C for 1 hour. The batch was filtered and the wet cake was washed with 3×5 mL water, then 5 mL acetone. The cake was dried on the funnel by suction. The weight of the dry cake is 2.95 g -2.92 g which is the crude betrixaban. To purify the crude betrixaban obtained, 1.0 g of the crude solid was mixed with 4 mL Ν,Ν-dimethylacetamide and heated to 70 °C for 30 min. Then add 8 mL toluene was added and the mixture was heated for 30 min, then cooled to 22 °C over 1 h, then cooled to 0 °C, aged at 0 °C for 2 hours, filtered, washed with 2×1 mL toluene. The cake was dried on the funnel by suction to obtain 0.88 g pure betrixaban (I).

WO2012031017A1 *	Aug 31, 2011	Mar 8, 2012	Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp.	CRYSTALLINE FORMS OF A FACTOR Xa INHIBITOR
WO2013033370A1 *	Aug 30, 2012	Mar 7, 2013	Portola Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	Prevention and treatment of thrombosis in medically ill patients
US8946269	Aug 31, 2011	Feb 3, 2015	Portola Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	Crystalline forms of a factor Xa inhibitor

WO2004083174A2 *	Mar 17, 2004	Sep 30, 2004	Timur Gangor	Sulfonyl-amidino containing and tetrahydropyrimidino containing compounds as factor xa inhibitors
WO2008057972A1	Nov 1, 2007	May 15, 2008	Millennium Pharm Inc	Methods of synthesizing pharmaceutical salts of a factor xa inhibitor
US6376515	Feb 28, 2001	Apr 23, 2002	Cor Therapeutics, Inc.	Benzamides and related inhibitors of factor Xa
US6835739	Oct 15, 2003	Dec 28, 2004	Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	Benzamides and related inhibitors of factor Xa
US6844367	Sep 15, 2000	Jan 18, 2005	Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	Benzamides and related inhibitors of factor Xa
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References

Eriksson BI, Quinlan DJ, Weitz JI (2009). “Comparative pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of oral direct thrombin and factor xa inhibitors in development”. Clinical Pharmacokinetics48 (1): 1–22. PMID 19071881.
Zhang P, Huang W, Wang L, Bao L, Jia ZJ, Bauer SM, Goldman EA, Probst GD, Song Y, Su T, Fan J, Wu Y, Li W, Woolfrey J, Sinha U, Wong PW, Edwards ST, Arfsten AE, Clizbe LA, Kanter J, Pandey A, Park G, Hutchaleelaha A, Lambing JL, Hollenbach SJ, Scarborough RM, Zhu BY (April 2009). “Discovery of betrixaban (PRT054021), N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-(4-(N,N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl)benzamido)-5-methoxybenzamide, a highly potent, selective, and orally efficacious factor Xa inhibitor”. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters19 (8): 2179–85. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.02.111. PMID 19297154.
Turpie AG, Bauer KA, Davidson BL, Fisher WD, Gent M, Huo MH, Sinha U, Gretler DD (January 2009). “A randomized evaluation of betrixaban, an oral factor Xa inhibitor, for prevention of thromboembolic events after total knee replacement (EXPERT)”. Thrombosis and Haemostasis101 (1): 68–76. PMID 19132191.
Piccini, J. P.; Lopes, R. D.; Mahaffey, K. W. (2010). “Oral factor Xa inhibitors for the prevention of stroke in atrial fibrillation”. Current Opinion in Cardiology25 (4): 312. doi:10.1097/HCO.0b013e32833a524f. PMID 20520539. edit
Sobieraj-Teague, M.; O’donnell, M.; Eikelboom, J. (2009). “New Anticoagulants for Atrial Fibrillation”. Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis35 (5): 515–24. doi:10.1055/s-0029-1234147. PMID 19739042. edit

6 Cohen, Alexander T.; Harrington, Robert; Goldhaber, Samuel Z.; Hull, Russell; Gibson, C. Michael; Hernandez, Adrian F.; Kitt, Michael M.; Lorenz, Todd J. (2014-01-01). “The design and rationale for the Acute Medically Ill Venous Thromboembolism Prevention with Extended Duration Betrixaban (APEX) study”. American Heart Journal 167 (3). doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2013.11.006.
7

Husten, Harry. “Merck Abandons Development of Factor Xa Inhibitor Betrixaban”. CardioBrief. Retrieved 11 April 2014.

