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ET-743, Yondelis (trabectedin)
Trabectedin, Ecteinascidin 743, NSC-684766, ET-743, Yondelis, ID0YZQ2TCP
cas 114899-77-3
(-)-(1’R,6R,6aR,7R,13S,14S,16R)-5-Acetoxy-6′,8,14-trihydroxy-7′,9-dimethoxy-4,10,23-trimethyl-1′,2′,3′,4′,6a,7,12,13,14,16-decahydro-6H-spiro[6,16-(epithiopropanoxymethano)-7,13-epimino-1,3-dioxolo[7,8]isoquino[3,2-b][3]benzazocine-20,1′-isoquinolin]-19-one
Janssen seeks FDA approval for Yondelis drug to treat advanced STS
Janssen Research & Development is seeking approval from US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for its Yondelis (trabectedin) to treat patients with advanced soft tissue sarcoma (STS).
http://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/news/newsjanssen-yondelis-sts-4451060?WT.mc_id=DN_News
Trabectedin, also referred as ET-743 during its development, is a marine derived antitumoral agent discovered in the Carribean tunicate _Ecteinascidia turbinata_ and now produced synthetically. Trabectedin has a unique mechanism of action. It binds to the minor groove of DNA interfering with cell division and genetic transcription processes and DNA repair machinery.It is approved for use in Europe, Russia and South Korea for the treatment of advanced soft tissue sarcoma. It is also undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of breast, prostate, and paediatric sarcomas. The European Commission and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have granted orphan drug status to trabectedin for soft tissue sarcomas and ovarian cancer.
Trabectedin (also known as ecteinascidin 743 or ET-743) is an anti-tumor drug. It is sold by Zeltia and Johnson and Johnson under the brand name Yondelis. It is approved for use in Europe, Russia and South Korea for the treatment of advanced soft tissue sarcoma. It is also undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of breast, prostate, and paediatric sarcomas. The European Commission and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have granted orphan drug status to trabectedin for soft tissue sarcomas and ovarian cancer.
The ecteinascidins (herein abbreviated ETs) are exceedingly potent antitumor agents isolated from the marine tunicate Ecteinascidia turbinata. Several ecteinascidins have been reported previously in the patent and scientific literature. See, for example U.S. Pat. No. 5,089,273, which describes novel compounds of matter extracted from the tropical marine invertebrate Ecteinascidia turbinata, and designated therein as ecteinascidins 729, 743, 745, 759A, 759B and 770. These compounds are useful as antibacterial and/or antitumor agents in mammals. U.S. Pat. No. 5,478,932 describes other novel ecteinascidins isolated from the Caribbean tunicate Ecteinascidia turbinata, which provide in vivo antitumor activity against P388 lymphoma, B16 melanoma, M5076 ovarian sarcoma, Lewis lung carcinoma, and the LX- I human lung and MX- 1 human mammary carcinoma xenografts.
One of the ETs, ecteinascidin 743 (ET-743), is a tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid with considerable in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity in murine and human tumors, and potent antineoplastic activity against a variety of human tumor xenografts grown in athymic mice, including melanoma, ovarian and breast carcinoma.
ET-743 is a natural compound with the following structure:
ET-743 is also known with the generic name trabectedin and the trademark Yondelis®, and it is currently approved in Europe for the treatment of soft tissue sarcoma. The clinical development of trabectedin continues in phase 11/ III clinical trials in breast, ovarian and prostate cancer. A clinical development program of ET-743 in cancer patients was started with phase I studies investigating 1- hour, 3-hour, 24-hour, and 72-hour intravenous infusion schedules and a 1 hour daily x 5 (dx5) schedule. Promising responses were observed in patients with sarcoma, breast and ovarian carcinoma.
Therefore this new drug is currently under intense investigation in several phase 11/ III clinical trials in cancer patients with a variety of neoplastic diseases. Further information regarding the dosage, schedules, and administration of ET-743 for the treatment of cancer in the human body, either given alone or in combination is provided in WO 00/69441 , WO 02/36135, WO 03/39571 , WO 2004/ 105761 , WO 2005/039584, WO 2005/049031 , WO 2005/049030, WO 2005/049029, WO 2006/046080, WO 2006/005602, and PCT/US07/98727, which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
A review of ET-743, its chemistry, mechanism of action and preclinical and clinical development can be found in Kesteren, Ch.
Van et al., Anti-Cancer Drugs, 2003, 14 (7), 487-502: “ET-743 (trabectedin, ET-743): the development of an anticancer agent of marine origin”, and references therein.
During the past 30 years medical oncologists have focused to optimise the outcome of cancer patients and it is just now that the new technologies available are allowing to investigate polymorphisms, gene expression levels and gene mutations aimed to predict the impact of a given therapy in different groups of cancer patients to tailor chemotherapy. Representative examples include the relationship between the Thymidylate Synthase (TS) mRNA expression and the response and the survival with antifolates, beta tubulin III mRNA levels and response to tubulin interacting agents, PTEN gene methylation and resistance to CPT- I l and, STAT3 over expression and resistance to Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) interacting agents.
A molecular observation of potential clinical impact relates to the paradoxical relation between the efficiency of the Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER) pathway and the cytotoxicity of ET-743. In fact, tumour cells that are efficient in this DNA repair pathway appear to be more sensitive to ET-743. This evidence is in contrast with the pattern noted with platin based therapeutic regimens which are highly dependent on the lack of activity of this repair pathway (ie. an increase in ERCCl expression has been associated to clinical resistance to platinum-based anti-cancer therapy).
There are evidences on the key role of NER pathways on the cytotoxicity of ET-743 in cell lines. ET-743 binds to G residues in the minor groove of DNA forming adducts that distort the DNA helix structure and they are recognised by NER mechanisms (Pourquier, P. et al., 2001 , Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting, Vol. 42, pp. 556. 92nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research. New Orleans, LA, USA. March 24-28, 2001. ISSN: 0197-016X). Takebayasi et al. (Nature Medicine, 2001 , 7(8), 961-966) have proposed that the presence of these DNA adducts in transcribed genes, blocks the Transcription Coupled NER (TC-NER) system by stalling the cleavage intermediates and producing lethal Single Strand Breaks (SSBs). It is known from Grazziotin et al (Proc.Natl.Acad.Sic.USA, 104: 13062- 13067) that the DNA adducts formed by exposure to ET-743 are transformed into double strand DNA breaks.
The fact that NER mediates ET-743 ‘s cytotoxicity has also been found in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisae by Grazziotin et al. (Biochemical Pharmacology, 2005, 70, 59-69) and in the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe by Herrero et al. (Cancer Res. 2006, 66(16), 8155-8162).
In addition, Bueren et al. (Proceedings AACR Annual Meeting 2007, Abstract no. 1965) have been shown that ET-743 induces double-strand breaks in the DNA in early S phase that are detected and repaired by the Homologous Recombination Repair (HRR) pathway. In addition, Erba et al (Eur. J. Cancer, 2001 , 37(1), 97- 105) and Bueren et al (Proceedings AACR Annual Meeting 2007, Abstract no. 1965) have shown that inactivation/ mutations of genes related to the Double Strand Break detection such as DNA-PK, ATM and ATR and of genes related to Homologous Recombination Repair pathway, such as Fanconi Anemia genes, BRCAl , BRCA2 and RAD51 make cells more sensitive to trabectedin. Such unique finding is the opposite to the pattern with conventional DNA interacting agents, like in the case of microtubule poisons such as taxanes and vinorelbine.
Finally, pharmacogenomic studies prior have demonstrated that increased expression of the NER genes ERCCl and XPD in the tumor tissue does not impact the outcome of patients treated with
ET-743. However, the low expression of BRCAl in the tumor tissue is correlated with a better outcome in cancer patents treated with
ET-743. Further information can be found in WO 2006/005602, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
Three rare, autosomal recessive inherited human disorders are associated with impaired NER activity: xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), Cockayne Syndrome (CS), and trichothiodystrophy (Bootsma et al. The Genetic Basis of Human Cancer. McGraw-Hill, 1998, 245- 274). XP patients exhibit extreme sensitivity to sunlight, resulting in a high incidence of skin cancers (Kraemer et al. Arch. Dermatol. 123, 241-250, and Arch. Dermatol. 130, 1018- 1021). About 20% of XP patients also develop neurologic abnormalities in addition to their skin problems. These clinical findings are associated with cellular defects, including hypersensitivity to killing and mutagenic effects of UV, and inability of XP cells to repair UV-induced DNA damage (van Steeg et al. MoI. Med. Today, 1999, 5, 86-94).
Seven different NER genes, which correct seven distinct genetic XP complementation groups (XPA-XPG), have been identified (Bootsma et al. The Genetic Basis of Human Cancer. McGraw-Hill, 1998, 245-274). The human gene responsible for XP group G was identified as ERCC5 (Mudgett et al. Genomics, 1990, 8, 623-633; O’Donovan et al. Nature, 1993, 363, 185- 188; and Nouspikel et al. Hum. MoI. Genet. 1994, 3, 963-967). The XPG gene codes for a structure-specific endonuclease that cleaves damaged DNA ~5 nt 3′ to the site of the lesion and is also required non-enzymatically for subsequent 5’ incision by the XPF/ ERCCl heterodimer during the NER process (Aboussekhra et al. Cell, 1995, 80, 859-868; Mu et al. J. Biol. Chem. 1996, 271 , 8285-8294; and Wakasugi et al. J. Biol. Chem. 1997, 272, 16030- 16034). There is also evidence suggesting that XPG is also involved in transcription-coupled repair of oxidative DNA lesions (Le Page et al. Cell, 101 , 159- 171).
Takebayashi et al. (Cancer Lett., 2001 , 174: 1 15- 125) have observed an increase in heterozygosity loss and microsatellite instability in a substantial percentage of samples of ovarian, lung and colon carcinoma. Le Moirvan et al, (Int.J. Cancer, 2006,1 19: 1732- 1735) have described the presence of polymorphisms in the XPG gene in sarcoma patients. It is also known from Takebayashi et al. (Proceedings of the American Association forCancer Research Annual Meeting, March, 2001 , Vol. 42, pp. 813.92nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer
Research. New Orleans, LA, USA. March 24-28, 2001) that cells deficient in the NER system are resistant to treatment with ET-743 (Zewail-Foote, M. et al., 2001 , Chemistry and Biology, 8: 1033- 1049 and Damia, G. et al., 2001 , Symposium AACR NCI EORTC) and that the antiproliferative effects of ET-743 require a functional XPG gene.
Since cancer is a leading cause of death in animals and humans, several efforts have been and are still being undertaken in order to obtain an antitumor therapy active and safe to be administered to patients suffering from a cancer. Accordingly, there is a need for providing additional antitumor therapies that are useful in the treatment of cancer.
Trabectedin is a tetrahydroisoquinoline, a novel marine-derived antitumor agent isolated from the colonial tunicate Ecteinascidia turbinate. The drug binds to the minor groove of the DNA, bending the DNA towards the major groove, blocking the activation of genes in a unique way via several pathways, including selective inhibition of the expression of key genes (including oncogenes) involved in cell growth and drug resistance, inhibition of genetic repair pathways and inhibition of cell cycle progression leading to p53-independent programmed cell death.
In July 2003, the European Committee of Proprietary Medicinal Products (CPMP) recommended against granting marketing authorization to trabectedin for soft tissue sarcoma. PharmaMar appealed the decision in September 2003. Later that year, the CPMP rejected the company’s appeal. In 2006, the company filed another regulatory application for this indication and, finally, in 2007, a positive opinion was received in the E.U. for the treatment of metastatic soft tissue sarcoma. First commercialization of the product in the E.U. took place in October 2007 in the U.K. and Germany.
The compound is also available in several other countries. In 2008, the compound was filed for approval in the U.S. and the E.U. for the treatment of relapsed advanced ovarian cancer in combination with liposomal doxorubicin, and in 2009 approval was received in both countries. Trabectedin is available in several European countries, including the U.K. and Germany. Also in 2009 the drug candidate was approved in Philippines for the ovarian cancer indication.
The compound had been in phase II development by Johnson & Johnson for the treatment of prostate cancer; however, no recent development has been reported for this research. PharmaMar is evaluating the compound in phase II trials for the treatment of breast cancer. Additional early clinical trials are ongoing at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) to evaluate trabectedin for potential use in the treatment of advanced, persistent or recurrent uterine leiomyosarcomas and solid tumors.
In 2011, a regulatory application that had been filed in the U.S. seeking approval for the treatment of relapsed advanced disease in combination with liposomal doxorubicin was withdrawn by the company based on the FDA’s recommendation that an additional phase III study be conducted to obtain approval. In 2014, Janssen Research & Development, LLC submitted an NDA for trabectedin to the FDA for the treatment of patients with advanced soft tissue sarcoma (STS), including liposarcoma and leiomyosarcoma subtypes, who have received prior chemotherapy including an anthracycline.
Trabectedin was developed by PharmaMar, a subsidiary of Zeltia. The drug was being codeveloped and comarketed in partnership with Ortho Biotech, a subsidiary of Johnson & Johnson pursuant to an agreement signed in 2001. However, in 2008 the license agreement between the two companies was terminated.
The compound was granted orphan drug designation for the treatment of soft tissue sarcoma and for the treatment of ovarian cancer by the FDA and the EMEA. In 2011, orphan drug designation was granted in Japan for the treatment of malignant soft tissue tumor accompanied with chromosomal translocation. In 2009, the product was licensed to Taiho by PharmaMar in Japan for the treatment of cancer.
During the 1950s and 1960s, the National Cancer Institute carried out a wide ranging program of screening plant and marine organism material. As part of that program extract from the sea squirt Ecteinascidia turbinata was found to have anticancer activity in 1969.[1] Separation and characterisation of the active molecules had to wait many years for the development of sufficiently sensitive techniques, and the structure of one of them, Ecteinascidin 743, was determined by KL Rinehart at the University of Illinois in 1984.[2] Rinehart had collected his sea squirts by scuba diving in the reefs of the West Indies.[3]
Recently, the biosynthetic pathway responsible for producing the drug, has been determined to come from Candidatus Endoecteinascidia frumentensis, a microbial symbiont of the tunicate.[4] The Spanish company PharmaMar licensed the compound from the University of Illinois before 1994 and attempted to farm the sea squirt with limited success.[3]
Yields from the sea squirt are extremely low – it takes 1 tonne of animals to isolate 1 gram of trabectedin – and about 5 grams were believed to be needed for a clinical trial[5] so Rinehart asked the Harvard chemist E. J. Corey to search for a synthetic method of preparation. His group developed such a method and published it in 1996.[6] This was later followed by a simpler and more tractable method which was patented by Harvard and subsequently licensed to PharmaMar.[3] The current supply is based on a semisynthetic process developed by PharmaMar starting from Safracin B, an antibiotic obtained by fermentation of the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens.[7] PharmaMar have entered into an agreement with Johnson and Johnson to market the compound outside Europe.
Trabectedin was first dosed in humans in 1996.In 2007, the EMEA gave authorisation for the marketing of trabectedin, under the trade name Yondelis, for the treatment of patients with advanced soft tissue sarcoma, after failure of anthracyclines and ifosfamide, or who are unsuited to receive these agents. The agency’s evaluating committee, the CHMP observed that trabectedin had not been evaluated in an adequately designed and analyzed randomized trial against current best care, and that the clinical efficacy data was mainly based on patients with liposarcoma and leiomyosarcoma. However the pivotal study did show a significant difference between two different trabectedin treatment regimens, and due to the rarity of the disease the CHMP considered that marketing authorisation could be granted under exceptional circumstances.[8] As part of the approval PharmaMar agreed to conduct a further trial to identify whether any specific chromosomal translocations could be used to predict responsiveness to trabectedin.[9] Trabectedin is also approved in South Korea[10] and Russia.
In 2008 the submission was announced of a registration dossier to the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) and the FDA for Yondelis when administered in combination with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil, Caelyx) for the treatment of women with relapsed ovarian cancer. In 2011, Johnson&Johnson voluntarily withdrew the submission in the United States following a request by the FDA for an additional Phase III study to be done in support of the submission.[11]
Trabectedin is also in phase II trials for prostate, breast and paediatric cancers.[12]
Trabectedin is composed of 3 tetrahydroisoquinoline moieties, 8 rings including one 10-membered heteocyclic ring containing a cysteine residue, and 7 chiral centers.
The biosynthesis of Trabectedin in Candidatus Endoecteinascidia frumentensis starts with a fatty acid loading onto the acyl-ligase domain of the EtuA3 module. A cysteine and glycine are then loaded as canonical NRPS amino acids. A tyrosine residue is modified by the enzymes EtuH, EtuM1, and EtuM2 to add a hydroxyl at the meta position of the phenol, and adding two methyl groups at the para-hydroxyl and the meta carbon position. This modified tyrosine reacts with the original substrate via a Pictet-Spangler reaction, where the amine group is converted to an imine by deprotonation, then attacks the free aldehyde to form a carbocation that is quenched by electrons from the methyl-phenol ring. This is done in the EtuA2 T-domain. This reaction is done a second time to yeid a dimer of modified tyrosine residues that have been further cyclized via Pictet-spangler reaction, yielding a bicyclic ring moiety. The EtuO and EtuF3 enzymes continue to post-translationally modify the molecule, adding several functional groups and making a sulfide bridge between the original cysteine residue and the beta-carbon of the first tyrosine to form ET-583, ET-597, ET-596, and ET-594 which have been previously isolated.[4] A third o-methylated tyrosine is added and cyclized via Pictet-Spangler to yield the final product.[4]
Proposed biosynthetic scheme for the biosynthesis of Trabecteden (ET-743)
The total synthesis by E.J. Corey used this proposed biosynthesis to guide their synthetic strategy. The synthesis uses such reactions as the Mannich reaction, Pictet-Spengler reaction, the Curtius rearrangement, and chiral rhodium-based diphosphine–catalyzed enantioselective hydrogenation. A separate synthetic process also involved the Ugi reaction to assist in the formation of the pentacyclic core. This reaction was unprecedented for using such a one pot multi-component reaction in the synthesis of such a complex molecule.
Org Lett 2000,2(7),993
The previously reported synthesis of 139221 (scheme 13922101a) has been investigated in order to find a more efficient, reproducible and economical route to work in the mutikilogram scale. Herein it is reported a new process which is simpler and proceeds with an overall yield of 54% (the original process, 35%). The condensation of intermediate aminolactone (I) (scheme 13922101a, intermediate (VII)) with acid (XLII) (the acid derived from scheme 13922101a, intermediate ester (IX)) by means of 2-chloro-1,3-dimethylimidazolidinium hexafluorophosphate (CIP), and 1-hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole (HOAt) in THF/dichloromethane gives the coupling product (XLIII), which is allylated with allyl bromide (XLIV) and Cs2CO3 in DMF yielding the allyl ether (XLV). The reduction of the lactone group of (XLV) with LiAlH2(OEt)2 in ethyl ether affords the lactol (XLVI), which is desilylated with KF in methanol to provide the phenolic compound (XLVII). The opening of the lactol ring of (XLVII) with simultaneous cyclization by means of Tf-OH in water/trifluoroethanol gives the hexacyclic intermediate (XLVIII), which is finally reductocondensed with KCN by means of LiAlH2(OEt)2 in THF to furnish the previously reported pentacyclic intermediate (XI) (scheme 13922101a, intermediate (XI)).
……………………………………………
Reaction of cyanosafracin B (I) with Boc2O in ethanol gives the amino-protected compound (II), which is treated with methoxymethyl bromide (MOM-Br), DIEA and DMAP in acetonitrile yielding the O-protected compound (III). The demethylation of (III) with NaOH in methanol affords the hydroxyquinone (IV), which is reduced with H2 over Pd/C and cyclized with bromochloromethane and Cs2CO3 in hot DMF to provide compound (V). Reaction of (V) with allyl bromide (VI) and Cs2CO3 in DMF gives the allyl ether (VII), which first is treated with TFA, phenyl isothiocyanate and HCl to yield the primary amine (VIII) and then protected at the free NH2 group with Troc-Cl and pyridine, to afford the amino protected compound (IX).Org Lett 2000,2(16),2545
……………………………….
Reaction of (IX) with MOM-Br and DIEA as before affords the ether (X), which is treated with Zn/HOAc in order to regenerate the primary amino group giving (XI). The reaction of (XI) with NaNO2 and HOAc eliminates the NH2 group, affording the primary alcohol (XII), which is esterified with the protected (S)-cysteine (XIII) by means of EDC and DMAP in dichloromethane furnishing the cysteine ester (XIV). Reaction of (XIV) with Bu3SnH and PdCl2(PPh3)2, followed by oxidation with (PhSeO)2O in dichloromethane gives the hydroxyketone (XV), which is cyclized with Tf2O and Ac2O yielding the heptacyclic compound (XVI). Elimination of the MOM protecting group with TMSCl and NaI in CH3CN/CH2Cl2 affords the phenolic compound (XVII).
…………………….
Intermediate (XVII) by a treatment with Zn and HOAc eliminates the Troc protecting group, giving the primary amine (XVIII). This compound by treatment with 4-formyl-1-methylpyridinium iodide (NMPC), DBU and oxalic acid in order to convert the nitrile group into an alcohol, provides compund (XIX), which is finally cyclized with 2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)ethylamine (XX) by means of SiO2 / EtOH, followed treatment with and AgNO3 in acetonitrile/water.
……………………….
The reaction of cyanosafracin B (I) with Boc2O in ethanol gives the amino protected compound (II), which is treated with Mom-Br, DIEA and DMAP in acetonitrile yielding the O-protected compound (III). The demethylation of (III) with NaOH in methanol affords the hydroxyquinone (IV), which is reduced with H2 over Pd/C and cyclized with bromochloromethane and Cs2CO3 in hot DMF providing the methylenedioxy compound (V). The reaction of (V) with acetyl chloride and pyridine in dichloromethane gives the acetate (VI), which is treated with TFA, phenyl isothiocyanate and HCl yielding the primary amine (VII). Finally, this compound is treated with phthalic anhydride (VIII) and CDI in dichloromethane to afford the target phthalimide (phthalascidin Pt-650)
………………………………
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ol0056729
Ecteinascidins are a group of marine alkaloid having antineoplasticity which is isolated from the extracted products from the marine tunicate habitat of the Caribbean sea by a very small amount. Arming the ecteinascidins, Et 743 has a very strong antineoplastic activity, studies to put it into practical use as a carcinostatic agent are limited, and the phase II clinical tests are now being carried out in ten countries in Europe and America. It is known that Et 743 has an effect of depressing the proliferation of cancer cells by 10 to 100 times more potent than (IC50=0.1-1 nM) Toxol, Camptotesin, Adriamycin or Mitomycin which are currently used carcinostatic agents.
From the background mentioned above, various studies for synthesis were carried out; however, the complete synthesis was only reported by Prof. E. J. Corey of Harvard University in the U.S.A. (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9202-9203, reference document A).
In the process of the total synthesis disclosed in Document A (refer to page 9202), the main feature of the process is that Et 743 is synthesized from the analogous compound to the compound represented by general formula 1 of the present invention via intermediates 4 and 8. That is, according to said process, the C4 site of ring B (regarding the location of rings, and the sites of atoms comprising the 6 membered ring, refer to general formula 1), which composes a 6 membered ring, is formed from the intermediate 4 at the first step. Since the atom C4 composing the ring B of the 6-membered ring H, which lacks reactivity, is bonded, it becomes necessary to perform an oxidation reaction at the C4 site on the B ring. This oxidation reaction is not effective and is carried out under harsh conditions; therefore production on an industrial scale is difficult, and also the yield is not good. Further, since the atom N12 site of the synthesized intermediate is substituted by an alkyl group which lacks reactivity, in this case substituted by a methyl group, it is not suited to the synthesis of various compounds. Although total synthesis was reported, the supplying source of Et 743 still depends on the natural sample whose supply is very scarce. Therefore, the establishment of the method for a large scale production of Et 743 is desired and requires accomplishing an effective synthesizing process.
Since ET 743 is known as a medicine having high antineoplasticity, and phthalascidin induced from the intermediate product at the synthesis of Et 743 displays the same activity to ET 743, the establishment of an effective and mild method for synthesis of ET 743 and analogous compounds thereof is strongly desired.
Therefore, the subject of the present invention is to accomplish the effective method for total synthesis of Et 743, and further, to provide not only Et 743 but also analogous compounds.
To dissolve the subject, the present invention uses retrosynthetic analysis for easy synthesis. It will be possible to form a B ring by a ring forming reaction at the ortho position of phenol, which binds an A ring to inner molecular aldehyde in a compound generated by the 4-8 reaction. Further, the present invention contemplates that the generated compound by the 4-8 reaction can be synthesized based on the polycondensation reaction of general formula 4, and general formula 5 via a compound of general formula 3. Then the total synthesis of Et 743, which is the aimed compound, can be accomplished by way of the compounds represented by general formulae 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 and the specific structure of general formulae 1 and 2. This synthetic route provides for the analogous compounds of Et 743.
The biological mechanism of action is believed to involve the production of superoxide near the DNA strand, resulting in DNA backbone cleavage and cell apoptosis. The actual mechanism is not yet known, but is believed to proceed from reduction of molecular oxygen into superoxide via an unusual auto-redox reaction on a hydroxyquinone moiety of the compound following. There is also some speculation the compound becomes ‘activated’ into its reactive oxazolidine form.
Schematic of the unique and complex mode of action of trabectedin. The antitumor effects of trabectedin are due to multiple mechanisms involving DNA binding in the minor groove, interactions with DNA repair mechanisms, modulation of transcription regulation, and induction of microenvironment changes.
 |
|
| Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
|---|---|
| (1′R,6R,6aR,7R,13S,14S,16R)-6′,8,14-trihydroxy-7′,9-dimethoxy-4,10,23-trimethyl-19-oxo-3′,4′,6,7,12,13,14,16-octahydrospiro[6,16-(epithiopropano-oxymethano)-7,13-imino-6aH-1,3-dioxolo[7,8]isoquino[3,2-b][3]benzazocine-20,1′(2′H)-isoquinolin]-5-yl acetate | |
| Clinical data | |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | International Drug Names |
| Licence data | EMA:Link |
| Legal status | |
| Routes | Intravenous |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | Not applicable (IV only) |
| Protein binding | 94 to 98% |
| Metabolism | Hepatic (mostly CYP3A4-mediated) |
| Half-life | 180 hours (mean) |
| Excretion | Mostly fecal |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | 114899-77-3 |
| ATC code | L01CX01 |
| PubChem | CID 108150 |
| IUPHAR ligand | 2774 |
| DrugBank | DB05109 |
| ChemSpider | 16736970  |
| UNII | ID0YZQ2TCP |
| Chemical data | |
| Formula | C39H43N3O11S |
| Mol. mass | 761.84 g/mol |
……..
