Home » Articles posted by DR ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO Ph.D (Page 79)
Author Archives: DR ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO Ph.D
DRUG APPROVALS BY DR ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO
.....FOR BLOG HOME CLICK HEREFlag and hits
ORGANIC SPECTROSCOPY
SUBSCRIBE
Subscribe in a reader
Enter your email address:
Delivered by FeedBurner
Subscribe to New Drug Approvals by Email
Recent Comments
 | shivkr2 on SPSR Excellence Award 2025 – S… |
 | Bonkasaurus on Infigratinib phosphate |
 | PALOVAROTENE | ORGAN… on Palovarotene |
| Pfizer just purchase… on Temanogrel | |
| Pfizer To Cash In On… on Temanogrel |
J-147
J-147
N-(2,4-Dimethylphenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoro-N’-[(E)-(3-methoxyphenyl)methylene]acetohydrazide
- Molecular FormulaC18H17F3N2O2
- Average mass350.335 Da
2,2,2-trifluoroacetic acid-1-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-2-[(3-methoxyphenyl)methylene]hydrazide
Acetic acid, 2,2,2-trifluoro-, 1-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-2-[(1E)-(3-methoxyphenyl)methylene]hydrazide
FDA UNII Z41H3C5BT9
Abrexa Pharmaceuticals, Dementia, Alzheimer’s type, PHASE1
Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosci Inst (Originator)
Salk Institute for Biological Studies (Originator)
Abrexa Pharmaceuticals is developing the oral curcumin derivative J-147 for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. A phase I clinical trial is under way in healthy young and older adults.
The Salk Institute for Biological Studies and Abrexa Pharmaceuticals are developing J-147, a curcumin derivative CNB-001 , and a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, for the oral treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), aging and acute ischemic stroke; in January 2019, a phase I trial for AD was initiated.
J147 is an experimental drug with reported effects against both Alzheimer’s disease and ageing in mouse models of accelerated aging.[1][2][3][4]
The approach that lead to development of the J147 drug was to screen candidate molecules for anti-aging effects, instead of targeting the amyloid plaques. It is contrary to most other approaches to developing drugs against Alzheimer’s disease that target the plaque deposits in the brain.[5]
The J147 drug is also reported to address other biological aging factors, such as preventing the leakage of blood from microvessels in mice brains.[5] The development of J147 follows the chemical pharmacological way, contrary to biological ways that exploit e.g. use of bacteriophages.[6][7]
Enhanced neurogenic activity over J147 in human neural precursor cells has its derivative called CAD-31. CAD-31 is enhancing the use of free fatty acids for energy production by shifting of the metabolic profile of fatty acids toward the production of ketone bodies, a potent source of energy in the brain when glucose levels are low.[8]
The target molecule is a protein called ATP synthase, which is found in the mitochondria.[9]
PAPER
Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry (2015), 13(37), 9564-9569
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2015/OB/C5OB01463H#!divAbstract
A series of novel J147 derivatives were synthesized, and their inhibitory activities against β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation and toxicity were evaluated by using the oligomer-specific antibody assay, the thioflavin-T fluorescence assay, and a cell viability assay in the transformed SH-SY5Y cell culture. Among the synthesized J147 derivatives, 3j with a 2,2-dicyanovinyl substituent showed the most potent inhibitory activity against Aβ42oligomerization (IC50 = 17.3 μM) and Aβ42 fibrillization (IC50 = 10.5 μM), and disassembled the preformed Aβ42 fibrils with an EC50 of 10.2 μM. Finally, we confirmed that 3j is also effective at preventing neurotoxicity induced by Aβ42-oligomers as well as Aβ42-fibrils.
PAPER
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960894X12014746
Figure 1. Chemical structures of previously developed [11C]PIB, [18F]Amyvid and [18F]-T808, and newly developed [11C]J147.
Scheme 1. Synthesis of the reference standard J147 (2).
PRODUCT PATENT
WO2009052116
https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2009052116&tab=PCTDESCRIPTION
PATENT
WO-2019164997
A process for preparing crystalline Form II of 2,2,2-trifluoroacetic acid-1-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-2-[(3-methoxyphenyl)methylene]hydrazide (J-147; 98% of purity) comprising the steps of providing a slurry containing saturated amorphous or crystalline Form I of J-147 and mixing the slurry to obtain the crystalline Form II of J147. Also claimed are processes for preparing the crystalline Form I of 2,2,2-trifluoroacetic acid-1-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-2-[(3-methoxyphenyl)methylene]hydrazide. Further claimed are isolation of the crystalline Form II and I of 2,2,2-trifluoroacetic acid-1-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-2-[(3-methoxyphenyl)methylene]hydrazide. The compound is disclosed to be a neurotrophic agent and known to be a Trkb receptor agonist, useful for treating neurodegenerative disease, such as aging and motor neurone disease.
The present disclosure relates to polymorph forms of a pharmaceutical active agent. In particular, the present disclosure relates to polymorph forms of neuroprotective agent 2,2,2-trifluoroacetic acid l-(2,4-Dimethylphenyl)-2-[(3-methoxyphenyl)methylene] hydrazide (J147).
[0002] 2,2,2 -trifluoroacetic acid l-(2,4-Dimethylphenyl)-2-[(3-methoxyphenyl)methylene] hydrazide (J147) is a potent orally active neurotrophic agent discovered during screening for efficacy in cellular models of age-associated pathologies and has a structure given by Formula I:
[0003] J147 is broadly neuroprotective, and exhibited activity in assays indicating distinct neurotoxicity pathways related to aging and neurodegenerative diseases, with EC50 between 10 and 200 nM. It has been indicated to improve memory in normal rodents, and prevent the loss of synaptic proteins and cognitive decline in a transgenic AD mouse model.
Furthermore, it has displayed neuroprotective, neuroanti-inflammatory, and LTP-enhancing activity.
[0004] The neurotrophic and nootropic effects have been associated with increases in BDNF levels and BDNF responsive proteins. Interestingly, despite this mechanism of action, Jl47’s neuroprotective effects have been observed to be independent of TrkB receptor activation.
J147 has been indicated to reduce soluble Ab40 and Ab42 levels, and it is currently being researched for potential applications in treating ALS.
The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum is shown in Figure 4. Based on visual inspection the spectrum is consistent with structure. The Raman spectrum is in agreement with the FTIR spectrum and is shown in Figure 5. The proton NMR data is consistent with the structure of J147 and is shown in Figure 6. The proton NMR data is also shown in tabulated form in Table B below.
Table B
EXAMPLE OF PREPARATION OF FORM II OF J 147
Batch Process: About 100 kg of crude J147 from its synthetic preparation was evaporated twice from about 80 kg of ethanol. The crude product was taken up in about 48 kg of ethanol and the batch temperature was adjusted to 28 °C. About 37 kg of water was added gradually to the batch. The batch was held at about 30 °C for about 1.7 hours. A sample of the batch was pulled from the reactor and solids precipitated by addition of 45 mL of water. The solids obtained were added back to the batch as seed crystals and the mixture stirred for 40 minutes at 30 °C. An additional about 34 kg of water was added. The batch was held at about 18 °C for about 58 hours and then cooled to about 10 °C for another about 5.5 hours. Analysis of the resultant solids indicated the presence of Form I. Form I was converted to Form II by heating the slurry to about 45 °C for about 16 hours and then cooling back to about 10 °C and holding the batch at this temperature for about 3 hours about 17.7 kg of solid Form II of J147 were recovered by filtration after washing and drying.
CLIP
https://cen.acs.org/articles/90/i31/Tumeric-Derived-Compound-Curcumin-Treat.html
Turmeric-Derived Compound Curcumin May Treat Alzheimer’s
More than 5 million people in the U.S. currently live with Alzheimer’s disease. And according to the Alzheimer’s Association, the situation is only going to get worse.
By 2050, the nonprofit estimates, up to 16 million Americans will have the memory-robbing disease. It will cost the U.S. $1.1 trillion annually to care for them unless a successful therapy is found.
Pharmaceutical companies have invested heavily in developing Alzheimer’s drugs, many of which target amyloid-β, a peptide that misfolds and clumps in the brains of patients. But so far, no amyloid-β-targeted medications have been successful. Expectation for the most advanced drugs—bapineuzumab from Pfizer and Johnson & Johnson and solanezumab from Eli Lilly & Co.—are low on the basis of lackluster data from midstage clinical trials. That sentiment was reinforced last week when bapineuzumab was reported to have failed the first of four Phase III studies.
Even if these late-stage hopefuls do somehow work, they won’t come cheap, says Gregory M. Cole, a neuroscientist at the University of California, Los Angeles. These drugs “would cost patients tens of thousands of dollars per year,” he estimates. That hefty price tag stems from bapineuzumab and solanezumab being costly-to-manufacture monoclonal antibodies against amyloid-β.
“There’s a great need for inexpensive Alzheimer’s treatments,” as well as a backup plan if pharma fails, says Larry W. Baum, a professor in the School of Pharmacy at the Chinese University of Hong Kong. As a result, he says, a great many researchers have turned their attention to less pricy alternatives, such as compounds from plants and other natural sources.
Curcumin, a spice compound derived from the rootstalk of the turmeric plant (Curcuma longa), has stood out among some of the more promising naturally derived candidates.
When administered to mice that develop Alzheimer’s symptoms, curcumin decreases inflammation and reactive oxygen species in the rodents’ brains, researchers have found. The compound also inhibits the aggregation of troublesome amyloid-β strands among the animals’ nerve cells. But the development of curcumin as an Alzheimer’s drug has been stymied, scientists say, both by its low uptake in the body and a lack of funds for effective clinical trials—obstacles researchers are now trying to overcome.
In addition to contributing to curry dishes’ yellow color and pungent flavor, curcumin has been a medicine in India for thousands of years. Doctors practicing traditional Hindu medicine admire turmeric’s active ingredient for its anti-inflammatory properties and have used it to treat patients for ailments including digestive disorders and joint pain.
Only in the 1970s did Western researchers catch up with Eastern practices and confirm curcumin’s anti-inflammatory properties in the laboratory. Scientists also eventually determined that the polyphenolic compound is an antioxidant and has chemotherapeutic activity.
Bharat B. Aggarwal, a professor at the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, says curcumin is an example of a pleiotropic agent: It has a number of different effects and interacts with many targets and biochemical pathways in the body. He and his group have discovered that one important molecule targeted and subsequently suppressed by curcumin is NF-κB, a transcription factor that switches on the body’s inflammatory response when activated (J. Biol. Chem.,DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.42.24995).
Aside from NF-κB, curcumin seems to interact with several other molecules in the inflammatory pathway, a biological activity that Aggarwal thinks is advantageous. “All chronic diseases are caused by dysregulation of multiple targets,” he says. “Chemists don’t yet know how to design a drug that hits multiple targets.” With curcumin, “Mother Nature has already provided a compound that does so.”
Curcumin’s pleiotropy also brought it to the attention of UCLA’s Cole during the early 1990s while he was searching for possible Alzheimer’s therapeutics. “That was before we knew about amyloid-β” and its full role in Alzheimer’s, he says. “We were working on the disease from an oxidative damage and inflammation point of view—two processes implicated in aging.”
When Cole and his wife, Sally A. Frautschy, also at UCLA, searched the literature for compounds that could tackle both of these age-related processes, curcumin jumped out at them. It also didn’t hurt that the incidence of Alzheimer’s in India, where large amounts of curcumin are consumed regularly, is lower than in other parts of the developing world (Lancet Neurol., DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(08)70169-8).
In 2001, Cole, Frautschy, and colleagues published the first papers that demonstrated curcumin’s potential to treat neurodegenerative disease (Neurobiol. Aging, DOI: 10.1016/s0197-4580(01)00300-1; J. Neurosci.2001, 8370). The researchers studied the effects of curcumin on rats that had amyloid-β injected into their brains, as well as mice engineered to develop amyloid brain plaques. In both cases, curcumin suppressed oxidative tissue damage and reduced amyloid-β deposits.
Those results, Cole says, “turned us into curcumin-ologists.”
Although the UCLA team observed that curcumin decreased amyloid plaques in animal models, at the time, the researchers weren’t sure of the molecular mechanism involved.
Soon after the team’s first results were published, Cole recalls, a colleague brought to his attention the structural similarity between curcumin and the dyes used to stain amyloid plaques in diseased brain tissue. When Cole and Frautschy tested the spice compound, they saw that it, too, could stick to aggregated amyloid-β. “We thought, ‘Wow, not only is curcumin an antioxidant and an anti-inflammatory, but it also might be an anti-amyloid drug,’ ” he says.