Betrixaban
Systematic (IUPAC) name

N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-([4-(N,N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl)benzoyl]amino)-5-methoxybenzamide
Clinical data
Legal status	Development terminated
Identifiers
CAS Number	330942-05-7
ATC code	None
PubChem	CID: 10275777
ChemSpider	18981107
UNII	74RWP7W0J9
ChEMBL	CHEMBL512351
Chemical data
Formula	C₂₃H₂₂Cl N₅O₃
Molecular mass	451.905 g/mol

/////////////CN(C)C(=N)C1=CC=C(C=C1)C(=O)NC2=C(C=C(C=C2)OC)C(=O)NC3=NC=C(C=C3)Cl

SEE ABAN SERIES AT………..http://organicsynthesisinternational.blogspot.in/p/aban-series.html

Phase 3 FDA -Acorafloxacin (Avarofloxacin) Granted QIDP and Fast Track Designation

February 28, 2013 10:50 am / 4 Comments on Phase 3 FDA -Acorafloxacin (Avarofloxacin) Granted QIDP and Fast Track Designation

Avarofloxacin .HCl/Acorafloxacin. HCl

cas no 1001162-01-1

3-Quinolinecarboxylic acid, 7-[(3E)-3-(2-amino-1-fluoroethylidene)-1-piperidinyl]-1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-, hydrochloride (1:1)

2. 7-[(3E)-3-(2-amino-1-fluoroethylidene)piperidin-1-yl]-1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid monohydrochloride

PHASE 2 FURIEX,FOR acute bacterial skin and skin structure (ABSSSI)Infection,

February 25, 2013
Avarofloxacin Granted QIDP and Fast Track Designation

JNJ-Q2, JNJ-32729463-AAA

CAS NO 878592-87-1 of base

7-[3-[2-Amino-1(E)-fluoroethylidene]piperidin-1-yl]-1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid

Figure imgf000063_0002

Furiex Pharmaceuticals Inc. announced that the FDA has granted Qualified Infectious Disease Product (QIDP) and Fast Track designation for avarofloxacin (JNJ-Q2). Avarofloxacin is a Phase 3-ready broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin-structure (ABSSSI) infections, community-acquired pneumonia and has proven to be effective in treating methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections.

Avarofloxacin is an investigational novel fluoroquinolone antibiotic that has been shown to be effective in a Phase 2 study of ABSSSI infections. In this study, avarofloxacin demonstrated favorable efficacy for both early clinical response endpoints as well as all clinical cure endpoints for the intent to treat population.

Avarofloxacin has a low tendency for development of drug resistance and exhibits a broad range of antibacterial activities in vitro, including MRSA, fluoroquinolone-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae (including multi-drug resistant strains), gram positive, gram negative, atypical respiratory pathogens (such as legionella and mycoplasma) and anaerobic bacteria, which are often associated with abscesses of the skin and other organs.

The availability of IV and oral formulations for avarofloxacin differentiates it from a number of other products for MRSA infections which are only available for intravenous administration.

For more information call (919) 456-7800or visit http://www.furiex.com/

About Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

MRSA is a strain of the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (staph) which commonly causes skin and soft tissue infections and is resistant to many antibiotics. Although MRSA had previously been primarily a hospital-acquired pathogen, its incidence has been rising in the community, and it has become the most frequent cause of skin and soft tissue infections presenting to emergency departments in the United States. There are a limited number of antibiotics approved to treat MRSA, and their frequent usage has led to emergence of multi-drug resistant bacteria. Thus, we believe there is significant unmet medical need for new antibiotics such as avarofloxacin that provide flexible (hospital and outpatient) treatment options for MRSA.

WO-2006/101603 describes 7-amino alkylidenyl- heterocyclic quinolones as antimicrobial compounds and the synthesis of 7-[(3E)-3-(2-amino-l-fluoroethylidene)-l- piperidinyl]- 1 -cyclopropyl-6-fluoro- 1 ,4-dihydro-8-methoxy-4-oxo 3-quinolinecarboxylic acid is disclosed as compound (303) in Table 1 on page 20. This compound is conveniently referred to as compound ‘A’ hereafter.

compound ‘A’

7-[(3E)-3-(2-amino-1 -fluoroethylidene)-1 -piperidinyl]-1 -cyclopropyl-6-fluoro- 1 ,4-dihydro-8-methoxy-4-oxo 3-quinolinecarboxylic acid

The in vitro antibacterial properties of compound ‘A’ are described by Morrow B.J. et al. in Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol. 54, pp. 1995 – 1964 (2010).

