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DRUG APPROVALS BY DR ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO
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Pitolisant
Pitolisant
CAS 362665-56-3
FDA APPROVED 2019 AUG
1-(3-(3-(4-Chlorophenyl)propoxy)propyl)piperidine
MF C17H26ClNO
MW 295.1703
- HBS-101
- Pitolisant
- Tiprolisant
- UNII-4BC83L4PIY
(Wakix®)Approved EU 31/3/2016, Narcolepsy
A histamine H3 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist used to treat narcolepsy.
BF-2649; BF-2.649; FUB-649, Ciproxidine, Tiprolisant
CAS 362665-56-3, 362665-57-4 (oxalate)
CAS 903576-44-3(Pitolisant Hydrochloride)
APPROVED IN EU, European Medicine Agency (EMA) on Mar 31, 2016.
- BF 2.649
- BF 2649
- BF2.649
- Ciproxidine
- Pitolisant hydrochloride
- Tiprolisant
- UNII-YV33CH63HI
1-{3-[3-(4-Chlorophenyl)propoxy]propyl}piperidine hydrochloride (1:1)
| Molecular Weight | 332.31 |
| Formula | C17H26ClNO ● HCl |
Bioprojet INNOVATOR
Jean-Charles Schwartz, Jeanne-Marie Lecomte
- OriginatorBioprojet; Ferrer
- DeveloperAlium Medical; AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals AG; Bioprojet; Ferox Therapeutics; Harmony Biosciences
- ClassNootropics; Piperidines; Sleep disorder therapies
- Mechanism of ActionHistamine H3 receptor antagonists; Histamine H3 receptor inverse agonists
- Orphan Drug StatusYes – Narcolepsy
- New Molecular EntityYes
Highest Development Phases
- MarketedNarcolepsy
- Phase IIIHypersomnia
- Phase IDrug abuse; Type 1 diabetes mellitus
- 15 Aug 2019Registered for Narcolepsy in USA (PO)
- 15 Aug 2019Harmony Biosciences intends to market pitolisant for excessive daytime sleepiness in patients with Narcolepsy in USA, in 4Q of 2019
- 19 Jun 2019Phase-I clinical trials in Type 1 diabetes mellitus in USA (PO) (NCT04026750)
- Pitolisant (INN), also known as tiprolisant (USAN),[1] is a medication in the United States that was approved by the FDA in August 2019. It was granted orphan designation for the treatment of narcolepsy, Fast Track designation for the treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and cataplexy in patients with narcolepsy, and Breakthrough Therapy designation for the treatment of cataplexy in patients with narcolepsy. Pitolisant, a first-in-class medication, is a potent and highly selective Histamine 3 (H₃) receptorantagonist/inverse agonist; it enhances the activity of histaminergic neurons in the brain that function to improve a patient’s wakefulness and inhibit attacks of cataplexy. It was designed and developed by Bioprojet, who has marketed the product in Europe since its approval by the European Medicines Agency in 2016. Pitolisant represents the first new therapy in the U.S. in over 15 years for the treatment of both EDS and cataplexy in adult patients with narcolepsy.The NDA (New Drug Submission) submission is based on results from the clinical development program in narcolepsy, which included over 300 patients, some of whom were treated for up to five years. It also included safety data in over 1500 patients across multiple patient populations. [1]It was developed by Jean-Charles Schwartz, Walter Schunack, and colleagues after the former discovered the H₃ receptor.[2] It was the first H₃ receptor inverse agonist to be tested in humans or introduced for clinical use.[2]
Pitolisant (INN) or tiprolisant (USAN) is a histamine receptor inverse agonist/antagonist selective for the H3 subtype.[1] It hasstimulant and nootropic effects in animal studies,[2] and may have several medical applications, having been researched for the treatment of narcolepsy, for which it has been granted orphan drug status in the EU and US.[3][4] It is currently in clinical trials forschizophrenia and Parkinson’s disease.[4][5][6]
Pitolisant hydrochloride was approved by European Medicine Agency (EMA) on Mar 31, 2016. It was developed and marketed as Wakix® by Bioprojet in EU.
Pitolisant is being developed by Bioprojet for the oral treatment of central nervous system disorders. Pitolisant is a selective histamine H3-receptor antagonist/inverse agonist which enhances the activity of histaminergic neurons. Pitolisant has been launched in several countries for the treatment of narcolepsy, and is approved in the US, EU, Iceland and Liechtenstein. Clinical development is underway for type-1 diabetes, hypersomnia and drug abuse in countries worldwide.
Phase III development was also conducted for the treatment of hypersomnia in Switzerland. Phase II development for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder was conducted in France. However, there were no recent reports on development identified. Development in epilepsy and obesity has been discontinued.