In 2004, a group in Japan demonstrated that submicromolar concentrations of curcumin in solution could inhibit aggregation of amyloid-β and break up preformed fibrils of the stuff (J. Neurosci. Res., DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20025). Shortly after that, the UCLA team demonstrated the same (J. Biol. Chem., DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m404751200).
As an Alzheimer’s drug, however, it’s unclear how important it is that the spice compound inhibits amyloid-β aggregation, Cole says. “When you have something that’s so pleiotropic,” he adds, “it’s hard to know” which of its modes of action is most effective.
Having multiple targets may be what helps curcumin have such beneficial, neuroprotective effects, says David R. Schubert, a neurobiologist at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, in La Jolla, Calif. But its pleiotropy can also be a detriment, he contends.
The pharmaceutical world, Schubert says, focuses on designing drugs aimed at hitting single-target molecules with high affinity. “But we don’t really know what ‘the’ target for curcumin is,” he says, “and we get knocked for it on grant requests.”
Another problem with curcumin is poor bioavailability. When ingested, UCLA’s Cole says, the compound gets converted into other molecular forms, such as curcumin glucuronide or curcumin sulfate. It also gets hydrolyzed at the alkaline and neutral pHs present in many areas of the body. Not much of the curcumin gets into the bloodstream, let alone past the blood-brain barrier, in its pure, active form, he adds.
Unfortunately, neither Cole nor Baum at the Chinese University of Hong Kong realized the poor bioavailability until they had each launched a clinical trial of curcumin. So the studies showed no significant difference between Alzheimer’s patients taking the spice compound and those taking a placebo (J. Clin. Psychopharmacol., DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0b013e318160862c).
“But we did show curcumin was safe for patients,” Baum says, finding a silver lining to the blunder. “We didn’t see any adverse effects even at high doses.”
Some researchers, such as Salk’s Schubert, are tackling curcumin’s low bioavailability by modifying the compound to improve its properties. Schubert and his group have come up with a molecule, called J147, that’s a hybrid of curcumin and cyclohexyl-bisphenol A. Like Cole and coworkers, they also came upon the compound not by initially screening for the ability to interact with amyloid-β, but by screening for the ability to alleviate age-related symptoms.
The researchers hit upon J147 by exposing cultured Alzheimer’s nerve cells to a library of compounds and then measuring changes to levels of biomarkers for oxidative stress, inflammation, and nerve growth. J147 performed well in all categories. And when given to mice engineered to accumulate amyloid-β clumps in their brains, the hybrid molecule prevented memory loss and reduced formation of amyloid plaques over time (PLoS One, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027865).
Other researchers have tackled curcumin’s poor bioavailability by reformulating it. Both Baum and Cole have encapsulated curcumin in nanospheres coated with either polymers or lipids to protect the compound from modification after ingestion. Cole tells C&EN that by packaging the curcumin in this way, he and his group have gotten micromolar quantities of it into the bloodstream of humans. The researchers are now preparing for a small clinical trial to test the formulation on patients with mild cognitive impairment, who are at an increased risk of developing Alzheimer’s.
An early-intervention human study such as this one comes with its own set of challenges, Cole says. People with mild cognitive impairment “have good days and bad days,” he says. A large trial over a long period would be the best way to get any meaningful data, he adds.
Such a trial can cost up to $100 million, a budget big pharma might be able to scrape together but that is far out of reach for academics funded by grants, Cole says. “If you’re down at the level of what an individual investigator can do, you’re running a small trial,” he says, “and even if the result is positive, it might be inconclusive” because of its small size or short duration. That’s one of the reasons the curcumin work is slow-going, Cole contends.
The lack of hard clinical evidence isn’t stopping people from trying curcumin anyway. Various companies are selling the spice compound as a dietary supplement, both in its powdered form and in nanoformulations such as the ones Cole and Baum are working with. Indiana-based Verdure Sciences, for instance, licensed a curcumin nanoformulation from UCLA and sells it under the name Longvida (about $1.00 to $2.00 per capsule, depending on the distributor).
“There’s no proof that it works,” Cole says. “If you want to take it, you’re experimenting on yourself.” And he cautions that correct dosing for this more bioavailable form of curcumin hasn’t yet been established, so there could be safety concerns.
But on the basis of positive e-mails he’s received from caregivers and Alzheimer’s patients who are desperate for options and trying supplements, “I have some hope,” Cole says. “Maybe there’s something to curcumin after all.”
CLIP
Raw J 147 powder basic Characters
| Name: | J 147 powder |
| CAS: | 1146963-51-0 |
| Molecular Formula: | C18H17F3N2O2 |
| Molecular Weight: | 350.3349896 |
| Melt Point: | 177-178°C |
| Storage Temp: | 4°C |
| Color: | White or off white powder |
Raw J 147 powder in enhance brain function and an extra boost cycle
Names
J 147 powder
J 147 (1146963-51-0) Usage dosage
Using a drug discovery scheme for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) that is based upon multiple pathologies of old age, we identified a potent compound with efficacy in rodent memory and AD animal models. Since this compound, J-147 powder, is a phenyl hydrazide, there was concern that it can be metabolized to aromatic amines/hydrazines that are potentially carcinogenic. To explore this possibility, we examined the metabolites of J 147 powder in human and mouse microsomes and mouse plasma. It is shown that J-147(1146963-51-0) powder is not metabolized to aromatic amines or hydrazines, that the scaffold is exceptionally stable, and that the oxidative metabolites are also neuroprotective. It is concluded that the major metabolites of J 147(1146963-51-0) powder may contribute to its biological activity in animals.
J 147 , derived from the curry spice component curcumin, has low toxicity and actually reverses damage in neurons associated with Alzheimer’s.
J 147 (1146963-51-0) was the mitochondrial protein known as ATP synthase, specifically ATP5A, a subunit of that protein. ATP synthase is involved in the mitochondrial generation of ATP, which cells use for energy.
The researchers demonstrated that by reducing the activity of ATP synthase, they were able to protect neuronal cells from a number of toxicities associated with the aging of the brain. One reason for this neuroprotective effect is thought to be the role of excitotoxicity in neuronal cell damage.
Excitotoxicity is the pathological process by which neurons are damaged and killed by the overactivation of receptors for the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. Think of it being a bit like a light switch being turned on and off so rapidly that it ends up causing the light bulb to blow.
Recently, the role of ATP synthase inhibition for neuroprotection against excitotoxic damage was demonstrated in a mouse study[4]. The second study showed that mouse models expressing the human form of mutant ATPase inhibitory factor 1 (hIF1), which causes a sustained inhibition of ATP synthase, were more resilient to neuronal death after excitotoxic damage. This data is consistent with this new J 147 powder study, in which an increase in IF1 in the mice reduced the activity of ATP synthase (specifically ATP5A) and was neuroprotective.
Warning on Raw J 147 powder
Data presented here demonstrate that J-147 powder has the ability to rescue cognitive deficits when administered at a late stage in the disease. The ability of J-147 powder to improve memory in aged AD mice is correlated with its induction of the neurotrophic factors NGF (nerve growth factor) and BDNF (brain derived neurotrophic factor) as well as several BDNF-responsive proteins which are important for learning and memory. The comparison between J-147(1146963-51-0) powder and donepezil in the scopolamine model showed that while both compounds were comparable at rescuing short term memory, J-147 powder was superior at rescuing spatial memory and a combination of the two worked best for contextual and cued memory.
Further instructions
Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive brain disorder, recently ranked as the third leading cause of death in the United States and affecting more than five million Americans. It is also the most common cause of dementia in older adults, according to the National Institutes of Health. While most drugs developed in the past 20 years target the amyloid plaque deposits in the brain (which are a hallmark of the disease), few have proven effective in the clinic.
“While most drugs developed in the past 20 years target the amyloid plaque deposits in the brain (which are a hallmark of the disease), none have proven effective in the clinic,” says Schubert, senior author of the study.
Several years ago, Schubert and his colleagues began to approach the treatment of the disease from a new angle. Rather than target amyloid, the lab decided to zero in on the major risk factor for the disease–old age. Using cell-based screens against old age-associated brain toxicities, they synthesized J 147(1146963-51-0) powder.
Previously, the team found that J-147 powder could prevent and even reverse memory loss and Alzheimer’s pathology in mice that have a version of the inherited form of Alzheimer’s, the most commonly used mouse model. However, this form of the disease comprises only about 1 percent of Alzheimer’s cases. For everyone else, old age is the primary risk factor, says Schubert. The team wanted to explore the effects of the drug candidate on a breed of mice that age rapidly and experience a version of dementia that more closely resembles the age-related human disorder.
References
- ^ “Experimental drug targeting Alzheimer’s disease shows anti-aging effects” (Press release). Salk Institute. 12 November 2015. Retrieved November 13, 2015.
- ^ Chen Q, Prior M, Dargusch R, Roberts A, Riek R, Eichmann C, Chiruta C, Akaishi T, Abe K, Maher P, Schubert D (14 December 2011). “A novel neurotrophic drug for cognitive enhancement and Alzheimer’s disease”. PLoS One. 6 (12): e27865. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0027865. PMC 3237323. PMID 22194796.
- ^ Currais A, Goldberg J, Farrokhi C, Chang M, Prior M, Dargusch R, Daugherty D, Armando A, Quehenberger O, Maher P, Schubert D (11 November 2015). “A comprehensive multiomics approach toward understanding the relationship between aging and dementia” (PDF). Aging. 7 (11): 937–55. doi:10.18632/aging.100838. PMC 4694064. PMID 26564964.
- ^ Prior M, Dargusch R, Ehren JL, Chiruta C, Schubert D (May 2013). “The neurotrophic compound J147 reverses cognitive impairment in aged Alzheimer’s disease mice”. Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy. 5 (3): 25. doi:10.1186/alzrt179. PMC 3706879. PMID 23673233.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Brian L. Wang (13 November 2015). “Experimental drug targeting Alzheimer’s disease shows anti-aging effects in animal tests”. nextbigfuture.com. Retrieved November 16, 2015.
- ^ Krishnan R, Tsubery H, Proschitsky MY, Asp E, Lulu M, Gilead S, Gartner M, Waltho JP, Davis PJ, Hounslow AM, Kirschner DA, Inouye H, Myszka DG, Wright J, Solomon B, Fisher RA (2014). “A bacteriophage capsid protein provides a general amyloid interaction motif (GAIM) that binds and remodels misfolded protein assemblies”. Journal of Molecular Biology. 426: 2500–19. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2014.04.015. PMID 24768993.
- ^ Solomon B (October 2008). “Filamentous bacteriophage as a novel therapeutic tool for Alzheimer’s disease treatment”. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease. 15 (2): 193–8. PMID 18953108.
- ^ Daugherty, D., Goldberg, J., Fischer, W., Dargusch, R., Maher, P., & Schubert, D. (2017). A novel Alzheimer’s disease drug candidate targeting inflammation and fatty acid metabolism. Alzheimer’s research & therapy, 9(1), 50. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-017-0277-3
- ^ “Researchers identify the molecular target of J147, which is nearing clinical trials to treat Alzheimer’s disease”. Retrieved 2018-01-30.
 |
|
| Legal status | |
|---|---|
| Legal status | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | |
| PubChem CID | |
| ChemSpider | |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C18H17F3N2O2 |
| Molar mass | 350.341 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) | |
////////////J-147, J 147, J147, Alzheimer’s disease, neurotrophic agent, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Abrexa Pharmaceuticals, PHASE 1, CURCUMIN
CAS 1417911-00-2
- Acetic acid, 2,2,2-trifluoro-, 1-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-2-[[3-(methoxy-11C)phenyl]methylene]hydrazide
DICYCLOPLATIN
Dicycloplatin
Platinum(2+) 1-carboxycyclobutanecarboxylate ammoniate (1:2:2)
- Molecular FormulaC12H20N2O8Pt
- Average mass515.380 Da
- 287402-09-9
Has antineoplastic activity; a supramolecular complex of 1,1-cyclobutane dicarboxylic acid and cis-diammine(1,1-cyclobutane dicarboxylate)platinum (II).