WO-2008/005670 discloses one-pot methods for the production of substituted allylic alcohols as well as extractive methods for the separation of certain isomeric alcohol products which are useful for preparing quinolones such as the antimicrobial compound 7-[(3E)-3-(2-amino- 1 -fluoroethylidene)- 1 -piperidinyl]- 1 -cyclopropyl-6-fluoro- 1 ,4- dihydro-8-methoxy-4-oxo 3-quinolinecarboxylic acid (i.e. compound ‘Α’). An important intermediate in the overall synthesis route of said antimicrobial compound ‘A’ is 2-[(2E)-2-fluoro-2-(3-piperidinylidene)ethyl]-lH-isoindole-l,3(2H)- dione and its hydrochloric acid salt thereof : compound (1 )

2-[(2E)-2-fluoro-2-(3-piperidinylidene)ethyl]-1 H-isoindole-1 ,3(2H)-dione compound (1 ) .HCI

Compound (1) introduces the desired E- stereochemistry into the overall synthesis route for the antimicrobial compound ‘Α’.

WO-2008/005670 discloses a synthesis route for compound (1) on page 38 as depicted below :

– highly enriched (E)

(Step 3a) O

The detailed reaction procedure for compound (1) is disclosed in WO-2008/005670 in Example 1 on pages 37 to 44 affording compound (1) in Method A with a E:Z ratio of 97:3 in an approximate overall yield of 18 % in Method A (step 1 for the first 3 heptane layers has a yield of 34 % with a ratio E:Z of 71 :29, step 2a has a yield of 53.4% with a ratio E:Z of 97:3, and step 3 has quantitave yield), or affording compound (1) in Method B with an approximate overall yield of 15% with a ratio E:Z of 94.4 : 5.6. WO-2008/005670 discloses a synthesis route for the hydrochloric acid addition salt of compound (1) on page 15 in Scheme 2 as depicted below :

into n-butanol,

1 ) 5/6 N HCl in IPA

2) heat to distill

3) add IPA

enriched E-isomer

compound (1 ) .HCl

The detailed reaction procedure to prepare the HCl salt of compound (1) is disclosed in WO-2008/005670 in Example 4 on pages 49 to 52 affording >95% of desired E-isomer with an overall yield of 18 – 22% starting from N-boc-3-piperidone.

The reaction procedures described in WO-2008/005670 for the preparation of compound (1) or its HCl salt are characterized by lack of selectivity of the Wadsworth- Emmons-Horner reaction which produces the undesired Z-isomer in large quantities. This undesired Z-isomer requires additional time consuming separation steps.

Hence there is a need for a more efficient and less waste-producing procedure for the preparation of compound (1) or its HCl salt. WO-2010/056633 discloses a synthesis scheme XIV on page 87 to prepare tert-butyl 4- (2-ethoxy-2-oxoethylidene)piperidinyl-l-carboxylate and a synthesis scheme XXVI on page 111 to prepare (l-benzyl-piperidin-4-ylidene)bromoacetic acid ethyl ester.

In a first embodiment the present invention relates to an improved process for preparing compounds of formula (III) having an improved ratio of the desired (E)-isomer over the undesired (Z)-isomer.

(I)

In a further embodiment the compound (E)-(III) is then converted in to compound (1) or its hydrochloric acid addition salt thereof.

…………………………..

WO 2008005670

http://www.google.com/patents/WO2008005670A2?cl=en

Scheme 1

3 eq NaBH₄ OH

30 – 4O⁰C

2a 2b 2a

2b shows the preparation of alcohol 2

Scheme 2

1 ) HCI (5 eq )

aqueous layer to enriched E isomer pH 9-10 then extract into n-Butanol, discard aqueous layer

Preparation of

7-[3-(2-Amino-l-fluoroethylidene)piperidin-l-yl]-l-cyclopropyl- 6-fluoro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-l,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (10) and its HCl salt (12)

7-[3-(2-Amino-1-fluoro-ethyhdene)-piperidin-1-yl]-1-cyclopropyl–fluoro-8-mΘthoxy-4-oxo-1 ,4-dιhydro-quιnolιne-3-carboxylιc acid (10)