1 Corey, “Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Ecteinascidin 743“, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, vol. 118, 9202-9203.
| 2 | * | Endo, “Synthetic Study on Ecteinascidin 743 Starting From D-Glucose“, Synlett 1999, No. 7, 1103-1105. |
| 3 | * | Endo, “Total Synthesis of Ecteinascidin 743“, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, vol. 124, 6552-6554. |
| 4 | * | Hinterding, “Synthesis and In Vitro Evaluation of the Ras Farnesyltransferase Inhibitor Pepticinnamin E“, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, No. 9 1236-1239. |
| 5 | * | Tohma, “Synthesis of Optically Active alpha-Arylglycines: Stereoselective Mannich-Type Reaction with a New Chiral Template“, Synlett 2001, No. 7, 1179-1181.Hamprecht, D.W.; Berge, J.M.; Copley, R.C.B.; Eggleston, D.S.; Houge-Frydrych, C.S.V.; Jarvest, R.L.; Mensah, L.M.; O’Hanlon, P.J.; Pope, A.J.; Rittenhouse, S. Derivatives of the natural product SB-219383 and synthetic analogues: Potent inhibitors of bacterial tyrosyl tRNA synthetase 16th Int Symp Med Chem (September 18-22, Bologna) 2000, Abst PA-155Cuevas, C.; Perez, M.; Martin, M.J.; et al. Synthesis of ecteinascidin ET-743 and phathalascidin Pt-650 from cyanosafracin B Org Lett 2000, 2(16): 2545
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| Patent | Submitted | Granted |
|---|---|---|
| Assay for identifying biological targets of polynucleotide-binding compounds [US2008096201] | 2008-04-24 | |
| Compounds of the saframycin-ecteinascidin series, uses, and synthesis thereof [US6936714] | 2004-07-01 | 2005-08-30 |
| Method For Total Synthesis Of Ecteinascidins And Intermediate Compounds Thereof [US7807833] | 2009-08-06 | 2010-10-05 |
| Method For Total Synthesis Of Ecteinascidins And Intermediate Compounds Thereof [US7820838] | 2009-02-05 | 2010-10-26 |
| Assay for identifying biological targets of polynucleotide-binding compounds [US7183054] | 2004-12-09 | 2007-02-27 |
Duvelisib
Infinity and AbbVie partner to develop and commercialise duvelisib for cancer
INK 1197; IPI 145; 8-Chloro-2-phenyl-3-[(1S)-1-(9H-purin-6-ylamino)ethyl]-1(2H)-isoquinolinone
1(2H)-Isoquinolinone, 8-chloro-2-phenyl-3-((1S)-1-(9H-purin-6-ylamino)ethyl)-
8-Chloro-2-phenyl-3-((1S)-1-(7H-purin-6-ylamino)ethyl)isoquinolin-1(2H)-one
(S)-3-(l-(9H-purin-6-ylamino)ethyl)-8-chloro-2-phenylisoquinolin-l(2H)-one
UNII-610V23S0JI; IPI-145; INK-1197;
Originator…….. Millennium Pharmaceuticals
| Molecular Formula | C22H17ClN6O | |
| Molecular Weight | 416.86 | |
| CAS Registry Number | 1201438-56-3 |
Infinity Pharmaceuticals has partnered with AbbVie to develop and commercialise its duvelisib (IPI-145), an oral inhibitor of phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)-delta and PI3K-gamma, to treat patients with cancer.
Infinity Pharmaceuticals has partnered with AbbVie to develop and commercialise its duvelisib (IPI-145), an oral inhibitor of phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)-delta and PI3K gamma, to treat patients with cancer.
Duvelisib has shown clinical activity against different blood cancers, such as indolent non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (iNHL) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
AbbVie executive vice-president and chief scientific officer Michael Severino said: “We believe that duvelisib is a very promising investigational treatment based on clinical data showing activity in a broad range of blood cancers.”
Duvelisib (IPI-145, INK-1197), an inhibitor of PI3K-delta and –gamma, originated at Takeda subsidiary Intellikine. It is now being developed by Infinity Pharmaceuticals, which began a phase III trial in November, following US and EU grant of orphan drug status for both CLL and small lymphocytic leukemia
INK-1197 is a dual phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase delta (PI3Kdelta) and gamma (PI3Kgamma) inhibitor in phase III clinical development at Infinity Pharmaceuticals for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and small lymphocytic lymphoma. The company is also carring phase II trials for the treatment of patients with mild asthma undergoing allergen challenge, for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and for the treatment of refractory indolent non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Phase I clinical trials for the treatment of advanced hematological malignancies (including T-cell lymphoma and mantle cell lymphoma) are currently under way.
IPI-145 is an oral inhibitor of phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)-delta and PI3K-gamma. The PI3K-delta and PI3K-gamma isoforms are preferentially expressed in leukocytes (white blood cells), where they have distinct and non-overlapping roles in key cellular functions, including cell proliferation, cell differentiation, cell migration and immunity. Targeting PI3K-delta and PI3K-gamma may provide multiple opportunities to develop differentiated therapies for the treatment of blood cancers and inflammatory diseases.
Licensee Infinity Pharmaceuticals is developing INK-1197. In 2014, Infinity licensed Abbvie for joint commercialization in the U.S. and exclusive commercialization elsewhere. Originator Millennium Pharmaceuticals had also been developing the compound; however, no recent development has been reported for this research. In 2013, orphan drug designations were assigned by the FDA and the EMA for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, for the treatment of small lymphocytic lymphoma and for the treatment of follicular lymphoma.
currently enrolling patients DYNAMO™, a Phase 2 study designed to evaluate the activity and safety of IPI-145 in approximately 120 people with refractory indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma (iNHL) and DUO™, a Phase 3 clinical study of IPI-145 in approximately 300 people with relapsed/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). These studies are supported by Phase 1 data reported at the 2013 American Society of Hematology (ASH) Annual Meeting which showed that IPI-145 was well tolerated and clinically active in a broad range of malignancies, including iNHL and CLL. These studies are part of DUETTS™, a worldwide investigation of IPI-145 in blood cancers.
WO 2011008302
http://www.google.com/patents/WO2011008302A1?cl=en
Reaction Scheme 1
Reaction Scheme 2:
201 202 203
204 205
Reaction Scheme 3:
Reaction Scheme 4A:
Reaction Scheme 4B:
2
Example 14b: Synthesis of (S)-3-(l-(9H-purin-6-ylamino)ethyl)-8-chloro-2-phenylisoquinolin-l(2H)-one (9)
(compound 4904)
Scheme 27b. The synthesis of (S)-3-(l-(9H-purin-6-ylamino)ethyl)-8-chloro-2-phenylisoquinolin-l(2H)-one (9)
(compound 4904) is described.
[00493] The compound of Formula 4904 (compound 292 in Table 4) was synthesized using the synthetic transformations as described in Examples 12 and 14a, but 2-chloro-6-methyl benzoic acid (compound 4903) was used instead of 2, 6 ,dimethyl benzoic acid (compound 4403). By a similar method, compound 328 in Table 4 was synthesized using the synthetic transformations as described starting from the 2-chloro-6-methyl m-fluorobenzoic acid.
…………………………………….
http://www.google.com/patents/WO2012097000A1?cl=en OR http://www.google.com/patents/US8809349?cl=en
Formula (I):
(I),
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof. In one embodiment, the method comprises any one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, or eight, or more of the following steps:
“Formula (I)” includes (S)-3-(l -(9H-purin-6-ylamino)ethyl)-8-chloro-2- phenylisoquinolin-l(2H)-one in its imide tautomer shown below as (1-1) and in its lactim tautomer shown below as (1-2):
(1-1)………………………………………………………………………………… (1-2)
[0055] FIG. 27 shows an FT-IR spectra of Polymorph Form C.
[0056] FIG. 28 shows a ‘H-NMR spectra of Polymorph Form C.
[0057] FIG. 29 shows a 13C-NMR spectra of Polymorph Form C.
Example 1
Synthesis of (S)-3-(l-aminoethyl)-8-chloro-2-phenylisoquinolin-l(2H)-one
Example 1A
1 2
[00563] Compound 1 (6.00 kg) was treated with 1-hydroxybenzotriazole monohydrate (HOBt»H20), triethylamine, Ν,Ο-dimethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride, and EDCI in dimethylacetamide (DMA) at
10 °C. The reaction was monitored by proton NMR and deemed complete after 2.6 hours, affording Compound 2 as a white solid in 95% yield. The R-enantiomer was not detected by proton NMR using (R)-(- ) -alpha-ace tylmandelic acid as a chiral-shift reagent.
[00564] Compound 3 (4.60 kg) was treated with p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate and 3,4-dihydro-2H- pyran (DHP) in ethyl acetate at 75 °C for 2.6 hours. The reaction was monitored by HPLC. Upon completion of the reaction, Compound 4 was obtained as a yellow solid in 80% yield with >99% (AUC) purity by HPLC analysis.
[00565] Compound 5 (3.30 kg) was treated with thionyl chloride and a catalytic amount of DMF in methylene chloride at 25 °C for five hours. The reaction was monitored by HPLC which indicated a 97.5% (AUC) conversion to compound 6. Compound 6 was treated in situ with aniline in methylene chloride at 25 °C for 15 hours. The reaction was monitored by HPLC and afforded Compound 7 as a brown solid in 81% yield with >99% (AUC) purity by HPLC analysis. [00566] Compound 2 was treated with 2.0 M isopropyl Grignard in THF at -20 °C. The resulting solution was added to Compound 7 (3.30 kg) pre -treated with 2.3 M n-hexyl lithium in tetrahydrofuran at -15 °C. The reaction was monitored by HPLC until a 99% (AUC) conversion to Compound 8 was observed.
Compound 8 was treated in situ with concentrated HC1 in isopropyl alcohol at 70 °C for eight hours. The reaction was monitored by HPLC and afforded Compound 9 as a brown solid in 85% yield with 98% (AUC) purity and 84% (AUC) ee by HPLC analysis.
Example ID
[00567] Compound 9 (3.40 kg) was treated with D-tartaric acid in methanol at 55 °C for 1-2 hours. The batch was filtered and treated with ammonium hydroxide in deionized (DI) water to afford enantiomerically enriched Compound 9 as a tan solid in 71% yield with >99% (AUC) purity and 91% (AUC) ee by HPLC analysis.
Example 2
Synthesis of (S)-3-(l-aminoethyl)-8-chloro-2-phenylisoquinolin-l(2H)-one
Example 2A
[00568] To Compound 7 (20.1 g) was charged 100 mL of anhydrous THF. The resulting solution was cooled to about -10 °C and 80 mL of n-hexyl lithium (2.3 M in hexanes, 2.26 equiv.) was slowly added (e.g. , over about 20 min). The resulting solution was stirred at about -10 °C for about 20 min.
[00569] To Compound 2 (26.5 g; 1.39 equiv.) was charged 120 mL of anhydrous THF. The resulting mixture was cooled to about -10 °C and 60 mL of isopropyl magnesium chloride (2.0 M in THF, 1.47 equiv.) was slowly added (e.g. , over about 15-20 min). The resulting mixture was then stirred at about -10 °C for about 20 min. The mixture prepared from Compound 2 was added to the solution prepared from Compound 7 while maintaining the internal temperature between about -10 and about 0 °C. After the addition was complete (about 5 min), the cold bath was removed, and the resulting mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for about 1 h, then cooled. [00570] A solution of 100 mL of anisole and 33 mL of isobutyric acid (4.37 equiv.) was prepared. The anisole solution was cooled to an internal temperature of about -3 °C. The above reaction mixture was added to the anisole solution such that the internal temperature of the anisole solution was maintained at below about 5 °C. The ice bath was then removed (after about 15 min, the internal temperature was about 7 °C). To the mixture, 100 mL of 10 wt aqueous NaCl solution was rapidly added (the internal temperature increased from about 7 °C to about 15 °C). After stirring for about 30 min, the two phases were separated. The organic phase was washed with another 100 mL of 10 wt aqueous NaCl. The organic phase was transferred to a flask using 25 mL of anisole to facilitate the transfer. The anisole solution was then concentrated to 109 g. Then, 100 mL of anisole was added.
[00571] To the approximately 200 mL of anisole solution was added 50 mL of TFA (8 equiv.) while maintaining the internal temperature below about 45-50 °C. The resulting solution warmed to about 45-50 °C and stirred for about 15 hrs, then cooled to 20-25 °C. To this solution was added 300 mL of MTBE dropwise and then the resulting mixture was held at 20-25 °C for 1 h. The mixture was filtered, and the wet cake washed with approximately 50 mL of MTBE. The wet cake was conditioned on the filter for about 1 h under nitrogen. The wet cake was periodically mixed and re-smoothed during conditioning. The wet cake was then washed with 200 mL of MTBE. The wet cake was further conditioned for about 2 h (the wet cake was mixed and resmoothed after about 1.5 h). The wet cake was dried in a vacuum oven at about 40 °C for about 18 h to afford Compound 9»TFA salt in about 97.3% purity (AUC), which had about 99.1 % S- enantiomer (e.g. , chiral purity of about 99.1 %).
[00572] Compound 9»TFA salt (3 g) was suspended in 30 mL of EtOAc at about 20 °C. To the EtOAc suspension was added 4.5 mL (2.2 eq.) of a 14% aqueous ammonium hydroxide solution and the internal temperature decreased to about 17 °C. Water (5 mL) was added to the biphasic mixture. The biphasic mixture was stirred for 30 min. The mixing was stopped and the phases were allowed to separate. The aqueous phase was removed. To the organic phase (combined with 5 mL of EtOAc) was added 10 mL of 10% aqueous NaCl. The biphasic mixture was stirred for about 30 min. The aqueous phase was removed. The organic layer was concentrated to 9 g. To this EtOAc mixture was added 20 mL of i-PrOAc. The resulting mixture was concentrated to 14.8 g. With stirring, 10 mL of n-heptane was added dropwise. The suspension was stirred for about 30 min, then an additional 10 mL of n-heptane was added. The resulting suspension was stirred for 1 h. The suspension was filtered and the wet cake was washed with additional heptane. The wet cake was conditioned for 20 min under nitrogen, then dried in a vacuum oven at about 40 °C to afford Compound 9 free base in about 99.3% purity (AUC), which had about 99.2% S-enantiomer (e.g., chiral purity of about 99.2%).
Example 2B [00573] A mixture of Compound 7 (100 g, 0.407 mol, 1 wt) and THF (500 mL, 5 vol) was prepared and cooled to about 3 °C. n-Hexyllithium (2.3 M in hexanes, 400 mL, 0.920 mol, 2.26 equiv) was charged over about 110 minutes while maintaining the temperature below about 6 °C. The resulting solution was stirred at 0 ± 5 °C for about 30 minutes. Concurrently, a mixture of Compound 2 (126 g, 0.541 mol, 1.33 equiv) and THF (575 mL, 5.8 vol) was prepared. The resulting slurry was charged with isopropylmagnesium chloride (2.0 M in THF, 290 mL, 0.574 mol, 1.41 equiv) over about 85 minutes while maintaining the temperature below about 5 °C. The resulting mixture was stirred for about 35 minutes at 0 ± 5 °C. The Compound 2 magnesium salt mixture was transferred to the Compound 7 lithium salt mixture over about 1 hour while maintaining a temperature of 0 ± 5 °C. The solution was stirred for about 6 minutes upon completion of the transfer.
[00574] The solution was added to an about -5 °C stirring solution of isobutyric acid (165 mL, 1.78 mol, 4.37 equiv) in anisole (500 mL, 5 vol) over about 20 minutes during which time the temperature did not exceed about 6 °C. The resulting solution was stirred for about 40 minutes while being warmed to about 14 °C. Then, a 10% sodium chloride solution (500 mL, 5 vol) was rapidly added to the reaction. The temperature rose to about 21 °C. After agitating the mixture for about 6 minutes, the stirring was ceased and the lower aqueous layer was removed (about 700 mL). A second portion of 10% sodium chloride solution (500 mL, 5 vol) was added and the mixture was stirred for 5 minutes. Then, the stirring was ceased and the lower aqueous layer was removed. The volume of the organic layer was reduced by vacuum distillation to about 750 mL (7.5 vol).
[00575] Trifluoroacetic acid (250 mL, 3.26 mol, 8.0 equiv) was added and the resulting mixture was agitated at about 45 °C for about 15 hours. The mixture was cooled to about 35 °C and MTBE (1.5 L, 15 vol) was added over about 70 minutes. Upon completion of the addition, the mixture was agitated for about 45 minutes at about 25-30 °C. The solids were collected by vacuum filtration and conditioned under N2 for about 20 hours to afford Compound 9*TFA salt in about 97.5% purity (AUC), which had a chiral purity of about 99.3%.
[00576] Compound 9»TFA salt (100 g) was suspended EtOAc (1 L,10 vol) and 14% aqueous ammonia (250 mL, 2.5 vol). The mixture was agitated for about 30 minutes, then the lower aqueous layer was removed. A second portion of 14% aqueous ammonia (250 mL, 2.5 vol) was added to the organic layer. The mixture was stirred for 30 minutes, then the lower aqueous layer was removed. Isopropyl acetate (300 mL, 3 vol) was added, and the mixture was distilled under vacuum to 500 mL (5 vol) while periodically adding in additional isopropyl acetate (1 L, 10 vol).
[00577] Then, after vacuum-distilling to a volume of 600 mL (6 vol), heptanes (1.5 L, 15 vol) were added over about 110 minutes while maintaining a temperature between about 20 °C and about 30 °C. The resulting slurry was stirred for about 1 hour, then the solid was collected by vacuum filtration. The cake was washed with heptanes (330 mL, 3.3 vol) and conditioned for about 1 hour. The solid was dried in an about 45 °C vacuum oven for about 20 hours to afford Compound 9 free base in about 99.23% purity (AUC), which has a chiral purity of about 99.4%.
Example 3
Chiral Resolution of (S)-3-(l-aminoethyl)-8-chloro-2-phenylisoquinolin-l(2H)-one (Compound 9)
[00578] In some instances, (S)-3-(l-aminoethyl)-8-chloro-2-phenylisoquinolin-l(2H)-one (Compound 9) obtained by synthesis contained a minor amount of the corresponding (R)-isomer. Chiral resolution procedures were utilized to improve the enantiomeric purity of certain samples of (S)-3-(l-aminoethyl)-8- chloro-2-phenylisoquinolin- 1 (2H)-one.
[00579] In one experiment, Compound 9 (3.40 kg) was treated with D-tartaric acid in methanol at about 55 °C for about 1 to about 2 hours. The mixture was filtered and treated with ammonium hydroxide in deionized (DI) water to afford Compound 9 in greater than about 99% (AUC) purity, which had a chiral purity of about 91% (AUC).
[00580] In another procedure, MeOH (10 vol.) and Compound 9 (1 equiv.) were stirred at 55 ± 5 °C. D- Tartaric acid (0.95 equiv.) was charged. The mixture was held at 55 ± 5 °C for about 30 min and then cooled to about 20 to about 25 °C over about 3 h. The mixture was held for about 30 min and then filtered. The filter cake was washed with MeOH (2.5 vol.) and then conditioned. The cake was returned to the reactor and water (16 vol.) was charged. The mixture was stirred at 25 ± 5 °C. NH4OH was then charged over about 1 h adjusting the pH to about 8 to about 9. The mixture was then filtered and the cake was washed with water (4 vol.) and then heptanes (4 vol.). The cake was conditioned and then vacuum dried at 45-50 °C to afford Compound 9 free base with a chiral purity of about 99.0%.
Example 4
Synthesis of (S)-3-(l-(9H-purin-6-ylamino)ethyl)-8-chloro-2-phenylisoquinolin-l(2H)-one
[00581] A mixture of Compound 7 (1 equiv.) and anhydrous THF (5 vol.) was prepared. Separately, a mixture of Compound 2 (1.3 equiv.) and anhydrous THF (5 vol.) was prepared. Both mixtures were stirred for about 15 min at about 20 to about 25 °C and then cooled to -25 ± 15 °C. n-Hexyl lithium (2.05 equiv.) was added to the Compound 7 mixture, maintaining the temperature at > 5 °C. i-PrMgCl (1.33 equiv.) was added to the Compound 2 mixture, maintaining the temperature at > 5 °C. The Compound 2 mixture was transferred to the Compound 7 mixture under anhydrous conditions at 0 ± 5 °C. The resulting mixture was warmed to 20 ± 2 °C and held for about 1 h. Then, the reaction was cooled to -5 ± 5 °C, and 6 N HC1 (3.5 equiv.) was added to quench the reaction, maintaining temperature at below about 25 °C. The aqueous layer was drained, and the organic layer was distilled under reduced pressure until the volume was 2-3 volumes. IPA (3 vol.) was added and vacuum distillation was continued until the volume was 2-3 volumes. IPA (8 vol.) was added and the mixture temperature was adjusted to about 60 °C to about 75 °C. Cone. HC1 (1.5 vol.) was added and the mixture was subsequently held for 4 hours. The mixture was distilled under reduced pressure until the volume was 2.5-3.5 volumes. The mixture temperature was adjusted to 30 ± 10 °C. DI water (3 vol.) and DCM (7 vol.) were respectively added to the mixture. Then, NH4OH was added to the mixture, adjusting the pH to about 7.5 to about 9. The temperature was adjusted to about 20 to about 25 °C. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was washed with DCM (0.3 vol.). The combined DCM layers were distilled until the volume was 2 volumes. i-PrOAc (3 vol.) was added and vacuum distillation was continued until the volume was 3 volumes. The temperature was adjusted to about 15 to about 30 °C. Heptane (12 vol.) was charged to the organic layer, and the mixture was held for 30 min. The mixture was filtered and filter cake was washed with heptane (3 vol.). The cake was vacuum dried at about 45 °C afford Compound 9.
[00582] Then, MeOH (10 vol.) and Compound 9 (1 equiv.) were combined and stirred while the temperature was adjusted to 55 ± 5 °C. D-Tartaric acid (0.95 equiv.) was charged. The mixture was held at 55 ± 5 °C for about 30 min and then cooled to about 20 to about 25 °C over about 3 h. The mixture was held for 30 min and then filtered. The filter cake was washed with MeOH (2.5 vol.) and then conditioned. Water (16 vol.) was added to the cake and the mixture was stirred at 25 ± 5 °C. NH4OH was charged over 1 h adjusting the pH to about 8 to about 9. The mixture was then filtered and the resulting cake washed with water (4 vol.) and then heptanes (4 vol.). The cake was conditioned and then vacuum dried at 45-50 °C to afford Compound 9.
[00583] To a mixture of i-PrOH (4 vol.) and Compound 9 (1 equiv.) was added Compound 4 (1.8 equiv.), Et3N (2.5 equiv.) and i-PrOH (4 vol.). The mixture was agitated and the temperature was adjusted to 82 ± 5 °C. The mixture was held for 24 h. Then the mixture was cooled to about 20 to about 25 °C over about 2 h. The mixture was filtered and the cake was washed with i-PrOH (2 vol.), DI water (25 vol.) and n-heptane (2 vol.) respectively. The cake was conditioned and then vacuum dried at 50 ± 5 °C to afford Compound 10.
To a mixture of EtOH (2.5 vol.) and Compound 10 (1 equiv.) was added EtOH (2.5 vol.) and DI water (2 vol.). The mixture was agitated at about 20 to about 25 °C. Cone. HC1 (3.5 equiv.) was added and the temperature was adjusted to 35 ± 5 °C. The mixture was held for about 1.5 h. The mixture was cooled to 25 ± 5 °C and then polish filtered to a particulate free vessel. NH4OH was added, adjusting the pH to about 8 to about 9. Crystal seeds of Form C of a compound of Formula (I) (0.3 wt ) were added to the mixture which was held for 30 minutes. DI water (13 vol.) was added over about 2 h. The mixture was held for 1 h and then filtered. The resulting cake was washed with DI water (4 vol.) and n-heptane (2 vol.) respectively. The cake was conditioned for about 24 h and then DCM (5 vol.) was added. This mixture was agitated for about 12 h at about 20 to about 25 °C. The mixture was filtered and the cake washed with DCM (1 vol.). The cake was conditioned for about 6 h. The cake was then vacuum-dried at 50 ± 5 °C. To the cake was added DI water (10 vol.), and i-PrOH (0.8 vol.) and the mixture was agitated at 25 ± 5 °C for about 6 h. An XRPD sample confirmed the compound of Formula (I) was Form C. The mixture was filtered and the cake was washed with DI water (5 vol.) followed by n-heptane (3 vol.). The cake was conditioned and then vacuum dried at 50 ± 5 °C to afford a compound of Formula (I) as polymorph Form C. Example 5
Synthesis of (S)-3-(l-(9H-purin-6-ylamino)ethyl)-8-chloro-2-phenylisoquinolin-l(2H)-one
Example 5A
[00584] Compound 9 (2.39 kg) was treated with Compound 4 and triethylamine in isopropyl alcohol at 80 °C for 24 hours. The reaction was monitored by HPLC until completion, affording 8-chloro-2-phenyl-3- ((lS)-l-(9-(tetrahydro-2H^yran-2-yl)-9H^urin-6-ylamino)ethyl)isoquinolin-l(2H)-one (compound 10) as a tan solid in 94% yield with 98% (AUC) purity by HPLC analysis.
[00585] 8-Chloro-2-phenyl-3-((lS)-l-(9-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)-9H-purin-6-ylamino)ethyl)- isoquinolin-l(2H)-one (compound 10) (3.63 kg) was treated with HC1 in ethanol at 30 °C for 2.3 hours. The reaction was monitored by HPLC until completion, and afforded a compound of Formula (I) as a tan solid in 92% yield with >99% (AUC) purity and 90.9% (AUC) ee by HPLC analysis.
Example 5B
[00586] 3-(l-Aminoethyl)-8-chloro-2-phenylisoquinolin-l(2H)-one (Compound 9) (0.72 mmol), 6-chloro- 9-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)-9H-purine (Compound 4) (344 mg, 1.44 mmol) and DIPEA
(279 mg, 2.16 mmol) were dissolved in «-BuOH (20 mL), and the resulting mixture was stirred at reflux for 16 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (eluting with 30% to 50% Hex/EA) to afford the product, 8-chloro-2-phenyl-3-((lS)-l-(9-(tetrahydro-2H- pyran-2-yl)-9H-purin-6-ylamino)ethyl)isoquinolin-l(2H)-one (Compound 10), as a white solid (60% yield). [00587] 8-Chloro-2-phenyl-3-((lS)-l-(9-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)-9H-purin-6-ylamino)ethyl)- isoquinolin-l(2H)-one (Compound 10) (0.42 mmol) was dissolved in HCl/EtOH (3 M, 5 mL), and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with saturated NaHC03 aqueous solution and the pH was adjusted to about 7-8. The mixture was extracted with CH2C12 (50 mL x 3), dried over anhydrous Na2S04, and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo, and the residue was recrystallized from ethyl acetate and hexanes (1 : 1). The solid was collected by filtration and dried in vacuo to afford the product (S)-3-(l-(9H-purin-6-ylamino) ethyl)-8-chloro-2-phenylisoquinolin- l(2H)-one (Formula (I)) (90% yield) as a white solid as polymorph Form A.