Dicycloplatin is a chemotherapy medication used to treat a number of cancers which includes the Non-small-cell lung carcinoma and prostate cancer.[1]
Some side effects which are observed from the treatment by dicycloplatin are nausea, vomiting, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, anemia, fatigue, loss of appetite, liver enzyme elevation and alopecia. The drugs is a form of Platinum-based antineoplastic and it works by causing the mitochondrial dysfunction which leads to the cell death.[2]
Dicycloplatin was developed in China and it was used for phase I human trial clinical in 2006. The drug was approved for chemotherapy by the Chinese FDA in 2012.[3]
Medical uses
Dicycloplatin can inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells via the induction of apoptosis . It is used to treat a number types of cancer which are Non-small-cell lung carcinoma and prostate cancer.[4]
Side effects
Similar to cisplatin and carboplatin, dicycloplatin also contains some side effects, which are nausea, vomiting, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, anemia, fatigue, anorexia, liver enzyme elevation, and alopecia. However, with doses up to 350 mg/m(2), there is no significant toxicity; these effects are observed only at higher doses. Furthermore, the nephrotoxicity of dicycloplatin is reported to be less than that of cisplatin, and its myelosuppressive potency is similar to that of carboplatin.[5]
Chemical structure
Dicycloplatin consists of carboplatin and cyclobutane-1,1-dicarboxylic acid (CBDC) linked by the hydrogen bond. In the structure of dicycloplatin, there are two types of bond: O-H…O is the bond between the hydroxyl group of CBDC with carboxyl oxygen atom. It creates the one-dimensional polymer chain of carboplatin and CBDC. The second one is N-H…O which links between the ammoniagroup of carboplatin and oxygen of CBDC. It forms the two-dimensional polymer chain of carboplatin and CBDC. In aqueous solution, the 2D-hydrogen bonded polymeric structure of dicycloplatin is destroyed. Firstly, the bond between ammonia group of carboplatin and oxygen of CBDC breaks, thus inducing the formation of one-dimensional dicycloplatin. After that, the strong hydrogen bond breaks and creates an intermediate state of dicycloplatin. Finally, the rearrangement of different orientation of carboplatin and CBDC leads to the formation of intramolecular hydrogen bond and a supramolecule of dicycloplatin with two O-H…O and N-H…O is created.[6]
Mechanism of action
Similar to carboplatin, dicycloplatin inhibits the proliferation of cancer cells by inducing cell apoptosis. When treated with dicycloplatin, some changes in the properties of Hep G2 cells are observed: the declination of Mitochondria Membrane Potential, the release of cytochrome c from mitocondria to cytosol, the activation of caspase-9, caspase-3 and the decrease of Bcl-2.[4] Those phenomena indicate the role of mitochondrial in the apoptosis by intrisic way.[7] Furthermore, the increase in caspase-8 activation is also observed. This can stimulate the apoptosis by activating downstream caspase-3 [8] or by cleaving Bid.[9] As a result, the cleavage of Bid (tBid) transfers to the mitochondria and induce mitochondrial dysfunction which promotes the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytosol.[10] From the dicycloplatin-treated Hep G2 cell, an excessive amount of reactive oxygen species was detected,[4] which plays an important role in the release of cytochrome c. In the mitochondria, the release of hemoprotein happens through 2-step process: Firstly, the dissociation of cytochrome c from its binding to cardiolipin happens. Due to the reactive oxygen species, the cardiolipin is oxidized, thus reducing the cytochrome c binding and increase the concentration of free cytochrome c [11]
PATENT
WO2018171371
https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2018171371
Drawing
PATENT
WO-2019161526
One-pot method for preparing twin dicarboxylic acid diamine complex platinum (II) derivatives ( dicycloplatin ) comprising the separation of intermediate carboplatin or carboplatin analogue.
Notes
- ^ D., Zhao; Y., Zhang; C., Xu; C., Dong; H., Lin; L., Zhang; C., Li; S., Ren; X., Wang; S., Yang; D., Han; X., Chen (February 2012). “Pharmacokinetics, Tissue Distribution, and Plasma Protein Binding Study of Platinum Originating from Dicycloplatin, a Novel Antitumor Supramolecule, in Rats and Dogs by ICP-MS”. Biological Trace Element Research. 148 (2): 203–8. doi:10.1007/s12011-012-9364-2. PMID 22367705.
- ^ G.Q., Li; X.G., Chen; X.P., Wu; J.D., Xie; Y.J., Liang; X.Q., Zhao; W.Q, Chen; L.W., Fu (November 2012). “Effect of Dicycloplatin, a Novel Platinum Chemotherapeutical Drug, on Inhibiting Cell Growth and Inducing Cell Apoptosis”. PLOS ONE. 7 (11): e48994. Bibcode:2012PLoSO…748994L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048994. PMC 3495782. PMID 23152837.
- ^ J.J, Yu; X.Q, Yang; Q.H, Song; M. D., Mueller; S. C., Remick (2014). “Dicycloplatin, a Novel Platinum Analog in Chemotherapy: Synthesis of Chinese Pre-clinical and Clinical Profile and Emerging Mechanistic Studies”. Anticancer Research. 34: 455–464.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c Guang-quan, Li; Xing-gui, Chen; Xing-ping, Wu; Jing-dun, Xie; Yong-ju, Liang; Xiao-qin, Zhao; Wei-qiang, Chen; Li-wu, Fu (November 2012). “Effect of Dicycloplatin, a Novel Platinum Chemotherapeutical Drug, on Inhibiting Cell Growth and Inducing Cell Apoptosis”. PLOS ONE. 7 (11): e48994. Bibcode:2012PLoSO…748994L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048994. PMC 3495782. PMID 23152837.
- ^ Li.S; Huang H; Liao H; Zhan J; Guo Y; Zou BY; Jiang WQ; Guan ZZ; Yang XQ (2015). “Phase I clinical trial of the novel platin complex dicycloplatin: clinical and pharmacokinetic results”. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 51 (2): 96–105. doi:10.5414/CP201761. PMID 23127487.
- ^ Y., Xu Qing; J., Xiang Lin; S., Q.; TANG, Ka Luo; Y., Zhen Yun; Z., Xiao Feng; T., You Qi (June 2010). “Structural studies of dicycloplatin, an antitumor supramolecule”. Science China Chemistry. 53 (6): 1346–1351. doi:10.1007/s11426-010-3184-z.
- ^ R., Kumar; P.E., Herbert; A.N., Warrens (September 2005). “An introduction to death receptors in apoptosis”. International Journal of Surgery. 3 (4): 268–77. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2005.05.002. PMID 17462297.
- ^ Yang, BF; Xiao, C; Li, H; Yang, SJ (2007). “Resistance to Fas-mediated apoptosis in malignant tumours is rescued by KN-93 and cisplatin via downregulation of cFLIP expression and phosphorylation”. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology. 34 (12): 1245–51. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.2007.04711.x. PMID 17973862.
- ^ Blomgran, R; Zheng, L; Stendahl, O (2007). “Cathepsin-cleaved Bid promotes apoptosis in human neutrophils via oxidative stress-induced lysosomal membrane permeabilization”. Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 81 (5): 1213–23. doi:10.1189/jlb.0506359. PMID 17264306.
- ^ Yin, XM (2006). “Bid, a BH3-only multi-functional molecule, is at the cross road of life and death”. Gene. 369: 7–19. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2005.10.038. PMID 16446060.
- ^ Ott, M; Gogvadze, V; Orrenius, S; Zhivotovsky, B (May 2007). “Mitochondria, oxidative stress and cell death”. Apoptosis. 12 (5): 913–22. doi:10.1007/s10495-007-0756-2. PMID 17453160.
Chemical structure of Dicycloplatin
|
|
| Clinical data | |
|---|---|
| Trade names | Dicycloplatin |
| Synonyms | Platinum(2+) 1-carboxycyclobutanecarboxylate ammoniate (1:2:2), 1,1-Cyclobutanedicarboxylic acid, compd. with (sp-4-2)-diammine(1,1-cyclobutanedi(carboxylato-kappaO)(2-))platinum (1:1) |
| Routes of administration |
Intravenous |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | 100% (IV) |
| Protein binding | < 88.7% |
| Elimination half-life | 24.49 – 108.93 hours |
| Excretion | Renal |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | |
| ChemSpider | |
| UNII | |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C12H20N2O8Pt |
| Molar mass | 515.382 g/mol |
| 3D model (JSmol) |
|
/////////////Dicycloplatin
C1CC(C1)(C(=O)O)C(=O)O.C1CC(C1)(C(=O)[O-])C(=O)[O-].N.N.[Pt+2]
Pretomanid, プレトマニド;
Pretomanid
プレトマニド;
| Formula |
C14H12F3N3O5
|
|---|---|
| CAS |
187235-37-6
|
| Mol weight |
359.2574
|
- (S)-PA 824
2019/8/14 FDA 2109 APPROVED
Antibacterial (tuberculostatic),
MP 149-150 °C, Li, Xiaojin; Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 2008, Vol 18(7), Pg 2256-2262 and Orita, Akihiro; Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis 2007, Vol 349(13), Pg 2136-2144
150-151 °C Marsini, Maurice A.; Journal of Organic Chemistry 2010, Vol 75(21), Pg 7479-7482
Pretomanid is an antibiotic used for the treatment of multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis affecting the lungs.[1] It is generally used together with bedaquiline and linezolid.[1] It is taken by mouth.[1]
The most common side effects include nerve damage, acne, vomiting, headache, low blood sugar, diarrhea, and liver inflammation.[1] It is in the nitroimidazole class of medications.[2]
Pretomanid was approved for medical use in the United States in 2019.[3][1] Pretomanid was developed by TB Alliance,[4] a not-for-profitproduct development partnership dedicated to the discovery and development of new, faster-acting and affordable medicines for tuberculosis (TB).[5]
Global Alliance for the treatment of tuberculosis (TB).
The compound was originally developed by PathoGenesis (acquired by Chiron in 2000). In 2002, a co-development agreement took place between Chiron (acquired by Novartis in 2005) and the TB Alliance for the development of the compound. The compound was licensed to Fosunpharma by TB Alliance in China.
History
Pretomanid is the generic, nonproprietary name for the novel anti-bacterial drug compound formerly called PA-824.[6] Pretomanid is referred to as “Pa” in regimen abbreviations, such as BPaL. The “preto” prefix of the compound’s name honors Pretoria, South Africa, the home of a TB Alliance clinical development office where much of the drug’s development took place. The “manid” suffix is used to group compounds with similar chemical structures. This class of drug is variously referred to as nitroimidazoles, nitroimidazooxazines or nitroimidazopyrans. Development of this compound was initiated because of the urgent need for new antibacterial drugs effective against resistant strains of tuberculosis. Also, current anti-TB drugs are mainly effective against replicating and metabolically active bacteria, creating a need for drugs effective against persisting or latent bacterial infections as often occur in patients with tuberculosis.[7]
Discovery and pre-clinical development
Pretomanid was first identified in a series of 100 nitroimidazopyran derivatives synthesized and tested for antitubercular activity. Importantly, pretomanid has activity against static M. tuberculosis isolates that survive under anaerobic conditions, with bactericidal activity comparable to that of the existing drug metronidazole. Pretomanid requires metabolic activation by Mycobacterium for antibacterial activity. Pretomanid was not the most potent compound in the series against cultures of M. tuberculosis, but it was the most active in infected mice after oral administration. Oral pretomanid was active against tuberculosis in mice and guinea pigs at safely tolerated dosages for up to 28 days.[7]
Limited FDA approval
FDA approved pretomanid only in combination with bedaquiline and linezolid for treatment of a limited and specific population of adult patients with extensively drug resistant, treatment-intolerant or nonresponsive multidrug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis. Pretomanid was approved under the Limited Population Pathway (LPAD pathway) for antibacterial and antifungal drugs. The LPAD Pathway was established by Congress under the 21st Century Cures Act to expedite development and approval of antibacterial and antifungal drugs to treat serious or life-threatening infections in a limited population of patients with unmet need. Pretomanid is only the third tuberculosis drug to receive FDA approval in more than 40 years.[3][8]
PATENT
IN 201641030408
HETERO RESEARCH FOUNDATION
http://ipindiaservices.gov.in/PatentSearch/PatentSearch/ViewPDF
- By Reddy, Bandi Parthasaradhi; Reddy, Kura Rathnakar; Reddy, Adulla Venkat Narsimha; Krishna, Bandi Vamsi
- From Indian Pat. Appl. (2018), IN 201641030408
The nitroimidazooxazine Formula I (PA-824) is a new class of bioreductive drug for tuberculosis. The recent introduction of the nitroimidazooxazine Formula I (PA-824) to clinical trial by the Global Alliance for TB Drug Development is thus of potential significance, since this compound shows good in vitro and in vivo activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in both its active and persistent forms. Tuberculosis (TBa) remains a leading infectious cause of death worldwide, but very few new drugs have been approved for TB treatment ifi the past 35 years, the current drug therapy for TB is long and complex, involving multidrug combinations.