Step 1: Preparation of 3-(l-fluoro-2-hydroxyethylidene)piperidine-l-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (2a)

A 22-L 4-neck round bottom flask, equipped with a thermocouple controller, overhead mechanical stirrer, condenser, nitrogen inlet adapter, and stopper, was charged with N-Boc-3-piperidone (663.36 g, 3.34 mol), 2-methoxyethanol (6.0 L) and 2-fluorotriethylphosphonoacetate (843.54 g, 3.49 mol). The mixture was stirred to obtain a homogeneous solution and then CS₂CO3 was added in portions over 1.5 h. After the CS₂CO₃ addition was complete, NaBH₄ was added in portions over 6 h; during most of this addition the reaction temperature was maintained between 35 ⁰C to 40 ⁰C. After the addition was complete, the reaction was allowed to stir overnight after which time HPLC analysis indicated that the reaction was complete. This run was combined with two additional runs of equal size and transferred to a stirred 100-L Hastalloy® reactor containing water (90 L). The aqueous mixture was extracted with heptane (4 x 20 L) followed by extraction with MTBE (methyl tert-butyl ether) (20 L). The first three heptane extracts provided 842 g of the allylic alcohol as 71:29 (E: Z) mixture (HPLC and NMR). The product mixture from the first three heptane extractions was carried on to the next step without any additional purification. The fourth heptane extract gave 114 g of product that was a 67:33 mixture of is: Z alcohols (NMR). MTBE extraction and concentration gave 1.1 Kg of product as a 33:67 mixture of E:Z alcohols (HPLC). The total overall yield for both isomers was 2.06 Kg (83%). ¹H NMR of 2a (400 MHz, CDCl₃): £ 1.45 (s, 9 H), 1.52 (m, 2 H), 2.40 (m, 2 H), 3.45 (m, 2 H), 3.90 (s, 2 H), 4.25 (d, 2 H). ¹H NMR of 2b (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 1.46 (s, 9 H), 1.65 (m, 2 H), 2.27 (m, 2 H), 3.45 (m, 2 H), 4.1 (s, 2 H), 4.25 (d, 2 H).

Step 2, Method A: Preparation of 3-is-[2-(l,3-dioxo-l,3-dihydroisoindol-2-yl)-l- fluoroethylidene]-piperidine-l-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (3-ϋ)

A 22-L 4-neck round bottom flask, equipped with a thermocouple controller, overhead mechanical stirrer, condenser, pressure-equalizing addition funnel, nitrogen inlet adapter, and stopper, was charged with E:Z alcohol mixture 2a and 2b (377.5 g, 1.296 mol corrected), 2-MeTHF (3.31 L), phthalimide (232.8 g, 1.581 mol), and Ph₃P (411.3 g, 1.568 mol). The white suspension was stirred under N₂ and cooled to -12 ⁰C in an acetone/Dry-Ice bath, DIAD (309 mL, 1.49 mol) was added via the addition funnel over a 36-min period, while the reaction temperature was maintained at -15 ⁰C to -10 ⁰C. After the addition, the reaction was warmed to 20 ⁰C in a water bath and stirred for 2 h. The reaction was cooled to 0 ⁰C in an ice/water bath and quenched with cold 1.0 M HCl (950 mL). The aqueous phase was separated and EtOAc (1.70 L) was added to the organic phase. This phase was washed with cold 1.0 M HCl (0.95 L) (the aqueous phase was pH < 2) and then separated. The organic phase was next washed with cold 4 NNaOH (1.70 L), the alkaline aqueous phase (pH > 13) was separated and the EtOAc layer washed with brine (1.70 L). Concentration of the organic phase at 60 ⁰C under house vacuum (-120 mm Hg) afforded 1,442.0 g of crude 3. This run was repeated on the same scale to provide an additional 1,431.0 g of crude material for a combined yield of 2,873 g (159%). HPLC analysis (area%) indicated crude 3 was a mixture of 3-E (29.4%), 3-Z (10.4 %), Ph₃PO (51.0 %), and phthalimide (1.1 %). This was purified by recrystallization as described in step 2a.