Example 5C
[00588] 3-(l-Aminoethyl)-8-chloro-2-phenylisoquinolin-l(2H)-one (Compound 9) and 6-chloro-9- (tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)-9H-purine (Compound 4) are combined in the presence of triethylamine and isopropyl alcohol. The reaction solution is heated at 82 °C for 24 hours to afford Compound 10. The intermediate compound 10 is treated with concentrated HCl and ethanol under aqueous conditions at 35 °C to remove the tetrahydropyranyl group to yield (S)-3-(l-(9H-purin-6-ylamino)ethyl)-8-chloro-2- phenylisoquinolin-l(2H)-one. Isolation/purification under aqueous conditions affords polymorph Form C.
Example 6
Synthesis of (S)-3-(l-(9H^urin-6-ylamino)ethyl)-8-chloro-2-phenylisoquinolin-l(2H)-one
[00589] 3-(l-Aminoethyl)-8-chloro-2-phenylisoquinolin-l(2H)-one (Compound 9) (150 g; 90% ee) and 6- chloro-9-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)-9H-purine (Compound 4) (216 g, 1.8 equiv) were charged to a round bottom flask followed by addition of IPA (1.2 L; 8 vol) and triethylamine (175 mL; 2.5 equiv). The resultant slurry was stirred at reflux for one day. Heptane (1.5 L; 10 vol) was added dropwise over two hours. The batch was then cooled to 0-5 °C, held for one hour and filtered. The cake was washed with heptane (450 mL; 3 vol) and returned to the reactor. IPA (300 mL; 2 vol) and water (2.25 L; 15 vol) were added and the resultant slurry stirred at 20-25 °C for three and half hours then filtered. The cake was washed with water (1.5 L; 10 vol) and heptane (450 mL; 3 vol) and then vacuum dried at 48 °C for two and half days to give 227 g (90.1 %) of the intermediate (Compound 10) as an off-white solid with >99% (AUC) purity and >94 ee (chiral HPLC). The ee was determined by converting a sample of the cake to the final product and analyzing it with chiral HPLC.
[00590] The intermediate (Compound 10) (200 g) was slurried in an ethanol (900 mL; 4.5 vol) / water (300 mL; 1.5 vol) mixture at 22 °C followed by addition of cone. HC1 (300 mL; 1.5 vol) and holding for one and half hours at 25-35 °C. Addition of HC1 resulted in complete dissolution of all solids producing a dark brown solution. Ammonium hydroxide (260 mL) was added adjusting the pH to 8-9. Product seeds of polymorph Form C (0.5 g) (Form A seeds can also be used) were then added and the batch which was held for ten minutes followed by addition of water (3 L; 15 vol) over two hours resulting in crystallization of the product. The batch was held for 3.5 hours at 20-25 °C and then filtered. The cake was washed with water (1 L; 5 vol) followed by heptane (800 mL; 4 vol) and vacuum dried at 52 °C for 23 hours to give 155.5 g (93.5%) of product with 99.6% (AUC) purity and 93.8% ee (chiral HPLC).
Example 7
-3-(l-(9H-purin-6-ylamino)ethyl)-8-chloro-2-phenylisoquinolin-l(2H)-one
[00591] A mixtue of isopropanol (20.20 kg, 8 vol.), Compound 9 (3.17 kg, 9.04 mol, 1 eq.), Compound 4 (4.61 kg, 16.27 mol, 1.8 eq.) and triethylamine (2.62 kg, 20.02 mol, 2.4 eq.) was prepared and heated to an internal temperature of 82 ± 5 °C. The mixture was stirred at that temperature for an additional about 24 h. The temperature was adjusted to 20 ± 5 °C slowly over a period of about 2 h and the solids were isolated via vacuum filtration through a 24″ polypropylene table top filter equipped with a Sharkskin paper. The filter cake was rinsed sequentially with IPA (5.15 kg, 3 vol.), purified water (80.80 kg, 25 vol.) and n-heptane (4.30 kg, 2 vol.). The cake was further dried for about 4 days in vacuo at 50 ± 5 °C to afford Compound 10.
[00592] To a mixture of ethanol (17.7 kg, 5 vol.) and Compound 10 (4.45 kg, 8.88 mol. 1.0 eq.) was added purified water (8.94 kg, 2 vol.). To this mixture was slowly added concentrated HC1 (3.10 kg, 3.5 eq.) while maintaining the temperature below about 35 °C. The mixture was stirred at 30 ± 5 °C for about 1.5 h and HPLC analysis indicated the presence the compound of Formula (I) in 99.8% (AUC) purity with respect to compound 10.
[00593] Then, the compound of Formula (I) mixture was cooled to 25 ± 5 °C. The pH of the mixture was adjusted to about 8 using pre filtered ammonium hydroxide (1.90 kg). After stirring for about 15 min, Form C crystal seeds (13.88 g) were added. After stirring for about 15 min, purified water (58.0 kg, 13 vol.) was charged over a period of about 2 h. After stirring the mixture for 15 h at 25 ± 5 °C, the solids were isolated via vacuum filtration through a 24″ polypropylene table top filter equipped with a PTFE cloth over Sharkskin paper. The filter cake was rinsed with purified water (18.55 kg, 4 vol.) followed by pre -filtered n-heptane (6.10 kg, 2 vol.). After conditioning the filter cake for about 24 h, HPLC analysis of the filter cake indicated the presence the compound of Formula (I) in about 99.2% (AUC) purity.
[00594] To the filter cake was added dichloromethane (29.9 kg, 5 vol.) and the slurry was stirred at 25 ± 5 °C for about 24 h. The solids were isolated via vacuum filtration through a 24″ polypropylene table top filter equipped with a PTFE cloth over Sharkskin paper, and the filter cake was rinsed with DCM (6.10 kg, 1 vol.). After conditioning the filter cake for about 22 h, the filter cake was dried for about 2 days in vacuo at 50 ± 5 °C to afford the compound of Formula (I) in 99.6% (AUC) purity. The compound of Formula (I) was consistent with a Form A reference by XRPD.
[00595] To this solid was added purified water (44.6 kg, 10 vol.) and pre filtered 2-propanol (3.0 kg, 0.8 vol.). After stirring for about 6 h, a sample of the solids in the slurry was analyzed by XRPD and was consistent with a Form C reference. The solids were isolated via vacuum filtration through a 24″ polypropylene table top filter equipped with a PTFE cloth over Sharkskin paper, and the filter cake was rinsed with purified water (22.35 kg, 5 vol.) followed by pre filtered n-heptane (9.15 kg, 3 vol.). After conditioning the filter cake for about 18 h, the filter cake was dried in vacuo for about 5 days at 50 ± 5 °C.
[00596] This process afforded a compound of Formula (I) in about 99.6% (AUC) purity, and a chiral purity of greater than about 99% (AUC). An XRPD of the solid was consistent with a Form C reference standard. :H NMR (DMSO-<i6) and IR of the product conformed with reference standard.
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http://www.google.com/patents/US20140120083
In some embodiments, the compound has the following structure:
which is also referred to herein as Compound 292.
In some embodiments, a polymorph of a compound disclosed herein is used. Exemplary polymorphs are disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2012-0184568 (“the ‘568 publication”), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
In one embodiment, the compound is Form A of Compound 292, as described in the ‘568 publication. In another embodiment, the compound is Form B of Compound 292, as described in the ‘568 publication. In yet another embodiment, the compound is Form C of Compound 292, as described in the ‘568 publication. In yet another embodiment, the compound is Form D of Compound 292, as described in the ‘568 publication. In yet another embodiment, the compound is Form E of Compound 292, as described in the ‘568 publication. In yet another embodiment, the compound is Form F of Compound 292, as described in the ‘568 publication. In yet another embodiment, the compound is Form G of Compound 292, as described in the ‘568 publication. In yet another embodiment, the compound is Form H of Compound 292, as described in the ‘568 publication. In yet another embodiment, the compound is Form I of Compound 292, as described in the ‘568 publication. In yet another embodiment, the compound is Form J of Compound 292, as described in the ‘568 publication.
In specific embodiments, provided herein is a crystalline monohydrate of the free base of Compound 292, as described, for example, in the ‘568 application. In specific embodiments, provided herein is a pharmaceutically acceptable form of Compound 292, which is a crystalline monohydrate of the free base of Compound 292, as described, for example, in the ‘568 application.
Any of the compounds (PI3K modulators) disclosed herein can be in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, chelates, non-covalent complexes, isomers, prodrugs, isotopically labeled derivatives, or mixtures thereof.
Chemical entities described herein can be synthesized according to exemplary methods disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. US 2009/0312319, International Patent Publication No. WO 2011/008302A1, and U.S. Patent Publication No. 2012-0184568, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, and/or according to methods known in the art.
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KEY Duvelisib, IPI-145, INK-1197, AbbVie, INFINITY, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, phase 3, orphan drug
| WO2013088404A1 | Dec 14, 2012 | Jun 20, 2013 | Novartis Ag | Use of inhibitors of the activity or function of PI3K |
| WO2014004470A1 * | Jun 25, 2013 | Jan 3, 2014 | Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Treatment of lupus, fibrotic conditions, and inflammatory myopathies and other disorders using pi3 kinase inhibitors |
| WO2014072937A1 | Nov 7, 2013 | May 15, 2014 | Rhizen Pharmaceuticals Sa | Pharmaceutical compositions containing a pde4 inhibitor and a pi3 delta or dual pi3 delta-gamma kinase inhibitor |
| US7449477 * | Nov 22, 2004 | Nov 11, 2008 | Eli Lilly And Company | 7-phenyl-isoquinoline-5-sulfonylamino derivatives as inhibitors of akt (protein kinase B) |
| US20090312319 * | Jul 15, 2009 | Dec 17, 2009 | Intellikine | Certain chemical entities, compositions and methods |
| US20100168153 * | Nov 16, 2007 | Jul 1, 2010 | Novartis Ag | Salts and crystall forms of 2-methyl-2-[4-(3-methyl-2-oxo-8-quinolin-3-yl-2,3-dihydro-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-1-yl)-phenyl]-propionitrile |
| WO2013012915A1 | Jul 18, 2012 | Jan 24, 2013 | Infinity Pharmaceuticals Inc. | Heterocyclic compounds and uses thereof |
| WO2013012918A1 | Jul 18, 2012 | Jan 24, 2013 | Infinity Pharmaceuticals Inc. | Heterocyclic compounds and uses thereof |
| WO2013032591A1 | Jul 18, 2012 | Mar 7, 2013 | Infinity Pharmaceuticals Inc. | Heterocyclic compounds and uses thereof |
| WO2013049332A1 | Sep 27, 2012 | Apr 4, 2013 | Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Inhibitors of monoacylglycerol lipase and methods of their use |
| WO2013088404A1 | Dec 14, 2012 | Jun 20, 2013 | Novartis Ag | Use of inhibitors of the activity or function of PI3K |
| WO2013154878A1 | Apr 3, 2013 | Oct 17, 2013 | Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Heterocyclic compounds and uses thereof |
| WO2014004470A1 * | Jun 25, 2013 | Jan 3, 2014 | Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Treatment of lupus, fibrotic conditions, and inflammatory myopathies and other disorders using pi3 kinase inhibitors |
| WO2014071105A1 | Nov 1, 2013 | May 8, 2014 | Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and asthma using p13 kinase inhibitors |
| WO2014071109A1 | Nov 1, 2013 | May 8, 2014 | Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Treatment of cancers using pi3 kinase isoform modulators |
| WO2014072937A1 | Nov 7, 2013 | May 15, 2014 | Rhizen Pharmaceuticals Sa | Pharmaceutical compositions containing a pde4 inhibitor and a pi3 delta or dual pi3 delta-gamma kinase inhibitor |
| WO2001081346A2 | Apr 24, 2001 | Nov 1, 2001 | Icos Corp | Inhibitors of human phosphatidyl-inositol 3-kinase delta |
| US6800620 | Jan 6, 2003 | Oct 5, 2004 | Icos | Contacting leukocytes, osteoclasts with an enzyme inhibitors, a 9h-purin-3h-quinazolin-4-one derivatives, treating bone-resorption disorder, antiproliferative agents treating leukemia cells |
| US20060276470 * | Aug 18, 2003 | Dec 7, 2006 | Jackson Shaun P | (+-)-7-Methyl-2-morpholin-4-yl-9-(1-phenylaminoethyl)-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one, for example; selective inhibitors of phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinase beta for use in anti-thrombotic therapy |
| US20080032960 * | Apr 4, 2007 | Feb 7, 2008 | Regents Of The University Of California | PI3 kinase antagonists |
Insys Therapeutics Inc., a specialty pharmaceutical company that is developing and commercializing innovative drugs and novel drug delivery systems, announced that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted orphan drug designation (ODD) to its pharmaceutical cannabidiol (CBD) for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most common and most aggressive malignant primary brain tumor in humans.– See more at: http://worlddrugtracker.blogspot.in/#sthash.mFuiI6Hm.dpuf
Plerixafor
cas 110078-46-1
CXCR4 chemokine antagonist
Stem cell mobilization [CXCR4 receptor antagonist]
A bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2.
Bone marrow transplantation; Chronic lymphocytic leukemia; Chronic myelocytic leukemia; Myelodysplastic syndrome; Neutropenia; Sickle cell anemia
Mozobil (plerixafor injection) is a sterile, preservative-free, clear, colorless to pale yellow, isotonic solution for subcutaneous injection. Each mL of the sterile solution contains 20 mg of plerixafor. Each single-use vial is filled to deliver 1.2 mL of the sterile solution that contains 24 mg of plerixafor and 5.9 mg of sodium chloride in Water for Injection adjusted to a pH of 6.0 to 7.5 with hydrochloric acid and with sodium hydroxide, if required.
Plerixafor is a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer with a chemical name l, 1′-[1,4phenylenebis (methylene)]-bis-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane. It has the molecular formula C28H54N8. The molecular weight of plerixafor is 502.79 g/mol. The structural formula is provided in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Structural Formula
 |
Plerixafor is a white to off-white crystalline solid. It is hygroscopic. Plerixafor has a typical melting point of 131.5 °C. The partition coefficient of plerixafor between 1octanol and pH 7 aqueous buffer is < 0.1.
Plerixafor (hydrochloride hydrate) |
| Formal Name | 1,4-bis((1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecan-1-yl)methyl)benzene, octahydrochloride |
|---|---|
| CAS Number | 155148-31-5 |
| Molecular Formula | C28H54N8 • 8HCl • [XH2O] |
| Formula Weight | 794.5 |
Plerixafor (rINN and USAN, trade name Mozobil) is an immunostimulant used to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells in cancer patients. The stem cells are subsequently transplanted back to the patient. The drug was developed by AnorMED which was subsequently bought by Genzyme.
The molecule 1,1′-[1,4-phenylenebis(methylene)]bis [1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane], consisting of two cyclam rings linked at the amine nitrogen atoms by a 1,4-xylyl spacer, was first synthesised by Fabbrizzi et al. in 1987 to carry out basic studies on the redox chemistry of dimetallic coordination compounds.[1] Then, it was serendipitously discovered by De Clercq that such a molecule, could have a potential use in the treatment of HIV[2] because of its role in the blocking of CXCR4, a chemokine receptor which acts as a co-receptor for certain strains of HIV (along with the virus’s main cellular receptor, CD4).[2]Development of this indication was terminated because of lacking oral availability and cardiac disturbances. Further studies led to the new indication for cancer patients.[3]
Peripheral blood stem cell mobilization, which is important as a source of hematopoietic stem cells for transplantation, is generally performed using granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), but is ineffective in around 15 to 20% of patients. Combination of G-CSF with plerixafor increases the percentage of persons that respond to the therapy and produce enough stem cells for transplantation.[4] The drug is approved for patients with lymphoma and multiple myeloma.[5]
Studies in pregnant animals have shown teratogenic effects. Plerixafor is therefore contraindicated in pregnant women except in critical cases. Fertile women are required to use contraception. It is not known whether the drug is secreted into the breast milk. Breast feeding should be discontinued during therapy.[5]
Nausea, diarrhea and local reactions were observed in over 10% of patients. Other problems with digestion and general symptoms like dizziness, headache, and muscular pain are also relatively common; they were found in more than 1% of patients. Allergies occur in less than 1% of cases. Most adverse effects in clinical trials were mild and transient.[5][6]
The European Medicines Agency has listed a number of safety concerns to be evaluated on a post-marketing basis, most notably the theoretical possibilities of spleen rupture and tumor cell mobilisation. The first concern has been raised because splenomegaly was observed in animal studies, and G-CSF can cause spleen rupture in rare cases. Mobilisation of tumor cells has occurred in patients with leukaemia treated with plerixafor.[7]
Phase III clinical development in combination with G-CSF (granulocyte colony-stimulating factor) is under way at Genzyme (which acquired the product through its acquisition of AnorMED in late 2006) in a stem cell mobilization regimen in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL). The trials are designed to evaluate the potential of plerixafor in combination with G-CSF, to rapidly increase the number of peripheral blood stem cells capable of engraftment, thereby increasing the proportion of patients reaching a peripheral blood stem cell target and, as a result, reducing the number of apheresis sessions required for patients to collect a target number of peripheral blood stem cells. A phase I safety trial had been under way for the treatment of renal cancer, however, no recent development for this indication has been reported. An IND has been filed in the U.S. seeking approval to initiate clinical evaluation of the drug candidate to help repair damaged heart tissue in patients who have suffered heart attacks. Currently, an investigator-sponsored study is ongoing to evaluate plerixafor as a single agent in allogeneic transplant. AMD-3100, in combination with mitoxantrone, etoposide and cytarabine, is also in phase I/II clinical trials at the University of Washington for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
The University has also been conducting early clinical trials for increasing the stem cells available for transplantation in patients with advanced hematological malignancies, however, no recent developments on this trial have been reported. Genzyme has completed a phase I/II clinical study of plerixafor hydrochloride in combination with rituximab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The former AnorMED had been developing plerixafor for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but no clinical development has been reported as of late. AnorMED was also developing plerixafor for the treatment of HIV, but discontinued the trials in 2001 due to abnormal cardiac activity and lack of efficacy.
By blocking CXCR4, a specific cellular receptor, plerixafor triggers the rapid movement of stem cells out of the bone marrow and into circulating blood. Once in the circulating blood, the stem cells can be collected for use in stem cell transplant. In terms of use for cardiac applications, there is clinical evidence that the presence of stem cells circulating in the bloodstream or directly injected into the hearts of patients who have suffered a heart attack may result in improved cardiac function.
Plerixafor is a macrocyclic compound and a bicyclam derivative.[4] It is a strong base; all eight nitrogen atoms accept protons readily. The two macrocyclic rings form chelate complexes with bivalent metal ions, especially zinc, copper and nickel, as well as cobalt and rhodium. The biologically active form of plerixafor is its zinc complex.[8]
Three of the four nitrogen atoms of the macrocycle 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecan are protected with tosyl groups. The product is treated with 1,4-dimethoxybenzene or 1,4-bis(brommethyl)benzene and potassium carbonate in acetonitrile. After cleaving of the tosyl groups with hydrobromic acid, plerixafor octahydrobromide is obtained.[9]
SEE CHINESE JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2010 20 (6): 511-513 ISSN: 1005-0108 CN: 21-1313/R
DOWNLOAD………http://download.bioon.com.cn/upload/201207/24113552_9395.pdf
http://www.zgyhzz.cn/qikan/epaper/zhaiyao.asp?bsid=14753
( 1 ) BASE FORM
0155g ( 8016% ), m p 129 ~ 131 e 。
1H-NM R
( CDC l3 ) D: 7.28( s, 4H, A r-H ), 3.55 ( br s, 4H,A r-CH2 ), 2.82 ~ 2.52( m, 32H, NCH2, NHCH2 ),
1.86 ~ 1.68 ( m, 8H, CCH2C )。 ESI-M S m /z:
503.55 [M + H]+ 。
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SEE
http://doc.sciencenet.cn/upload/file/2011531154034454.pdf
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http://www.google.com/patents/US5756728
U.S. Pat. No. 5,021,409 is directed to a method of treating retroviral infections comprising administering to a mammal in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a bicyclic macrocyclic polyamine compound. Although the usefulness of certain alkylene and arylene bridged cyclam dimers is generically embraced by the teachings of the reference, no arylene bridged cyclam dimers are specifically disclosed.
WO 93/12096 discloses the usefulness of certain linked cyclic polyamines in combating HIV and pharmaceutical compositions useful therefor. Among the specifically disclosed compounds is 1,1′- 1,4-phenylenebis-(methylene)!-bis-1,4,8,11 tetraazacyclotetradecane (and its acid addition salts), which compound is a highly potent inhibitor of several strains of human immune deficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and type 2 (HIV-2).
European Patent Appln. 374,929 discloses a process for preparing mono-N-alkylated polyazamacrocycles comprising reacting the unprotected macrocycle with an electrophile in a non-polar, relatively aprotic solvent in the absence of base. Although it is indicated that the monosubstituted macrocycle is formed preferentially, there is no specific disclosure which indicates that linked bicyclams can be synthesized by this process.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,047,527 is directed to a process for preparing a monofunctionalized (e.g., monoalkylated)cyclic tetramine comprising: 1) reacting the unprotected macrocycle with chrominum hexacarbonyl to obtain a triprotected tetraazacyloalkane compound; 2) reacting the free amine group of the triprotected compound prepared in 1) with an organic (e.g., alkyl) halide to obtain a triprotected monofunctionalized (e.g., monoalkylated) tetraazacycloalkane compound; and 3) de-protecting the compound prepared in 2) by simple air oxidation at acid pH to obtain the desired compound. In addition, the reference discloses alternative methods of triprotection employing boron and phosphorous derivatives and the preparation of linked compounds, including the cyclam dimer 1,1′- 1,4-phenylenebis-(methylene)!-bis-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane, by reacting triprotected cyclam prepared as set forth in 1) above with an organic dihalide in a molar ratio of 2:1, and deprotecting the resultant compound to obtain the desired cyclam dimer.
J. Med. Chem., Vol. 38, No. 2, pgs. 366-378 (1995) is directed to the synthesis and anti-HIV activity of a series of novel phenylenebis(methylene)-linked bis-tetraazamacrocyclic analogs, including the known cyclam dimer 1,1′- 1,4-phenylenebis-(methylene)!-bis-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane. The cyclam dimers disclosed in this reference, including the afore-mentioned cyclam dimer, are prepared by: 1) forming the tritosylate of the tetraazamacrocycle; 2) reacting the protected tetraazamacrocycle with an organic dihalide, e.g., dibromo-p-xylene, in acetonitrile in the presence of a base such as potassium carbonate; and 3) de-protecting the bis-tetraazamacrocycle prepared in 2) employing freshly prepared sodium amalgam, concentrated sulfuric acid or an acetic acid/hydrobromic acid mixture to obtain the desired cyclam dimer, or an acid addition salt thereof.
Although the processes disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,047,527 and the J. Med. Chem. reference are suitable to prepare the cyclam dimer 1,1′- 1,4-phenylene bis-(methylene)!-bis-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane, they involve the use of cyclam as a starting material, a compound which is expensive and not readily available. Accordingly, in view of its potent anti-HIV activity, a number of research endeavors have been undertaken in an attempt to develop a more practical process for preparing 1,1′- 1,4-phenylenebis-(methylene)!-bis-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane.
EXAMPLE 1
a) Preparation of the 1,4-phenylenebis-methylene bridged hexatosyl acylic precursor of formula III
To a 4-necked, round-bottom flask, equipped with a mechanical stirrer, heating mantle, internal thermometer and addition funnel, is added 43.5 g (0.25 mol) of N,N’-bis(3-aminopropyl) ethylenediamine and 250 ml of tetrahydrofuran. To the resultant solution is added, over a period of 30 minutes with external cooling to maintain the temperature at 20° C., 113.6 g (0.8 mol) of ethyl trifluoroacetate. The reaction mixture is then stirred at room temperature for 4 hours, after which time 52.25 ml. (0.3 mol) of diisopropylethylamine is added. The resultant reaction mixture is warmed to 60° C. and, over a period of 2 hours, is added a solution of 33.0 g (0.125 mol) of α,α’-dibromoxylene in 500 ml. of tetrahydrofuran. The reaction mixture is then maintained at a temperature of 60° C., with stirring, for an additional 2 hours after which time a solution of 62.0 g. (1.55 mol) of sodium hydroxide in 250 ml. of water is added. The resultant mixture is then stirred vigorously for 2 hours, while the temperature is maintained at 60° C. A solution of 152.5 g. (0.8 mol) of p-toluenesulfonyl-chloride in 250 ml. of tetrahydrofuran is then added, over a period of 30 minutes, while the temperature is maintained at between 20° C. and 30° C. The reaction is then allowed to proceed for another hour at room temperature. To the reaction mixture is then added 1 liter of isopropyl acetate, the layers are separated and the organic layer is concentrated to dryness under vacuum to yield the desired compound as a foamy material.
b) Preparation of the hexatosyl cyclam dimer of formula IV
To a 4-necked, round-bottom flask, equipped with a mechanical stirrer, heating mantle, internal thermometer and addition funnel, is added 114.6 g. (0.10 mol) of the compound prepared in a) above and 2.5 liters of dimethylformamide. After the system is degassed, 22.4 g. (0.56 mol) of NaOH beads, 27.6 g (0.2 mol) of anhydrous potassium carbonate and 5.43 g. (0.016 mol) of t-butylammonium sulfate are added to the solution, and the resultant mixture is heated to 100° C. and maintained at this temperature for 2.5 hours. A solution of 111.0 g (0.3 mol) of ethyleneglycol ditosylate in 1 liter of dimethylformamide is then added, over a period of 2 hours, while the temperature is maintained at 100° C. After cooling the reaction mixture to room temperature, it is poured into 4 liters of water with stirring. The suspension is then filtered and the filter cake is washed with 1 liter of water. The filter cake is then thoroughly mixed with 1 liter of water and 2 liters of ethyl acetate. The solvent is then removed from the ethyl acetate solution and the residue is re-dissolved in 500 ml. of warm acetonitrile. The precipitate that forms on standing is collected by filtration and then dried to yield the desired compound as a white solid.
c) Preparation of 1,1′- 1,4-phenylenebis-(methylene)!-bis-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane
In a 4-necked, round-bottom flask, equipped with a mechanical stirrer, heating mantle, internal thermometer and addition funnel, is added 26.7 g.(0.02 mol) of the compound prepared in b) above, 300 ml. of 48% hydrobromic acid and 1 liter of glacial acetic acid. The resultant mixture is then heated to reflux and maintained at reflux temperature, with stirring, for 42 hours. The reaction mixture is then cooled to between 22° C. and 23° C. over a period of 4 hours, after which time it is stirred for an additional 12 hours. The solids are then collected using suction filtration and added to 400 ml. of deionized water. The resultant solution is then stirred for 25 to 30 minutes at a temperature between 22° C. and 23° C. and filtered using suction filtration. After washing the filter pad with a small amount of deionized water, the solution is cooled to between 10° C. and 15° C. 250 g. of a 50% aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide is then added, over a period of 30 minutes, while the temperature is maintained at between 5° C. and 15° C. The resultant suspension is stirred for 10 to 15 minutes, while the temperature is maintained at between 10° C. and 15° C. The suspension is then warmed to between 22° C. and 23° C. and to the warmed suspension is added 1.5 liters of dichloromethane. The mixture is then stirred for 30 minutes, the layers are separated and the organic layer is slurried with 125 g. of sodium sulfate for 1 hour. The solution is then filtered using suction filtration, and the filtrate is concentrated under reduced pressure (40°-45° C. bath temperature, 70-75 mm Hg) until approximately 1.25 liters of solvent is collected. To the slurry is then added 1.25 liters of acetone, and the filtrate is concentrated under reduced pressure (40°-45° C. bath temperature, 70-75 mm Hg) until approximately 1.25 liters of solvent is collected. The slurry is then cooled to between 22° C. and 23° C. and the solids are collected using suction filtration. The solids are then washed with three 50 ml. portions of acetone and dried in a vacuum oven to obtain the desired compound as a white solid.