Ferrer and Bioprojet appeared to have a co-development agreement for pitolisant that allowed the mutual use of both companies’ technical and scientific resources; however, as per Ferrer’s communication dated June 2016, the drug is no longer in its portfolio.
Pitolisant hydrochloride is an antagonist/inverse agonist of the histamine H3 receptor, which is indicated in adults for the treatment of narcolepsy with or without cataplexy.
Wakix® is available as tablet for oral use, containing 4.5 mg and 18 mg of Pitolisant hydrochloride. The initial dose of 9 mg (two 4.5 mg, tablets) per day, and it should be used at the lowest effective dose, depending on individual patient response and tolerance, according to an up-titration scheme, without exceeding the dose of 36 mg/day.
Pitolisant was developed by Jean-Charles Schwartz, Walter Schunack and colleagues after the former discovered H3 receptors.[7]Pitolisant was the first clinically used H3 receptor inverse agonist.
Pitolisant, also known as Tiprolisant, is a histamine receptor inverse agonist/antagonist selective for the H3 subtype. It has stimulant and nootropic effects in animal studies, and may have several medical applications, having been researched for the treatment of narcolepsy, for which it has been granted orphan drug status in the EU and US. It is currently in clinical trials for schizophrenia and Parkinson’s disease. Pitolisant was the first clinically used H3 receptor inverse agonist.
The European Medicines Agency (EMA) has recommended granting marketing authorization for pitolisant (Wakix, Bioprojet Pharma) for narcolepsy with or without cataplexy, the agency announced today.
Narcolepsy is a rare sleep disorder that affects the brain’s ability to regulate the normal sleep-wake cycle, leading to excessive daytime sleepiness, including the sudden urge to sleep, and disturbed night-time sleep. Some patients also experience sudden episodes of cataplexy, potentially causing dangerous falls and increasing the risks for accidents, including car accidents. Symptoms of narcolepsy can be severe and significantly reduce quality of life.
Pitolisant “will add to the available treatment options for narcolepsy. It is a first-in-class medicine that acts on histamine H3 receptors in the brain. This leads to increased histamine release in the brain, thereby enhancing wakefulness and alertness,” the EMA notes in a news release.
The EMA recommendation for approval of pitolisant is based on an evaluation of all available safety and efficacy data conducted by the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP). The data include two pivotal placebo-controlled trials involving 259 patients, as well as one uncontrolled, open-label study involving 102 patients with narcolepsy and one supportive study in 105 patients.
The studies showed that pitolisant was effective in reducing excessive daytime sleepiness in patients with narcolepsy. The beneficial effect of the drug on cataplexy was demonstrated in one of the pivotal studies as well as in the supportive study.
No major safety concerns with pitolisant emerged in testing. Insomnia, headache, and nausea were among the most common adverse effects observed in the clinical trials, and the CHMP decided on measures to mitigate these risks, the EMA said. The CHMP also requested the company conduct a long-term safety study to further investigate the safety of the drug when used over long periods.
Pitolisant for narcolepsy received orphan designation from the Committee for Orphan Medicinal Products in 2007. Orphan designation provides medicine developers access to incentives, such as fee reductions for scientific advice, with the aim of encouraging the development of treatments for rare disorders.
The CHMP opinion will now be sent to the European Commission for the adoption of a decision on a European Union–wide marketing authorization. Once that has been granted, each member state will decide on price and reimbursement based on the potential role/use of this medicine in the context of its national health system.
Narcolepsy-cataplexy.
Narcolepsy-cataplexy, or Gelineau syndrome, is a rare but serious disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness which can be an extreme hindrance to normal professional and social activities, and which is accompanied by more or less frequent attacks of cataplexy (a sudden loss of muscle tone triggered by emotions as varied as laughter or fear) and erratic episodes of REM sleep (during wakefulness and during sleep), sometimes associated with hypnagogic hallucinations. Moreover, individuals with narcolepsy have various degrees of cognitive impairment and tend to be obese (reviewed by Dauvilliers et al., Clin. Neurophysiol., 2003, 114, 2000; Baumann and Bassetti, Sleep Med. Rev., 2005, 9, 253).
The disorder is caused by the loss of a group of neurons in the brain which produce two peptides, orexins, also known as hypocretins, located in the anterior hypothalamus and projecting to the main groups of aminergic neurons which regulate wakefulness and sleep. Patients with the disorder generally have very low levels of orexins in cerebrospinal fluid. Orexin knock-out mice display many of the symptoms seen in narcoleptic subjects, confirming the role of these peptides and thereby providing an excellent animal model of the disease (Chemelli et al., Cell, 1999, 98, 437).
Several types of treatments which can improve the symptoms of narcolepsy already exist, although they do not completely relieve symptoms and, furthermore, can cause significant side effects limiting their usefulness.