Step 2a, Method A: Purification of 3-is-[2-(l,3-dioxo-l,3-dihydroisoindol-2-yl)-l- fluoroethylidene]-piperidine-l-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

A 22-L 4-neck round bottom flask equipped with a thermocouple controller, overhead mechanical stirrer, condenser, pressure-equalizing addition funnel, nitrogen inlet adapter and stopper was charged with the combined crude 3 (2,873 g) and MeOH (9.0 L). The solution was stirred under nitrogen and heated to 65 ⁰C, while hot (60 ⁰C) D.I. water (7.8 L) was added over a 15-min period. The solution was stirred at 65 ⁰C for 5 min, and then the heating mantle was replaced with a water bath, and the mixture was gradually cooled to 0 ⁰C over a 4-h period, and continued stirring for 1 h at 0 ⁰C. The off-white solid was collected by filtration, and dried by air-suction at 60 ⁰C for 20 h, this provided 1,172.6 g of a mixture of 3-E and 3-Z.

The partially purified product above was recrystallized a second time in the same manner using hot MeOH (7.2 L) and hot water (5.0 L) except that the water was added over a 10-min period to afford 515.6 g (53.4%) of 3-E as a 97:3 mixture of E:Z geometric isomers. This material was used in the next step without additional purification. . ¹H NMR of 3-E (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 1.48 (s, 9 H), 1.52-1.66 (m, 2 H), 2.28-2.38 (m, 2 H), 3.40-3.51 (m, 2 H), 4.18 (s, 2 H), 4.55 (d, J= 21.0 Hz, 2 H), 7.68- 7.77 (m, 2 H), 7.80-7.89 (m, 2 H). MS: 397 (M+Na)⁺, 771 (2M+Na)⁺.

3 -E-[2-( 1 ,3 -dioxo- 1 ,3-dihydroisoindol-2-yl)- 1 -fluoroethylidene]-piperidine- 1 – carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester was also prepared with Method B below: Step 2, Method B: Preparation of 3-£-[2-(l,3-dioxo-l,3-dihydroisoindol-2-yl)-l- fluoroethylidene]-piperidine-l-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (3-E)

Preparation of the methanesulfonate and chloride derivatives

A 12-L 4-neck round bottom flask equipped with an overhead stirrer, thermocouple, pressure-equalizing addition funnel, and a nitrogen inlet adapter was charged with 2a (297.0 g, 1.21 mol) and CH₂Cl₂ (3.9 L). The solution was cooled to 0 ⁰C under N₂ and EtsN (320 mL, 2.30 mol) was added via the addition funnel over a 10- min period. This was followed by methanesulfonyl chloride (115 mL, 1.49 mol) added over a 60-min period then the reaction was stirred for an additional 60-min at 0 ⁰C. The mixture was poured into a mixture of deionized water (4.4 L) and saturated NaHCθ3 (0.78 L), the layers were separated, the aqueous layer was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2 x 2 L). All the CH₂Cl₂ layers were combined and washed with saturated NaHCθ3 (2 L). The CH₂Cl₂ was removed under vacuum at 40 ⁰C to afford a mixture of the mesylate and chloride (342.3 g). This mixture was taken on to the next step without any purification.

Conversion of the methanesulfonate/chloride to phthalimide 3

A 5-L 4-neck round bottom flask equipped with an overhead stirrer, thermocouple, pressure-equalizing addition funnel, and a nitrogen inlet adapter was charged with the mixture of the mesylate and chloride from above (342.2 g, 1.21 mol) and DMF (2.0 L) followed by potassium phthalimide (224.9 g, 1.21 mol). The mixture was stirred at 60 ⁰C for 1-h then at 20 ⁰C for 18 h. The mixture was poured into ice- water, allowed to stand for 30-min and filtered. The liquors from the filtration were allowed to stand at 0 ⁰C over the weekend and filtered again. The combined solids were dissolved in acetone (4 L) and concentrated on the rotary evaporator, this process was repeated a second time to give the phthalimide derivative 3 as a mixture oiEIZ (79/31) isomers (263.2 g, 58.1 %).

Step 2a, Method B: Purification of 3-£-[2-(l,3-dioxo-l,3-dihydroisoindol-2-yl)-l- fluoroethylidene]-piperidine-l-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

A 12-L 4-neck round bottom flask equipped with an overhead stirrer, thermocouple, pressure-equalizing addition funnel, and a nitrogen inlet adapter was charged with the crude phthalimide derivative 3 (263.1 g) and MeOH (2.74 L). The mixture was heated to 66 – 68 ⁰C while water (2.1 L) was added over 20-min, the mixture was stirred at 68 ⁰C for 5-min, then gradually cooled to 20 ⁰C for 18-h. While the crystallization mixture was cooling it was seeded at 60 ⁰C, 56 ⁰C and 53⁰C. This crystallization gave a white solid that was filtered and dried under vacuum at 50 ⁰C to afford 3-E (118.8 g, 45.2%) as a mixture containing 94.4% E and 5.6% Z isomers (NMR analysis).