EXAMPLE 2
The following is an alternate procedure for the preparation of the 1,4-phenylenebis-methylene bridged hexatosyl acyclic precursor of formula III.
To a 3-necked, round-bottomed flask, equipped with a mechanical stirrer, heating mantle, internal thermometer and addition funnel, is added 3.48 g. (20 mmol) of N,N’-bis-(3-aminopropyl)ethylenediamine and 20 ml. of tetrahydrofuran. To the resultant solution is added, over a period of 20 minutes with external cooling to maintain the temperature at 20° C., 5.2 ml. (42 mmol) of ethyl trifluoroacetate. The reaction mixture is then stirred at room temperature for 1 hour, after which time a solution of 2.64 g. (10 mmol) of α,α’-dibromoxylene in 20 ml. of tetrahydrofuran is added. The resultant reaction mixture is then stirred at room temperature for 4 hours. A solution of 4.8 g. (120 mmol) of sodium hydroxide in 20 ml. of water is then added and the resultant mixture is warmed to 60° C. and maintained at this temperature, with vigorous stirring, for 2 hours. Over a period of 20 minutes, 13.9 g. (73 mmol) of p-toluenesulfonylchloride is then added portionwise, while the temperature is maintained at 20° C. The reaction is then allowed to proceed for another hour at room temperature. To the reaction mixture is then added 100 ml. of isopropyl acetate, the layers are separated and the organic layer is washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate aqueous solution. The solution is then condensed to 40 ml., cooled to 4° C. and kept at that temperature overnight. The resultant suspension is filtered and the solid is washed with 10 ml. of isopropyl acetate. The solvents are then removed from the filtrate to yield the desired compound as a brown gel.
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see
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of phenylenebis(methylene)linked bis-tetraazamacrocycles that inhibit HIV replication. Effects of macrocyclic ring size and substituents on the aromatic linker
J Med Chem 1995, 38(2): 366
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jm00002a019
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see
New bicyclam-AZT conjugates: Design, synthesis, anti-HIV evaluation, and their interaction with CXCR-4 coreceptor
J Med Chem 1999, 42(2): 229
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/jm980358u
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CN 102584732
http://www.google.com/patents/CN102584732B?cl=en
[0003]
[0004] plerixafor (trade name Mozobil ™) was developed by the U.S. company Genzyme chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) antagonist specificity. The drug is a hematopoietic stem (progenitor) cell activator, and can stimulate hematopoietic stem cell proliferation and differentiation into functional blood circulation.
[0005] As the non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) and multiple myeloma (Korea) most of the cases and the progress of cases to alleviate the need for autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation, and plerixafor joint G-CSF can significantly improve the number of patients with ⑶ 34 + cells, about 60% of the patient’s peripheral blood can ⑶ 34 + cells increased to ensure that the NHL and MM patients with autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation success.
[0006] U.S. FDA approval on December 15, 2008 its listing, clinical studies showed that the drug can greatly increase the number of white blood cells of patients and to promote hematopoietic stem cells from bone marrow to the blood flow, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF ) have a synergistic effect; has been used in multiple myeloma and Hodgkin’s lymphoma patients with stem cell transplantation in clinical trials.
[0007] About plerixafor or synthetic analogs have some at home and abroad reported in the literature, there are J.0rg.Chem.2003, 68,6435-6436; J.Med Chem.1995, 38 (2): 366-378; J.SynthCommun.1998 ,28:2903-2906; Tetrahedron, 1989,45 (1) :219-226; Chinese Journal of Pharmaceuticals 2007,38 (6); World Patent W09634860A1; W09312096A1; U.S. Patent US5047527, US5606053, US5801281, US5064956, Chinese patent CN1466579A.
[0008] J.Med Chem.1995, 38 (2) = 366-378 relates to a preparation method comprises the following steps: a) forming a salt of trimethoxy benzene tetraaza macrocycles; 2) reacting the protected tetrazole hetero macrocycle in acetonitrile under the presence of a base such as potassium carbonate as dibromo-p-xylene is reacted with an organic dihalide; 3) using freshly prepared sodium amalgam, concentrated sulfuric acid or acetic acid / hydrobromic acid mixture deprotected target product.
[0009] US 5047527 relates to preparation of the cyclic four monofunctional amine, the method comprising: a) reacting the unprotected macrocycle of reaction with chromium hexacarbonyl to obtain protection tetraazadecalin three compounds; 2) 3 Protection of the free amino compound with an organic halide to obtain three-protected monofunctional tetraaza naphthenic compounds; 3) simple air oxidation, deprotection to obtain the desired product. [0010] J.Synth Commun.1998 ,28:2903-2906 describes an improved method for synthesizing intermediates Plerixafor, the method using phosphor protection, deprotection to give a smooth 1,1 ‘- [1,4 – phenylene bis (methylene)] _ two _1, 4,8,11 – tetraazacyclododecane fourteen burn.
[0011] US 5606053 relates to a process for preparing dimers 1, I ‘- [1,4 – phenylene bis (methylene)] – two -1,4,8,11 – tetraazacyclododecane-tetradecane method. The preparation of compounds include: 1) the four-amine as the starting material, obtained by acylation of toluene Juan acyclic intermediates and three xylene sulfonate and toluene sulfonate and toluene intermediates; 2) and xylene sulfonate and intermediates trimethylbenzene toluenesulfonic acid intermediates after alkylation separation dibromo xylene, toluene sulfonate and then obtain a non-cyclic dimers of six toluenesulfonic acylated; 3) six isolated bridged acyclic toluenesulfonic acid dimer form is reacted with ethylene glycol ditosylate three equivalents of cyclization; 4) deprotection to obtain the objective product was purified by hydrobromic acid and acetic acid.
[0012] US 5801281 relates to preparation of dimer 1, I ‘- [1,4 _-phenylene bis (methylene)] – two _1, 4,8,11
[0013] – tetraazacyclo tetradecane, comprising: a) reacting the acyclic tetraamine with 3 equivalents of ethyl trifluoroacetate, the reaction; 2) with 0.5 equivalents of the tri-dibromo-p-xylene-protected acyclic alkylation of the amine obtained form four non-cyclic dimers; 3) hydrolysis to remove the six trifluoroacetyl compound group; 4) acylation of the compound toluenesulfonic bridged tetraamine dimer; 5) B Juan xylene glycol ester cyclization; 6) and glacial acetic acid mixed with hydrobromic acid deprotection was the target product.
Under the [0014] US 5064956 discloses a multi-alkylated single-ring nitrogen of the compound prepared, the method involves reacting the unprotected macrocycle in an aprotic, relatively non-polar solvent in presence of alkali electrophilic reagent. Not mentioned in this document similar to the embodiment Seclin dimer synthesis.
[0015] Through the open Plerixafor synthetic route research and meta-analysis of the literature, mainly in the following four synthetic routes:
[0016] Route One, is 1,4,8,11 – tetraazacyclododecane cyclotetradecane as raw material, NI, N4, N8 three protected with 1,4 – bis (halomethyl) benzene-bridged deprotection to obtain the finished product. The following reaction scheme, wherein R is p-toluenesulfonyl group, a methanesulfonyl group, a trifluoroacetyl group, a tert-butoxycarbonyl group and the like:
[0017]
[0018] Route II is di (2 – aminopropyl) ethylenediamine as raw material, the ring and the reaction with 1,4 – bis (halomethyl) benzene-bridged, and then deprotection Bullock Suffolk.
[0019] Route 3 to 1,4,8,11 – tetraazacyclododecane cyclotetradecane as raw material, under anhydrous, anaerobic conditions, after the ring protection with 1,4 – bis (halomethyl ) benzene bridging, and then deprotection plerixafor. Synthesis scheme below, wherein R is P, Ni, etc.;
[0021] line four, based on acrylate as starting material, first with ethylene diamine as raw material by Michael addition of the amine solution, then with malonate cyclization 1,4,8,11 – Tetraaza _5, 7,12 – three oxo cyclotetradecane by α, α ‘- dibromo-p-xylene bridging, the final deprotection plerixafor. Reaction Roadmap follows:
[0022]
[0023] The above synthesis route and the existing methods have the following disadvantages:
[0024] In an intermediate of the synthesis route, the existing technology, the need for column purification of the intermediates, low yield.
[0025] route to protect the stability of the two because of the strong, leading to the final deprotection step difficult, long production cycle, low yield, and finished organic residues can not be achieved within the standard limits.
Higher dry anaerobic demands [0026] Route 3 on, harsh reaction conditions, deprotection is not complete, intermediates need to repeatedly purified, low yield, after repeated recrystallization, finished monohetero difficult to control in 0.1% less.
[0027] Anhydrous ethylene diamine route and need four anhydrous THF, more stringent requirements on the process, and to use dangerous borane dimethyl sulfide, while the second step is only about 35% lower yield. Selectivity of the reaction is not high shortcomings, so do not be the most economical and reasonable synthetic route.
[0028] We prepared by Plerixafor prepared by methods disclosed above may Plerixafor single impurity of 0.1% or less is difficult to achieve, it is difficult to meet the quality requirements of the injection material, the same techniques can not reach the European Quality of ICH guidelines of the relevant technical requirements, low yield, high cost required for each step of the intermediate column to afford a large amount of solvent, time consuming, and the greater the elution solvent toxicity, is not suitable for industrial production.
(I) Preparation of 1,4,8 _ tris (p-toluenesulfonyl) -1,4,8,11 – tetraazacyclododecane-tetradecane: the raw 1,4,8,11 – tetraazacyclododecane cyclotetradecane suspended in methylene chloride, in the role of acid binding agent, at a temperature 10 ~ 30 ° C, p-toluenesulfonyl chloride and 3 ~ 8h, filtered, and the filtrate was collected and concentrated to dryness to obtain a residue; will have The residue of said C ^ C3 alkyl group in a mixed solvent of alcohol and an aprotic solvent, purification, crystallization segment greater than 95% purity of 1,4,8 – tris (p-toluenesulfonyl) _1, 4,8,11 – tetraaza cyclotetradecane;
[0032] (2) Preparation of 1,1 ‘- [1,4 – (phenylene methylene)] – two – [4,8,11 – tris (p-toluenesulfonyl)] -1,4, 8,11 – tetraazacyclododecane-tetradecane: A (I) the resulting 1,4,8 – tris (p-toluenesulfonyl) _1, 4,8,11 – tetraazacyclododecane-tetradecane, α, α two bromo-p-xylene in place of anhydrous acetonitrile, was added acid-binding agent, the reaction was refluxed under nitrogen for 5 to 24 hours; After the reaction was cooled to room temperature, the reaction mixture was then collected by filtration and the filter cake was purified to obtain a mixed solvent I , I, – [1,4 – (phenylene methylene)] – two – [4,8,11 – tris (p-toluenesulfonyl)] _1, 4,8,11 – tetraazacyclododecane ten four alkyl;
[0033] (3) Synthesis Plerixafor: A (2) the resultant I, 1′-[1,4 _ (phenylene methylene)] – two – [4,8,11 – tris (p-toluene sulfonyl)] -1,4,8,11 – tetraazacyclododecane myristic acid solution was added to the mixture, stirred and dissolved, the reaction was warmed to reflux for 10 to 24 hours, cooled, filtered, and filter cake was collected; the filter cake was dissolved in purified water, adjusted with sodium hydroxide solution or potassium hydroxide solution to the PH-12, filtered, and the filtrate was extracted with a halogenated solvent, and the organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and then filtered, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure P Le Suffolk crude;
[0034] (4) Purification Plerixafor: Plerixafor the crude was dissolved into a solvent and heated to reflux to dissolve, filtered, and the crystallization solvent is added dropwise at 40 ~ 45 ° C crystallization 30min, filtered and the filtrate then cooled to 20 ~ 25 ° C crystallization I hour at O ~ 5 ° C crystallization three hours, filtered, and the filter cake was dried Plerixafor.
Plerixafor Preparation: 6 [0075] Implementation
[0076] The starting material 1,4,8,11 – tetraazacyclo tetradecane (5g, 25mmol) was suspended in dichloromethane (50g) was added N, N-diisopropylethylamine (7.5ml) , a solution of p-toluenesulfonyl chloride (10.8g, 56.5mmol) and methylene chloride (50g) in a solution of, at 25 ~ 30 ° C reaction temperature 3h, filtered, and the filtrate was collected and concentrated to dryness and to the residue in methanol (30g), toluene (IOg) was heated to reflux, filtered, and the filtrate was cooled to 40 ° C crystallization 30min, filtered to remove impurities little over protection, and the filtrate was added methyl tert-butyl ether (30g), stirring rapidly cooled to O ~ 5 ° C crystallization 3h, filtered, and dried to give 1,4,8 – tris (p-toluenesulfonyl) -1, 4,8,11 – tetraazacyclododecane-tetradecane (9.6g, 61.9%), purity of 97.2%.
[0077] The 4,8 _ tris (p-toluenesulfonyl) _1, 4,8,11 – tetraazacyclododecane-tetradecane (9g, 13.6mmol) α, α ‘- dibromo-p-xylene (1.81 g, 6.8mmol) in dry acetonitrile was placed (90ml) was added potassium carbonate (15.0g, 108.5mmol), the reaction was refluxed under nitrogen for 5 hours. Cooled to room temperature and filtered to collect the filter cake, was added anhydrous methanol (10ml), ethyl acetate (30ml), dichloromethane (IOml) hot melt, whereby the cooling crystallization, filtration, and dried under reduced pressure to obtain white solid (16. lg, 83%), purity 97.5%.
[0078] The intermediate obtained above (5g, 3.5mmol) was added to glacial acetic acid (25ml) and concentrated hydrochloric acid (25ml) was stirred until dissolved in the mixed solution was heated to reflux for 24 hours, cooled, collected by filtration cake. The filter cake was dissolved in purified water (20ml), adjusting the PH value of the solution with sodium hydroxide to 12, filtered, and the filtrate was extracted with dichloromethane (50mlX3), the organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain sand Bullock Fu crude (1.4g, 79.5%), purity 98.6%.
[0079] The crude Plerixafor (1.4g) is placed in tetrahydrofuran (14g), heated to reflux to dissolve, filtered, and added dropwise n-hexane (42g), and 40 ~ 45 ° C crystallization 30min, filtered little solid, The filtrate was rapidly cooled to 20 ~ 25 ° C crystallization I hour and then at O ~ 5 ° C crystallization three hours, filtered, 45 ° C and dried under reduced pressure to obtain the finished Plerixafor (1.2g, 85.7%), purity 99.93 %, the largest single miscellaneous 0.04%.
………………………………….
http://www.google.com/patents/US8420626?cl=en
wherein, n is 0 or 1, Ts is tosyl radical, P is trifluoroacetyl or p-tosyl radical;
To the NaOH solution of the starting material 7 is dropwise added ether solution of tosyl chloride. The system is stirred over night. A white solid is formed and filtrated. The filter cake is washed with water and ethyl ether, respectively, recrystallized to give a white solid intermediate of formula 8. To the dried acetonitrile solution of the compound of formula 8 is slowly dropwise added dried acetonitrile solution of 1,2-di-p-tosyloxypropane under reflux state, refluxed for 2-4 days, stood until room temperature. A white solid is precipitated and filtrated. The filter cake is washed with water and ethyl acetate, respectively, recrystallized to give a white solid compound of formula 9. The compound of formula 9 is dissolved in 90% concentrated sulfuric acid, allowed to react at 100° C. for 24-48 hours, stood until room temperature. To the reaction solution are dropwise added successively ethanol and ethyl ether. A white solid is precipitated, filtrated, dried, and dissolved in NaOH solution. The aqueous phase is extracted with chloroform. The chloroform phase is combined, concentrated, recrystallized to give a white solid compound of formula 10. To the chloroform solution of the compound of formula 10 and triethylamine is dropwise added chloroform solution of tosyl chloride. The mixture is allowed to react at room temperature over night, concentrated and column separated (eluant: dichloromethane/methanol system) to give a white solid compound of formula 11 (protective group is tosyl); or to the methanol solution of the compound of formula 10 is dropwise added ethyl trifluoroacetate. The mixture is allowed to react at room temperature over night, concentrated and column separated (eluant: ethyl acetate) to give a white solid compound of formula 11 (protective group is trifluoroacetyl);
Following subcutaneous injection, plerixafor is absorbed quickly and peak concentrations are reached after 30 to 60 minutes. Up to 58% are bound to plasma proteins, the rest mostly resides in extravascular compartments. The drug is not metabolized in significant amounts; no interaction with the cytochrome P450 enzymes or P-glycoproteins has been found. Plasma half life is 3 to 5 hours. Plerixafor is excreted via the kidneys, with 70% of the drug being excreted within 24 hours.[5]
In the form of its zinc complex, plerixafor acts as an antagonist (or perhaps more accurately a partial agonist) of the alpha chemokine receptor CXCR4 and an allosteric agonist ofCXCR7.[10] The CXCR4 alpha-chemokine receptor and one of its ligands, SDF-1, are important in hematopoietic stem cell homing to the bone marrow and in hematopoietic stem cell quiescence. The in vivo effect of plerixafor with regard to ubiquitin, the alternative endogenous ligand of CXCR4, is unknown. Plerixafor has been found to be a strong inducer of mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells from the bone marrow to the bloodstream as peripheral blood stem cells.[11]
No interaction studies have been conducted. The fact that plerixafor does not interact with the cytochrome system indicates a low potential for interactions with other drugs.[5]
Plerixafor has orphan drug status in the United States and European Union for the mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells. It was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for this indication on December 15, 2008.[12] In Europe, the drug was approved after a positive Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use assessment report on 29 May 2009.[7] The drug was approved for use in Canada by Health Canada on December 8, 2011.[13]
Plerixafor was seen to reduce metastasis in mice in several studies.[14] It has also been shown to reduce recurrence of glioblastoma in a mouse model after radiotherapy. In this model, the cancer surviving radiation are critically depended on bone marrow derived cells for vasculogenesis whose recruitment mediated by SDF-1 CXCR4 interaction is blocked by plerixafor.[15]
Researchers at Imperial College have demonstrated that plerixafor in combination with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) can produce mesenchymal stem cells andendothelial progenitor cells in mice.[16]
Blockade of CXCR4 signalling by plerixafor (AMD3100) has also unexpectedly been found to be effective at counteracting opioid-induced hyperalgesia produced by chronic treatment with morphine, though only animal studies have been conducted as yet.[17]
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| Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
|---|---|
| 1,1′-[1,4-Phenylenebis(methylene)]bis [1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane] | |
| Clinical data | |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Consumer Drug Information |
| MedlinePlus | a609018 |
| Pregnancy cat. | D (US) |
| Legal status | ℞-only (US) |
| Routes | Subcutaneous injection |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Protein binding | Up to 58% |
| Metabolism | None |
| Half-life | 3–5 hours |
| Excretion | Renal |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | 110078-46-1 |
| ATC code | L03AX16 |
| PubChem | CID 65015 |
| IUPHAR ligand | 844 |
| DrugBank | DB06809 |
| ChemSpider | 58531 |
| UNII | S915P5499N |
| Synonyms | JM 3100, AMD3100 |
| Chemical data | |
| Formula | C28H54N8 |
| Mol. mass | 502.782 g/mol |
http://www.google.com/patents/CN102653536A?cl=en
(Plerixafor), chemical name: 1, I ‘- [I, 4_ phenylene ni (methylene)] – ni -1,4,
8,11 – tetraazacyclo tetradecane, its molecular structure is as follows:
[0004]
Synthesis of domestic and foreign literature in general, all require 1,4,8,11 – tetraazacyclo-tetradecane for 3 protection (eg of formula I), of the three methods are used to protect the p-toluenesulfonamide chloride, trifluoroacetic acid ko ko cool, tert-butyl carbonate ni. Use of p-toluenesulfonamide-protected deprotection step into strict step because deprotecting reagent (such as hydrobromic acid / glacial acetic acid, concentrated sulfuric acid, etc.) side reactions often occur.The use of trifluoroacetic acid ko ko ester protecting, since the trifluoromethyl group strongly polar ko, resulting fourth-NH unprotected decrease in activity, usually not fully reflect the subsequent reaction, thereby further into ー is introduced after deprotection difficult to remove impurities 1,4,8,11 – tetraazacyclo-tetradecane.
[0006] tert-butyl carbonate ni selective protection of the amino group is widely used (polyamines, amino acids, p printed tidic chains, etc.), but to use it for 1,4,8,11 – tetraazacyclo tetradecane rarely reported, abroad it for 1,4,8,11 – tetraazacyclo tetradecane protection coverage, we use the t-butyl carbonate brother attempted 3 protection, he was surprised to find that in certain conditions, the three protection up to 90% (see Figure I), with high selectivity, significantly higher than the reported domestic Boc protected
Selectivity of the reaction (see table below).
[0007]
[0008] 2 by three protection product with quite different polarity protection products, flash column chromatography using silica gel column to separate the protector 3 of sufficient purity, and deprotection conditions milder (only hydrochloric acid solution), in a certain extent reduce the incidence of side effects, so capable of synthesizing high purity products.
[0009]
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
xample I: 3Boc protection 1,4,8,11 _ tetraazacyclo Preparation tetradecane
[0048] 1,4,8,11 taken tetraazacyclo tetradecane _ 10g (0.05mol), and acetone – water (2: l) 50ml, tris ko amine 10. 119g (0. Lmol), ni ko isopropyl amine 3. 225g (0. 025mol), at room temperature was added dropwise tert-butyl carbonate, brother 38. 194g (0. 175mol), dropwise at room temperature after stirring for 24 hours, HPLC monitoring of the reaction. After completion of the reaction 50 ° C under reduced pressure to dryness to give a pale yellow oil, 150g on a silica gel column, and eluted with ko acid esters ko collecting ko ko acid ester liquid evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure to give a white foam 23. 12g, yield of 92.36%. 1HNMR (400MHz, CDCl3, 6 ppm): 1. 74 (2H, q, 5. 5);
I. 96 (2H, q, 6. 5); 2. 66 (2H, t, 5. 5); 2. 82 (2H, t, 5. 5); 3. 33 (4H, m); 3. 34 (2H, m); 3. 37 (2H, m), 3. 43 (4H, m).
[0049] Implementation Example 2: 6Boc protection Bullock Suffolk Preparation
[0050] Take 3Boc protection 1,4,8,11 _ tetraazacyclo tetradecane 20. 03g (0. 04mol), dissolved in anhydrous ko nitrile 400ml, anhydrous potassium carbonate 20g, aa ‘ni chlorine ni toluene 3.5012g (0.02mol), sodium iodide 75mg, at reflux for 24 hours under nitrogen, TLC monitoring of the reaction. After completion of the reaction, cooled to room temperature, filtered, the filter cake was washed with 200ml of ko nitrile, nitrile ko combined solution was evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure to give the protected Bullock 6Boc Suffolk 21. 20g, yield of 96.06%. Alcohol with ko – a mixed solvent of water and recrystallized to give a white solid. [0051] Implementation Example 3: Bullock Suffolk • 8HC1 • 3H20 Preparation of compounds
[0052] Protection Bullock Suffolk take 6Boc 20g, add methanol 200ml, stirring to dissolve, concentrated hydrochloric acid was added dropwise at room temperature, 60ml, was stirred at room temperature after the addition was complete 48 inches, TLC monitoring of the reaction. After completion of the reaction, filtration, the filter cake was dried 50 ° C under reduced pressure to give a white solid 13. 54g, yield of 88.04%.
[0053] Implementation Example 4: Preparation of Suffolk Bullock…………Plerixafor BASE
[0054] Take Bullock Suffolk • 8HC1 • 3H20 compound 13. 54g, add water 40ml ultrasound to dissolve after stirring constantly with 50% sodium hydroxide solution to adjust the pH to 12 and filtered, the filter cake 50 ° C minus pressure and dried to give a white solid 7. 24g, yield 90.24 V0o
1H NMR (400MHz, CDCl3, 6 ppm): 1. 75 (4H, bs); 1. 87 (4H, bs); 2. 95-2. 51 (32H, m); 3. 54 (4H, s); 4. 23 (4H, bs); 7. 30 (4H, s).
IR (KBr) 3280,2927,2883,2805,1458,1264,1117 cm,
NEW PATENT…………….WO-2014125499
Improved and commercially viable process for the preparation of high pure plerixafor base
Process for the preparation of more than 99.8% pure plerixafor base by HPLC. Also claims solid forms of plerixafor base and composition comprising the same. Appears to be the first filing from the assignee on this API. FDA Orange book lists US6987102 and US7897590, expire in July 2023.