The mechanism of actiém of Pretomanid is thoughrto involve reduction of the nitro group, in a‘ process dependent on the Bacterial ‘ m E Nfilw‘fieéFPEOEPEa‘e fillyeifiaasnfi (F8189); $943“; 20mm; “q Mcyarecent Swiss on mutant strains showed that a 151-amino acid (17.37 kDa) protein of unknown function, Rv3547, also, appears to be critical for this activation. Equivalent genes are present in M. boVis and MaVium.
Pretomanid and its pharmace’utically acceptable salts Were generically disclosed in US 5,668,127 A and Specifically disclosed in US 6,087,358 A. US ‘358 patent discloses a process for the preparation of Pretomanid, which is as shown below in scheme 1:
CN 104177372 A discloses a process for the preparation of Pretomanid, which is as shown below in scheme II: 
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 2008, Volume: 18, Issue: 7, Pages: 2256-2262 discloses a process for the preparation of Pretomanid, which is as shown below in scheme Ill: 
US 7,!15,736 B2-discloses_a process fdr the preparation of 3S-Hydroxy-6-nitrQ-2H-3, 4— dihydro-[2-1b]-imidazopyran which is a key intermediate of Pretomanid, which is as shown below in scheme IV:
Journal Medicinal Chemistry 2009, Volume: 52, Pages: 637 — 645 discloses a process for the preparation of ‘Pretomanid, which is as shown below in scheme V:
Joumal Organic Chemistry 2010; Volume: 75 (2]), Pages: 7479—82 discloses a process for. the preparation of Pretomanid, which is as shown below in scheme VI:
Example 3: Preparation of Pretomanid (S) 1- -(3 (tert- -Butyldomethylsilyloxy)- -2- -(-4 -(trifluoromethoxy)-71benzyloxy2‘- propyl)- 2- -methylP AT E N4Tnitro- fi-Eimigazole (Efgm Awlas (3315;501:1691 gin! %etra%1y7drofuraen (18(150 ml) at room temperature and stirred for 5 to 10 minutes then TBAF (9516 ml) was added to the reaction mixture and stirred for 2 hours, at room temperature, afler completion of the reaction removed solvent through vacuum to obtained residue, dissolved the residue in MDC (1800 ml) and water (1800 ml) stirred, separated the layers and the organic layer washed with 10% ‘ sodium bicarbonate the obtained organic solution was concentrated under atmospheric pressure to obtained residue added MeOH (1730 ml) at room temperature and the reaction mixture was cooled to 0°C to 5°C, added KOH (24.5 gm) at the same temperaturé then cooled to room temperature and stirred for 24 hours. After completion of reaction DM Water added drop wise over 30 minutes at 10°C to 15° C and stirred for 1 hour to 1 hour 30 minutes at room’lemperature, filtrated the compound and washed with DM wa‘er (133 ml) and dried under vacuum for 10 hours at 50° C. Yield: 53 gm , Chromatographic purity: 97.69% (by HPLC):
Example 4: Purification of Pretomanid Pretomanid (53 gm) was dissolved in MDC (795 ml) at room temperatur’e and stirred for 10 to 15 minutes, added charcoal (10 gm) and stirred for 30-35 minutes, remove the charcoal and concentrated to obtained residue: Dissolved the obtained residue in IPA (795 ml) and the reaction mixture was heated to 80°C maintained for 10-15 minutes, added cyclohexane (1600ml) for 30 minutes at 80° C, then cooled to room temperature and stirred the reaction mass for overnight, filtered the solid and washed with cyclohexane (265 ml), and dried under vacuum for 10 hours at 50° C. Yield: 48 gm (Percentage of Yield: 90%) Chromatographic purity: 99.97% by HPLC).
CLIP
ReferencE
CN104177372A.
WO9701562A1.
IN 201641030408
IN 201621026053
CN 107915747
CN 106632393
CN 106565744
CN 104177372
WO 9701562
US 6087358
PAPER
Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2008), 322(5906), 1392-1395.
Paper
PAPER
Huagong Shikan (2010), 24(4), 32-34, 51.
Xiaojin; Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 2008, Vol 18(7), Pg 2256-2262
PAPER
Orita, Akihiro; Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis 2007, Vol 349(13), Pg 2136-2144
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/adsc.200700119
https://application.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2258/2007/f700119_s.pdf
Marsini, Maurice A.; Journal of Organic Chemistry 2010, Vol 75(21), Pg 7479-7482
Scheme 1
aDHP = 3,4-dihydropyran; p-TsOH = p-toluenesulfonic acid; MsOH = methanesulfonic acid.
Scheme 3
aCl3CCN = trichloroacetonitrile; TBME = tert-butylmethyl ether; TfOH = trifluoromethanesulfonic acid.
PAPER
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry (2010), 53(1), 282-294.
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry (2009), 52(3), 637-645.
PATENT
References
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d e “FDA approves new drug for treatment-resistant forms of tuberculosis that affects the lungs”. FDA. 14 August 2019. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
- ^ “Compounds | TB Alliance”. http://www.tballiance.org. Retrieved 2019-04-18.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Abutaleb Y (14 August 2019). “New antibiotic approved for drug-resistant tuberculosis”. Washington Post.
- ^ “TB Medicine Pretomanid Enters Regulatory Review Process in the United States | TB Alliance”. http://www.tballiance.org. Retrieved 2019-04-18.
- ^ “About TB Alliance”. TB Alliance. Retrieved 2019-04-18.
- ^ “PA-824 has a New Generic Name: Pretomanid”. TB Alliance. Retrieved 2019-04-18.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Lenaerts AJ, Gruppo V, Marietta KS, Johnson CM, Driscoll DK, Tompkins NM, Rose JD, Reynolds RC, Orme IM (June 2005). “Preclinical testing of the nitroimidazopyran PA-824 for activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a series of in vitro and in vivo models”. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 49 (6): 2294–301. doi:10.1128/AAC.49.6.2294-2301.2005. PMC 1140539. PMID 15917524.
- ^ FDA News Release. FDA approves new drug for treatment-resistant forms of tuberculosis that affects the lungs.
 |
|
| Legal status | |
|---|---|
| Legal status |
|
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | |
| PubChem CID | |
| ChemSpider | |
| KEGG | |
| ChEMBL | |
| CompTox Dashboard(EPA) | |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C14H12F3N3O5 |
| Molar mass | 359.261 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) | |
//////////////Pretomanid, FDA 2109, プレトマニド , Antibacterial, tuberculostatic, PA-824, ANTI tuberculostatic
FDA approves first treatment Dupixent (Dupilumab) for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration today approved Dupixent (dupilumab) to treat adults with nasal polyps (growths on the inner lining of the sinuses) accompanied by chronic rhinosinusitis (prolonged inflammation of the sinuses and nasal cavity). This is the first treatment approved for inadequately controlled chronic rhinosinusis with nasal polyps.
“Nasal polyps can lead to loss of smell and often patients require surgery to remove the polyps,” said Sally Seymour, M.D., Director of the Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Rheumatology Products in the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. “Dupixent provides an important treatment option for patients whose nasal polyps are not …
- June 26, 2019
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration today approved Dupixent (dupilumab) to treat adults with nasal polyps (growths on the inner lining of the sinuses) accompanied by chronic rhinosinusitis (prolonged inflammation of the sinuses and nasal cavity). This is the first treatment approved for inadequately controlled chronic rhinosinusis with nasal polyps.
“Nasal polyps can lead to loss of smell and often patients require surgery to remove the polyps,” said Sally Seymour, M.D., Director of the Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Rheumatology Products in the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. “Dupixent provides an important treatment option for patients whose nasal polyps are not adequately controlled with intranasal steroids. It also reduces the need for nasal polyp surgery and oral steroids.”
Dupixent is given by injection. The efficacy and safety of Dupixent were established in two studies with 724 patients, 18 years and older with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps who were symptomatic despite taking intranasal corticosteroids. Patients who received Dupixent had statistically significant reductions in their nasal polyp size and nasal congestion compared to the placebo group. Patients taking Dupixent also reported an increased ability to smell and required less nasal polyp surgery and oral steroids.
Dupixent may cause serious allergic reactions and eye problems, such as inflammation of the eye (conjunctivitis) and inflammation of the cornea (keratitis). If patients experience new or worsening eye symptoms, such as redness, itching, pain or visual changes, they should consult their health care professional. The most common side effects reported include injection site reactions as well as eye and eyelid inflammation, which included redness, swelling and itching. Patients receiving Dupixent should avoid receiving live vaccines.
Dupixent was originally approved in 2017 for patients 12 and older with eczema that is not controlled adequately by topical therapies or when those therapies are not advisable. In 2018, Dupixent was approved as an add-on maintenance treatment for patients 12 years and older with moderate-to-severe eosinophilic asthma or with oral corticosteroid-dependent asthma.
The FDA granted this application Priority Review. The approval of Dupixent was granted to Regeneron Pharmaceuticals.
///////////Dupixent, dupilumab, fda 2019, nasal polyps, chronic rhinosinusitis, Priority Review, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals,
Octamoxin, октамоксин , أوكتاموكسين , 奥他莫辛 ,
- Molecular FormulaC8H20N2
- Average mass144.258 Da
References
- ^ “Octamoxin – Compound Summary”. USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information. 26 March 2005. Identification and Related Records. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
- ^ “Dictionary of pharmacological agents – Google Books”.
- ^ “13-06781. Octamoxin [Archived]: The Merck Index”.
- ^ Levy J, Michel-Ber E (1966). “[Relations between the antidepressive effects of octamoxine revealed by 3 pharmacological tests and inhibition of cerebral monoamine oxidase in mice]”. Thérapie (in French). 21 (4): 929–45. PMID 5925088.
- ^ Gayral L, Stern H, Puyuelo R (1966). “[Indications and results of the treatment of mental depression by octamoxine (ximaol)]”. Thérapie (in French). 21 (5): 1183–90. PMID 5976767.
 |
|
| Names | |
|---|---|
| Preferred IUPAC name
1-Methylheptylhydrazine[citation needed]
|
|
| Systematic IUPAC name
Octan-2-ylhydrazine[1]
|
|
| Identifiers | |
|
3D model (JSmol)
|
|
| ChemSpider | |
|
PubChem CID
|
|
| UNII | |
| Properties | |
| C8H20N2 | |
| Molar mass | 144.262 g·mol−1 |
| Density | 0.831 g/mL |
| Boiling point | 228 °C (442 °F; 501 K) |
| Pharmacology | |
| Oral | |
| Related compounds | |
|
Related compounds
|
Tuaminoheptane |
|
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
|
|
CK-101
![N-[3-[2-[2,3-Difluoro-4-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]anilino]quinazolin-8-yl]phenyl]prop-2-enamide.png](https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/image/imgsrv.fcgi?cid=117909640&t=l)
CK-101, RX-518
CAS 1660963-42-7
N-[3-[2-[[2,3-Difluoro-4-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]phenyl]amino]quinazolin-8-yl]phenyl]acrylamide
N-(3-(2-((2,3-Difluoro-4-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)amino)quinazolin-8-yl)phenyl)acrylamide
EGFR-IN-3
UNII-708TLB8J3Y
Suzhou NeuPharma (Originator)
Checkpoint Therapeutics
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Therapy
Solid Tumors Therapy
PHASE 2 Checkpoint Therapeutics, Cancer, lung (non-small cell) (NSCLC), solid tumour
RX518(CK-101) is an orally available third-generation and selective inhibitor of certain epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activating mutations, including the resistance mutation T790M, and the L858R and exon 19 deletion (del 19) mutations, with potential antineoplastic activity.
In August 2019, Suzhou Neupharma and its licensee Checkpoint Therapeutics are developing CK-101 (phase II clinical trial), a novel third-generation, covalent, EGFR inhibitor, as a capsule formulation, for the treatment of cancers including NSCLC and other advanced solid tumors. In September 2017, the FDA granted Orphan Drug designation to this compound, for the treatment of EGFR mutation-positive NSCLC; in January 2018, the capsule was being developed as a class 1 chemical drug in China.
CK-101 (RX-518), a small-molecule inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), is in early clinical development at Checkpoint Therapeutics and Suzhou NeuPharma for the potential treatment of EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and other advanced solid malignancies.
In 2015, Suzhou NeuPharma granted a global development and commercialization license to its EGFR inhibitor program, excluding certain Asian countries, to Coronado Biosciences (now Fortress Biotech). Subsequently, Coronado assigned the newly acquired program to its subsidiary Checkpoint Therapeutics.