Step 3: Preparation of 2-[2-fluoro-2-(3-piperidinylidene)ethyl]-lH-isoindole-l,3)- dione (4)

A 12-L 4-neck round bottom flask equipped with an overhead stirrer, thermocouple, pressure-equalizing addition funnel, and a nitrogen inlet adapter was charged with 3-E (578.0 g, 1.544 mol) and CH₂Cl₂ (4.5 L). The solution was stirred at 20⁰C under N₂ and TFA (476 mL, 6.18 mol) was added via the addition funnel over a 10-min period. The mixture was gently heated to 38 ⁰C and stirred for 3 h. The solvent was removed under vacuum to give the TFA salt of 4 (962.6 g). This material was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (4.0 L) and washed with 2.5 NNa₂CO₃ (4.6 L)-followed by saturated NaHCO₃ (4.6 L). The organic phase was dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and condensed in vacuo. The off-white solid was dried at 40 ⁰C under vacuum (20 mm Hg) for 20 h to afford 464.3 g of the free base of 4 as slightly yellowish foamy substance. ¹H NMR of 4 TFA salt (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 1.87-1.98 (m, 2 H), 2.42-2.55 (m, 2 H), 3.38-3.50 (m, 2 H), 4.08-4.18 (br s, 2 H), 4.50 (d, J= 21.0 Hz, 2 H), 7.69-7.78 (m, 2 H), 7.79-7.87 (m, 2 H), 7.98-8.23 (br s, 1 H), 12.48 (s, 1 H). MS: 275 (MH)⁺, 549 (2M+H)⁺.

Step 4: Preparation of l-Cyclopropyl-ό^-difluoro-S-methoxy^-oxo-l^- dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid difluoroborate ester (6)

A 22-L 4-neck round bottom flask equipped with an overhead stirrer, thermocouple, condenser, pressure equalizing addition funnel, and a nitrogen inlet adapter was charged with quinoline-3-carboxylic acid 5 (450.0 g, 1.524 mol), THF (5.40 L) and K₂CO₃ (247.2 g, 1.753 mol). This suspension was first stirred at 20 ⁰C under N₂ for 5 min, and BF₃ ^»Et₂0 (259 mL, 2.04 mol) was added dropwise via the addition funnel to the stirred mixture over a 5-min period. After the addition, the mixture was heated to reflux (66 ⁰C) for 6 h. The reaction was cooled to 10 ⁰C, diluted with Et₂O (9.0 L) and stirred for 10 min. The solid was filtered and washed with Et₂O (200 mL x 2) and then dried at 50 ⁰C under house vacuum (-160 mm Hg) for 20 h to afford 771.O g of crude difluoroborate ester 6. After this, the crude material was suspended in MeCN (8.0 L) and stirred at 20 ⁰C for 20 min; the solid was collected by filtration. The filter cake was re-suspended and stirred in MeCN four more times (2.0 L x 4), and all filtrates were combined and concentrated at 60 ⁰C under hi-vac (~10 mmHg). The resulting off- white solid was dried at 50 ⁰C under house vacuum (-160 mmHg) for 20 h to afford 508.66 g (97.2% isolated yield, HPLC = 99.2% by area) of pure difluoroborate ester 6. ¹H NMR of 6 (400 MHz, CD₃CN): «51.17-1.28 (m, 2 H), 1.29-1.40 (m, 2 H), 4.19 (s, 3 H), 4.40-4.52 (m, 1 H), 8.16 (dd, J= 6.9, 7.0 Hz, 1 H), 9.17 (s, 1 H). MS: 344 (MH)⁺, 667 (2M-F)⁺.