For instance, amphetamines or analogues such as methylphenidate which release catecholamines are used to treated daytime sleepiness, but these agents induce a state of excessive excitation as well as cardiovascular disturbances and also carry a potential for drug addiction.
Modafinil, a drug whose mechanism of action is unclear, also improves daytime sleepiness without causing as many side effects as amphetamines. Nonetheless, its efficacy is limited and it can cause headaches and nausea, particularly at high doses. Moreover amphetamines and/or modafinil do not appear to improve some of the most disabling symptoms of the disease, particularly cataplexy attacks, cognitive deficits and weight gain. With regard to cataplexy, treatments include antidepressants and oxybate. Effectiveness of the former has not been demonstrated (Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2005, 20, 3), and the latter is a drug of illegal abuse and its use is restricted.
It has also been shown that histamine H3 receptor antagonists induce the activation of histaminergic neurons in the brain which release histamine, a neurotransmitter with a crucial role in maintaining wakefulness (Schwartz et al., Physiol. Rev. 1991, 71, 1).
PATENT
Pharmaceutical products with histamine H3 receptor ligand properties and 0 subsequent pharmacological activities thereof are described in EP-980300. An especially important product among those disclosed is 1-[3-[3-(4- chlorophenyl)propoxy] propyl]-piperidine. This compound is disclosed as the free base and as the oxalate salt.
5 The use of 1-[3-[3-(4-chlorophenyl)propoxy]propyl]-piperidine as the free base is limited because of its oily nature. On the contrary, 1-[3-[3-(4- chlorophenyl)propoxy]propyl]-piperidine oxalate is a crystalline substance but its low aqueous solubility (0.025 g/ml at 230C) also limits its use as a
pharmaceutical ingredient.
0
Subsequent patents EP-1100503 and EP-1428820 mention certain salts of 1- [3-[3-(4-chlorophenyl)propoxy]propyl]-piperidine. However, the only one specifically described is the oxalate salt. The crystalline monohydrochloride salt is not described.
Example 1 : 1-[3-[3-(4-chlorophenyl)propoxy]propyl]-piperidine
According to the method disclosed in EP-982300, Example 78, sodium 3-piperidinopropanolate (2.127 kg; 12.88 mol), 3-(4-chlorophenyl)propyl mesylate (1.121 kg; 4.51 mol) and 0.322 mol of 15-crown-5 in 4.5 kg of dry toluene were refluxed for 4 hours. The solvent was evaporated and the residue purified by column chromatography on silica gel (eluent: methylene chloride/methanol (90/10)). The obtained oil was distilled in a fractionating equipment at reduced pressure (0.3-0.7 mmHg) and with a heating jacket at 207-2100C. The head fractions and the distilled fraction at 0.001-0.010 mmHg with a jacket temperature of 180-2000C were collected. The obtained oil (1.0 kg; 3.38 mol) corresponds to 1-[3-[3-(4-chlorophenyl)propoxy] propyl]-piperidine. Yield 75%.
Example 2: 1-[3-[3-(4-chlorophenyl)propoxy]propyl]-piperidine
monohydrochloride
Preparation
Distilled 1-[3-[3-(4-chlorophenyl)propoxy]propyl]-piperidine (1.0 kg) and anhydrous ethyl acetate (4.5 kg) are transferred to a 10-L glass vessel fitted with a cooling bath and a gas inlet. A stream of gaseous hydrogen chloride is bubbled in the reaction mixture at 20-250C.
The pH of the solution is checked by taking a 0.5 mL sample of the reaction mixture and diluting it with 5 mL of deionized water. The final pH must be about 3-4.
The mixture is cooled to -10°C-(-12°C) and stirred at this temperature for 1 h. The precipitate is filtered by using a sintered glass filter and washed with 0.5 L of anhydrous ethyl acetate previously cooled to 0-50C. The product is dried in a vacuum oven at 5O0C for a minimum period of 12 hours. The resulting crude 1 -[3-[3-(4-chlorophenyl)propoxy]propyl]-piperidine monohydrochloride weighs 1.10 kg.
Purification
A mixture of the above-described crude, 3.98 kg of anhydrous ethyl acetate and 0.35 kg of /-propanol is heated slowly at 55-6O0C in a 10-L glass vessel fitted with a heating and cooling system. When the solution has been completed, it is filtered through a heat-isolated sintered glass filter, keeping the temperature at 55-6O0C. The solution is transferred to a 10 L glass vessel and the mass is slowly cooled to 0-50C for about 1 hour. The mixture is stirred at this temperature for 1 hour and the precipitate is filtered through a sintered glass filter. The solid is washed with a mixture of 1.6 kg of anhydrous ethyl acetate and 0.14 kg of /-propanol cooled at 0-50C. The solid is dried in a vacuum oven at 5O0C for a minimum period of 12 hours. M. p. 117-1190C. Yield 80%.