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3-5-1997
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Process for preparing 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane
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2-26-1997
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Process for preparing 1,1′-[1,4-phenylenebis-(methylene)]-bis-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane
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12-11-1996
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Aromatic-linked polyamine macrocyclic compounds with anti-HIV activity
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11-8-1996
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PROCESS FOR PREPARING 1,1′-[1,4-PHENYLENEBIS-(METHYLENE)]-BIS-1,4,8,11-TETRAAZACYCLOTETRADECANE
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10-4-1996
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PROCESS FOR PREPARING 1,1′-[1,4-PHENYLENEBIS-(METHYLENE)]-BIS-1,4,8,11-TETRAAZACYCLOTETRADECANE
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7-14-1995
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CYCLIC POLYAMINES
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6-25-1993
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LINKED CYCLIC POLYAMINES WITH ACTIVITY AGAINST HIV
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9-2-2005
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Substituted benzodiazepines as inhibitors of the chemokine receptor CXCR4
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2-4-2005
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Methods and compositions for the treatment or prevention of human immunodeficiency virus and related conditions using cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitors and antiviral agents
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12-4-2002
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Process for preparation of N-1 protected N ring nitrogen containing cyclic polyamines and products thereof
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10-2-2002
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Prodrugs
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10-25-2001
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PROCESS FOR PREPARING 1,1′- 1,4-PHENYLENEBIS-(METHYLENE)]-BIS-1,4,8,11-TETRAAZACYCLOTETRADECANE
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9-29-2000
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CHEMOKINE RECPETOR BINDING HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
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8-11-2000
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METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS TO ENHANCE WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT
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1-15-1998
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PROCESS FOR PREPARING 1,1′- 1,4-PHENYLENEBIS-(METHYLENE) -BIS-1,4,8,11-TETRAAZACYCLOTETRADECANE
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3-19-1997
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Process for preparing 1,1′-[1,4-phenylenebis-(methylene)]-bis-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane
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3-7-1997
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PROCESS FOR PREPARING 1,4,8,11-TETRAAZACYCLOTETRADECANE PROCESS FOR PREPARING 1,4,8,11-TETRAAZACYCLOTETRADECANE
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6-24-2011
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BETULINIC ACID DERIVATIVES AS ANTI-HIV AGENTS
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11-3-2010
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Antiviral methods employing double esters of 2′, 3′-dideoxy-3′-fluoroguanosine
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2-5-2010
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Chemokine Receptor Modulators
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1-29-2010
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NOVEL POLYNITROGENATED SYSTEMS AS ANTI-HIV AGENTS
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9-4-2009
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Combination of CXCR4 Antagonist and Morphogen to Increase Angiogenesis
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11-28-2008
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Chemokine receptor modulators
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10-24-2008
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Chemokine receptor modulators
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8-32-2006
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Compositions and methods for treating tissue ischemia
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7-5-2006
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ANTIVIRAL METHODS EMPLOYING DOUBLE ESTERS OF 2′, 3′-DIDEOXY-3′-FLUOROGUANOSINE
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12-14-2005
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Treatment of viral infections using prodrugs of 2′,3-dideoxy,3′-fluoroguanosine
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http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2012/dt/c2dt31137b
http://www.thno.org/v03p0047.htm
SEE ALSO……….http://www.scipharm.at/download.asp?id=1427
SEE…………..https://www.academia.edu/5549712/2011531154034454SCHEME 15 IS SYNTHESIS OF PLEXIXAFOR
read
… trials against cancer and for stem cell mobilization as “Mozobil” or “Plerixafor” …NMR studies of AMD-3100 suggest that complex configuration is important.
Migalastat hydrochloride
CAS Number: 75172-81-5 hydrochloride
CAS BASE….108147-54-2
ABS ROT = (+)
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Conc: 1 g/100mL; Solv: water ; 589.3 nm; Temp: 24 °C |
IN Van den Nieuwendijk, Adrianus M. C. H.; Organic Letters 2010, 12(17), 3957-3959
3,4,5-Piperidinetriol,2-(hydroxymethyl)-, hydrochloride (1:1), (2R,3S,4R,5S)-
Molecular Structure:
Formula: C6H14ClNO4
Molecular Weight:199.63
Synonyms: 3,4,5-Piperidinetriol,2-(hydroxymethyl)-, hydrochloride, (2R,3S,4R,5S)- (9CI);
3,4,5-Piperidinetriol,2-(hydroxymethyl)-, hydrochloride, [2R-(2a,3a,4a,5b)]-;
Migalastat hydrochloride;Galactostatin hydrochloride;
(2S,3R,4S,5S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol hydrochloride;
Melting Point:160 °C-162…….http://www.google.com/patents/DE3906463A1?cl=de
Boiling Point:382.7 °C at 760 mmHg
Flash Point:185.2 °C
Amicus Therapeutics, Inc. innovator
Aug 2014
Amicus Therapeutics was on the ropes in late 2012 when its pill for a rare condition called Fabry Disease108147-54-2 failed a late-stage trial. It had already put seven years of work into the drug, and the setback added even more development time and uncertainty to the mix. But the Cranbury, NJ-based company kept plugging away, and now it looks like all the effort could lead to its first approved drug.
Amicus (NASDAQ: FOLD) is reporting today that the Fabry drug, migalastat, succeeded in the second of two late-stage trials. It hit two main goals that essentially measured its ability to slow the decline of Fabry patients’ kidney function comparably to enzyme-replacement therapy (ERT)—the standard of care for the often-fatal disorder.
Amicus believes the results, along with those from an earlier Phase 3 trial comparing migalastat to a placebo, are good enough to ask regulators in the U.S. and Europe for market approval.
“These are the good days to be a CEO,” says Amicus CEO John Crowley (pictured above). “It’s great when a plan comes together and data cooperates.”
Crowley says Amicus will seek approval of migalastat first in Europe and is already in talks with regulators there. In the next few months, Amicus will begin talking with the FDA about a path for approval in the U.S. as well.
End feb 2013
About Amicus Therapeutics
Amicus Therapeutics is a biopharmaceutical company at the forefront of therapies for rare and orphan diseases. The Company is developing orally-administered, small molecule drugs called pharmacological chaperones, a novel, first-in-class approach to treating a broad range of human genetic diseases. Amicus’ late-stage programs for lysosomal storage disorders include migalastat HCl monotherapy in Phase 3 for Fabry disease; migalastat HCl co-administered with enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) in Phase 2 for Fabry disease; and AT2220 co-administered with ERT in Phase 2 for Pompe disease.
About Migalastat HCl
Amicus in collaboration with GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) is developing the investigational pharmacological chaperone migalastat HCl for the treatment of Fabry disease. Amicus has commercial rights to all Fabry products in the United States and GSK has commercial rights to all of these products in the rest of world.
As a monotherapy, migalastat HCl is designed to bind to and stabilize, or “chaperone” a patient’s own alpha-galactosidase A (alpha-Gal A) enzyme in patients with genetic mutations that are amenable to this chaperone in a cell-based assay. Migalastat HCl monotherapy is in Phase 3 development (Study 011 and Study 012) for Fabry patients with genetic mutations that are amenable to this chaperone monotherapy in a cell-based assay. Study 011 is a placebo-controlled study intended primarily to support U.S. registration, and Study 012 compares migalastat HCl to ERT to primarily support global registration.
For patients currently receiving ERT for Fabry disease, migalastat HCl in combination with ERT may improve ERT outcomes by keeping the infused alpha-Gal A enzyme in its properly folded and active form thereby allowing more active enzyme to reach tissues.2Migalastat HCl co-administered with ERT is in Phase 2 (Study 013) and migalastat HCl co-formulated with JCR Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd’s proprietary investigational ERT (JR-051, recombinant human alpha-Gal A enzyme) is in preclinical development.
About Fabry Disease
Fabry disease is an inherited lysosomal storage disorder caused by deficiency of an enzyme called alpha-galactosidase A (alpha-Gal A). The role of alpha-Gal A within the body is to break down specific lipids in lysosomes, including globotriaosylceramide (GL-3, also known as Gb3). Lipids that can be degraded by the action of α-Gal are called “substrates” of the enzyme. Reduced or absent levels of alpha-Gal A activity leads to the accumulation of GL-3 in the affected tissues, including the kidneys, heart, central nervous system, and skin. This accumulation of GL-3 is believed to cause the various symptoms of Fabry disease, including pain, kidney failure, and increased risk of heart attack and stroke.
It is currently estimated that Fabry disease affects approximately 5,000 to 10,000 people worldwide. However, several literature reports suggest that Fabry disease may be significantly under diagnosed, and the prevalence of the disease may be much higher.
2. Benjamin, et al., Molecular Therapy: April 2012, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 717–726.
http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01458119
http://www.docstoc.com/docs/129812511/migalastat-hcl
Migalastat hydrochloride is a pharmacological chaperone in phase III development at Amicus Pharmaceuticals for the oral treatment of Fabry’s disease. Fabry’s disease occurs as the result of an inherited genetic mutation that results in the production of a misfolded alpha galactosidase A (alpha-GAL) enzyme, which is responsible for breaking down globotriaosylceramide (GL-3) in the lysosome. Migalastat acts by selectively binding to the misfolded alpha-GAL, increasing its stability and promoting proper folding, processing and trafficking of the enzyme from the endoplasmic reticulum to the lysosome.
In February 2004, migalastat hydrochloride was granted orphan drug designation by the FDA for the treatment of Fabry’s disease.
The EMEA assigned orphan drug designation for the compound in 2006 for the treatment of the same indication. In 2007, the compound was licensed to Shire Pharmaceuticals by Amicus Therapeutics worldwide, with the exception of the U.S., for the treatment of Fabry’s disease.
In 2009, this license agreement was terminated. In 2010, the compound was licensed by Amicus Therapeutics to GlaxoSmithKline on a worldwide basis to develop, manufacture and commercialize migalastat hydrochloride as a treatment for Fabry’s disease, but the license agreement terminated in 2013.
| Chemical Name: | DEOXYGALACTONOJIRIMYCIN, HYDROCHLORIDE |
| Synonyms: | DGJ;Amigal;Unii-cly7m0xd20;GALACTOSTATIN HCL;DGJ, HYDROCHLORIDE;Migalastat hydrochloride;Galactostatin hydrochloride;DEOXYGALACTONOJIRIMYCIN HCL;1-DEOXYGALACTONOJIRIMYCIN HCL;1,5-dideoxy-1,5-imino-d-galactitol |
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http://www.google.co.in/patents/WO1999062517A1?cl=en
Example 1
A series of plant alkaloids (Scheme 1, ref. 9) were used for both in vitro inhibition and intracellular enhancement studies of α-Gal A activity. The results of inhibition experiments are shown in Fig. 1 A.
f^
Among the tested compounds, 1-deoxy-galactonojirimycin (DGJ, 5) known as a powerful competitive inhibitor for α-Gal A, showed the highest inhibitory activity with IC50 at 4.7 nM. α-3,4-Di-epi-homonojirimycin (3) was an effective inhibitor with IC50 at 2.9 μM. Other compounds showed moderate inhibitory activity with IC50 ranging from 0.25 mM (6) to 2.6 mM (2). Surprisingly, these compounds also effectively enhanced α-Gal A activity in COS-1 cells transfected with a mutant α-Gal A gene (R301Q), identified from an atypical variant form of Fabry disease with a residual α- Gal A activity at 4% of normal. By culturing the transfected COS-1 cells with these compounds at concentrations cat 3 – 10-fold of IC50 of the inhibitors, α-Gal A activity was enhanced 1.5 – 4-fold (Fig. 1C). The effectiveness of intracellular enhancement paralleled with in vitro inhibitory activity while the compounds were added to the culture medium at lOμM
concentration (Fig. IB).
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WO 2008045015
or http://www.google.com/patents/EP2027137A1?cl=en, http://www.google.com/patents/US7973157?cl=en
This invention relates to a process for purification of imino or amino sugars, such as D-1-deoxygalactonojirimycin hydrochloride (DGJ’HCl). This process can be used to produce multi-kilogram amounts of these nitrogen-containing sugars.
Sugars are useful in pharmacology since, in multiple biological processes, they have been found to play a major role in the selective inhibition of various enzymatic functions. One important type of sugars is the glycosidase inhibitors, which are useful in treatment of metabolic disorders. Galactosidases catalyze the hydrolysis of glycosidic linkages and are important in the metabolism of complex carbohydrates. Galactosidase inhibitors, such as D-I- deoxygalactonojirimycin (DGJ), can be used in the treatment of many diseases and conditions, including diabetes (e.g., U.S. Pat. 4,634,765), cancer (e.g., U.S. Pat. 5,250,545), herpes (e.g. , U.S. Pat. 4,957,926), HIV and Fabry Disease (Fan et al, Nat. Med. 1999 5:1, 112-5).
Commonly, sugars are purified through chromatographic separation. This can be done quickly and efficiently for laboratory scale synthesis, however, column chromatography and similar separation techniques become less useful as larger amounts of sugar are purified. The size of the column, amount of solvents and stationary phase (e.g. silica gel) required and time needed for separation each increase with the amount of product purified, making purification from multi-kilogram scale synthesis unrealistic using column chromatography.
Another common purification technique for sugars uses an ion- exchange resin. This technique can be tedious, requiring a tedious pre-treatment of the ion exchange resin. The available ion exchange resins are also not necessarily able to separate the sugars from salts (e.g., NaCl). Acidic resins tend to remove both metal ions found in the crude product and amino- or imino-sugars from the solution and are therefore not useful. Finding a resin that can selectively remove the metal cations and leave amino- or imino-sugars in solution is not trivial. In addition, after purification of a sugar using an ion exchange resin, an additional step of concentrating the diluted aqueous solution is required. This step can cause decomposition of the sugar, which produces contaminants, and reduces the yield.
U.S. Pats. 6,740,780, 6,683,185, 6,653,482, 6,653,480, 6,649,766, 6,605,724, 6,590,121, and 6,462,197 describe a process for the preparation of imino- sugars. These compounds are generally prepared from hydroxyl-protected oxime intermediates by formation of a lactam that is reduced to the hexitol. However, this process has disadvantages for the production on a multi-kg scale with regard to safety, upscaling, handling, and synthesis complexity. For example, several of the disclosed syntheses use flash chromatography for purification or ion-exchange resin treatment, a procedure that is not practicable on larger scale. One particularly useful imino sugar is DGJ. There are several DGJ preparations disclosed in publications, most of which are not suitable for an industrial laboratory on a preparative scale (e.g., >100 g). One such synthesis include a synthesis from D-galactose (Santoyo-Gonzalez, et al, Synlett 1999 593-595; Synthesis 1998 1787-1792), in which the use of chromatography is taught for the purification of the DGJ as well as for the purification of DGJ intermediates. The use of ion exchange resins for the purification of DGJ is also disclosed, but there is no indication of which, if any, resin would be a viable for the purification of DGJ on a preparative scale. The largest scale of DGJ prepared published is 13 g (see Fred-Robert Heiker, Alfred Matthias Schueller, Carbohydrate Research, 1986, 119-129). In this publication, DGJ was isolated by stirring with ion-exchange resin Lewatit MP 400 (OH“) and crystallized with ethanol. However, this process cannot be readily scaled to multi- kilogram quantities.
Similarly, other industrial and pharmaceutically useful sugars are commonly purified using chromatography and ion exchange resins that cannot easily be scaled up to the purification of multi-kilogram quantities.
Therefore, there is a need for a process for purifying nitrogen- containing sugars, preferably hexose amino- or imino-sugars that is simple and cost effective for large-scale synthesis
FIG. 1. HPLC of purified DGJ after crystallization. The DGJ is over 99.5% pure.
FIG. 2A. 1H NMR of DGJ (post HCl extraction and crystallization), from 0 – 15 ppm in DMSO.
FIG. 2B. 1H NMR of DGJ (post HCl extraction and crystallization), from 0 – 5 ppm, in DMSO.
FIG. 3 A. 1H NMR of purified DGJ (after recrystallization), from 0 – 15 ppm, in D2O. Note OH moiety has exchanged with OD.
FIG. 3B. 1H NMR of purified DGJ (after recrystallization), from 0 –
4 ppm, in D2O. Note OH moiety has exchanged with OD.
FIG. 4. 13C NMR of purified DGJ, (after recrystallization), 45 – 76 ppm.
One amino-sugar of particular interest for purification by the method of the current invention is DGJ. DGJ, or D-l-deoxygalactonojirimycin, also described as (2R,3S,4R,5S)-2-hydroxymethyl-3,4,5-trihydroxypiperidine and 1- deoxy-galactostatin, is a noj irimycin (5-amino-5-deoxy-D-galactopyranose) derivative of the form:
Example 1: Preparation and Purification of DGJ
A protected crystalline galactofuranoside obtained from the technique described by Santoyo-Gonzalez. 5-azido-5-deoxy-l,2,3,6-tetrapivaloyl-α-D- galactofuranoside (1250 g), was hydrogenated for 1-2 days using methanol (10 L) with palladium on carbon (10%, wet, 44 g) at 50 psi of H2. Sodium methoxide (25% in methanol, 1.25 L) was added and hydrogenation was continued for 1-2 days at 100 psi ofH2. Catalyst was removed by filtration and the reaction was acidified with methanolic hydrogen chloride solution (20%, 1.9 L) and concentrated to give crude mixture of DGJ • HCl and sodium chloride as a solid. The purity of the DGJ was about 70% (w/w assay), with the remaining 30% being mostly sodium chloride.
The solid was washed with tetrahydrofuran (2 x 0.5 L) and ether (I x 0.5 L), and then combined with concentrated hydrochloric acid (3 L). DGJ went into solution, leaving NaCl undissolved. The obtained suspension was filtered to remove sodium chloride; the solid sodium chloride was washed with additional portion of hydrochloric acid (2 x 0.3 L). All hydrochloric acid solution were combined and slowly poured into stirred solution of tetrahydrofuran (60 L) and ether (11.3 L). The precipitate formed while the stirring was continued for 2 hours. The solid crude DGJ* HCl, was filtered and washed with tetrahydrofuran (0.5 L) and ether (2 x 0.5 L). An NMR spectrum is shown in FIGS. 2A-2B.
The solid was dried and recrystallized from water (1.2 mL /g) and ethanol (10 ml/1 ml of water). This recrystallization step may be repeated. This procedure gave white crystalline DGJ* HCl, and was usually obtained in about 70- 75% yield (320 – 345 g). The product of the purification, DGJ-HCl is a white crystalline solid, HPLC >98% (w/w assay) as shown in FIG. 1. FIGS. 3A-3D and FIG. 4 show the NMR spectra of purified DGJ, showing the six sugar carbons.
Example 2: Purification of 1-deoxymannojirimycin 1 -deoxymannojirimycin is made by the method described by Mariano
(J. Org. Chem., 1998, 841-859, see pg. 859, herein incorporated by reference). However, instead of purification by ion-exchange resin as described by Mariano, the 1-deoxymannojirimycin is mixed with concentrated HCl. The suspension is then filtered to remove the salt and the 1-deoxymannojirimycin hydrochloride is precipitated crystallized using solvents known for recrystallization of 1- deoxymannojirimycin (THF for crystallization and then ethanol/water.
Example 3: Purification of (+)-l-deoxynojirimycin
(+)-l-deoxynojirimycin is made by the method Kibayashi et al. (J. Org. Chem., 1987, 3337-3342, see pg. 334I5 herein incorporated by reference). It is synthesized from a piperidine compound (#14) in HCl/MeOH. The reported yield of 90% indicates that the reaction is essentially clean and does not contain other sugar side products. Therefore, the column chromatography used by Kibayashi is for the isolation of the product from non-sugar related impurities. Therefore, instead of purification by silica gel chromatography, the (+)-l-deoxynojirimycin is mixed with concentrated HCl. The suspension is then filtered to remove the salt and the nojirimycin is crystallized using solvents known for recrystallization of nojirimycin.
Example 4: Purification of Nojirimycin
Nojirimycin is made by the method described by Kibayashi et al. (J.
Org. Chem., 1987, 3337-3342, see pg. 3342). However, after evaporating of the mixture at reduced pressure, instead of purification by silica gel chromatography with ammonia-methanol-chloroform as described by Kibayashi, the nojirimycin is mixed with concentrated HCl. The suspension is then filtered to remove the impurities not dissolved in HCl and the nojirimycin is crystallized using solvents known for recrystallization of nojirimycin.
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Synthesis of (+)-1-deoxygalactonojirimycin and a related indolizidine
Tetrahedron Lett 1995, 36(5): 653
Original Research Article
Amido-alcohol 1 is transformed via aminal 2 into 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin (3) and indolizidine 4.
Amido-alcohol 1 is transformed via aminal 2 into 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin (3) and the structurally related indolizidine 4.
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Synthesis of D-galacto-1-deoxynojirimycin (1,5-dideoxy-1,5-imino-D-galactitol) starting from 1-deoxynojirimycin
Carbohydr Res 1990, 203(2): 314
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Synthesis of (+)-1,5-dideoxy-1,5-imino-D-galactitol, a potent alpha-D-galactosidase inhibitor
Carbohydr Res 1987, 167: 305
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SEE
Monosaccharides containing nitrogen in the ring, XXXVII. Synthesis of 1,5-didexy-1,5-imino-D-galactitol
Chem Ber 1980, 113(8): 2601
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http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ol101556k
|
Conc: 1 g/100mL; Solv: water ; 589.3 nm; Temp: 24 °C |
IN
van den Nieuwendijk, Adrianus M. C. H.; Organic Letters 2010, 12(17), 3957-3959
The chemoenzymatic synthesis of three 1-deoxynojirimycin-type iminosugars is reported. Key steps in the synthetic scheme include a Dibal reduction−transimination−sodium borohydride reduction cascade of reactions on an enantiomerically pure cyanohydrin, itself prepared employing almond hydroxynitrile lyase (paHNL) as the common precursor. Ensuing ring-closing metathesis and Upjohn dihydroxylation afford the target compounds.
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/ol101556k/suppl_file/ol101556k_si_002.pdf
COMPD 18
D-galacto-1-deoxynojirimicin.HCl (18).
D-N-Boc-6-OBn-galacto-1-deoxynojirimicin (159 mg, 0.450 mmol) was dissolved in a mixture of MeOH
(10 mL) and 6 M HCl (2 mL). The flask was purged with argon, Pd/C-10% (20 mg) was added and a balloon
with hydrogen gas was placed on top of the reaction. The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature.
Pd/C was removed by filtration and the filtrate evaporated to yield the crude product (90 mg, 100%) as a
white foam that needed no further purification.
[α]24D = + 53.0 (c = 1, H2O);
[lit4a [α]24D = +44.6 (c = 0.9, H2O); lit4b [α]20D = +46.1 (c = 0.9, H2O)].
HRMS calculated for [C6H13NO4 + H]+164.09173; Found 164.09160.
1H NMR (400 MHz, D2O) δ 4.20 (dd, J = 2.7, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 4.11 (ddd, J = 11.4, 9.7, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 3.88 (ddd,
J = 20.9, 12.2, 6.8 Hz, 2H), 3.68 (dd, J = 9.7, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 3.55 (dd, J = 12.5, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 3.46 (ddd, J = 8.6,
4.8, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 2.97 – 2.86 (t, J = 12.0 Hz, 1H). [lit4c supporting information contains 1
H NMR-spectrumof an authentic sample].
13C NMR (101 MHz, D2O) δ 73.01, 66.97, 64.69, 60.16, 59.15, 46.15
4a) Ruiz, M.; Ruanova, T. M.; Blanco, O.; Núñez, F.; Pato, C.; Ojea, V. J. Org. Chem. 2008, 73, 2240
– 2255.
4b) Paulsen, H.; Hayauchi, Y.; Sinnwell, V. Chem. Ber. 1980, 113, 2601 – 2608. c)
McDonnell, C.; Cronin, L.; O’Brien, J. L.; Murphy, P. V. J. Org. Chem. 2004, 69, 3565 – 3568.
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(- ) FORM………… BE CAREFUL
Short and straightforward synthesis of (-)-1-deoxygalactonojirimycin
Org Lett 2010, 12(6): 1145
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ol100037c
The mildness and low basicity of vinylzinc species functioning as a nucleophile in addition to α-chiral aldehydes is characterized by lack of epimerization of the vulnerable stereogenic center. This is demonstrated by a highly diastereoselective synthesis of 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin in eight steps from commercial starting materials with overall yield of 35%.
Figure 1. Structures of nojirimycin (1) and DGJ (2).
SEE SUPP INFO
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/ol100037c/suppl_file/ol100037c_si_001.pdf
(-)-1-deoxygalactojirimycin hydrochloride as transparent colorless needles.
[α]D -51.4 (D2O, c 1.0)
1H-NMR (D2O) δ ppm 4.09 (dd, 1H, J 2.9 Hz, 1.3 Hz), 4.00 (ddd, 1H, J = 11.3 Hz, 9.7 Hz, 5.3 Hz),
3.80 (dd, 1H, J = 12,1 Hz, 8.8 Hz), 3.73 (dd, 1H, J = 12.1 Hz, 8.8 Hz), 3.56 (dd, 1H, J = 9.7 Hz, 2.9
Hz), 3.44 (dd, 1H, J = 12.4 Hz, 5.3 Hz), 3.34 (ddd, 1H, J = 8.7 Hz, 4.8 Hz, 1.0 Hz), 2.8 (app. t, 1H,
J = 12.0 Hz)
13C-NMR (D2O, MeOH iSTD) δ 73.6, 67.5, 65.3, 60.7, 59.7, 46.7
HRMS Measured 164.0923 (M + H – Cl) Calculated 164.0923 (C6H13NO4 + H – Cl)
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Concise and highly stereocontrolled synthesis of 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin and its congeners using dioxanylpiperidene, a promising chiral building block
Org Lett 2003, 5(14): 2527
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ol034886y
A concise and stereoselective synthesis of the chiral building block, dioxanylpiperidene 4 as a precursor for deoxyazasugars, starting from the Garner aldehyde 5 using catalytic ring-closing metathesis (RCM) for the construction of the piperidine ring is described. The asymmetric synthesis of 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin and its congeners 1−3 was carried out via the use of 4in a highly stereocontrolled mode.
mp 135-135.5 °C [lit.3mp 137-139 °C];
[α]D25 +27.8° (c 0.67, H2O)
[lit.3[α]D23 +28° (c 0.5, H2O)];
1H NMR (300 MHz, D2O) δ 2.59–2.65 (m, 1H), 2.81–2.87 (m, 1H),
3.02–3.08 (m, 1H), 3.46–3.48 (m, 2H), 3.59–3.66 (m, 3H); 13C NMR (75 MHz, D2O) δ 44.7, 57.1,
58.4, 70.9, 71.4, 73.3 [lit4 13C NMR (125 MHz, D2O) δ 44.5, 56.8, 58.3, 70.1, 70.7, 72.3];
HRMScalcd for C6H13NO4 (M+) 163.0855, Found 163.0843. Anal. calcd for C6H13NO4: C, 44.16; N,
8.58; H, 8.03. Found: C, 44.31; N, 8.55; H, 7.71.