Step 5: Preparation of intermediate 8

A 5-L 4-neck round bottom flask equipped with an overhead stirrer, thermocouple, condenser, pressure-equalizing addition funnel and a nitrogen inlet adapter was charged with difluoroborate ester 6 (320.0 g, 0.933 mol), DMF (1.10 L) and piperidine 4 (289.0 g, 1.053 mole). This suspension was stirred at 20 ⁰C under N₂ for 5 min, EtsN (299 mL, 2.15 mol) was added to the stirred mixture via the addition funnel over an additional 5-min period. After this addition, the mixture was heated to 60 ⁰C and stirred for 3 h, to give crude intermediate 7. HPLC analysis (area%) indicated crude 7 is a mixture of 7 (40.5%), 8 (1.7 %), 6 (24.1%), and the rest of unknowns (33.7%). MS: 598 (MH)⁺. The coupled crude product 7 was carried on to the next step without isolation.

Removal of the Fluoroborate Ester The above stirred reaction mixture containing 7 was treated in the same flask with EtOH (6.80 L) and Et₃N (299 mL, 2.147 mol) under N₂ at 60 ⁰C. The amber solution was heated to reflux at 72 ⁰C for 2 h and cooled to 20 ⁰C. The reaction mixture was poured into a rapidly stirred 22-L 4-neck round bottom flask containing a 1 : 1 (v/v) ice-water mixture (8.0 L) over a 10-min period; stirring was continued for -10 min. Cold 1 NHCl (4.0 L) was added to the solution over 20 min to adjust the pH from 9-10 to 3; stirring was continued for an additional 20 min at 0 ⁰C. The yellow solid was isolated by filtration and dried in a filter funnel by air-suction using house vacuum (-160 mm Hg) at 20 ⁰C for 20 h to afford 1,889.0 g of crude 8 as a damp solid (HPLC = 33.6%, area%).

Purification of Intermediate 8

To a 22-L 4-neck round bottom flask equipped with an overhead stirrer, thermocouple, pressure-equalizing addition funnel, and a nitrogen inlet adapter was charged with crude 8 (1889.0 g), MeCN (3.6 L) and EtOH (3.2 L). The suspension was heated to reflux (76 ⁰C), while D.I. H₂O (500 mL) was added over 10 min. The solution was stirred at 76 ⁰C for 5 min, and then gradually cooled to 10 ⁰C over 1 h; stirred for an additional hour. The yellow solid was collected by filtration, dried in a vacuum oven under house vacuum (-160 mm Hg) at 60 ⁰C for 20 h to afford 229. Ig (45%) of 8, which was used in next step without further purification. ¹H ΝMR of 8 (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): £ 1.02-1.10 (m, 2 H), 1.11-1.19 (m, 2 H), 1.67-1.79 (m, 2 H), 2.34-2.45 (m, 2 H), 3.38-3.49 (m, 2 H), 3.78 (s, 3 H), 4.10 (s, 2 H), 4.15-4.26 (m, 1 H), 4.54 (d, J= 21.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.72 (d, J= 9.1 Hz, 1 H), 7.81 (s, 4 H), 8.71 (s, I H), 14.98 (s, 1 H). MS: 550 (MH)⁺.

Step 6: Preparation of 7-[3-(2-amino-l-fluoro-ethylidene)-piperidin-l-yl]-l- cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-l,4-dihydro-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid (10)

8 10 A

22-L 4-neck round bottom flask equipped with an overhead stirrer, thermocouple, condenser, pressure-equalizing addition funnel and a nitrogen inlet adapter was charged with 8 (253.6 g, 0.462 mol) and MeOH (5.10 L). This suspension was stirred at 20 ⁰C under N₂ and H₂NNH₂ (86.9 mL, 2.796 mol) was added over a 5-min period. The yellow suspension was heated to 65 ⁰C and refluxed for 1 h. The reaction was cooled to 60 ⁰C and MeCN (3.84 L) was added. The mixture was heated to reflux for 5 min, and then cooled to 20 ⁰C in a water bath. The light-yellow solid was collected by filtration and the filter cake was washed with MeCN (150 mL x 2). The combined filtrate was concentrated at 60 ⁰C affording 322.0 g of crude product 10. This product was recrystallized from a mixture of MeOH (1.0 L) and water (1.195 L) to give 176.6 g (91.2%) of pure product 10 as a light yellow solid.

BASE FORM

¹H NMR of 10 (400 MHz, DMSO- d₆): £ 1.0-1.09 (m, 2 H), 1.10-1.19 (m, 2 H), 1.66-1.78 (m, 2 H), 2.30-2.41 (m, 2 H), 3.17 (s, 2 H), 3.35 (s, 1 H), 3.36-3. 47 (m, 2 H), 3.74 (s, 3 H), 3.89 (s, 2 H), 4.13-4.22 (m, 1 H), 5.35-6.18 (br, 2 H), 7.74 (d, J= 8.9 Hz, 1 H), 8.69 (s, 1 H).