IR spectrum (KBr): bands at 1112 and 1101 (C-O Ether/ St. asym), 2936 and 2868 (Alkane CH(CH2)) / St.), 1455 (Alkane CH(CH2)) / Deform.), 2647 and 2551 (Amine Salt / St.), 1492 (Amine / St.), 802 (Aromatic / Deform.) cm“1.
SEE
Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 2001, 13, 249–259.
References
- Celanire S, Wijtmans M, Talaga P, Leurs R, de Esch IJ (December 2005). “Keynote review: histamine H3 receptor antagonists reach out for the clinic”. Drug Discov. Today. 10 (23-24): 1613–27. doi:10.1016/S1359-6446(05)03625-1. PMID 16376822.
- Ligneau X, Perrin D, Landais L, Camelin JC, Calmels TP, Berrebi-Bertrand I, Lecomte JM, Parmentier R, Anaclet C, Lin JS, Bertaina-Anglade V, la Rochelle CD, d’Aniello F, Rouleau A, Gbahou F, Arrang JM, Ganellin CR, Stark H, Schunack W, Schwartz JC. BF2.649 [1-{3-[3-(4-Chlorophenyl)propoxy]propyl}piperidine, hydrochloride], a nonimidazole inverse agonist/antagonist at the human histamine H3 receptor: Preclinical pharmacology. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2007 Jan;320(1):365-75. PMID 17005916
- Lin JS, Dauvilliers Y, Arnulf I, Bastuji H, Anaclet C, Parmentier R, Kocher L, Yanagisawa M, Lehert P, Ligneau X, Perrin D, Robert P, Roux M, Lecomte JM, Schwartz JC. An inverse agonist of the histamine H(3) receptor improves wakefulness in narcolepsy: studies in orexin-/- mice and patients. Neurobiology of Disease. 2008 Apr;30(1):74-83. PMID 18295497
- ^ Jump up to:a b Prous Science: Molecule of the Month September 2011
- Ligneau X, Landais L, Perrin D, Piriou J, Uguen M, Denis E, Robert P, Parmentier R, Anaclet C, Lin JS, Burban A, Arrang JM, Schwartz JC. Brain histamine and schizophrenia: potential therapeutic applications of H3-receptor inverse agonists studied with BF2.649. Biochemical Pharmacology. 2007 Apr 15;73(8):1215-24. PMID 17343831
- Stocking EM, Letavic MA (2008). “Histamine H3 antagonists as wake-promoting and pro-cognitive agents”. Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry. 8 (11): 988–1002. doi:10.2174/156802608784936728. PMID 18673168.
- Schwartz, Jean-Charles (May 2011). “The histamine H3 receptor: from discovery to clinical trials with pitolisant”. BPJ. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01286.x.
References
- ^ http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800029451
- ^ Jump up to:a b Schwartz JC (2011). “The histamine H3 receptor: from discovery to clinical trials with pitolisant”. Br. J. Pharmacol. 163(4): 713–21. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01286.x. PMC 3111674. PMID 21615387.
External links
REFERENCES
1: Leu-Semenescu S, Nittur N, Golmard JL, Arnulf I. Effects of pitolisant, a histamine H3 inverse agonist, in drug-resistant idiopathic and symptomatic hypersomnia: a chart review. Sleep Med. 2014 Jun;15(6):681-7. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2014.01.021. Epub 2014 Mar 18. PubMed PMID: 24854887.
2: Dauvilliers Y, Bassetti C, Lammers GJ, Arnulf I, Mayer G, Rodenbeck A, Lehert P, Ding CL, Lecomte JM, Schwartz JC; HARMONY I study group. Pitolisant versus placebo or modafinil in patients with narcolepsy: a double-blind, randomised trial. Lancet Neurol. 2013 Nov;12(11):1068-75. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70225-4. Epub 2013 Oct 7. PubMed PMID: 24107292.
3: Nirogi R, Ajjala DR, Kandikere V, Pantangi HR, Jonnala MR, Bhyrapuneni G, Muddana NR, Vurimindi H. LC-MS/MS method for the determination of pitolisant: application to rat pharmacokinetic and brain penetration studies. Biomed Chromatogr. 2013 Nov;27(11):1431-7. doi: 10.1002/bmc.2939. Epub 2013 Jun 13. PubMed PMID: 23760876.
4: Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenité D, Parain D, Genton P, Masnou P, Schwartz JC, Hirsch E. Efficacy of the histamine 3 receptor (H3R) antagonist pitolisant (formerly known as tiprolisant; BF2.649) in epilepsy: dose-dependent effects in the human photosensitivity model. Epilepsy Behav. 2013 Jul;28(1):66-70. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2013.03.018. Epub 2013 May 8. PubMed PMID: 23665640.