In 2017, the product was granted orphan drug designation in the U.S. for the treatment of EGFR mutation-positive NSCLC.
There are at least 400 enzymes identified as protein kinases. These enzymes catalyze the phosphorylation of target protein substrates. The phosphorylation is usually a transfer reaction of a phosphate group from ATP to the protein substrate. The specific structure in the target substrate to which the phosphate is transferred is a tyrosine, serine or threonine residue. Since these amino acid residues are the target structures for the phosphoryl transfer, these protein kinase enzymes are commonly referred to as tyrosine kinases or serine/threonine kinases.
[0003] The phosphorylation reactions, and counteracting phosphatase reactions, at the tyrosine, serine and threonine residues are involved in countless cellular processes that underlie responses to diverse intracellular signals (typically mediated through cellular receptors), regulation of cellular functions, and activation or deactivation of cellular processes. A cascade of protein kinases often participate in intracellular signal transduction and are necessary for the realization of these cellular processes. Because of their ubiquity in these processes, the protein kinases can be found as an integral part of the plasma membrane or as cytoplasmic enzymes or localized in the nucleus, often as components of enzyme complexes. In many instances, these protein kinases are an essential element of enzyme and structural protein complexes that determine where and when a cellular process occurs within a cell.
[0004] The identification of effective small compounds which specifically inhibit signal transduction and cellular proliferation by modulating the activity of tyrosine and serine/threonine kinases to regulate and modulate abnormal or inappropriate cell proliferation, differentiation, or metabolism is therefore desirable. In particular, the identification of compounds that specifically inhibit the function of a kinase which is essential for processes leading to cancer would be beneficial.
[0005] While such compounds are often initially evaluated for their activity when dissolved in solution, solid state characteristics such as polymorphism are also important. Polymorphic forms of a drug substance, such as a kinase inhibitor, can have different physical properties, including melting point, apparent solubility, dissolution rate, optical and mechanical properties, vapor pressure, and density. These properties can have a direct effect on the ability to process or manufacture a drug substance and the drug product. Moreover, differences in these properties
can and often lead to different pharmacokinetics profiles for different polymorphic forms of a drug. Therefore, polymorphism is often an important factor under regulatory review of the ‘sameness’ of drug products from various manufacturers. For example, polymorphism has been evaluated in many multi-million dollar and even multi-billion dollar drugs, such as warfarin sodium, famotidine, and ranitidine. Polymorphism can affect the quality, safety, and/or efficacy of a drug product, such as a kinase inhibitor. Thus, there still remains a need for polymorphs of kinase inhibitors. The present disclosure addresses this need and provides related advantages as well.
PATENT
WO2015027222
https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2015027222
PATENT
WO-2019157225
Crystalline form II-VIII of the compound presumed to be CK-101 (first disclosed in WO2015027222 ), for treating a disorder mediated by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) eg cancer.
SCHEME A
Scheme B
General Procedures
Example 1: Preparation of the compound of Formula I (N-(3-(2-((2,3-difluoro-4-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-l-yl)phenyl)amino)quinazolin-8-yl)phenyl)acrylamide)
[0253] To a solution of l,2,3-trifluoro-4-nitrobenzene (2.5 g, 14 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in DMF (20 mL) was added K2C03 (3.8 g, 28 mmol, 2.0 eq.) followed by 2-(piperazin-l-yl)ethanol (1.8 g, 14 mmol, 1.0 eq.) at 0 °C and the mixture was stirred at r.t. overnight. The mixture was poured into ice-water (200 mL), filtered and dried in vacuo to afford 2-(4-(2,3-difluoro-4-nitrophenyl)piperazin-l-yl)ethanol (2.7 g, 67.5%).
[0254] To a solution of 2-(4-(2,3-difluoro-4-nitrophenyl)piperazin-l-yl)ethanol (2.7 g, 9.0 mmol) in MeOH (30 mL) was added Pd/C (270 mg) and the resulting mixture was stirred at r.t.
overnight. The Pd/C was removed by filtration and the filtrate was concentrated to afford 2-(4-(4-amino-2,3-difluorophenyl)piperazin-l-yl)ethanol (2.39 g, 99% yield) as off-white solid.
[0255] To a solution of 8-bromo-2-chloroquinazoline (15.4 g, 63.6 mmol, 1 eq. ) and (3-aminophenyl)boronic acid (8.7 g, 63.6 mmol, 1 eq.) in dioxane/H20 (200 mL/20 mL) was added Na2C03 (13.5 g, 127.2 mmol, 2 eq.), followed by Pd(dppf)Cl2 (2.6 g, 3.2 mmol, 0.05 eq.) under N2, then the mixture was stirred at 80 °C for 12 h. Then the solution was cooled to r.t.,
concentrated and the residue was purified via column chromatography (PE/EA=3 :2, v/v) to afford 3-(2-chloroquinazolin-8-yl)aniline as yellow solid (8.7 g, 53.7% yield).
[0256] To a solution of 3-(2-chloroquinazolin-8-yl)aniline (8.7 g, 34 mmol, 1 eq.) in DCM ( 200 mL ) cooled in ice-bath was added TEA (9.5 mL, 68 mmol, 2 eq. ), followed by acryloyl chloride (4.1 mL, 51 mmol, 1.5 eq.) dropwise. The resulting mixture was stirred at r.t. for 1 h, then washed with brine, dried over anhydrous N2S04 concentrated and the residue was purified via column chromatography (PE/EA=l : 1, v:v) to afford N-(3-(2-chloroquinazolin-8-yl)phenyl)acryl amide as yellow solid(6.6 g, 65% yield).
[0257] To a suspension of 2-(4-(4-amino-2,3-difluorophenyl)piperazin-l-yl)ethanol (83 mg,
0.32 mmol, 1 eq.) and N-(3-(2-chloroquinazolin-8-yl)phenyl)acrylamide (100 mg, 0.32 mmol, 1 eq.) in n-BuOH (5 mL) was added TFA (68 mg, 0.64 mmol, 2 eq.) and the resulting mixture was stirred at 90 °C overnight. The mixture was concentrated, diluted with DCM (20 mL) , washed with Na2C03 solution (20 mL), dried over anhydrous Na2S04, concentrated and the residue was purified via column chromatography (MeOH/DCM=l/30, v:v) to afford N-(3-(2-((2,3-difluoro-4-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-l-yl)phenyl)amino)quinazolin-8-yl)phenyl)acrylamide as a yellow solid(l6.3 mg, 9.5% yield). LRMS (M+H+) m/z calculated 531.2, found 531.2. 1H NMR
(CD3OD, 400 MHz) d 9.21 (s, 1 H), 7.19-8.01 (m, 10 H), 8.90 (s, 1 H), 6.41-6.49 (m, 3 H), 5.86 (m, 1 H), 3.98-4.01 (m, 3 H), 3.70-3.76 (m, 3 H), 3.40-3.49 (m, 2 H), 3.37-3.39 (m, 4 H), 3.18 (m, 2H).
Example 2. Preparation of Form I of the compound of Formula I
[0258] Crude compound of Formula I (~30 g, 75% of weight based assay) was dissolved in ethyl acetate (3 L) at 55-65 °C under nitrogen. The resulting solution was filtered via silica gel pad and washed with ethyl acetate (3 L><2) at 55-65 °C. The filtrate was concentrated via vacuum at 30-40 °C to ~2.4 L. The mixture was heated up to 75-85 °C and maintained about 1 hour.
Then cooled down to 50-60 °C and maintained about 2 hours. The heat-cooling operation was repeated again and the mixture was then cooled down to 20-30 °C and stirred for 3 hours. The resulting mixture was filtered and washed with ethyl acetate (60 mL><2). The wet cake was dried via vacuum at 30-40 °C to get (about 16 g) of the purified Form I of the compound of Formula I.
Example 3. Preparation of Form III of the compound of Formula I
[0259] The compound of Formula I (2 g) was dissolved in EtOH (40 mL) at 75-85 °C under nitrogen. n-Heptane (40 mL) was added dropwise into reaction at 75-85 °C. The mixture was stirred at 75-85 °C for 1 hour. Then cooled down to 50-60 °C and maintained about 2 hours. The heat-cooling operation was repeated again and continued to cool the mixture down to 20-30 °C and stirred for 3 hours. The resulting mixture was filtered and washed with EtOH/n-Heptane (1/1, 5 mL><2). The wet cake was dried via vacuum at 30-40 °C to get the purified Form III of the compound of Formula I (1.7 g).
Example 4. Preparation of Form IV of the compound of Formula I The crude compound of Formula I (15 g) was dissolved in ethyl acetate (600 mL) at 75-85 °C under nitrogen and treated with anhydrous Na2S04, activated carbon, silica metal scavenger for 1 hour. The resulting mixture was filtered via neutral Al203 and washed with ethyl acetate (300 mL><2) at 75-85 °C. The filtrate was concentrated under vacuum at 30-40 °C and swapped with DCM (150 mL). n-Heptane (75 mL) was added into this DCM solution at 35-45 °C, and then the mixture was cooled down to 20-30 °C slowly. The resulting mixture was filtered and washed with DCM/n-Heptane (2/1, 10 mL><3). The wet cake was dried via vacuum at 35-40 °C to get the purified Form IV of the compound of Formula I (9.6 g).
Example 5. Preparation of Form V of the compound of Formula I
[0260] Polymorph Form III of the compound of Formula I was dried in oven at 80 °C for 2 days to obtain the polymorph Form V.
Example 6. Preparation of Form VI of the compound of Formula I
[0261] The compound of Formula I (1 g) was dissolved in IPA (20 mL) at 75-85 °C under nitrogen. n-Heptane (20 mL) was added dropwise into reaction at 75-85 °C. The mixture was stirred at 45-55 °C for 16 hours. Then heated up to 75-85 °C and maintained about 0.5 hour.
Then cooled down to 45-55 °C for 0.5 hour and continued to cool the mixture down to 20-30 °C and stirred for 3 hours. Filtered and washed with IPA/n-Heptane (1/1, 3 mL><2). The wet cake was dried via vacuum at 75-80 °C for 2 hours to get the purified Form VI of the compound of Formula I.
Example 7. Preparation of Form VIII of the compound of Formula I
[0262] The polymorph Form VI of the compound of Formula I was dried in oven at 80 °C for 2 days to obtain the polymorph Form VIII.
Example 8. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD)
[0263] X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) patterns were obtained on a Bruker D8 Advance. A CuK source (=1.54056 angstrom) operating minimally at 40 kV and 40 mA scans each sample between 4 and 40 degrees 2-theta. The step size is 0.05°C and scan speed is 0.5 second per step.
Example 9. Thermogravimetric Analyses (TGA)
[0264] Thermogravimetric analyses were carried out on a TA Instrument TGA unit (Model TGA 500). Samples were heated in platinum pans from ambient to 300 °C at 10 °C/min with a nitrogen purge of 60mL/min (sample purge) and 40mL/min (balance purge). The TGA temperature was calibrated with nickel standard, MP=354.4 °C. The weight calibration was performed with manufacturer-supplied standards and verified against sodium citrate dihydrate desolvation.
Example 10. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
[0265] Differential scanning calorimetry analyses were carried out on a TA Instrument DSC unit (Model DSC 1000 or 2000). Samples were heated in non-hermetic aluminum pans from ambient to 300 °C at 10 °C/min with a nitrogen purge of 50mL/min. The DSC temperature was calibrated with indium standard, onset of l56-l58°C, enthalpy of 25-29J/g.
Example 11. Hygroscopicity (DVS)
[0266] The moisture sorption profile was generated at 25°C using a DVS Moisture Balance Flow System (Model Advantage) with the following conditions: sample size approximately 5 to 10 mg, drying 25°C for 60 minutes, adsorption range 0% to 95% RH, desorption range 95% to 0% RH, and step interval 5%. The equilibrium criterion was <0.01% weight change in 5 minutes for a maximum of 120 minutes.
Example 12: Microscopy
[0267] Microscopy was performed using a Leica DMLP polarized light microscope equipped with 2.5X, 10X and 20X objectives and a digital camera to capture images showing particle shape, size, and crystallinity. Crossed polars were used to show birefringence and crystal habit for the samples dispersed in immersion oil.
Example 13: HPLC
[0256] HPLCs were preformed using the following instrument and/or conditions.