3. Schaller, C.; Vogel, P.; Jager, V. Carbohydrate Res. 1998, 314, 25-35.
4. Lee, B. W.; Jeong, Ill-Y.; Yang, M. S.; Choi, S. U.; Park, K. H. Synthesis 2000, 1305-1309.
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Applications and limitations of the I2-mediated carbamate annulation for the synthesis of piperidines: Five- versus six-membered ring formation
J Org Chem 2013, 78(19): 9791
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jo401512h
A protecting-group-free synthetic strategy for the synthesis of piperidines has been explored. Key in the synthesis is an I2-mediated carbamate annulation, which allows for the cyclization of hydroxy-substituted alkenylamines into piperidines, pyrrolidines, and furans. In this work, four chiral scaffolds were compared and contrasted, and it was observed that with both d-galactose and 2-deoxy-d-galactose as starting materials, the transformations into the piperidines 1-deoxygalactonorjirimycin (DGJ) and 4-epi-fagomine, respectively, could be achieved in few steps and good overall yields. When d-glucose was used as a starting material, only the furan product was formed, whereas the use of 2-deoxy-d-glucose resulted in reduced chemo- and stereoselectivity and the formation of four products. A mechanistic explanation for the formation of each annulation product could be provided, which has improved our understanding of the scope and limitations of the carbamate annulation for piperidine synthesis.
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Ruiz, Maria; Journal of Organic Chemistry 2008, 73(6), 2240-2255
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jo702601z
ROT +44.6 ° Conc: 0.9 g/100mL; Solv: water ; 589.3 nm; Temp: 24 °C
A general strategy for the synthesis of 1-deoxy-azasugars from a chiral glycine equivalent and 4-carbon building blocks is described. Diastereoselective aldol additions of metalated bislactim ethers to matched and mismatched erythrose or threose acetonides and intramolecular N-alkylation (by reductive amination or nucleophilic substitution) were used as key steps. The dependence of the yield and the asymmetric induction of the aldol addition with the nature of the metallic counterion of the azaenolate and the γ-alkoxy protecting group for the erythrose or threose acetonides has been studied. The stereochemical outcome of the aldol additions with tin(II) azaenolates has been rationalized with the aid of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. In accordance with DFT calculations with model glyceraldehyde acetonides, hightrans,syn,anti-selectivitity for the matched pairs and moderate to low trans,anti,anti-selectivity for the mismatched ones may originate from (1) the intervention of solvated aggregates of tin(II) azaenolate and lithium chloride as the reactive species and (2) favored chair-like transition structures with a Cornforth-like conformation for the aldehyde moiety. DFT calculations indicate that aldol additions to erythrose acetonides proceed by an initial deprotonation, followed by coordination of the alkoxy-derivative to the tin(II) azaenolate and final reorganization of the intermediate complex through pericyclic transition structures in which the erythrose moiety is involved in a seven-membered chelate ring. The preparative utility of the aldol-based approach was demonstrated by application in concise routes for the synthesis of the glycosidase inhibitors 1-deoxy-d-allonojirimycin, 1-deoxy-l-altronojirimycin, 1-deoxy-d-gulonojirimycin, 1-deoxy-d-galactonojirimycin, 1-deoxy-l-idonojirimycin and 1-deoxy-d-talonojirimycin.
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http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jo00002a057
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Hinsken, Werner; DE 3906463 A1 1990
http://www.google.com/patents/DE3906463A1?cl=de
Example 1 Preparation of 1,5-dideoxy-1,5-imino-D-glucitol hydrobromide
A suspension of 1,5-dideoxy-1,5-imino-D-glucitol (500 g) in isopropanol (2 l) with 48% hydrochloric acid, bromine (620 g). The suspension is stirred for 2 hours at 40 ° C, cooled to 0 ° C and the product isolated by filtration.
Yield: 700 g (93% of theory),
mp: 184 ° C.
Example 2 Preparation of 1,5-dideoxy-1,5-imino-D-mannitol hydrobromide
The prepared analogously to Example 1 from 1,5-dideoxy 1,5-imino-D-mannitol and 48% hydrobromic acid.
Yield: 89% of theory;
C₆H₁₄NO₄Br (244.1)
Ber .: C 29.5%; H 5.8%; N 5.7%; Br 32.7%;
vascular .: C 29.8%; H 5.8%; N 5.8%; Br 32.3%.
Example 3 Preparation of 1,5-dideoxy-1,5-imino-D-Galactitol- hydrochloride
The preparation was carried out analogously to Example 1 from 1,5-dideoxy-1,5-imino-D-galactitol and corresponding mole ratios of 37% hydrochloric acid.
yield: 91% of theory
, mp: 160-162 ° C.
| Amat et al., “Eantioselective Synthesis of 1-deoxy-D-gluonojirimycin From A Phenylglycinol Derived Lactam,” Tetrahedron Letters, pp. 5355-5358, 2004. | ||
| 2 | Chernois, “Semimicro Experimental Organic Chemistry,” J. de Graff (1958), pp. 31-48. | |
| 3 | Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 4th Ed., 1995, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 14: p. 737-741. | |
| 4 | Heiker et al., “Synthesis of D-galacto-1-deoxynojirimycin (1, 5-dideoxy-1, 5-imino-D-galactitol) starting from 1-deoxynojirimycin.” Carbohydrate Research, 203: 314-318, 1990. | |
| 5 | Heiker et al., 1990, “Synthesis of D-galacto-1-deoxynojirimycin (1,5-dideoxy-1, 5-imino-D-galactitol) starting from 1-deoxynojirimycin,” Carbohydrate Research, vol. 203: p. 314-318. | |
| 6 | * | Joseph, Carbohydrate Research 337 (2002) 1083-1087. |
| 7 | * | Kinast et al. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 20 (1998), No. 9, pp. 805-806. |
| 8 | * | Lamb, Laboratory Manual of General Chemistry, Harvard University Press, 1916, p. 108. |
| 9 | Linden et al., “1-Deoxynojirimycin Hydrochloride,” Acta ChrystallographicaC50, pp. 746-749, 1994. | |
| 10 | Mellor et al., Preparation, biochemical characterization and biological properties of radiolabelled N-alkylated deoxynojirimycins, Biochem. J. Aug. 15, 2002; 366(Pt 1):225-233. | |
| 11 | * | Mills, Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, Hydrochloric Acid, 2001 John Wily & Sons. |
| 12 | Santoyo-Gonzalez et al., “Use of N-Pivaloyl Imidazole as Protective Reagent for Sugars.” Synthesis 1998 1787-1792. | |
| 13 | Schuller et al., “Synthesis of 2-acetamido-1, 2-dideoxy-D-galacto-nojirimycin (2-acetamido-1, 2, 5-trideoxy-1, 5-imino-D-galacitol) from 1-deoxynojirimycin.” Carbohydrate Res. 1990; 203: 308-313. | |
| 14 | Supplementary European Search Report dated Mar. 11, 2010 issued in corresponding European Patent Application No. EP 06 77 2888. | |
| 15 | Uriel et al., A Short and Efficient Synthesis of 1,5-dideoxy-1,5-imino-D-galactitol (1-deoxy-D-galactostatin) and 1,5-dideoxy-1,5-dideoxy-1,5-imino-L-altritol (1-deoxy-L-altrostatin) From D-galactose, Synlett (1999), vol. 5, pp. 593-595. |
1-Deoxygalactonojirimycin:
(a) Liguchi, T.; Tajiri, K.; Ninomiya, I.; Naito, T. Tetrahedron2000, 56, 5819−5833.
(b) Mehta, G.; Mohal, N. Tetrahedron Lett. 2000, 41, 5741−5745.
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(e) Uriel, C.; Santoyo-Gonzalez, F. Synlett 1999, 593−595.
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(h) Chida, N.; Tanikawa, T.; Tobe, T.; Ogawa, S. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1994, 1247−1248.
(i) Aoyagi, S.; Fujimaki, S.; Yamazaki, N.; Kibayashi, C. J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, 815−819.
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Mocetinostat
SAN DIEGO, Aug. 11, 2014 /PRNewswire/ — Mirati Therapeutics, Inc. (NASDAQ: MRTX) today announced that the U.S. FDA has granted Orphan Drug Designation to mocetinostat, a spectrum selective HDAC inhibitor, for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). In June, mocetinostat was granted Orphan Drug Designation as a treatment for myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Orphan drug designation is also being sought for bladder cancer patients with specific genetic alterations.
| Identifiers | |
|---|---|
| CAS number | 726169-73-9 |
| PubChem | 9865515 |
| ChemSpider | 8041206 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL272980 |
| Jmol-3D images | Image 1 |
| Properties | |
| Molecular formula | C23H20N6O |
| Molar mass | 396.44 g mol−1 |
Mocetinostat (MGCD0103) is a benzamide histone deacetylase inhibitor undergoing clinical trials for treatment of various cancers including follicular lymphoma, Hodgkin’s lymphoma and acute myelogenous leukemia.[1][2][3]
One clinical trial (for refractory follicular lymphoma) was temporarily put on hold due to cardiac problems but resumed recruiting in 2009.[4]
In 2010 favourable results were announced from the phase II trial for Hodgkin’s lymphoma.[5]
MGCD0103 has also been used as a research reagent where blockage of members of the HDAC-family of histone deacetylases is required.[6]
It works by inhibiting mainly histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1), but also HDAC2, HDAC3, and HDAC11.[7]
About Mocetinostat
Mocetinostat is an orally-bioavailable, spectrum-selective HDAC inhibitor. Mocetinostat is enrolling patients in a Phase 2 dose confirmation study in combination with Vidaza as treatment for intermediate and high-risk MDS. Mirati also plans to initiate Phase 2 studies of mocetinostat as a single agent in patients with mutations in histone acetyl transferases in bladder cancer and DLBCL. Initial data from the Phase 2 studies is expected by the end of 2014. In addition to the ongoing Phase 2 clinical trials, mocetinostat has completed 13 clinical trials in more than 400 patients with a variety of hematologic malignancies and solid tumors.
About Mirati Therapeutics
Mirati Therapeutics is a targeted oncology company developing an advanced pipeline of breakthrough medicines for precisely defined patient populations. Mirati’s approach combines the three most important factors in oncology drug development – drug candidates with complementary and compelling targets, creative and agile clinical development, and a highly accomplished precision medicine leadership team. The Mirati team is using a proven blueprint for developing targeted oncology medicines to advance and maximize the value of its pipeline of drug candidates, including MGCD265 and MGCD516, which are orally bioavailable, multi-targeted kinase inhibitors with distinct target profiles, and mocetinostat, an orally bioavailable, spectrum-selective histone deacetylase inhibitor. More information is available at www.mirati.com.
In eukaryotic cells, nuclear DNA associates with histones to form a compact complex called chromatin. The histones constitute a family of basic proteins which are generally highly conserved across eukaryotic species. The core histones, termed H2A, H2B, H3, and H4, associate to form a protein core. DNA winds around this protein core, with the basic amino acids of the histones interacting with the negatively charged phosphate groups of the DNA. Approximately 146 base pairs of DNA wrap around a histone core to make up a nucleosome particle, the repeating structural motif of chromatin.
Csordas, Biochem. J., 286: 23-38 (1990) teaches that histones are subject to posttranslational acetylation of the α,ε-amino groups of N-terminal lysine residues, a reaction that is catalyzed by histone acetyl transferase (HAT1). Acetylation neutralizes the positive charge of the lysine side chain, and is thought to impact chromatin structure. Indeed, Taunton et al., Science, 272: 408-411 (1996), teaches that access of transcription factors to chromatin templates is enhanced by histone hyperacetylation. Taunton et al. further teaches that an enrichment in underacetylated histone H4 has been found in transcriptionally silent regions of the genome.
Histone acetylation is a reversible modification, with deacetylation being catalyzed by a family of enzymes termed histone deacetylases (HDACs). Grozinger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 96: 4868-4873 (1999), teaches that HDACs are divided into two classes, the first represented by yeast Rpd3-like proteins, and the second represented by yeast Hda1-like proteins. Grozinger et al. also teaches that the human HDAC1, HDAC2, and HDAC3 proteins are members of the first class of HDACs, and discloses new proteins, named HDAC4, HDAC5, and HDAC6, which are members of the second class of HDACs. Kao et al., Genes & Dev., 14: 55-66 (2000), discloses HDAC7, a new member of the second class of HDACs. More recently, Hu et al. J. Bio. Chem. 275:15254-13264 (2000) and Van den Wyngaert, FEBS, 478: 77-83 (2000) disclose HDAC8, a new member of the first class of HDACs.
Richon et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95: 3003-3007 (1998), discloses that HDAC activity is inhibited by trichostatin A (TSA), a natural product isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus, and by a synthetic compound, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA). Yoshida and Beppu, Exper. Cell Res., 177: 122-131 (1988), teaches that TSA causes arrest of rat fibroblasts at the G1 and G2 phases of the cell cycle, implicating HDAC in cell cycle regulation. Indeed, Finnin et al., Nature, 401: 188-193 (1999), teaches that TSA and SAHA inhibit cell growth, induce terminal differentiation, and prevent the formation of tumors in mice. Suzuki et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,174,905, EP 0847992, JP 258863/96, and Japanese Application No. 10138957, disclose benzamide derivatives that induce cell differentiation and inhibit HDAC. Delorme et al., WO 01/38322 and PCT/IB01/00683, disclose additional compounds that serve as HDAC inhibitors.
The molecular cloning of gene sequences encoding proteins with HDAC activity has established the existence of a set of discrete HDAC enzyme isoforms. Some isoforms have been shown to possess specific functions, for example, it has been shown that HDAC-6 is involved in modulation of microtubule activity. However, the role of the other individual HDAC enzymes has remained unclear.
These findings suggest that inhibition of HDAC activity represents a novel approach for intervening in cell cycle regulation and that HDAC inhibitors have great therapeutic potential in the treatment of cell proliferative diseases or conditions. To date, few inhibitors of histone deacetylase are known in the art.
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http://www.google.com/patents/WO2011112623A1?cl=en
Mocetinostat (MGCD-0103)
N-(2-aminophenyl)-4-[[(4-pyridin-3-ylpyrimidin-2-yl)amino]methyl^^
…………………………
http://www.google.co.in/patents/US6897220
Example 426 Synthesis of N-(2-Amino-phenyl)-4-[(4-pyridin-3-pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-methyl]-benzamide
Step 1: Synthesis of 4-Guanidinomethyl-benzoic acid methyl ester Intermediate 1
The mixture of 4-Aminomethyl-benzoic acid methyl ester HCl (15.7 g, 77.8 mmol) in DMF (85.6 mL) and DIPEA (29.5 mL, 171.2 mmol) was stirred at rt for 10 min. Pyrazole-1-carboxamidine HCl (12.55 g, 85.6 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture and then stirred at rt for 4 h to give clear solution. The reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness under vacuum. Saturated NaHCO3 solution (35 mL) was added to give nice suspension. The suspension was filtered and the filter cake was washed with cold water. The mother liquid was evaporated to dryness and then filtered. The two solids were combined and re-suspended over distilled H2O (50 ml). The filter cake was then washed with minimum quantities of cold H2O and ether to give 12.32 g white crystalline solid intermediate 1 (77% yield, M+1: 208 on MS).
Step 2: Synthesis of 3-Dimethylamino-1-pyridin-3-yl-propenone Intermediate 2
3-Acetyl-pyridine (30.0 g, 247.6 mmol) and DMF dimethyl acetal (65.8 mL, 495.2 mmol) were mixed together and then heated to reflux for 4 h. The reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness and then 50 mL diethyl ether was added to give brown suspension. The suspension was filtered to give 36.97 g orange color crystalline product (85% yield, M+1: 177 on MS).
Step 3: Synthesis of 4-[(4Pyridin-3-pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-methyl]benzoic acid methyl ester Intermediate 3
Intermediate 1 (0.394 g, 1.9 mmol) and intermediate 2 (0.402 g, 2.3 mmol) and molecular sieves (0.2 g, 4A, powder, >5 micron) were mixed with isopropyl alcohol (3.8 mL). The reaction mixture was heated to reflux for 5 h. MeOH (50 mL) was added and then heated to reflux. The cloudy solution was filtrated over a pad of celite. The mother liquid was evaporated to dryness and the residue was triturated with 3 mL EtOAc. The suspension was filtrated to give 0.317 g white crystalline solid Intermediate 3 (52%, M+1: 321 on MS).
Step 4: Synthesis of N-(2-Amino-phenyl)-4-[(4-pyrymidin-2-ylamino)-methyl]-benzamide
Intermediate 3 (3.68 g, 11.5 mmol) was mixed with THF (23 mL), MeOH (23 mL) and H2O (11.5 mL) at rt. LiOH (1.06 g, 25.3 mmol) was added to reaction mixture. The resulting reaction mixture was warmed up to 40° C. overnight. HCl solution (12.8 mL, 2N) was added to adjust pH=3 when the mixture was cooled down to rt. The mixture was evaporated to dryness and then the solid was washed with minimum quantity of H2O upon filtration. The filter cake was dried over freeze dryer to give 3.44 g acid of the title compound (95%, M+1: 307 on MS).
Acid (3.39 g, 11.1 mmol) of the title compound, BOP (5.679 g, 12.84 mmol) and o-Ph(NH2)2 (2.314 g, 21.4 mmol) were dissolved in the mixture of DMF (107 mL) and Et3N (2.98 mL, 21.4 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 5 h and then evaporated to dryness. The residue was purified by flash column (pure EtOAc to 5% MeOH/EtOAc) and then interested fractions were concentrated. The final product was triturated with EtOAc to give 2.80 g of title product
(66%, MS+1: 397 on MS).
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ (ppm): 9.57 (s, 1H), 9.22 (s, 1H), 8.66 (d, J=3.5 Hz, 1H), 8.39 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 2H), 8.00 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.50 (m, 3H), 7.25 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.94 (dd, J=7.0, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.75 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 6.57 (dd, J=7.0, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 4.86 (s, 2H), 4.64 (d, J=5.9 Hz, 2H).
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3-20-2009
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THERAPEUTIC COMBINATIONS AND METHODS FOR CARDIOVASCULAR IMPROVEMENT AND TREATING CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
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10-3-2008
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COMBINATION OF ERa+ LIGANDS AND HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS FOR THE TREATMENT OF CANCER
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12-21-2007
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Assay for efficacy of histone deacetylase inhibitors
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5-25-2005
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Inhibitors of histone deacetylase
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2-8-2012
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HDAC INHIBITORS AND HORMONE TARGETED DRUGS FOR THE TREATMENT OF CANCER
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6-3-2011
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Sequential Administration of Chemotherapeutic Agents for Treatment of Cancer
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5-6-2011
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METHODS FOR TREATING OR PREVENTING COLORECTAL CANCER
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1-12-2011
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Inhibitors of histone deacetylase
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1-12-2011
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Inhibitors of Histone Deacetylase
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11-24-2010
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Inhibitors of histone deacetylase
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3-5-2010
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INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE-LOWERING AGENT COMPRISING COMPOUND HAVING HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR EFFECT AS ACTIVE INGREDIENT
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6-12-2009
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Administration of an Inhibitor of HDAC and an mTOR Inhibitor
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5-22-2009
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Combinations of HDAC Inhibitors and Proteasome Inhibitors
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5-15-2009
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Combination Therapy
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SEE COMPILATION ON SIMILAR COMPOUNDS AT …………..http://drugsynthesisint.blogspot.in/p/nostat-series.html
EMA grants orphan drug designations to Alnylam’s ALN-AT3 for haemophilia treatment
Biopharmaceutical company Alnylam Pharmaceuticals has received orphan drug designations for ALN-AT3 from the European Medicines Agency (EMA) Committee to treat haemophilia A and B
SEE
Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a leading RNAi therapeutics company, announced today positive top-line results from its ongoing Phase 1 trial of ALN-AT3, a subcutaneously administered RNAi therapeutic targeting antithrombin (AT) in development for the treatment of hemophilia and rare bleeding disorders (RBD). These top-line results are being presented at the World Federation of Hemophilia (WFH) 2014 World Congress being held May 11 – 15, 2014 in Melbourne, Australia. In Part A of the Phase 1 study, human volunteer subjects received a single subcutaneous dose of ALN-AT3 and, per protocol, the maximum allowable level of AT knockdown was set at 40%. Initial results show that a single, low subcutaneous dose of ALN-AT3 at 0.03 mg/kg resulted in an up to 28-32% knockdown of AT at nadir that was statistically significant relative to placebo (p < 0.01 by ANOVA). This led to a statistically significant (p < 0.01) increase in peak thrombin generation, that was temporally associated and consistent with the degree of AT knockdown. ALN-AT3 was found to be well tolerated with no significant adverse events reported. With these data, the company has transitioned to the Multiple Ascending Dose (MAD) Part B of the study in moderate-to-severe hemophilia subjects. Consistent with previous guidance, the company plans to present initial clinical results from the Phase 1 study, including results in hemophilia subjects, by the end of the year. These human study results are the first to be reported for Alnylam’s Enhanced Stabilization Chemistry (ESC)-GalNAc conjugate technology, which enables subcutaneous dosing with increased potency, durability, and a wide therapeutic index. Further, these initial clinical results demonstrate a greater than 50-fold potency improvement with ESC-GalNAc conjugates relative to standard template chemistry conjugates.
“We are excited by these initial positive results for ALN-AT3 in the human volunteer ‘Part A’ of our Phase 1 study. Indeed, within the protocol-defined boundaries of single doses that provide no more than a 40% knockdown of AT in normal subjects, we were able to demonstrate a statistically-significant knockdown of AT of up to 28-32% and an associated increase in thrombin generation. Remarkably, this result was achieved at the lowest dose tested of 0.03 mg/kg, demonstrating a high and better than expected level of potency for ALN-AT3, our first ESC-GalNAc conjugate to enter clinical development,” said Akshay Vaishnaw, M.D., Ph.D., Executive Vice President and Chief Medical Officer of Alnylam. “With these results in hand, we are now proceeding to ‘Part B’ of the study, where we will administer multiple ascending doses to up to 18 patients with moderate-to-severe hemophilia A or B. Patients will receive three weekly doses, and we fully expect to achieve robust levels of AT knockdown as we dose escalate. In addition, we will aim to evaluate a once-monthly dosing regimen in future clinical studies, as we believe this could provide a highly attractive prophylactic regimen for patients. We look forward to sharing our detailed Phase 1 results, including data in hemophilia subjects, later this year, consistent with our original guidance.”
“There are several notable implications of these exciting initial results with ALN-AT3. First, ALN-AT3 now becomes the fourth program in our ‘Alnylam 5×15’ pipeline to demonstrate clinical activity. As such, these results increase our confidence level yet further across the entirety of our pipeline efforts, where we remain focused on genetically defined, liver-expressed disease targets with a modular and reproducible delivery platform. Moreover, these results with ALN-AT3 establish human proof of concept for our ESC-GalNAc conjugate technology, extending and broadening the human results we have previously shown with ALN-TTRsc which employs our standard template chemistry. Our ESC-GalNAc conjugate technology enables subcutaneous dosing with increased potency and durability and a wide therapeutic index, and has now become our primary approach for the delivery of RNAi therapeutics,” said John Maraganore, Ph.D., Chief Executive Officer of Alnylam. “Finally, the achievement of target knockdown at such a low dose of 0.03 mg/kg is unprecedented. Based on our evaluation of datasets from non-human primate (NHP) and human studies, these results demonstrate a 10-fold improved potency for ALN-AT3 as compared with NHP and a 50-fold improved potency in humans as compared with ALN-TTRsc. Based on data we announced earlier this week at TIDES, we believe that this increased potency is the combined result of enhanced stability for ESC-GalNAc conjugates and an attenuated nuclease environment in human tissue compared with other species. If these results extend to other ESC-GalNAc-siRNA conjugates, such as those in our complement C5 and PCSK9 programs, we believe we can expect highly potent clinical activities with very durable target knockdown effects.”
The ongoing Phase 1 trial of ALN-AT3 is being conducted in the U.K. as a single- and multi-dose, dose-escalation study comprised of two parts. Part A – which has now been completed – was a randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled, single-dose, dose-escalation study, intended to enroll up to 24 healthy volunteer subjects. The primary objective of this part of the study was to evaluate the safety and tolerability of a single dose of ALN-AT3, with the potential secondarily to show changes in AT plasma levels at sub-pharmacologic doses. This part of the study evaluated only low doses of ALN-AT3, with a dose-escalation stopping rule at no more than a 40% level of AT knockdown. Based on the pharmacologic response achieved in this part of the study, only the lowest dose cohort (n=4; 3:1 randomization of ALN-AT3:placebo) was enrolled. Part B of the study is an open-label, multi-dose, dose-escalation study enrolling up to 18 people with moderate-to-severe hemophilia A or B. The primary objective of this part of the study is to evaluate the safety and tolerability of multiple doses, specifically three doses, of subcutaneously administered ALN-AT3 in hemophilia subjects. Secondary objectives include assessment of clinical activity as determined by knockdown of circulating AT levels and increase in thrombin generation at pharmacologic doses of ALN-AT3; thrombin generation is known to be a biomarker for bleeding frequency and severity in people with hemophilia (Dargaud, et al., Thromb Haemost; 93, 475-480 (2005)). In this part of the study, dose-escalation will be allowed to proceed beyond the 40% AT knockdown level.
In addition to reporting positive top-line results from the Phase 1 trial with ALN-AT3, Alnylam presented new pre-clinical data with ALN-AT3. First, in a saphenous vein bleeding model performed in hemophilia A (HA) mice, a single subcutaneous dose of ALN-AT3 that resulted in an approximately 70% AT knockdown led to a statistically significant (p < 0.0001) improvement in hemostasis compared to saline-treated HA mice. The improved hemostasis was comparable to that observed in HA mice receiving recombinant factor VIII. These are the first results in what can be considered a genuine bleeding model showing that AT knockdown with ALN-AT3 can control bleeding. Second, a number of in vitro studies were performed in plasma from hemophilia donors. Stepwise AT depletion in these plasma samples was shown to achieve stepwise increases in thrombin generation. Furthermore, it was shown that a 40-60% reduction of AT resulted in peak thrombin levels equivalent to those achieved with 10-15% levels of factor VIII in HA plasma and factor IX in hemophilia B (HB) plasma. These levels of factor VIII or IX are known to significantly reduce bleeding in hemophilia subjects. As such, these results support the hypothesis that a 40-60% knockdown of AT with ALN-AT3 could be fully prophylactic. Finally, a modified Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT) assay – an ex vivomeasure of blood coagulation that is significantly prolonged in hemophilia – was developed, demonstrating sensitivity to AT levels. Specifically, depletion of AT in HA plasma led to a shortening of modified APTT. This modified APTT assay can be used to routinely and simply monitor functional activity of AT knockdown in further ALN-AT3 clinical studies.