5: Uguen M, Perrin D, Belliard S, Ligneau X, Beardsley PM, Lecomte JM, Schwartz JC. Preclinical evaluation of the abuse potential of Pitolisant, a histamine H₃ receptor inverse agonist/antagonist compared with Modafinil. Br J Pharmacol. 2013 Jun;169(3):632-44. doi: 10.1111/bph.12149. PubMed PMID: 23472741; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3682710.
6: Brabant C, Charlier Y, Tirelli E. The histamine H₃-receptor inverse agonist pitolisant improves fear memory in mice. Behav Brain Res. 2013 Apr 15;243:199-204. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.12.063. Epub 2013 Jan 14. PubMed PMID: 23327739.
7: Zhang DD, Sisignano M, Schuh CD, Sander K, Stark H, Scholich K. Overdose of the histamine H₃ inverse agonist pitolisant increases thermal pain thresholds. Inflamm Res. 2012 Nov;61(11):1283-91. doi: 10.1007/s00011-012-0528-5. Epub 2012 Jul 21. PubMed PMID: 22820944.
8: Inocente C, Arnulf I, Bastuji H, Thibault-Stoll A, Raoux A, Reimão R, Lin JS, Franco P. Pitolisant, an inverse agonist of the histamine H3 receptor: an alternative stimulant for narcolepsy-cataplexy in teenagers with refractory sleepiness. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2012 Mar-Apr;35(2):55-60. doi: 10.1097/WNF.0b013e318246879d. PubMed PMID: 22356925.
9: Schwartz JC. The histamine H3 receptor: from discovery to clinical trials with pitolisant. Br J Pharmacol. 2011 Jun;163(4):713-21. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01286.x. Review. PubMed PMID: 21615387; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3111674.
 |
|
| Clinical data | |
|---|---|
| Trade names | Wakix |
| Synonyms | Tiprolisant; Ciproxidine; BF2.649 |
| License data | |
| Routes of administration |
Oral |
| Drug class | Histamine H3 receptor inverse agonists |
| ATC code | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |
|
| PubChem CID | |
| ChemSpider | |
| UNII | |
| KEGG | |
| ChEBI | |
| ChEMBL | |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C17H26ClNO |
| Molar mass | 295.851 g/mol g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) | |
//////////Pitolisant Hydrochloride, Wakix, histamine H3 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist, narcolepsy, orphan drug, tiprolisant, EU 2016, FDA 2019
Trifarotene
Trifarotene
CAS 895542-09-3
3”-Tert-butyl-4′-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-4”-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)(1,1′:3′,1”)terphenyl-4-carboxylic acid
3′-[3-tert-butyl-4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl]-4′-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-carboxylic acid
UNII-0J8RN2W0HK,
Galderma Research & Development
459.5766
C29 H33 N O4
- CD-5789
- CD5789
Trifarotene, sold under the brand name Aklief, is a medication for the topical treatment of acne vulgaris in those nine years of age and older.[1] It is a retinoid;[2] more specifically, it is a fourth generation selective retinoic acid receptor (RAR)-γ agonist.[3]
It was approved for medical use in the United States in 2019,[1][4][5] but is not approved in the European Union as of January 2021.[6] Trifarotene was granted orphan drug designation for the treatment of congenital ichthyosis by both the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA).[7][8]
State Solid
Experimental Properties
| PROPERTY | VALUE | SOURCE |
|---|---|---|
| melting point (°C) | 245C | FDA Label |
| pKa | 5.69 (pKa1) | FDA Label |
USFDA
The drug substance, trifarotene, a terphenyl acid derivative, is a retinoic
acid receptor (RAR) aQonist and is classified as a rotenoid. Trifarotene
intended as a drug for the treatment of acne vulgaris. Since trifarotene
has not been previously approved as an active ingredient in any drug
product in the United States, it is classified as a new molecular entity
(NME).
Trifarotene is produced as a white to off-white to slightly yellow crystalline
powder. It is slightly soluble in acetone, ethanol, and toluene, very slight
soluble in isopropanol, and practically insoluble in water (tiJT4
1
Cb><“JTrifarotene is nonhygroscopic and has pKa1 of 5.69 and pKa2 of 4.55. The chemical name
for trifarotene is 4-{3-[3-tert-butyl-4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl) phenyl]-4-(2-
hydroxyethoxy) phenyl} benzoic acid. It has the chemical formula of
C29H33NQ4, the molecular weiQht of 459.59, …………https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2019/211527Orig1s000ChemR.pdf
Prescription Products
| NAME | DOSAGE | STRENGTH | ROUTE | LABELLER | MARKETING START | MARKETING END | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aklief | Cream | 50 mcg | Topical | Galderma | 2019-11-28 | Not applicable |  |
|
| Aklief | Cream | 50 ug/1g | Topical | Galderma Laboratories, L.P. | 2019-10-04 | Not applicable |  |
For treatment of congenital ichthyosis, PRECLINICAL, Galderma Res & Dev,
Galderma announced that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted Orphan Drug Designation status for the company’s trifarotene molecule for the treatment of congenital ichthyosis. Based on this decision, Galderma plans to implement a clinical development plan, reinforcing its commitment to exploring new treatment options for rare diseases, as well as meeting the needs of all patients with skin diseases over the course of their lives.