///////////////CK-101 , CK 101 , CK101 , phase II , Suzhou Neupharma, Checkpoint Therapeutics , Orphan Drug designation, EGFR mutation-positive NSCLC, NSCLC, CANCER, SOLID TUMOUR, China, RX-518, AK543910
OCCN1CCN(CC1)c5ccc(Nc2nc3c(cccc3cn2)c4cccc(NC(=O)C=C)c4)c(F)c5F
Labetalol Hydrochloride, ラベタロール ,
Labetalol
ラベタロール;
- Molecular FormulaC19H24N2O3
- Average mass328.405 Da
Labetalol hydrochloride, AH-5158A, Sch-15719W, Amipress, Trandate, Normodyne
Labetalol was granted FDA approval on 1 August 1984
Presolol; (RS)-2-Hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(1-methyl-3-phenylpropyl)amino]ethyl}benzamide; 5-[1-Hydroxy-2-[(1-methyl-3-phenyl propyl)amino]ethyl]salicylamide
A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.
- AH 5158
- Albetol
- EC 253-258-3
- EINECS 253-258-3
- HSDB 6537
- Ibidomide
- Labetalol
- Labetalolum
- Labetalolum [INN-Latin]
- Labetolol
- SCH 15719W
- UNII-R5H8897N95
Labetalol hydrochloride
- CAS Number 32780-64-6,
- Empirical Formula (Hill Notation) C19H24N2O3 · HCl,
- Molecular Weight 364.87
REF https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/anda/98/74787_Labetalol%20Hydrochloride_Chemr.pdf
RR
CAS 75659-07-3
- (R,R)-Labetalol
- Dilevalol
- Dilevalolum
- Dilevalolum [Latin]
- UNII-P6629XE33T
Labetalol is a racemic mixture of 2 diastereoisomers where dilevalol, the R,R’ stereoisomer, makes up 25% of the mixture.8 Labetalol is formulated as an injection or tablets to treat hypertension
Labetalol is a medication used to treat high blood pressure and in long term management of angina.[1][2] This includes essential hypertension, hypertensive emergencies, and hypertension of pregnancy.[2] In essential hypertension it is generally less preferred than a number of other blood pressure medications.[1] It can be given by mouth or by injection into a vein.[1]
Common side effects include low blood pressure with standing, dizziness, feeling tired, and nausea.[1] Serious side effects may include low blood pressure, liver problems, heart failure, and bronchospasm.[1] Use appears safe in the latter part of pregnancy and it is not expected to cause problems during breastfeeding.[2][3] It works by blocking the activation of β-receptors and α-receptors.[1]
Labetalol was patented in 1966 and came into medical use in 1977.[4] It is available as a generic medication.[2] A month supply in the United Kingdom costs the NHS about 8 £ as of 2019.[2] In the United States the wholesale cost of this amount is about US$12.[5] In 2016 it was the 233rd most prescribed medication in the United States with more than 2
Medical uses
Labetalol is effective in the management of hypertensive emergencies, postoperative hypertension, pheochromocytoma-associated hypertension, and rebound hypertension from beta blocker withdrawal. [7]
It has a particular indication in the treatment of pregnancy-induced hypertension which is commonly associated with pre-eclampsia. [8]
It is also used as an alternative in the treatment of severe hypertension.[7]
Special populations
Pregnancy: studies in lab animals showed no harm to the baby. However, a comparable well-controlled study has not been performed in pregnant women.[9]
Nursing: breast milk has been shown to contain small amounts of labetalol (0.004% original dose). Prescribers should be cautious in the use of labetalol for nursing mothers.[9]
Pediatric: no studies have established safety or usefulness in this population.[9]
Geriatric: the elderly are more likely to experience dizziness when taking labetalol. Labetalol should be dosed with caution in the elderly and counseled on this side effect.[9]
Side effects
Common
- Neurologic: headache (2%), dizziness (11%) [9]
- Gastrointestinal: nausea (6%), dyspepsia (3%) [9]
- Cholinergic: nasal congestion (3%), ejaculation failure (2%) [9]
- Respiratory: dyspnea (2%) [9]
- Other: fatigue (5%), vertigo (2%), orthostatic hypotension [9]
Low blood pressure with standing is more severe and more common with IV formulation (58% vs 1%[9]) and is often the reason larger doses of the oral formulation cannot be used.[10]
Rare
- Fever [9]
- Muscle cramps [9]
- Dry eyes [9]
- Heart block [9]
- Hyperkalemia [9]
- Hepatotoxicity [9]
- Drug eruption similar to lichen planus[11]
- Hypersensitivity – which may result in a lethal respiratory distress[9]
Contraindications
Labetalol is contraindicated in people with overt cardiac failure, greater-than-first-degree heart block, severe bradycardia, cardiogenic shock, severe hypotension, anyone with a history of obstructive airway disease including asthma, and those with hypersensitivity to the drug.[12]
Chemistry
The minimum requirement for adrenergic agents is a primary or secondary amine separated from a substituted benzene ring by one or two carbons.[13] This configuration results in strong agonist activity. As the size of the substituent attached to the amine becomes greater, particularly with respect to a t-butyl group, then the molecule typically is found to have receptor affinity without intrinsic activity, and is, therefore, an antagonist.[13] Labetalol, with its 1-methyl-3-phenylpropyl substituted amine, is greater in size relative to a t-butyl group and therefore acts predominantly as an antagonist. The overall structure of labetalol is very polar. This was created by substituting the isopropyl group in the standard beta-blocker structure with an aralkyl group, including a carboxamide group on the meta position, and by adding a hydroxyl group on the para position.[14]
Labetalol has two chiral carbons and consequently exists as four stereoisomers.[15] Two of these isomers, the (S,S)- and (R,S)- forms are inactive. The third, the (S,R)-isomer, is a powerful α1 blocker. The fourth isomer, the (R,R)-isomer which is also known as dilevalol, is a mixed nonselective β blocker and selective α1 blocker.[14] Labetalol is typically given as a racemic mixture to achieve both alpha and beta receptor blocking activity.[16]
| Stereoisomers of labetalol | |
|---|---|
-Labetalol_Structural_Formula_V1.svg) (R,R)-Labetalol CAS number: 75659-07-3 |
-Labetalol_Structural_Formula_V1.svg) (S,S)-Labetalol CAS number: 83167-24-2 |
-Labetalol_Structural_Formula_V1.svg) (R,S)-Labetalol CAS number: 83167-32-2 |
-Labetalol_Structural_Formula_V1.svg) (S,R)-Labetalol CAS number: 83167-31-1 |
Labetalol acts by blocking alpha and beta adrenergic receptors, resulting in decreased peripheral vascular resistance without significant alteration of heart rate or cardiac output.
The β:α antagonism of labetalol is approximately 3:1.[17][18]
It is chemically designated in International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) nomenclature as 2-hydroxy-5-[1-hydroxy-2-[(1-methyl-3-phenylpropyl)amino]ethyl]benzamide monohydrochloride.[16][19]
Pharmacology
Mechanism of action
Labetalol’s dual alpha and beta adrenergic antagonism has different physiological effects in short- and long-term situations. In short-term, acute situations, labetalol decreases blood pressure by decreasing systemic vascular resistance with little effect on stroke volume, heart rate and cardiac output.[20] During long-term use, labetalol can reduce heart rate during exercise while maintaining cardiac output by an increase in stroke volume.[21]
Labetalol is a dual alpha (α1) and beta (β1/β2) adrenergic receptor blocker and competes with other Catecholamines for binding to these sites.[22] Its action on these receptors are potent and reversible.[12] Labetalol is highly selective for postsynaptic alpha1- adrenergic, and non-selective for beta-adrenergic receptors. It is about equipotent in blocking both beta1- and beta2- receptors.[14]
The amount of alpha to beta blockade depends on whether labetalol is administered orally or intravenously (IV). Orally, the ratio of alpha to β blockade is 1:3. Intravenously, alpha to β blockade ratio is 1:7.[14][12] Thus, the labetalol can be thought to be a beta-blocker with some alpha-blocking effects.[12][22][23] By comparison, labetalol is a weaker β-blocker than propranolol, and has a weaker affinity for alpha-receptors compared to Phentolamine.[14][22]
Labetalol possesses intrinsic sympathomimetic activity.[23] In particular, it is a partial agonist at beta2- receptors located in the vascular smooth muscle. Labetalol relaxes vascular smooth muscle by a combination of this partial beta2- agonism and through alpha1- blockade.[23][24] Overall, this vasodilatory effect can decrease blood pressure.[25]
Similar to local anesthetics and sodium channel blocking antiarrhythmics, labetalol also has membrane stabilizing activity.[23][26] By decreasing sodium entry, labetalol decreases action potential firing and thus has local anesthetic activity.[27]
Physiological action
The physiological effects of labetalol when administered acutely (intravenously) are not predictable solely by their receptor blocking effect, i.e. blocking beta1- receptors should decrease heart rate, but labetalol does not. When labetalol is given in acute situations, it decreases the peripheral vascular resistance and systemic blood pressure while having little effect on the heart rate, cardiac output and stroke volume, despite its alpha1-, beta1- and beta2- blocking mechanism.[20][21] These effects are mainly seen when the person is in the upright position.[25]
Long term labetalol use also has different effects from other beta-blocking drugs. Other beta-blockers, such as propranolol, persistently reduce cardiac output during exercise. The peripheral vascular resistance decreases when labetalol is first administered. Continuous labetalol use further decreases peripheral vascular resistance. However, during exercise, cardiac output remains the same due to a compensatory mechanism that increases stroke volume. Thus, labetalol is able to reduce heart rate during exercise while maintaining cardiac output by the increase in stroke volume.[21]
Pharmacokinetics
Labetalol, in animal models, was found to cross the blood-brain-barrier in only negligible amounts.[28]
History
Labetalol was the first drug created that combined both alpha- and beta- adrenergic receptor blocking properties. It was created to potentially fix the compensatory reflex issue that occurred when blocking a single receptor subtype, i.e. vasoconstriction after blocking beta-receptors or tachycardia after blocking alpha receptors. Because the reflex from blocking the single receptor subtypes acted to prevent the lowering of blood pressure, it was postulated that weak blocking of both alpha- and beta- receptors could work together to decrease blood pressure.[14][21]
Syn 1
Drugs Fut 1976,1(3),125
DE 1643224; FR 1557677; FR 8010M; GB 1200886; US 3642896; US 3644353; US 3705233
Condensation of 5-bromoacetylsalicylamide (I) with N-benzyl-N-(1-methyl-3-phenylpropyl)amine (II) in refluxing butanone to 5-(N-benzyl-N-(1-methyl-3-phenylpropyl) glycyl)salicylamide hydrochloride (III), m.p. 139-141 C, which is reduced with H2 over Pt-Pd/C in ethanol.
SYN 2
Reductocondensation of 5-(N,N-dibenzylglycyl)salicylamide (IV) and benzylace-tone (V) with H2 over Pd-Pt/C in methanol – acetic acid.
SYN 3
Reaction of methyl 5-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)salicylate hydrochloride (VI) with NH3 to 5-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)salicylamide hydrochloride (VII), m.p. >360 C, which is finally condensed with benzylacetone (V) and reduced with H2 over Pd-Pt/C in methanol.
SYN 4
SYN 5
2-hydroxy-5-(1-hydroxy-2-((1-methyl-3-phenylpropyl)amino)ethyl)-, monohydrochloride, could be produced through many synthetic methods.
Following is one of the synthesis routes: 5-Bromoacetylsalicylamide (I) with N-benzyl-N-(1-methyl-3-phenylpropyl)amine (II) is condensed in the presence of refluxing butanone to produce 5-(N-benzyl-N-(1-methyl-3-phenylpropyl) glycyl)salicylamide hydrochloride (III), m.p. 139-141 C, and next the yielding compound is reduced with H2 over Pt-Pd/C in ethanol.
SYN 6
https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2017098520A1/en
aration of Labetaiol Hydrochloride of
Scheme -I illustrates the process for preparation of Labetaiol Hydrochloride of formula (I).
30% NaOH
Step – Sodium borohydride
Pure Labetaiol Hydrochloride (I)
aration of Labetaiol Hydrochloride of
Scheme -I illustrates the process for preparation of Labetaiol Hydrochloride of formula (I).
30% NaOH
Step – Sodium borohydride
Pure Labetaiol Hydrochloride (I)
SYN
https://patents.google.com/patent/EP0009702A1/en
-
The substance labetalol is known from British patent specification 1,266,058 and U.S.P. 4,012,444. Its pharmacological properties are discussed by Farmer et. al. in British Journal of Pharmacology, 45: 660-675 (1972), who designate it AH5158; it is shown to block a- and β-adrenergic receptors, suggesting that it would be useful in the treatment of arrhythmia, hypertension and angina pectoris.