“The unmet need for new therapeutic options to treat hemophilia patients remains very high, particularly in those patients who experience multiple annual bleeds such as patients receiving replacement factor ‘on demand’ or patients who have developed inhibitory antibodies. Indeed, I believe the availability of a safe and effective subcutaneously administered therapeutic with a long duration of action would represent a marked improvement over currently available approaches for prophylaxis,” said Claude Negrier, M.D., head of the Hematology Department and director of the Haemophilia Comprehensive Care Centre at Edouard Herriot University Hospital in Lyon. “I continue to be encouraged by Alnylam’s progress to date with ALN-AT3, including these initial data reported from the Phase 1 trial showing statistically significant knockdown of antithrombin and increased thrombin generation, which has been shown to correlate with bleeding frequency and severity in hemophilia. I look forward to the advancement of this innovative therapeutic candidate in hemophilia subjects.”
About Hemophilia and Rare Bleeding Disorders
Hemophilias are hereditary disorders caused by genetic deficiencies of various blood clotting factors, resulting in recurrent bleeds into joints, muscles, and other major internal organs. Hemophilia A is defined by loss-of-function mutations in Factor VIII, and there are greater than 40,000 registered patients in the U.S. and E.U. Hemophilia B, defined by loss-of-function mutations in Factor IX, affects greater than 9,500 registered patients in the U.S. and E.U. Other Rare Bleeding Disorders (RBD) are defined by congenital deficiencies of other blood coagulation factors, including Factors II, V, VII, X, and XI, and there are about 1,000 patients worldwide with a severe bleeding phenotype. Standard treatment for hemophilia patients involves replacement of the missing clotting factor either as prophylaxis or on-demand therapy. However, as many as one third of people with severe hemophilia A will develop an antibody to their replacement factor – a very serious complication; these ‘inhibitor’ patients become refractory to standard replacement therapy. There exists a small subset of hemophilia patients who have co-inherited a prothrombotic mutation, such as Factor V Leiden, antithrombin deficiency, protein C deficiency, and prothrombin G20210A. Hemophilia patients that have co-inherited these prothrombotic mutations are characterized as having a later onset of disease, lower risk of bleeding, and reduced requirements for Factor VIII or Factor IX treatment as part of their disease management. There exists a significant need for novel therapeutics to treat hemophilia patients.
About Antithrombin (AT)
Antithrombin (AT, also known as “antithrombin III” and “SERPINC1″) is a liver expressed plasma protein and member of the “serpin” family of proteins that acts as an important endogenous anticoagulant by inactivating Factor Xa and thrombin. AT plays a key role in normal hemostasis, which has evolved to balance the need to control blood loss through clotting with the need to prevent pathologic thrombosis through anticoagulation. In hemophilia, the loss of certain procoagulant factors (Factor VIII and Factor IX, in the case of hemophilia A and B, respectively) results in an imbalance of the hemostatic system toward a bleeding phenotype. In contrast, in thrombophilia (e.g., Factor V Leiden, protein C deficiency, antithrombin deficiency, amongst others), certain mutations result in an imbalance in the hemostatic system toward a thrombotic phenotype. Since co-inheritance of prothrombotic mutations may ameliorate the clinical phenotype in hemophilia, inhibition of AT defines a novel strategy for improving hemostasis.
About GalNAc Conjugates and Enhanced Stabilization Chemistry (ESC)-GalNAc Conjugates
GalNAc-siRNA conjugates are a proprietary Alnylam delivery platform and are designed to achieve targeted delivery of RNAi therapeutics to hepatocytes through uptake by the asialoglycoprotein receptor. Alnylam’s Enhanced Stabilization Chemistry (ESC)-GalNAc-conjugate technology enables subcutaneous dosing with increased potency and durability, and a wide therapeutic index. This delivery platform is being employed in several of Alnylam’s genetic medicine programs, including programs in clinical development.
About RNAi
RNAi (RNA interference) is a revolution in biology, representing a breakthrough in understanding how genes are turned on and off in cells, and a completely new approach to drug discovery and development. Its discovery has been heralded as “a major scientific breakthrough that happens once every decade or so,” and represents one of the most promising and rapidly advancing frontiers in biology and drug discovery today which was awarded the 2006 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine. RNAi is a natural process of gene silencing that occurs in organisms ranging from plants to mammals. By harnessing the natural biological process of RNAi occurring in our cells, the creation of a major new class of medicines, known as RNAi therapeutics, is on the horizon. Small interfering RNA (siRNA), the molecules that mediate RNAi and comprise Alnylam’s RNAi therapeutic platform, target the cause of diseases by potently silencing specific mRNAs, thereby preventing disease-causing proteins from being made. RNAi therapeutics have the potential to treat disease and help patients in a fundamentally new way.
About Alnylam Pharmaceuticals
Alnylam is a biopharmaceutical company developing novel therapeutics based on RNA interference, or RNAi. The company is leading the translation of RNAi as a new class of innovative medicines with a core focus on RNAi therapeutics as genetic medicines, including programs as part of the company’s “Alnylam 5x15TM” product strategy. Alnylam’s genetic medicine programs are RNAi therapeutics directed toward genetically defined targets for the treatment of serious, life-threatening diseases with limited treatment options for patients and their caregivers. These include: patisiran (ALN-TTR02), an intravenously delivered RNAi therapeutic targeting transthyretin (TTR) for the treatment of TTR-mediated amyloidosis (ATTR) in patients with familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP); ALN-TTRsc, a subcutaneously delivered RNAi therapeutic targeting TTR for the treatment of ATTR in patients with TTR cardiac amyloidosis, including familial amyloidotic cardiomyopathy (FAC) and senile systemic amyloidosis (SSA); ALN-AT3, an RNAi therapeutic targeting antithrombin (AT) for the treatment of hemophilia and rare bleeding disorders (RBD); ALN-CC5, an RNAi therapeutic targeting complement component C5 for the treatment of complement-mediated diseases; ALN-AS1, an RNAi therapeutic targeting aminolevulinate synthase-1 (ALAS-1) for the treatment of hepatic porphyrias including acute intermittent porphyria (AIP); ALN-PCS, an RNAi therapeutic targeting PCSK9 for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia; ALN-AAT, an RNAi therapeutic targeting alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) for the treatment of AAT deficiency-associated liver disease; ALN-TMP, an RNAi therapeutic targeting TMPRSS6 for the treatment of beta-thalassemia and iron-overload disorders; ALN-ANG, an RNAi therapeutic targeting angiopoietin-like 3 (ANGPTL3) for the treatment of genetic forms of mixed hyperlipidemia and severe hypertriglyceridemia; ALN-AC3, an RNAi therapeutic targeting apolipoprotein C-III (apoCIII) for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia; and other programs yet to be disclosed. As part of its “Alnylam 5×15” strategy, as updated in early 2014, the company expects to have six to seven genetic medicine product candidates in clinical development – including at least two programs in Phase 3 and five to six programs with human proof of concept – by the end of 2015. Alnylam is also developing ALN-HBV, an RNAi therapeutic targeting the hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome for the treatment of HBV infection. The company’s demonstrated commitment to RNAi therapeutics has enabled it to form major alliances with leading companies including Merck, Medtronic, Novartis, Biogen Idec, Roche, Takeda, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Cubist, GlaxoSmithKline, Ascletis, Monsanto, The Medicines Company, and Genzyme, a Sanofi company. In March 2014, Alnylam acquired Sirna Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Merck. In addition, Alnylam holds an equity position in Regulus Therapeutics Inc., a company focused on discovery, development, and commercialization of microRNA therapeutics. Alnylam scientists and collaborators have published their research on RNAi therapeutics in over 200 peer-reviewed papers, including many in the world’s top scientific journals such as Nature, Nature Medicine, Nature Biotechnology, Cell, the New England Journal of Medicine, and The Lancet. Founded in 2002, Alnylam maintains headquarters in Cambridge, Massachusetts. For more information, please visit www.alnylam.com.
ABT-414 is in phase I/II clinical development at AbbVie for the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma. The product is also in early clinical development for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme.
In 2014, orphan drug designation was received in the U.S. and E.U. by AbbVie for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme.
EGFR antibody-drug conjugate (cancer), Abbott; ABT-414; EGFR antibody-drug conjugate (cancer), AbbVie; EGFR-ADC (cancer), AbbVie; ABT-806-MMAF conjugate; anti-EGFR antibody-MMAF conjugate, AbbVie; EGFR-ADC (cancer), Abbott
AbbVie’s glioblastoma multiforme therapy receives orphan drug designation
AbbVie has obtained orphan drug designation from the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and the US FDA for its anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody drug conjugate, ABT-414, as a treatment for glioblastoma multiforme.
AbbVie has obtained orphan drug designation from the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and the US FDA for its anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody drug conjugate, ABT-414, as a treatment for glioblastoma multiforme.
read at
AbbVie announced that the EMA and the FDA have granted orphan drug status to its investigational compound ABT-414, an anti-epidermal growth factor receptor antibody drug conjugate. It is currently being evaluated for safety and efficacy in patients with glioblastoma multiforme. Glioblastoma multiforme is the most common and most aggressive type of malignant primary brain tumor. Each year in the United States and Europe, two to three out of every 100,000 people are diagnosed with glioblastoma multiforme, which has a five-year survival rate of approximately 4 percent.
“The orphan drug designation is an important regulatory advancement as we further our development in recurrent glioblastoma multiforme, a disease that is uniformly fatal with limited treatment options,” said Gary Gordon, M.D., vice president, oncology clinical development, AbbVie. “We are pleased to continue developing ABT-414 in Phase II trials in patients with glioblastoma multiforme based on the results of our Phase I program.” Read the press release
AbbVie oncology clinical development vice-president Gary Gordon said: “The orphan drug designation is an important regulatory advancement as we further our development in recurrent glioblastoma multiforme, a disease that is uniformly fatal with limited treatment options.
“We are pleased to continue developing ABT-414 in Phase II trials in patients with glioblastoma multiforme based on the results of our Phase I programme.”
AbbVie is currently evaluating the safety and efficacy of ABT-414 in patients with glioblastoma multiforme, the most aggressive type of malignant primary brain tumour.
In May, the company presented results from the Phase I clinical trial evaluating ABT-414 in combination with temozolomide in patients with recurrent or unresectable glioblastoma multiforme.
The Phase I trial was designed to assess the toxicities, pharmacokinetics and recommended Phase II dose of ABT-414 when administered every other week in combination with temozolomide.
Other important assessments included adverse events, pharmacokinetic parameters, objective response and tumour tissue epidermal growth factor receptor biomarkers.
The study results showed four objective responses, including one complete response.
AbbVie has developed ABT-414 with components in-licenced from Life Science Pharmaceuticals and Seattle Genetics.
ABT-414 is also being evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of patients with squamous cell tumours.
About ABT-414
ABT-414 is an anti-EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) monoclonal antibody drug conjugate (ADC). As an ADC, ABT-414 is designed to be stable in the bloodstream and only release the potent cytotoxic agent once inside targeted cancer cells. Developed by AbbVie researchers with components in-licensed from Life Science Pharmaceuticals, ABT-414 is currently being investigated for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme, the most common and most aggressive malignant primary brain tumor. ABT-414 is also in clinical trials for the treatment of patients with squamous cell tumors. ABT-414 is an investigational compound and its efficacy and safety have not been established by the FDA.
About Glioblastoma Multiforme
Glioblastoma is the most common and most aggressive type of malignant primary brain tumor. Each year in the U.S. and Europe, two to three out of every 100,000 people are diagnosed with glioblastoma, which has a five year survival rate of less than 3 percent. Prior to diagnosis, most patients experience a serious symptom of glioblastoma, such as a seizure. Typically patients succumb to the disease approximately 15 months after diagnosis. Treatment for glioblastoma remains challenging and no long-term treatments are currently available. Standard treatment is surgical resection, radiotherapy and concomitant adjunctive chemotherapy. More than 8,700 patients are enrolled in industry-sponsored clinical studies.
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A phase 1 study evaluating ABT-414 in combination with temozolomide (TMZ) for subjects with recurrent or unresectable glioblastoma (GBM)
50th Annu Meet Am Soc Clin Oncol (ASCO) (May 30-June 3, Chicago) 2014, Abst 2021
ABT-414: An anti-EGFR antibody drug conjugate for the treatment of glioblastoma patients
18th Annu Sci Meet Soc Neuro-Oncol (November 21-24, San Francisco) 2013, Abst ET-079
ABT-414: An anti-EGFR antibody-drug conjugate as a potential therapeutic for the treatment of patients with squamous cell tumors
25th EORTC-NCI-AACR Symp Mol Targets Cancer Ther (October 19-23, Boston) 2013, Abst A250
A Phase I/II Study Evaluating the Safety, Pharmacokinetics and Efficacy of ABT-414 in Subjects With Advanced Solid Tumors Likely to Over-Express the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) (NCT01741727)
ClinicalTrials.gov Web Site 2012, December 07
For the treatment of patients with progressive radioiodine-refractory, differentiated thyroid cancer (RR-DTC).
European regulators have agreed to undertake an accelerated assessment of Eisai’s lenvatinib as a treatment for progressive radioiodine-refractory, differentiated thyroid cancer.
The drug, which carries Orphan Status in the EU, is to be filed “imminently” and could become the first in a new class of tyrosine kinase inhibitors, the drugmaker said.
Read more at: http://www.pharmatimes.com/Article/14-07-31/Eisai_s_lenvatinib_to_get_speedy_review_in_Europe.aspx#ixzz39OGhRHas
Lenvatinib was granted Orphan Drug Designation for thyroid cancer by the health authorities in Japan in 2012, and in Europe and the U.S in 2013. The first application for marketing authorization of lenvatinib in the world was submitted in Japan on June 2014. Eisai is planning to submit applications for marketing authorization in Europe and the U.S. in the second quarter of fiscal 2014.
Lenvatinib is an oral multiple receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor with a novel binding mode that selectively inhibits the kinase activities of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR), in addition to other proangiogenic and oncogenic pathway-related RTKs including fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR), the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor PDGFRalpha, KIT and RET that are involved in tumor proliferation. This potentially makes lenvatinib a first-in-class treatment, especially given that it simultaneously inhibits the kinase activities of FGFR as well as VEGFR.
LENVATINIB BASE
COSY PREDICT
| Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
|---|---|
| 4-[3-chloro-4-(cyclopropylcarbamoylamino)phenoxy]-7-methoxy-quinoline-6-carboxamide | |
| Clinical data | |
| Legal status | ℞ Prescription only |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | |
| ATC code | None |
| PubChem | CID 9823820 |
| ChemSpider | 7999567 |
| UNII | EE083865G2 |
| Chemical data | |
| Formula | C21H19ClN4O4 |
| Mol. mass | 426.853 g/mol |
Lenvatinib (E7080) is a multi-kinase inhibitor that is being investigated for the treatment of various types of cancer by Eisai Co. It inhibits both VEGFR2 and VEGFR3 kinases.[1]
The substence was granted orphan drug status for the treatment of various types of thyroid cancer that do not respond toradioiodine; in the US and Japan in 2012 and in Europe in 2013[2] and is now approved for this use.
Lenvatinib has had promising results from a phase I clinical trial in 2006[3] and is being tested in several phase II trials as of October 2011, for example against hepatocellular carcinoma.[4] After a phase II trial testing the treatment of thyroid cancer has been completed with modestly encouraging results,[5] the manufacturer launched a phase III trial in March 2011.[6]
Lenvatinib Mesilate
Molecular formula: C21H19ClN4O4,CH4O3S =523.0.
CAS: 857890-39-2.
UNII code: 3J78384F61.
About the Lenvatinib (E7080) Phase II Study
The open-label, global, single-arm Phase II study of multi-targeted kinase inhibitor lenvatinib (E7080) in advanced radioiodine (RAI)-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer involved 58 patients with advanced RAI refractory DTC (papillary, follicular or Hurthle Cell) whose disease had progressed during the prior 12 months. (Disease progression was measured using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST).) The starting dose of lenvatinib was 24 mg once daily in repeated 28 day cycles until disease progression or development of unmanageable toxicities.
2. About Thyroid Cancer
Thyroid cancer refers to cancer that forms in the tissues of the thyroid gland, located at the base of the throat or near the trachea. It affects more women than men and usually occurs between the ages of 25 and 65.
The most common types of thyroid cancer, papillary and follicular (including Hurthle Cell), are classified as differentiated thyroid cancer and account for 95 percent of all cases. While most of these are curable with surgery and radioactive iodine treatment, a small percentage of patients do not respond to therapy.
3. About Lenvatinib (E7080)
Lenvatinib is multi-targeted kinase inhibitor with a unique receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitory profile that was discovered and developed by the Discovery Research team of Eisai’s Oncology Unit using medicinal chemistry technology. As an anti-angiogenic agent, it inhibits tyrosine kinase of the VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor) receptor, VEGFR2, and a number of other types of kinase involved in angiogenesis and tumor proliferation in balanced manner. It is a small molecular targeting drug that is currently being studied in a wide array of cancer types.
4-(3-chloro-4-(cyclopropylaminocarbonyl)aminophenoxy)-7-methoxy-6-quinolinecarboxamide (additional name: 4-[3-chloro-4-(N′-cyclopropylureido)phenoxy]-7-methoxyquinoline-6-carboxamide) is known to exhibit an excellent angiogenesis inhibition as a free-form product, as described in Example 368 of Patent Document 1. 4-(3-chloro-4-(cyclopropylaminocarbonyl)aminophenoxy)-7-methoxy-6-quinolinecarboxamide is also known to exhibit a strong inhibitory action for c-Kit kinase (Non-Patent Document 1, Patent Document 2).
However, there has been a long-felt need for the provision of a c-Kit kinase inhibitor or angiogenesis inhibitor that has high usability as a medicament and superior characteristics in terms of physical properties and pharmacokinetics in comparison with the free-form product of 4-(3-chloro-4-(cyclopropylaminocarbonyl)aminophenoxy)-7-methoxy-6-quinolinecarboxamide.
[Patent Document 1] WO 02/32872
[Patent Document 2] WO 2004/080462
[Non-Patent Document 1] 95th Annual Meeting Proceedings, AACR (American Association for Cancer Research), Volume 45, Page 1070-1071, 2004
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PATENT
http://www.google.co.in/patents/US8058474
EXAMPLES
Examples will now be described to facilitate understanding of the invention, but the invention is not limited to these examples.
Example 1Phenyl N-(2-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)carbamate
After suspending 4-amino-3-chlorophenol (23.7 g) in N,N-dimethylformamide (100 mL) and adding pyridine (23.4 mL) while cooling on ice, phenyl chloroformate (23.2 ml) was added dropwise below 20° C. Stirring was performed at room temperature for 30 minutes, and then water (400 mL), ethyl acetate (300 mL) and 6N HCl (48 mL) were added, the mixture was stirred and the organic layer was separated. The organic layer was washed twice with 10% brine (200 mL), and dried over magnesium sulfate. The solvent was removed to give 46 g of the title compound as a solid.
1H-NMR (CDCl3): 5.12 (1h, br s), 6.75 (1H, dd, J=9.2, 2.8 Hz), 6.92 (1H, d, J=2.8 Hz), 7.18-7.28 (4H, m), 7.37-7.43 (2H, m), 7.94 (1H, br s)
Example 21-(2-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-cyclopropylurea
After dissolving phenyl N-(2-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)carbamate in N,N-dimethylformamide (100 mL), cyclopropylamine (22.7 mL) was added while cooling on ice and the mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. Water (400 mL), ethyl acetate (300 mL) and 6N HCl (55 mL) were then added, the mixture was stirred and the organic layer was separated. The organic layer was washed twice with 10% brine (200 mL), and dried over magnesium sulfate. Prism crystals obtained by concentrating the solvent were filtered and washed with heptane to give 22.8 g of the title compound (77% yield from 4-amino-3-chlorophenol).
1H-NMR (CDCl3): 0.72-0.77 (2H, m), 0.87-0.95 (2H, m), 2.60-2.65 (1H, m), 4.89 (1H, br s), 5.60 (1H, br s), 6.71 (1H, dd, J=8.8, 2.8 Hz), 6.88 (1H, d, J=2.8 Hz), 7.24-7.30 (1H, br s), 7.90 (1H, d, J=8.8H)
Example 34-(3-chloro-4-(cyclopropylaminocarbonyl)aminophenoxy)-7-methoxy-6-quinolinecarboxamide
To dimethylsulfoxide (20 mL) were added 7-methoxy-4-chloro-quinoline-6-carboxamide (0.983 g), 1-(2-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-cyclopropylurea (1.13 g) and cesium carbonate (2.71 g), followed by heating and stirring at 70° C. for 23 hours. After the reaction mixture was allowed to cool down to room temperature, water (50 mL) was added, and the produced crystals were collected by filtration to give 1.56 g of the title compound (88% yield).
1H-NMR (d6-DMSO): 0.41 (2H, m), 0.66 (2H, m), 2.56 (1H, m), 4.01 (3H, s), 6.51 (1H, d, J=5.6 Hz), 7.18 (1H, d, J=2.8 Hz), 7.23 (1H, dd, J=2.8, 8.8 Hz), 7.48 (1H, d, J=2.8 Hz), 7.50 (1H, s), 7.72 (1H, s), 7.84 (1H, s), 7.97 (1H, s), 8.25 (1H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 8.64 (1H, s), 8.65 (1H, d, J=5.6 Hz)
Example 44-(3-chloro-4-(cyclopropylaminocarbonyl)aminophenoxy)-7-methoxy-6-quinolinecarboxamide
In a reaction vessel were placed 7-methoxy-4-chloro-quinoline-6-carboxamide (5.00 kg, 21.13 mol), dimethylsulfoxide (55.05 kg), 1-(2-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-cyclopropylurea (5.75 kg, 25.35 mol) and potassium t-butoxide (2.85 kg, 25.35 mol) in that order, under a nitrogen atmosphere. After stirring at 20° C. for 30 minutes, the temperature was raised to 65° C. over a period of 2.5 hours. After stirring at the same temperature for 19 hours, 33% (v/v) acetone water (5.0 L) and water (10.0 L) were added dropwise over a period of 3.5 hours. Upon completion of the dropwise addition, the mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 2 hours, and 33% (v/v) acetone water (20.0 L) and water (40.0 L) were added dropwise at 55° C. or higher over a period of 1 hour. After then stirring at 40° C. for 16 hours, the precipitated crystals were collected by filtration using a nitrogen pressure filter, and the crystals were washed with 33% (v/v) acetone water (33.3 L), water (66.7 L) and acetone (50.0 L) in that order. The obtained crystals were dried at 60° C. for 22 hours using a conical vacuum drier to give 7.78 kg of the title compound (96.3% yield).
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SYNTHESIS
1H NMR PREDICT
PATENT
http://www.google.co.in/patents/US7253286
EX 368
Example 368
4-(3-Chloro-4-(cyclopropylaminocarbonyl)aminophenoxy)-7-methoxy-6-quinolinecarboxamide
The title compound (22.4 mg, 0.052 mmol, 34.8%) was obtained as white crystals from phenyl N-(4-(6-carbamoyl-7-methoxy-4-quinolyl)oxy-2-chlorophenyl)carbamate (70 mg, 0.15 mmol) and cyclopropylamine, by the same procedure as in Example 11.
1H-NMR Spectrum (DMSO-d6) δ (ppm): 0.41 (2H, m), 0.66 (2H, m), 2.56 (1H, m), 4.01 (3H, s), 6.51 (1H, d, J=5.6 Hz), 7.18 (1H, d, J=2.8 Hz), 7.23 (1H, dd, J=2.8, 8.8 Hz), 7.48 (1H, d, J=2.8 Hz), 7.50 (1H, s), 7.72 (1H, s), 7.84 (1H, s), 7.97 (1H, s), 8.25 (1H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 8.64 (1H, s), 8.65 (1H, d, J=5.6 Hz).
The starting material was synthesized in the following manner.
Production Example 368-1Phenyl N-(4-(6-carbamoyl-7-methoxy-4-quinolyl)oxy-2-chlorophenyl)carbamate
The title compound (708 mg, 1.526 mmol, 87.4%) was obtained as light brown crystals from 4-(4-amino-3-chlorophenoxy)-7-methoxy-6-quinolinecarboxamide (600 mg, 1.745 mmol), by the same procedure as in Production Example 17.
1H-NMR Spectrum (CDCl3) δ (ppm): 4.14 (3H, s), 5.89 (1H, br), 6.50 (1H, d, J=5.6 Hz), 7.16 (2H, dd, J=2.4, 8.8 Hz), 7.22–7.30 (4H, m), 7.44 (2H, m), 7.55 (1H, s), 7.81 (1H, br), 8.31 (1H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 8.68 (1H, d, J=5.6 Hz), 9.27 (1H, s).
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CRYSTALLINE FORM
http://www.google.co.in/patents/US7612208
Preparation Example 1
Preparation of 4-(3-chloro-4-(cyclopropylaminocarbonyl)aminophenoxy)-7-methoxy-6-quinolinecarboxamide (1)
Phenyl N-(4-(6-carbamoyl-7-methoxy-4-quinolyl)oxy-2-chlorophenyl)carbamate (17.5 g, 37.7 mmol) disclosed in WO 02/32872 was dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide (350 mL), and then cyclopropylamine (6.53 mL, 94.25 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture under a nitrogen atmosphere, followed by stirring overnight at room temperature. To the mixture was added water (1.75 L), and the mixture was stirred. Precipitated crude crystals were filtered off, washed with water, and dried at 70° C. for 50 min. To the obtained crude crystals was added ethanol (300 mL), and then the mixture was heated under reflux for 30 min to dissolve, followed by stirring overnight to cool slowly down to room temperature. Precipitated crystals was filtered off and dried under vacuum, and then further dried at 70° C. for 8 hours to give the titled crystals (12.91 g; 80.2%).
Preparation Example 2Preparation of 4-(3-cloro-4-(cyclopropylaminocarbonyl)aminophenoxy)-7-methoxy-6-quinolinecarboxamide (2)
(1) Preparation of phenyl N-(2-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)carbamate
To a suspension of 4-amino-3-chlorophenol (23.7 g) in N,N-dimethylformamide (100 mL) was added pyridine (23.4 mL) while cooling in an ice bath, and phenyl chloroformate (23.2 mL) was added dropwise below 20° C. After stirring at room temperature for 30 min, water (400 mL), ethyl acetate (300 mL), and 6N-HCl (48 mL) were added and stirred. The organic layer was separated off, washed twice with a 10% aqueous sodium chloride solution (200 mL), and dried over magnesium sulfate. The solvent was evaporated to give 46 g of the titled compound as a solid.