Galderma治療先天性魚鱗癬的Trifarotene分子取得FDA的孤兒藥資格認定
http://news.msn.com.tw/market3773054.aspx
The company’s molecule trifarotene is a selective agonist of the gamma retinoic acid receptor (RAR-gamma), which is currently in clinical development for use in other more common dermatological conditions. It is the drug’s retinoid functionality and potent keratolytic properties that make it a potentially viable treatment of the lamellar ichthyosis pathology. Galderma has already initiated the program for investigating the treatment of lamellar ichthyosis with trifarotene and is currently working in collaboration with regulatory authorities to implement an innovative and expedient clinical development plan.
Ichthyoses comprise a large group of skin scaling disorders with diverse etiologies. The stereotypic pathophysiology is epidermal hyperplasia and abnormal desquamation, leading to visible accumulation of squames (scales) on the skin’s surface. Congenital ichthyosis is a term used to refer to a specific group of rare inherited forms of ichthyoses that are generally more severe than non-inherited forms of the disease. Lamellar ichthyosis is one such disorder that falls within the congenital ichthyosis category. Lamellar ichthyosis is recognized as a severe disease which persists throughout life. After birth, during the first post-natal weeks, the hyperkeratotic (colloidion) membrane patients are typically born with, is gradually shed and is replaced by scaling and lichenification that involves the entire body, including face, scalp, palms and soles. While usually not life threatening, lamellar ichthyosis can result in disability, partial deafness, poor adaptation to environmental conditions (due to hypohydrosis), severe discomfort (pruritus, fissuring of the skin), and significant psycho-social impact. The estimated prevalence of LI in the US is in the range of 1 per 100,000 to 1 per 200,000 persons.
Synthesis Reference
Thoreau, E. et. al. Structure-based design of Trifarotene (CD5789), a potent and selective RARγ agonist for the treatment of acne. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, Volume 28, Issue 10. 2018. Pages 1736-1741
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0960894X18303482
Trifarotene – Synthetic Route 1
Synthetic Description
Reference: Biadatti, Thibaud; Dumais, Laurence; Soulet, Catherine; Talano, Sandrine; Daver, Sebastien. Preparation of [1,1′:3′,1”]terphenyl-4-carboxylic acid and esters a novel ligands modulating retinoic acid receptors (RAR), and use thereof in human medicine and in cosmetics. Assignee Galderma Research & Development, S.N.C., Fr. WO 2006066978. (2016).
PATENT
WO 2006066978
http://www.google.com/patents/WO2006066978A1?cl=en
Example 25 – 3″-ter.-Butyl-4′-(2-hvdroxyethoxy)-4″-pyrrolidin-1-ylM,1′:3′,1″1- terphenyl-4-carboxylic acid
In a manner similar to that of Example 6b, by reacting 500 mg (0.9 mmol) of ethyl 4′-(2- acetoxyethoxy)-3″-terf-butyl-4″-pyrrolidin-1 -yl[1 , 1 ‘;3’, 1 “]terphenyl-4-carboxylate with
300 mg (8 mmol) of sodium hydroxide, 242 mg of 3″-tert-butyl-4′-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-4″- pyrrolidin-1-yl[1l1′;3′,1″]terphenyl-4-carboxylic acid are obtained (yield = 55 %) in the form of a white solid (m.p. = 2230C).
1H NMR (DMSO. 400 MHz): 1.43 (s, 9H); 1.90 (m, 4H); 3.0 (m, 4H); 3.73 (d, J=4.7Hz, 2H); 4.1 (m, 2H); 4.7 (s, 1H); 7.2 (d, 1H, J=8.6Hz); 7.48 (m, 2H); 7.59 (d, J=1.6Hz, 1H); 7.64 (d, J=UHz, 1H); 7.68 (dd, J=2Hz, 7.8Hz, 1H); 7.82 (d, J=8.3Hz, 2H); 7.99 (d, J=8.4Hz, 2H).
PATENT
WO 2013178759
http://www.google.com/patents/WO2013178759A1?cl=en
PATENT
WO 2013178758
http://www.google.com/patents/WO2013178758A1?cl=en
PATENT
WO 2013178760
http://www.google.com/patents/WO2013178760A1?cl=en
The details of skin application are given in the table below.