- [0003]
The unique pharmacological properties of labetalol and its use as an antihypertensive agent are said to be largely a function of the exquisite balance of its a- and a-blocking activities. The file history of U.S.P. 4,012,444 indeed indicates that slight changes in the chemical structure of labetalol deleteriously affect this balance, and, even in the few analogous compounds where the balance is retained, the absolute potencies of these compounds are shown to be too low for them to be useful antihypertensive agents. Therefore, in the treatment of hypertension, labetalol is the compound of choice among those disclosed in British patent specification 1,266,058 and U.S.P. 4,012,444.
- [0004]
Labetalol has two asymmetrically substituted carbon atoms and therefore can exist as two diastereoisomers and four optical isomers. Indeed, British patent specification 1,266,058 and U.S.P. 4,012,444 disclose that compounds such as labetalol have optically active forms, but give no example of an optically active form. These patent specifications .teach that “the racemic mixtures may be resolved by conventional methods, for example by salt formation with an optically active acid, followed by fractional crystallization”, but give no method of resolution. Example 14 of each specifi– cation does indeed describe the separation of labetalol into two diastereoisomers “1” and “2”, using benzoic acid, but this is not an optical resolution. In British patent specifications 1,541,932 and 1,541,933, “isomer 1” is designated “diastereoisomer A” and is characterised as that diastereoisomer whose hydrochloride salt has the higher melting point. These two British patent specifications also disclose that diastereoisomer A is a valuable antiarrhythmic agent since it has strongly reduced β-adrenergic blocking activity and is therefore useful in the treatment of people who have suffered myocardial infarction.
- [0005]
We have now discovered that diastereoisomer A is composed of the (S,R) and (R,S) optical isomers of labetalol, whereas diastereoisomer B is composed of the (S,S) and (R,R) optical isomers. We have also-surprisingly found that the novel (R,R) optical isomer of labetalol exhibits, in comparison with labetalol itself, both an unexpectedly high increase in β-adrenergic blocking potency and a decrease in a-adrenergic blocking potency. Thus, when the (R,R) optical isomer is compared with labetalol, the ratio of the β-adrenergic blocking potency to the a-adrenergic blocking potency is found to be greatly and unexpectedly increased. In particular, animal tests have indicated that the (R,R) optical isomer has about twelve times the β-blocking potency of labetalol, but only about one third of the a-blocking potency of labetalol. These. properties could in no way have been predicted theoretically, especially as the β-blocking potency of diastereoisomer B is not significantly different from that of labetalol and the a-blocking potency of diastereoisomer B is half that of labetalol. Indeed, it is clear, when the activities of the four optical isomers of labetalol are compared, that the activities of the diastereoisomers A and B and indeed of labetalol itself cannot be calculated from the activities of their components. One can put this the other way around by saying that the α-and β-blocking activities of the four optical isomers of labetalol do not merely average to give the a- and β-blocking activites of labetalol and of its diastereoisomers A and B. Some of the activities are much greater than could ever have been expected on a simple basis of mathematical proportions, in particular the high β-blocking activity of the (R,R) optical isomer: this activity is much higher than the β-blocking activity of diastereoisomer B so that antagonism evidently exists between the (S,S) and (R,R) optical isomers with respect to the β-blocking activity. This degree of antagonism could in no way have been foreseen. In the absence of this antagonism, the (R,R) optical isomer shows a balance of properties that make it the optical isomer of choice in the treatment of hypertension. In particular, the (R,R) optical isomer possesses potent antihypertensive activity and rapid onset of activity while substantially lacking the undesirable side-effects usually associated with a-blockade, e.g. postural hypotension.
-
The following Table shows the relationships between labetalol, its diastereoisomersA and B and the four pure optical isomers; below each compound are given its potencies as an a-blocking and then as a β-blocking agent, all relative to the values for labetalol (assigned values 1.0 for each blocking activity):
This table clearly shows the unexpectedly high β-blocking activity and ratio of β-:α-blocking activities possessed by the (R,R)-optical isomer. Additionally, the (R,R)–optical isomer has been found to possess greater direct peripheral vasodilation activity than labetalol, and this also contributes to its anti-hypertensive activity. Moreover, the (R,R)-optical isomer is substantially non-toxic at therapeutic doses.
- [0007]
According to the invention therefore we provide the (R,R)-optical isomer of labetalol, namely 5- {(R)–1-hydroxy-2-[(R)-(1-methyl-3-phenylpropyl)amino]ethyl} salicylamide, which can be characterised by means of its hydrochloride salt which is dimorphic with m.pts. of about 133-134°C. and about 192-193.5°C. and an [α]D 26 of about -30.6° (conc. 1 mg./ml., ethanol), said (R,R) optical isomer being substantially free of the corresponding (R,S), (S,R) and (S,S) optical isomers
reaction scheme:
- E. (-)-5- { (R)-l-Hydroxy-2-[(R)-(l-methyl-3-phenylpropyl)-amino]ethyl} salicylamide hydrochloride salt (9)
- [0032]
Treat a solution of 3.0 g. (0.0059 mol.) of 2-0-benzyl-5-{(R) -1-hydroxy-2-[(R)-(1-methyl-3-phenylpropyl)benzylamino]ethyl} salicylamide in 30 ml. of ethyl ether with 2N ethereal hydrogen chloride until no further precipitation occurs. Wash the precipitated 2-0-benzyl-5-{(R)-1-hydroxy-2-[(R)-(1-methyl–3-phenylpropyl)benzylamino]ethyl} salicylamide hydrochloride with ether to remove excess hydrogen chloride and dissolve it in 100 ml. ethanol. To the ethanol solution add 300 mg. of a 20% palladium hydroxide on carbon catalyst and hydrogenate (3 atm.; 3.1 kg. cm.-2) in a Paar apparatus with shaking at room temperature for 3 hours. Filter off the catalyst, evaporate, and triturate the solid residue with isopropanol. Dissolve the solid in 11 ml. of 1N sodium hydroxide, adjust the pH to about 8 and precipitate the free base by bubbling in carbon dioxide. Collect the free base, wash it with water and dry it in vacuo at 40°C. Chromatograph the free base on 450 g. of silica gel and dissolve the pure product in 20 ml. of boiling acetonitrile. Cool the solution and carefully acidify with 2N ethereal HC1 to about pH2. Solidify the gum which precipitates by refluxing the mixture for 10 minutes, filter off the solid, wash it with ethyl ether and recrystallize it from ethanol to obtain analytically pure product (9), m.p. 192-193.5°C.(dec.), [α]D26 = -30.6° (c=1.0, ethanol).
Dilevalol
Synonyms:(R,R)-Labetalol
ATC:C02CB
- Use:α- and β-adrenoceptor antagonist, α- and β-blocker, isomer of labetalol, antihypertensive
- Chemical name:[R-(R*,R*)]-2-hydroxy-5-[1-hydroxy-2-[(1-methyl-3-phenylpropyl)amino]ethyl]benzamide
- Formula:C19H24N2O3
- MW:328.41 g/mol
- CAS-RN:75659-07-3
- LD50:1719 mg/kg (M, p.o.);
1228 mg/kg (R, p.o.)
Derivatives
Monohydrochloride
- Formula:C19H24N2O3 • HCl
- MW:364.87 g/mol
- CAS-RN:75659-08-4
- LD50:1079 mg/kg (M, p.o.);
82 mg/kg (R, i.v.); 1026 mg/kg (R, p.o.)
Synthesis Path
 |
|
| Clinical data | |
|---|---|
| Pronunciation | /ləˈbɛtəlɔːl/ |
| Trade names | Normodyne, Trandate, others |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a685034 |
| Pregnancy category |
|
| Routes of administration |
By mouth, intravenous |
| ATC code | |
| Legal status | |
| Legal status |
|
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | 25% |
| Protein binding | 50% |
| Metabolism | Liver pass metabolism, |
| Elimination half-life | Tablet: 6-8 hours; IV: 5.5 hours |
| Excretion | Excreted in urine, not removed by hemodialysis |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | |
| PubChem CID | |
| IUPHAR/BPS | |
| DrugBank | |
| ChemSpider | |
| UNII | |
| KEGG | |
| ChEBI | |
| ChEMBL | |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.048.401  |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C19H24N2O3 |
| Molar mass | 328.412 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) | |
| Chirality | Racemic mixture |
References
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f “Labetalol Hydrochloride Monograph for Professionals”. Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d e British national formulary : BNF 76 (76 ed.). Pharmaceutical Press. 2018. pp. 147–148. ISBN 9780857113382.
- ^ “Labetalol Use During Pregnancy”. Drugs.com. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
- ^ Fischer, Jnos; Ganellin, C. Robin (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. p. 463. ISBN 9783527607495.
- ^ “NADAC as of 2019-02-27”. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
- ^ “The Top 300 of 2019”. clincalc.com. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Koda-Kimble, Mary A.; Alldredge, Brian K. (2013). “21”. Koda-Kimble and Young’s Applied Therapeutic: The Clinical Use of Drugs. Philadelphia: Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-1-60913-713-7.
- ^ Arulkumaran, N; Lightstone, L (December 2013). “Severe pre-eclampsia and hypertensive crises”. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 27 (6): 877–84. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2013.07.003. PMID 23962474.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q “Trandate” (PDF). Prometheus Laboratories Inc. November 2010. Retrieved 3 November 2015.
- ^ “Labetalol hydrochloride” (PDF). Hospira. May 2015. Retrieved 3 November 2015.
- ^ Shiohara T, Kano Y (2007). “Lichen planus and lichenoid dermatoses”. In Bolognia JL (ed.). Dermatology. St. Louis: Mosby. p. 161. ISBN 978-1-4160-2999-1.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d “Labetalol [package insert]. Spring Valley, NY: Par Pharmaceutical; 2011” (PDF). Retrieved 2015-11-03.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Medicinal Chemistry of Adrenergics and Cholinergics
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f Louis, W.J.; McNeill, JJ; Drummer, OH (1988). Doyle, AE (ed.). Labetalol and other vasodilator/Beta-blocking drugs. IN: Handbook of Hypertension. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Sciences Publishing Co. pp. 246–273. ISBN 978-0-444-90469-0.
- ^ Riva E, Mennini T, Latini R (December 1991). “The alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor blocking activities of labetalol and its RR-SR (50:50) stereoisomers”. Br. J. Pharmacol. 104 (4): 823–8. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1991.tb12513.x. PMC 1908821. PMID 1687367.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Robertson D, Biaggioni, I. Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drugs. In: Katzung BG, Masters SB, Trevor AJ, eds. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology. 12th ed. San Francisco, CA: McGraw Hill Lange Medical; 2012: 151-168. ISBN 978-0-07-176401-8.
- ^ Katzung, Bertram G. (2006). Basic and clinical pharmacology. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 170. ISBN 978-0-07-145153-6.
- ^ D A Richards; J Tuckman; B N Prichard (October 1976). “Assessment of alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor blocking actions of labetalol”. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 3 (5): 849–855. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1976.tb00637.x. PMC 1428931. PMID 9968.
- ^ “labetalol | C19H24N2O3 – PubChem”. pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2015-11-04.
- ^ Jump up to:a b MacCarthy, E. P.; Bloomfield, S. S. (1983-08-01). “Labetalol: a review of its pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses and adverse effects”. Pharmacotherapy. 3(4): 193–219. doi:10.1002/j.1875-9114.1983.tb03252.x. ISSN 0277-0008. PMID 6310529.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d Louis, W. J.; McNeil, J. J.; Drummer, O. H. (1984-01-01). “Pharmacology of combined alpha-beta-blockade. I”. Drugs. 28 Suppl 2: 16–34. doi:10.2165/00003495-198400282-00003. ISSN 0012-6667. PMID 6151889.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c Robertson, D; Biaggioni, I (2012). Katzung, BG (ed.). Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drugs IN: Basic & Clinical Pharmacology (12 ed.). San Francisco: McGraw Hill Lange Medical. pp. 151–168. ISBN 978-0-07-176401-8.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d Westfall, David P (2004). Craig, Charles R (ed.). Adrenoreceptor Antagonists IN: Modern Pharmacology with Clinical Applications (6th ed.). Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 109–117. ISBN 978-0781737623.