MS: 420 (MH)⁺.

Example 3

Preparation of7-[3-(2-Amino-l-fluoro-ethylidene)-piperidin-l-yl]-l-cyclopropyl-

6-fluoro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-l,4-dihydro-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid hydrogen chloride salt (12)

7-[3-(2-amino-l-fluoro-ethylidene)-piperidin-l-yl]-l-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-8- methoxy-4-oxo-l,4-dihydro-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid (10) was prepared as described in Step 6 of Example 1.

A 5-L 4-neck round bottom flask equipped with an overhead stirrer, thermocouple, condenser, pressure-equalizing addition funnel, and a nitrogen inlet adapter was charged with compound 10 (176.0 g, 0.4196 mol) and EtOH (2.40 L). The suspension was stirred under N₂ and cooled to 10 ⁰C with an ice/water bath. A solution of HCl in EtOH (1.25 M, 350 mL) was added via the addition funnel over a 20-min period. After the addition, the reaction was stirred at 10 ⁰C for 5 min. The water bath was replaced with a heating mantle and the solution was heated to 76 ⁰C and stirred for 5 min. The heating mantle was replaced with the water bath, the solution was cooled to 0 ⁰C over 1 h and stirred at this temperature for an additional 1 h. The solid was collected by filtration, washed with ice-cold EtOH (100 mL x 2) and dried at 60 ⁰C under vacuum (~4 mmHg) for 60 h. There was obtained 88.9 g (82%) of HCl salt 12 as an off-white to very light-yellow solid.

^{HCl SALT}

¹H NMR of HCl salt 12 (400 MHz, CD₃CO₂D): £ 1.10-1.19 (m, 2 H), 1.29-1.38 (m, 2 H), 1.81-1.93 (m, 2 H), 2.51-2.60 (m, 2 H), 3.48- 3.60 (m, 2 H), 3.86 (s, 3 H), 4.08 (s, 2 H), 4.18 (s, 1 H), 4.19-4.30 (m, 2 H), 7.92 (d, J= 8.6 Hz, 1 H), 8.98 (s, 1 H) 11.65 (s, 1 H).

MS: 420 (MH)⁺

………………………………………

http://www.google.com/patents/WO2013045599A1?cl=en

Experiment 6

(VI) compound (1 ) .HCI

Compound (1) .HCI salt from Compound (Via) :

9.8 ml (90.6 mmol) of 1-chloroethyl chloro formate are added slowly to a solution of 30 g (82.3 mmol) of compound (E)-(Va) in 165 ml of toluene kept at 0°C. The reaction mixture is stirred 1 hour at room temperature than 1 hour at 80°C and filtered. 24 ml of ethanol and 15.35 ml (90.6 mmol) of 6M HCI solution in isopropanol are added to the filtrate and the resulting mixture is refluxed for 4 hours then cooled to 0°C. The precipitate is filtered, washed with 16 ml of acetone and 16 ml of toluene and dried under vacuum to give 21.94 g of compound (1) . HCI salt. Yield: 86%>.

NMR and MS data are identical to those of the literature.

Avarofloxacin nonproprietary drug name

http://www.ama-assn.org/resources/doc/usan/avarofloxacin.pdf‎

November 28, 2012. N12/130. STATEMENT ON A NONPROPRIETARY NAME ADOPTED BY THE USAN COUNCIL. USAN (ZZ-145). AVAROFLOXACIN.

[PDF]

Avarofloxacin hydrochloride nonproprietary drug name

http://www.ama-assn.org/resources/doc/usan/avarofloxacin-hydrochloride.pdf‎

WO2006101603A1	Feb 2, 2006	Sep 28, 2006	Janssen Pharmaceutica Nv	7-amino alkylidenyl-heterocyclic quinolones and naphthyridones
WO2008005670A2	Jun 14, 2007	Jan 10, 2008	Janssen Pharmaceutica Nv	One-pot condensation reduction methods for preparing substituted allylic alcohols
WO2010056633A2	Nov 10, 2009	May 20, 2010	Janssen Pharmaceutica Nv	7-amino alkylidenyl-heterocyclic quinolones and naphthyridones

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