SYN
New Drug Approvals for 2019: Synthesis and Clinical Applications
New Drug Approvals for 2019: Synthesis and Clinical Applications
Shuo Yuan, Bin Yu, Hong-Min Liu
PII: S0223-5234(20)30639-5
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112667
Reference: EJMECH 112667
To appear in: European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
Trifarotene (Aklief). In October 2019, trifarotene, a topical retinoid that
selectively targets retinoic acid receptor gamma (RAR-γ), was approved by the FDA
for the treatment of acne vulgaris [142]. The drug was developed and marketed by
Galderma Pharmaceutical in Switzerland. Trifarotene is considered as the first of the
‘fourth-generation’ retinoids due to its uniquely selective agonism at RAR-γ. The
selective agonism leads to downstream alterations, confering improved efficacy and
reduced side effects [143]. In two phase 3 clinical trials of 2420 patients with
moderate acne on the face and trunk, trifarotene was well tolerated and significantly
reduced inflammatory lesions as early as two weeks on the face and four weeks on the
back, shoulders and chest compared to vehicle (p＜0.05) [144].
The synthetic approach of this drug was disclosed by Galderma Research &
Development (Scheme 25) [145]. Bromination of commercially available
2-(tert-butyl)aniline 171 gave 4-bromo-2-(tert-butyl)aniline 172 in quantitative yield,
which then reacted with 1-dibromobutane 173 to give phenylpyrrolidine 174 in 52%
yield. Miyaura reaction of 174 was realized by employing n-BuLi and triisopropyl
borate (TIPB) followed by washed with aqueous HCl, resulting in arylboronic acid
adduct 175 in 66% yield. Treatment of 175 with aromatic bromide 176 in the presence
of Pd(PPh3)4 gave the coupling product 177 in 47% yield, which then underwent
hydrolysis delivering trifarotene (XIX) in 55% yield.
The preparation of coupling partner 176 is depicted in Scheme 26. Esterification of
4-hydroxy-4-biphenylcarboxylic acid 178 gave ethyl benzoate derivative 179 upon
treatment with catalytic H2SO4 in the refluxing EtOH [145]. The resulting ester was
subjected to treatment with tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) in THF, resulting
in bromide 180 in good yields, further NaH-mediated Williamson ether synthesis with
2-bromoethyl acetate 181 gave 176 in 95% yield.
[142] L.J. Scott, Trifarotene: first approval, Drugs 79 (2019) 1905-1909.
[143] E. Thoreau, J.M. Arlabosse, C. Bouix-Peter, S. Chambon, L. Chantalat, S.
Daver, L. Dumais, G. Duvert, A. Feret, G. Ouvry, J. Pascau, C. Raffin, N.
Rodeville, C. Soulet, S. Tabet, S. Talano, T. Portal, Structure-based design of
trifarotene (CD5789), a potent and selective RARγ agonist for the treatment of
acne, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 28 (2018) 1736-1741.
[144] J. Tan, D. Thiboutot, G. Popp, M. Gooderham, C. Lynde, J.D. Rosso, J. Weiss,
U. Blume-Peytavi, J. Weglovska, S. Johnson, L. Parish, D. Witkowska, N.S.
Colon, A.A. Saenz, F. Ahmad, M. Graeber, L.S. Gold, Randomized phase 3
evaluation of trifarotene 50 µg/g cream treatment of moderate facial and truncal
acne, J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 80 (2019) 1691-1699.