- ^ Lund-Johansen, P. (1988-01-01). “Hemodynamic effects of beta-blocking compounds possessing vasodilating activity: a review of labetalol, prizidilol, and dilevalol”. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 11 Suppl 2: S12–17. doi:10.1097/00005344-198800000-00004. ISSN 0160-2446. PMID 2464093.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Lund-Johansen, P. (1984-01-01). “Pharmacology of combined alpha-beta-blockade. II. Haemodynamic effects of labetalol”. Drugs. 28 Suppl 2: 35–50. doi:10.2165/00003495-198400282-00004. ISSN 0012-6667. PMID 6151890.
- ^ Mottram, Allan R.; Erickson, Timothy B. (2009). Field, John (ed.). Toxicology in Emergency Cardiovascular Care IN: The Textbook of Emergency Cardiovascular Care and CPR. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott WIlliams & Wilkins. pp. 443–452. ISBN 978-0-7817-8899-1.
- ^ Exam Zone (1 January 2009). Elsevier Comprehensive Guide. Elsevier India. pp. 449–. ISBN 978-81-312-1620-0.
- ^ Detlev Ganten; Patrick J. Mulrow (6 December 2012). Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Therapeutics. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 147–. ISBN 978-3-642-74209-5.
External links
References
-
- EP 9 702 (Schering Corp.; appl. 17.9.1979; USA-prior. 20.9.1978).
-
Improvement of diastereomer separation:
- DOS 2 616 403 (Scherico; appl. 14.4.1976; USA-prior. 17.4.1975).
- US 4 173 583 (Schering Corp.; 6.11.1979; appl. 21.9.1978; prior. 17.4.1975).
-
Synthesis without chromatographic purification:
- EP 92 787 (Schering Corp.; appl. 20.4.1983; USA-prior. 26.4.1982).
-
Chiral reduction of IV:
- Clifton, J.E. et al.: J. Med. Chem. (JMCMAR) 25, 670 (1982).
- Gold, E.H. et al.: J. Med. Chem. (JMCMAR) 25, 1363 (1982).
- EP 382 157 (Schering Corp.; appl. 6.2.1990; USA-prior. 10.2.1989, 26.9.1989).
- US 4 948 732 (Schering Corp.; 14.8.1990; prior. 26.9.1989, 10.2.1989).
FDA approves new add-on drug Nourianz (istradefylline) to treat off episodes in adults with Parkinson’s disease
READ AT https://newdrugapprovals.org/2016/04/25/istradefylline/
FDA approves new add-on drug Nourianz (istradefylline) to treat off episodes in adults with Parkinson’s disease
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration today approved Nourianz (istradefylline) tablets as an add-on treatment to levodopa/carbidopa in adult patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) experiencing “off” episodes. An “off” episode is a time when a patient’s medications are not working well, causing an increase in PD symptoms, such as tremor and difficulty walking.
“Parkinson’s disease is a debilitating condition that profoundly impacts patients’ lives,” said Eric Bastings, M.D., acting director of the Division of Neurology Products in the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. “We are committed to helping make additional treatments for Parkinson’s disease available to patients.”
According to the National Institutes of Health, PD is the second-most common neurodegenerative disorder in the U.S. after Alzheimer’s disease. An estimated 50,000 Americans are diagnosed with PD each year, and about one million Americans have the condition. The neurological disorder typically occurs in people over age 60, although it can occur earlier. It happens when cells in the brain, which produce a chemical called dopamine, become impaired or die. Dopamine helps transmit signals between the areas of the brain that produce smooth, purposeful movements – such as eating, writing, and shaving. Early symptoms of the disease are subtle and typically worsen gradually; however, the disease progresses more quickly in some people than in others.
The effectiveness of Nourianz in treating “off” episodes in patients with PD who are already being treated with levodopa/carbidopa was shown in four 12-week placebo-controlled clinical studies that included a total of 1,143 participants. In all four studies, patients treated with Nourianz experienced a statistically significant decrease from baseline in daily “off” time compared to patients receiving a placebo.
The most common adverse reactions observed in patients taking Nourianz were involuntary muscle movement (dyskinesia), dizziness, constipation, nausea, hallucination and sleeplessness (insomnia). Patients should be monitored for development of dyskinesia or exacerbation of existing dyskinesia. If hallucinations, psychotic behavior, or impulsive/compulsive behavior occurs, a dosage reduction or stoppage of Nourianz should be considered. Use of Nourianz during pregnancy is not recommended. Women of childbearing potential should be advised to use contraception during treatment.
The FDA granted approval of Nourianz to Kyowa Kirin, Inc.
////// Nourianz, istradefylline, Kyowa Kirin, FDA 2019, Parkinson’s disease
FDA approves treatment Inrebic (fedratinib) for patients with rare bone marrow disorder
FDA approves treatment Inrebic (fedratinib) for patients with rare bone marrow disorder
Today, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved Inrebic (fedratinib) capsules to treat adult patients with certain types of myelofibrosis.
“Prior to today, there was one FDA-approved drug to treat patients with myelofibrosis, a rare bone marrow disorder. Our approval today provides another option for patients,” said Richard Pazdur, M.D., director of the FDA’s Oncology Center of Excellence and acting director of the Office of Hematology and Oncology Products in the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. “The FDA is committed to encouraging the development of treatments for patients with rare diseases and providing alternative options, as not all patients respond in the same way.”
Myelofibrosis is a chronic disorder where scar tissue forms in the bone marrow and the production of the blood cells moves from the bone marrow to the spleen and liver, causing organ enlargement. It can cause extreme fatigue, shortness of breath, pain below the ribs, fever, night sweats, itching and bone pain. When myelofibrosis occurs on its own, it is called primary myelofibrosis. Secondary myelofibrosis occurs when there is excessive red blood cell production (polycythemia vera) or excessive platelet production (essential thrombocythemia) that evolves into myelofibrosis.
Jakafi (ruxolitinib) was approved by the FDA in 2011. The approval of Inrebic for intermediate-2 or high-risk primary or secondary (post-polycythemia vera or post-essential thrombocythemia) myelofibrosis was based on the results of a clinical trial where 289 patients with myelofibrosis were randomized to receive two different doses (400 mg or 500 mg daily by mouth) of fedratinib or placebo. The clinical trial showed that 35 of 96 patients treated with the fedratinib 400 mg daily dose (the dose recommended in the approved label) experienced a significant therapeutic effect (measured by greater than or equal to a 35% reduction from baseline in spleen volume at the end of cycle 6 (week 24) as measured by an MRI or CT scan with a follow-up scan four weeks later). As a result of treatment with Inrebic, 36 patients experienced greater than or equal to a 50% reduction in myelofibrosis-related symptoms, such as night sweats, itching, abdominal discomfort, feeling full sooner than normal, pain under ribs on left side, and bone or muscle pain.
The prescribing information for Inrebic includes a Boxed Warning to advise health care professionals and patients about the risk of serious and fatal encephalopathy (brain damage or malfunction), including Wernicke’s, which is a neurologic emergency related to a deficiency in thiamine. Health care professionals are advised to assess thiamine levels in all patients prior to starting Inrebic, during treatment and as clinically indicated. If encephalopathy is suspected, Inrebic should be immediately discontinued.
Common side effects for patients taking Inrebic are diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, fatigue and muscle spasms. Health care professionals are cautioned that patients may experience severe anemia (low iron levels) and thrombocytopenia (low level of platelets in the blood). Patients should be monitored for gastrointestinal toxicity and for hepatic toxicity (liver damage). The dose should be reduced or stopped if a patient develops severe diarrhea, nausea or vomiting. Treatment with anti-diarrhea medications may be recommended. Patients may develop high levels of amylase and lipase in their blood and should be managed by dose reduction or stopping the mediation. Inrebic must be dispensed with a patient Medication Guide that describes important information about the drug’s uses and risks.
The FDA granted this application Priority Review designation. Inrebic also received Orphan Drug designation, which provides incentives to assist and encourage the development of drugs for rare diseases. The FDA granted the approval of Inrebic to Impact Biomedicines, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Celgene Corporation.
LINK
///////Inrebic , fedratinib, FDA 2019, Priority Review , Orphan Drug, Biomedicines, Celgene , bone marrow disorder
FDA approves third oncology drug Rozlytrek (entrectinib) that targets a key genetic driver of cancer, rather than a specific type of tumor
FDA also approves drug for second indication in a type of lung cancer
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration today granted accelerated approval to Rozlytrek (entrectinib), a treatment for adult and adolescent patients whose cancers have the specific genetic defect, NTRK (neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase) gene fusion and for whom there are no effective treatments.
“We are in an exciting era of innovation in cancer treatment as we continue to see development in tissue agnostic therapies, which have the potential to transform cancer treatment. We’re seeing continued advances in the use of biomarkers to guide drug development and the more targeted delivery of medicine,” said FDA Acting Commissioner Ned Sharpless, M.D. “Using the FDA’s expedited review pathways, including breakthrough therapy designation and accelerated approval process, we’re supporting this innovation in precision oncology drug development and the evolution of more targeted and effective treatments for cancer patients. We remain committed to encouraging the advancement of more targeted innovations in oncology treatment and across disease types based on our growing understanding of the underlying biology of diseases.”
This is the third time the agency has approved a cancer treatment based on a common biomarker across different types of tumors rather than the location in the body where the tumor originated. The approval marks a new paradigm in the development of cancer drugs that are “tissue agnostic.” It follows the policies that the FDA developed in a guidance document released in 2018. The previous tissue agnostic indications approved by the FDA were pembrolizumab for tumors with microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) or mismatch repair deficient (dMMR) tumors in 2017 and larotrectinib for NTRK gene fusion tumors in 2018.
“Today’s approval includes an indication for pediatric patients, 12 years of age and older, who have NTRK-fusion-positive tumors by relying on efficacy information obtained primarily in adults. The FDA continues to encourage the inclusion of adolescents in clinical trials. Traditionally, clinical development of new cancer drugs in pediatric populations is not started until development is well underway in adults, and often not until after approval of an adult indication,” said Richard Pazdur, M.D., director of the FDA’s Oncology Center of Excellence and acting director of the Office of Hematology and Oncology Products in the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. “Efficacy in adolescents was derived from adult data and safety was demonstrated in 30 pediatric patients.”
The ability of Rozlytrek to shrink tumors was evaluated in four clinical trials studying 54 adults with NTRK fusion-positive tumors. The proportion of patients with substantial tumor shrinkage (overall response rate) was 57%, with 7.4% of patients having complete disappearance of the tumor. Among the 31 patients with tumor shrinkage, 61% had tumor shrinkage persist for nine months or longer. The most common cancer locations were the lung, salivary gland, breast, thyroid and colon/rectum.
Rozlytrek was also approved today for the treatment of adults with non-small cell lung cancer whose tumors are ROS1-positive (mutation of the ROS1 gene) and has spread to other parts of the body (metastatic). Clinical studies evaluated 51 adults with ROS1-positive lung cancer. The overall response rate was 78%, with 5.9% of patients having complete disappearance of their cancer. Among the 40 patients with tumor shrinkage, 55% had tumor shrinkage persist for 12 months or longer.
Rozlytrek’s common side effects are fatigue, constipation, dysgeusia (distorted sense of taste), edema (swelling), dizziness, diarrhea, nausea, dysesthesia (distorted sense of touch), dyspnea (shortness of breath), myalgia (painful or aching muscles), cognitive impairment (confusion, problems with memory or attention, difficulty speaking, or hallucinations), weight gain, cough, vomiting, fever, arthralgia and vision disorders (blurred vision, sensitivity to light, double vision, worsening of vision, cataracts, or floaters). The most serious side effects of Rozlytrek are congestive heart failure (weakening or damage to the heart muscle), central nervous system effects (cognitive impairment, anxiety, depression including suicidal thinking, dizziness or loss of balance, and change in sleep pattern, including insomnia and excessive sleepiness), skeletal fractures, hepatotoxicity (damage to the liver), hyperuricemia (elevated uric acid), QT prolongation (abnormal heart rhythm) and vision disorders. Health care professionals should inform females of reproductive age and males with a female partner of reproductive potential to use effective contraception during treatment with Rozlytrek. Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding should not take Rozlytrek because it may cause harm to a developing fetus or newborn baby.
Rozlytrek was granted accelerated approval. This approval commits the sponsor to provide additional data to the FDA. Rozlytrek also received Priority Review, Breakthrough Therapy and Orphan Drug designation. The approval of Rozlytrek was granted to Genentech, Inc.
///////////////Rozlytrek, entrectinib, accelerated approval, priority Review, Breakthrough Therapy, Orphan Drug designation, fda 2019, Genentech, cancer
New Drug Approvals 