To a solution of phenyl N-(2-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)carbamate in N,N-dimethylformamide (100 mL) was added cyclopropylamine (22.7 mL) while cooling in an ice bath, and the stirring was continued at room temperature overnight. Water (400 mL), ethyl acetate (300 mL), and 6N-HCl (55 mL) were added thereto, and the mixture was stirred. The organic layer was then separated off, washed twice with a 10% aqueous sodium chloride solution (200 mL), and dried over magnesium sulfate. The solvent was evaporated to give prism crystals, which were filtered off and washed with heptane to give 22.8 g of the titled compound (yield from 4-amino-3-chlorophenol: 77%).
To dimethyl sulfoxide (20 mL) were added 7-methoxy-4-chloroquinoline-6-carboxamide (0.983 g), 1-(2-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-cyclopropylurea (1.13 g) and cesium carbonate (2.71 g), and the mixture was heated and stirred at 70° C. for 23 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and water (50 mL) was added, and the resultant crystals were then filtered off to give 1.56 g of the titled compound (yield: 88%).
Preparation Example 3Preparation of 4-(3-chloro-4-(cyclopropylaminocarbonyl)aminophenoxy)-7-methoxy-6-quinolinecarboxamide (3)
7-Methoxy-4-chloroquinoline-6-carboxamide (5.00 kg, 21.13 mol), dimethyl sulfoxide (55.05 kg), 1-(2-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-cyclopropylurea 5.75 kg, 25.35 mol) and potassium t-butoxide (2.85 kg, 25.35 mol) were introduced in this order into a reaction vessel under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred for 30 min at 20° C., and the temperature was raised to 65° C. over 2.5 hours. The mixture was stirred at the same temperature for 19 hours. 33% (v/v) acetone-water (5.0 L) and water (10.0 L) were added dropwise over 3.5 hours. After the addition was completed, the mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 2 hours. 33% (v/v) acetone-water (20.0 L) and water (40.0 L) were added dropwise at 55° C. or more over 1 hour. After stirring at 40° C. for 16 hours, precipitated crystals were filtered off using a nitrogen pressure filter, and was washed with 33% (v/v) acetone-water (33.3 L), water (66.7 L), and acetone (50.0 L) in that order. The obtained crystals were dried at 60° C. for 22 hours using a conical vacuum dryer to give 7.78 kg of the titled compound (yield: 96.3%).
1H-NMR chemical, shift values for 4-(3-chloro-4-(cyclopropylaminocarbonyl)aminophenoxy)-7-methoxy-6-quinolinecarboxamides obtained in Preparation Examples 1 to 3 corresponded to those for 4-(3-chloro-4-(cyclopropylaminocarbonyl)aminophenoxy)-7-methoxy-6-quinolinecarboxamide disclosed in WO 02/32872.
Example 5
A Crystalline Form of the Methanesulfonate of 4-(3-chloro-4-(cyclopropylaminocarbonyl)aminophenoxy)-7-methoxy-6-quinolinecarboxamide (Form A)
(Preparation Method 1)
In a mixed solution of methanol (14 mL) and methanesulfonic acid (143 μL, 1.97 mmol) was dissolved 4-(3-chloro-4-(cyclopropylaminocarbonyl)aminophenoxy)-7-methoxy-6-quinolinecarboxamide (700 mg, 1.64 mmol) at 70° C. After confirming the dissolution of 4-(3-chloro-4-(cyclopropylaminocarbonyl)aminophenoxy)-7-methoxy-6-quinolinecarboxamide, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature over 5.5 hours, further stirred at room temperature for 18.5 hours, and crystals were filtered off. The resultant crystals were dried at 60° C. to give the titled crystals (647 mg).
(Preparation Method 2)
In a mixed solution of acetic acid (6 mL) and methanesulfonic acid (200 μL, 3.08 mmol) was dissolved 4-(3-chloro-4-(cyclopropylaminocarbonyl)aminophenoxy)-7-methoxy-6-quinolinecarboxamide (600 mg, 1.41 mmol) at 50° C. After confirming the dissolution of 4-(3-chloro-4-(cyclopropylaminocarbonyl)aminophenoxy)-7-methoxy-6-quinolinecarboxamide, ethanol (7.2 mL) and seed crystals of a crystalline form of the methanesulfonate of 4-(3-chloro-4-(cyclopropylaminocarbonyl)aminophenoxy)-7-methoxy-6-quinolinecarboxamide (Form A) (12 mg) were added in this order to the reaction mixture, and ethanol (4.8 mL) was further added dropwise over 2 hours. After the addition was completed, the reaction mixture was stirred at 40° C. for 1 hour then at room temperature for 9 hours, and crystals were filtered off. The resultant crystals were dried at 60° C. to give the titled crystals (545 mg).
Example 6A Crystalline Form of the Methanesulfonate of 4-(3-chloro-4-(cyclopropylaminocarbonyl)aminophenoxy)-7-methoxy-6-quinolinecarboxamide (Form B)
A crystalline form of the acetic acid solvate of the methanesulfonate of 4-(3-chloro-4-(cyclopropylaminocarbonyl)aminophenoxy)-7-methoxy-6-quinolinecarboxamide (Form I) (250 mg) obtained in Example 10 was dried under aeration at 30° C. for 3 hours and at 40° C. for 16 hours to give the titled crystals (240 mg)…………MORE IN PATENT
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PATENT
https://www.google.com/patents/WO2014098176A1?cl=en
According to the present invention 4- (3-chloro-4- (cyclopropylamino-carbonyl) aminophenoxy) -7-methoxy-6-quinolinecarboxamide amorphous is excellent in solubility in water.
Example 1 4- (3-chloro-4- (cyclopropylamino-carbonyl) aminophenoxy) -7-methoxy-6-quinolinecarboxamide manufacture of amorphous amide
4- (3-chloro-4- (cyclopropylamino-carbonyl) amino phenoxy) -7-methoxy-6-quinolinecarboxamide B-type crystals (Patent Document 2) were weighed to 300mg, is placed in a beaker of 200mL volume, it was added tert- butyl alcohol (tBA) 40mL. This was heated to boiling on a hot plate, an appropriate amount of tBA to Compound A is dissolved, water was added 10mL. Then, the weakened heated to the extent that the solution does not boil, to obtain a sample solution. It should be noted, finally the solvent amount I was 60mL. 200mL capacity eggplant type flask (egg-plant shaped flask), and rotated in a state of being immersed in ethanol which had been cooled with dry ice. It was added dropwise a sample solution into the interior of the flask and frozen. After freezing the sample solution total volume, to cover the opening of the flask in wiping cloth, and freeze-dried. We got an amorphous A of 290mg.
Patent Document 2: US Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0117842 Patent specification 
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Paper
ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters (2015), 6(1), 89-94
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ml500394m
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Paper
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis (2015), 114, 82-87
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0731708515002940
KEEP WATCHING WILL BE UPDATED………….most of my posts are updated regularly
UPDATES
EXTRAS……………
Martin Schlumberger et al. A phase 3, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of lenvatinib(E7080) in patients with 131I-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer (SELECT). 2014 ASCO Annual Meeting. Abstract Number:LBA6008. Presented June 2, 2014. Citation: J Clin Oncol 32:5s, 2014 (suppl; abstr LBA6008). Clinical trial information: NCT01321554.
Bando, Masashi. Quinoline derivative-containing pharmaceutical composition. PCT Int. Appl. (2011), WO 2011021597 A1
Tomohiro Matsushima, four Nakamura, Kazuhiro Murakami, Atsushi Hoteido, Yusuke Ayat, Naoko Suzuki, Itaru Arimoto, Pinche Hirose, Masaharu Gotoda.Has excellent characteristics in terms of physical properties (particularly, dissolution rate) and pharmacokinetics (particularly, bioavailability), and is extremely useful as an angiogenesis inhibitor or c-Kit kinase inhibitor. US patent number US7612208 Also published as: CA2426461A1, CA2426461C, CN1308310C, CN1478078A, CN101024627A, DE60126997D1, DE60126997T2, DE60134679D1, DE60137273D1, EP1415987A1, EP1415987A4, EP1415987B1, EP1506962A2, EP1506962A3, EP1506962B1, EP1777218A1, EP1777218B1 , US7612092, US7973160, US8372981, US20040053908, US20060160832, US20060247259, US20100197911, US20110118470, WO2002032872A1, WO2002032872A8.Publication date: Aug 7, 2007 Original Assignee: Eisai Co., Ltd
Funahashi, Yasuhiro et al.Preparation of urea derivatives containing nitrogenous aromatic ring compounds as inhibitors of angiogenesis. US patent number US7253286, Also published as:CA2426461A1, CA2426461C, CN1308310C, CN1478078A, CN101024627A, DE60126997D1, DE60126997T2, DE60134679D1, DE60137273D1, EP1415987A1, EP1415987A4, EP1415987B1, EP1506962A2, EP1506962A3, EP1506962B1, EP1777218A1, EP1777218B1, US7612092, US7973160, US8372981, US20040053908, US20060160832, US20060247259, US20100197911, US20110118470, WO2002032872A1, WO2002032872A8.Publication date:Aug 7, 2007. Original Assignee:Eisai Co., Ltd
Sakaguchi, Takahisa; Tsuruoka, Akihiko. Preparation of amorphous salts of 4-[3-chloro-4-[(cyclopropylaminocarbonyl)amino]phenoxy]-7-methoxy-6-quinolinecarboxamide as antitumor agents. PCT Int. Appl. (2006), WO2006137474 A1 20061228.
Naito, Toshihiko and Yoshizawa, Kazuhiro. Preparation of urea moiety-containing quinolinecarboxamide derivatives. PCT Int. Appl., WO2005044788, 19 May 2005
Itaru Arimoto et al. Crystal of salt of 4-[3-chloro-4-(cyclopropylaminocarbonyl)amino-phenoxy]-7-methoxy-6-quinolinecarboxamide or solvate thereof and processes for producing these. PCT Int. Appl. (2005), WO2005063713 A1 20050714.
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10-23-2009
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ANTITUMOR AGENT FOR UNDIFFERENTIATED GASTRIC CANCER
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10-2-2009
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ANTI-TUMOR AGENT FOR MULTIPLE MYELOMA
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8-21-2009
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ANTITUMOR AGENT FOR THYROID CANCER
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8-14-2009
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THERAPEUTIC AGENT FOR LIVER FIBROSIS
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2-27-2009
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USE OF COMBINATION OF ANTI-ANGIOGENIC SUBSTANCE AND c-kit KINASE INHIBITOR
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9-5-2008
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Medicinal Composition
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8-8-2007
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Nitrogen-containing aromatic derivatives
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5-25-2007
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Polymorph of 4-[3-chloro-4-(cyclopropylaminocarbonyl)aminophenoxy]-7-methoxy-6- quinolinecarboxamide and a process for the preparation of the same
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7-21-2006
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Nitrogen-containing aromatic derivatives
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6-23-2006
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Use of sulfonamide-including compounds in combination with angiogenesis inhibitors
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11-16-2011
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UREA DERIVATIVE AND PROCESS FOR PREPARING THE SAME
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8-10-2011
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c-Kit kinase inhibitor
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7-6-2011
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Nitrogen-Containing Aromatic Derivatives
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12-24-2010
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COMBINED USE OF ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITOR AND TAXANE
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9-24-2010
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COMBINATION OF ANTI-ANGIOGENIC SUBSTANCE AND ANTI-TUMOR PLATINUM COMPLEX
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4-30-2010
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METHOD FOR PREDICTION OF THE EFFICACY OF VASCULARIZATION INHIBITOR
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4-16-2010
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METHOD FOR ASSAY ON THE EFFECT OF VASCULARIZATION INHIBITOR
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3-24-2010
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Urea derivative and process for preparing the same
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2-26-2010
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COMPOSITION FOR TREATMENT OF PANCREATIC CANCER
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2-26-2010
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COMPOSITION FOR TREATMENT OF UNDIFFERENTIATED GASTRIC CANCER
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| US7253286 * | 18 Apr 2003 | 7 Aug 2007 | Eisai Co., Ltd | Nitrogen-containing aromatic derivatives |
| US20040053908 | 18 Apr 2003 | 18 Mar 2004 | Yasuhiro Funahashi | Nitrogen-containing aromatic derivatives |
| US20040242506 | 9 Aug 2002 | 2 Dec 2004 | Barges Causeret Nathalie Claude Marianne | Formed from paroxetine hydrochloride and ammonium glycyrrhyzinate by precipitation, spray, vacuum or freeze drying, or evaporation to glass; solid or oil; masks the bitter taste of paroxetine and has a distinctive licorice flavor; antidepressants; Parkinson’s disease |
| US20040253205 | 10 Mar 2004 | 16 Dec 2004 | Yuji Yamamoto | c-Kit kinase inhibitor |
| US20070004773 * | 22 Jun 2006 | 4 Jan 2007 | Eisai R&D Management Co., Ltd. | Amorphous salt of 4-(3-chiloro-4-(cycloproplylaminocarbonyl)aminophenoxy)-7-method-6-quinolinecarboxamide and process for preparing the same |
| US20070078159 | 22 Dec 2004 | 5 Apr 2007 | Tomohiro Matsushima | Has excellent characteristics in terms of physical properties (particularly, dissolution rate) and pharmacokinetics (particularly, bioavailability), and is extremely useful as an angiogenesis inhibitor or c-Kit kinase inhibitor |
| US20070117842 * | 22 Apr 2004 | 24 May 2007 | Itaru Arimoto | Polymorph of 4-[3-chloro-4-(cyclopropylaminocarbonyl)aminophenoxy]-7-methoxy-6- quinolinecarboxamide and a process for the preparation of the same |
| EP0297580A1 | 30 Jun 1988 | 4 Jan 1989 | E.R. SQUIBB & SONS, INC. | Amorphous form of aztreonam |
| JP2001131071A | Title not available | |||
| JP2005501074A | Title not available | |||
| JPS6422874U | Title not available | |||
| WO2002032872A1 | 19 Oct 2001 | 25 Apr 2002 | Itaru Arimoto | Nitrogenous aromatic ring compounds |
| WO2003013529A1 | 9 Aug 2002 | 20 Feb 2003 | Barges Causeret Nathalie Claud | Paroxetine glycyrrhizinate |
| WO2004039782A1 | 29 Oct 2003 | 13 May 2004 | Hirai Naoko | QUINOLINE DERIVATIVES AND QUINAZOLINE DERIVATIVES INHIBITING AUTOPHOSPHORYLATION OF Flt3 AND MEDICINAL COMPOSITIONS CONTAINING THE SAME |
| WO2004080462A1 | 10 Mar 2004 | 23 Sep 2004 | Eisai Co Ltd | c-Kit KINASE INHIBITOR |
| WO2004101526A1 | 22 Apr 2004 | 25 Nov 2004 | Itaru Arimoto | Polymorphous crystal of 4-(3-chloro-4-(cyclopropylaminocarbonyl)aminophenoxy)-7-methoxy-6-qunolinecarboxamide and method for preparation thereof |
| WO2005044788A1 | 8 Nov 2004 | 19 May 2005 | Eisai Co Ltd | Urea derivative and process for producing the same |
| WO2005063713A1 | 22 Dec 2004 | 14 Jul 2005 | Itaru Arimoto | Crystal of salt of 4-(3-chloro-4-(cyclopropylaminocarbonyl)amino-phenoxy)-7-methoxy-6-quinolinecarboxamide or of solvate thereof and processes for producing these |
| WO2006030826A1 | 14 Sep 2005 | 23 Mar 2006 | Eisai Co Ltd | Medicinal composition |
UPDATE………….
1H NMR PREDICT OF LENVATINIB BASE
Sage Therapeutics (Originator)
For Epilepsy, status epilepticus
SGE-102; SAGE-547; allopregnanolone; allosteric GABA A receptor modulators (CNS disorders),
Sage Therapeutics receives fast track designation for status epilepticus therapy
Ligand Pharmaceuticals announced that its partner Sage Therapeutics has received fast track designation from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the Captisol-enabled SAGE-547 to treat status epilepticus.
read at
| Chemical Name: (3α)-Allopregnanolone | ||
| Synonyms: (+)-3α-Hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one; (3α,5α)-3-Hydroxypregnan-20-one; 3α,5α-THP; 3α,5α-Tetrahydroprogesterone; 3α-Hydroxy-5α-dihydroprogesterone; 3α-Hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one; 3α-Hydroxy-5α-pregnane-20-one; 5α-Pregnan-3α-ol-20-one; 5α-Pregnane-3α-ol-20-one; Allopregnan-3α-ol-20-one; Allopregnanolone; Allotetrahydroprogesterone; | ||
| CAS Number: 516-54-1 | ||
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||
| Mol. Formula: C21H34O2 | ||
| Appearance: White Solid | ||
| Melting Point: 174-176°C | ||
| Mol. Weight: 318.49 |
In 2014, orphan drug designation was assigned in the U.S for the treatment of status epilepticus. In July 2014, fast track designation was received in the U.S. for the treatment of adults with super-refractory status epilepticus (SRSE).
SAGE Therapeutics, a biopharmaceutical company developing novel medicines to treat life-threatening, rare central nervous system (CNS) disorders, announced today that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted fast track designation to the SAGE-547 development program. SAGE-547 is an allosteric modulator of GABAA receptors in development for the treatment of adult patients with refractory status epilepticus who have not responded to standard regimens (super-refractory status epilepticus, or SRSE). SAGE is currently evaluating SAGE-547 in a Phase 1/2 clinical trial for the treatment of SRSE. Preliminary data indicate that the first four patients enrolled in the clinical trial met the key efficacy endpoint, in that each was successfully weaned off his or her anesthetic agent while SAGE-547 was being administered. There have also been no reported drug-related serious adverse events in these four patients to date.
“The fast track designation for SAGE-547 recognizes the significant unmet need that exists in the treatment of super-refractory status epilepticus,” said Jeff Jonas, MD, chief executive officer of SAGE Therapeutics. “The receipt of orphan drug designation earlier this year for status epilepticus and the fast track designation are both significant regulatory milestones for SAGE-547, and we will continue to work closely with the FDA to advance our lead compound and the additional programs in our pipeline for the treatment of life-threatening CNS disorders.”
Fast track designation is granted by the FDA to facilitate the development and expedite the review of drug candidates that are intended to treat serious or life-threatening conditions and that demonstrate the potential to address unmet medical needs.
About SAGE-547
SAGE-547 is an allosteric modulator of both synaptic and extra-synaptic GABAA receptors. GABAA receptors are widely regarded as validated drug targets for a variety of CNS disorders, with decades of research and multiple approved drugs targeting these receptor systems. SAGE-547 is an intravenous agent in Phase 1/2 clinical development as an adjunctive therapy, a therapy combined with current therapeutic approaches, for the treatment of SRSE.
About Status Epilepticus (SE)
SE is a life-threatening seizure condition that occurs in approximately 150,000 people each year in the U.S., of which 30,000 SE patients die.1 We estimate that there are 35,000 patients with SE in the U.S. that are hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU) each year. An SE patient is first treated with benzodiazepines, and if no response, is then treated with other, second-line, anti-seizure drugs. If the seizure persists after the second-line therapy, the patient is diagnosed as having refractory SE (RSE), admitted to the ICU and placed into a medically induced coma. Currently, there are no therapies that have been specifically approved for RSE; however, physicians typically use anesthetic agents to induce the coma and stop the seizure immediately. After a period of 24 hours, an attempt is made to wean the patient from the anesthetic agents to evaluate whether or not the seizure condition has resolved. Unfortunately, not all patients respond to weaning attempts, in which case the patient must be maintained in the medically induced coma. At this point, the patient is diagnosed as having SRSE. Currently, there are no therapies specifically approved for SRSE.
About SAGE Therapeutics
SAGE Therapeutics (NASDAQ: SAGE) is a biopharmaceutical company committed to developing and commercializing novel medicines to treat life-threatening, rare CNS disorders. SAGE’s lead program, SAGE-547, is in clinical development for super-refractory status epilepticus and is the first of several compounds the company is developing in its portfolio of potential seizure medicines. SAGE’s proprietary chemistry platform has generated multiple new compounds that target GABAA and NMDA receptors, which are broadly accepted as impacting many psychiatric and neurological disorders. SAGE Therapeutics is a public company launched in 2010 by an experienced team of R&D leaders, CNS experts and investors. For more information, please visitwww.sagerx.com.
| Allopregnanolone | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Identifiers | |
| PubChem | 262961 |
| ChemSpider | 17216124 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL38856  |
| Jmol-3D images | Image 1 |
| Properties | |
| Molecular formula | C21H34O2 |
| Molar mass | 318.49 g/mol |
Allopregnanolone (3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one or 3α,5α-tetrahydroprogesterone), generally abbreviated as ALLO or as 3α,5α-THP, is an endogenous inhibitory pregnane neurosteroid.[1] It is synthesized from progesterone, and is a potent positive allosteric modulator of the GABAA receptor.[1] Allopregnanolone has effects similar to those of other potentiators of the GABAA receptor such as the benzodiazepines, including anxiolytic, sedative, and anticonvulsant activity.[1]
The 21-hydroxylated derivative of this compound, tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone (THDOC), is an endogenous inhibitory neurosteroid with similar properties to those of allopregnanolone, and the 3β-methyl analogue of allopregnanolone, ganaxolone, is under development to treat epilepsy and other conditions.[1]
The biosynthesis of allopregnanolone starts with the conversion of progesterone into 5α-dihydroprogesterone by 5α-reductase type I. After that, 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase converts this intermediate into allopregnanolone.[1]
Depression, anxiety, and sexual dysfunction are frequently-seen side effects of 5α-reductase inhibitors such as finasteride, and are thought to be caused, in part, by interfering with the normal production of allopregnanolone.[2]
Allopregnanolone acts as a potent positive allosteric modulator of the GABAA receptor.[1] While allopregnanolone, like other inhibitory neurosteroids such as THDOC, positively modulates all GABAA receptor isoforms, those isoforms containing δ subunits exhibit the greatest potentiation.[1] Allopregnanolone has also been found to act as a positive allosteric modulator of the GABAA-ρ receptor, though the implications of this action are unclear.[3][4] In addition to its actions on GABA receptors, allopregnanolone, like progesterone, is known to be a negative allosteric modulator of nACh receptors,[5] and also appears to act as a negative allosteric modulator of the 5-HT3 receptor.[6] Along with the other inhibitory neurosteroids, allopregnanolone appears to have little or no action at other ligand-gated ion channels, including the NMDA, AMPA, kainate, and glycine receptors.[7]
Unlike progesterone, allopregnanolone is inactive at the nuclear progesterone receptor (nPR).[7] However, allopregnanolone can be intracellularly oxidized into 5α-dihydroprogesterone, which is an agonist of the nPR, and thus/in accordance, allopregnanolone does appear to have indirect nPR-mediated progestogenic effects.[8] In addition, allopregnanolone has recently been found to be an agonist of the newly-discovered membrane progesterone receptors (mPR), including mPRδ, mPRα, and mPRβ, with its activity at these receptors about a magnitude more potent than at the GABAA receptor.[9][10] The action of allopregnanolone at these receptors may be related, in part, to its neuroprotective and antigonadotropic properties.[9][11] Also like progesterone, recent evidence has shown that allopregnanolone is an activator of the pregnane X receptor.[7][12]
Similarly to many other GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators, allopregnanolone has been found to act as an inhibitor of L-type voltage-gated calcium channels (L-VGCCs),[13] including α1 subtypes Cav1.2 and Cav1.3.[14] However, the threshold concentration of allopregnanolone to inhibit L-VGCCs was determined to be 3 μM (3,000 nM), which is far greater than the concentration of 5 nM that has been estimated to be naturally produced in the human brain.[14] Thus, inhibition of L-VGCCs is unlikely of any actual significance in the effects of endogenous allopregnanolone.[14] Also, allopregnanolone, along with several other neurosteroids, has been found to activate the G protein-coupled bile acid receptor (GPBAR1, or TGR5).[15] However, it is only able to do so at micromolar concentrations, which, similarly to the case of the L-VGCCs, are far greater than the low nanomolar concentrations of allopregnanolone estimated to be present in the brain.[15]
Allopregnanolone possesses a wide variety of effects, including, in no particular order, antidepressant, anxiolytic, stress-reducing, rewarding,[16] prosocial,[17] antiaggressive,[18] prosexual,[17] sedative, pro-sleep,[19] cognitive and memory-impairing, analgesic,[20] anesthetic, anticonvulsant, neuroprotective, and neurogenic effects.[1]
Fluctuations in the levels of allopregnanolone and the other neurosteroids seem to play an important role in the pathophysiology of mood, anxiety, premenstrual syndrome, catamenial epilepsy, and various other neuropsychiatric conditions.[21][22][23]
Increased levels of allopregnanolone can produce paradoxical effects, including negative mood, anxiety, irritability, and aggression.[24][25][26] This appears to be because allopregnanolone possesses biphasic, U-shaped actions at the GABAA receptor – moderate level increases (in the range of 1.5–2 nM/L total allopregnanolone, which are approximately equivalent to luteal phase levels) inhibit the activity of the receptor, while lower and higher concentration increases stimulate it.[24][25] This seems to be a common effect of many GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators.[26][21] In accordance, acute administration of low doses of micronized progesterone (which reliably elevates allopregnanolone levels), have been found to have negative effects on mood, while higher doses have a neutral effect.[27]
Allopregnanolone and the other endogenous inhibitory neurosteroids have very short half-lives, and for this reason, have not been pursued for clinical use themselves. Instead, synthetic analogs with improved pharmacokinetic profiles, such as ganaxolone, have been synthesized and are being investigated. However, exogenous progesterone, such as oral micronized progesterone (OMP), reliably elevates allopregnanolone levels in the body with good dose-to-serum level correlations.[28] Due to this, it has been suggested that OMP could be described as a prodrug of sorts for allopregnanolone.[28] As a result, there has been some interest in using OMP to treat catamenial epilepsy,[29] as well as other menstrual cycle-related and neurosteroid-associated conditions.
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http://www.google.com/patents/WO2006037016A2?cl=en
Materials and Methods
[0181] The materials and methods used for the follwing experiments have been described in Griffin L.D., et al, Nature Medicine 10: 704-711 (2004). This reference is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Example 1: Allopregnanolone Treatment of Niemann Pick type-C Mice Substantially Reduces Accumulation of the Gangliosides GMl, GM2, and GM3 in the Brain [0182] Mice were given a single injection of allopregnanolone, prepared in 20% βcyclodextrin in phosphate buffered saline, at a concentration of 25 mg/kg. The injection was on day 7 of life (P7, postnatal day 7). Concentrations of gangliosides GMl, GM2, GM3, were measured as well as other lipids such as ceramides and cerebrosides.
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WO-2014031792 OR EQ
http://www.google.com/patents/US20140057885?cl=en
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WO-2013112605
http://www.google.com/patents/WO2013112605A2?cl=en
New Drug Approvals 