[145] T. Biadatti, L. Dumais, C. Soulet, S. Talano, S. Daver, Novel ligands that
modulate rar receptors, and use thereof in human medicine and in cosmetics,
2006. WO2006066978.
| WO2006066978A1 * | Dec 21, 2005 | Jun 29, 2006 | Galderma Res & Dev | Novel ligands that modulate rar receptors, and use thereof in human medicine and in cosmetics |
| EP0826366A2 | Aug 1, 1997 | Mar 4, 1998 | Unilever N.V. | Cosmetic compositions containing hydroxy acid or retinoid |
| EP0989846A2 | Sep 22, 1998 | Apr 5, 2000 | E-L Management Corp. | Non-irritating cosmetic and pharmaceutical compositions |
| EP1831149A1 | Dec 21, 2005 | Sep 12, 2007 | Galderma Research & Development | Novel ligands that modulate rar receptors and use thereof in human medicine and in cosmetics |
| FR2915682A1 * | Title not available | |||
| US5851538 | Dec 29, 1995 | Dec 22, 1998 | Advanced Polymer Systems, Inc. | Retinoid formulations in porous microspheres for reduced irritation and enhanced stability |
| WO1999010308A1 * | Aug 21, 1998 | Mar 4, 1999 | Bernardon Jean Michel | Biphenyl derivatives substituted by an aromatic or heteroaromatic radical and pharmaceutical and cosmetic compositions containing same |
| US6150413 * | May 26, 1998 | Nov 21, 2000 | Centre International De Recherches Dermatologiques | Treatment of dermatological, rheumatic, respiratory, cardiovascular, bone and ophthalmological disorders, as well as mammalian skin and hair conditions; 4-(4-(biphenyl-2-yl)but-3-en-1-ynyl)benzoic acid, for example |
 |
|
| Clinical data | |
|---|---|
| Trade names | Aklief |
| Other names | CD5789 |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a620004 |
| License data |
|
| Pregnancy category |
|
| Routes of administration |
Topical |
| Drug class | Skin and mucous membrane agents |
| ATC code | |
| Legal status | |
| Legal status | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | |
| PubChem CID | |
| DrugBank | |
| ChemSpider | |
| UNII | |
| KEGG | |
| ChEMBL | |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.278.901  |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C29H33NO4 |
| Molar mass | 459.586 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) | |
References
- ^ Jump up to:a b “Drug Trials Snapshots: Aklief”. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 11 October 2019. Archived from the original on 19 November 2019. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. - ^ Trifarotene Monograph
- ^ Scott LJ (November 2019). “Trifarotene: First Approval”. Drugs. 79 (17): 1905–1909. doi:10.1007/s40265-019-01218-6. PMID 31713811.
- ^ “Aklief (trifarotene) FDA Approval History”. Drugs.com. 7 October 2019. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
- ^ “Drug Approval Package: Aklief”. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 21 October 2019. Archived from the original on 19 November 2019. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
- ^ “Trifarotene”. European Medicines Agency. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
- ^ “Trifarotene Orphan Drug Designations and Approvals”. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 24 December 1999. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
- ^ “EU/3/20/2264”. European Medicines Agency (EMA). 12 August 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
External links
- “Trifarotene”. Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).
- Aubert J, Piwnica D, Bertino B, Blanchet-Rethore S, Carlavan I, Deret S, Dreno B, Gamboa B, Jomard A, Luzy AP, Mauvais P, Mounier C, Pascau J, Pelisson I, Portal T, Rivier M, Rossio P, Thoreau E, Vial E, Voegel JJ: Nonclinical and human pharmacology of the potent and selective topical retinoic acid receptor-gamma agonist trifarotene. Br J Dermatol. 2018 Aug;179(2):442-456. doi: 10.1111/bjd.16719. Epub 2018 Jul 4. [PubMed:29974453]
- Balak DMW: Topical trifarotene: a new retinoid. Br J Dermatol. 2018 Aug;179(2):231-232. doi: 10.1111/bjd.16733. [PubMed:30141539]
- Blume-Peytavi U, Fowler J, Kemeny L, Draelos Z, Cook-Bolden F, Dirschka T, Eichenfield L, Graeber M, Ahmad F, Alio Saenz A, Rich P, Tanghetti E: Long-term safety and efficacy of trifarotene 50 mug/g cream, a first-in-class RAR-gamma selective topical retinoid, in patients with moderate facial and truncal acne. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2019 Jul 15. doi: 10.1111/jdv.15794. [PubMed:31306527]
- Tan J, Thiboutot D, Popp G, Gooderham M, Lynde C, Del Rosso J, Weiss J, Blume-Peytavi U, Weglovska J, Johnson S, Parish L, Witkowska D, Sanchez Colon N, Alio Saenz A, Ahmad F, Graeber M, Stein Gold L: Randomized phase 3 evaluation of trifarotene 50 mug/g cream treatment of moderate facial and truncal acne. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019 Jun;80(6):1691-1699. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2019.02.044. Epub 2019 Feb 22. [PubMed:30802558]
- Chien A: Retinoids in Acne Management: Review of Current Understanding, Future Considerations, and Focus on Topical Treatments J Drugs Dermatol. 2018 Dec 1;17(12):s51-55. [PubMed:30586483]
- FDA Approved Drugs: Aklief® [Link]
| FORM | ROUTE | STRENGTH |
|---|---|---|
| Cream | Topical | 50 mcg |
| Cream | Topical | 50 ug/1g |
| Cream | Topical | 50 MICROGRAMMI/G |
| PHASE | STATUS | PURPOSE | CONDITIONS | COUNT |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4 | Enrolling by Invitation | Treatment | Acne Vulgaris | 1 |
| 3 | Completed | Treatment | Acne Vulgaris | 4 |
| 2 | Completed | Treatment | Acne Vulgaris | 1 |
| 2 | Recruiting | Treatment | Lamellar Ichthyosis | 1 |
| 1 | Completed | Treatment | Malignant Lymphomas | 1 |
New Drug Approvals 