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CABERGOLINE

Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Aug;122(2 Pt 2):485-7. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e31829e398a.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23884269
.
Woo I, Ehsanipoor RM.
Source
Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics and Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Cushing disease during pregnancy is rare and is associated with significant maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Transsphenoidal pituitary surgery is the first-line therapy; however, in cases of failed surgery or in patients who are not surgical candidates, medical therapy has been used to control symptoms.
CASE:
A 29-year-old woman with Cushing disease and a noncurative transsphenoidal pituitary surgery was successfully treated with cabergoline, a dopamine agonist. After approximately 1 year of therapy, she became pregnant. She was maintained on high-dose cabergoline throughout her pregnancy and had an uncomplicated antenatal course. She went into spontaneous labor at 38 weeks of gestation and delivered a healthy female neonate.
CONCLUSION:
Cabergoline can be used to manage Cushing disease successfully during pregnancy with an opportunity for a favorable outcome.

Cabergoline (brand names Dostinex and Cabaser), an ergot derivative, is a potent dopamine receptor agonist on D₂ receptors. In vitro, rat studies show cabergoline has a direct inhibitory effect on pituitary lactotroph (prolactin) cells.^[1] It is frequently used as a first-line agent in the management of prolactinomas due to higher affinity for D₂ receptor sites, less severe side effects, and more convenient dosing schedule than the older bromocriptine.

History

Cabergoline was invented by scientists working for the Italian drug company Farmitalia-Carlo Erba SpA in Milan in 1981/82,^[2] who were experimenting with semisynthetic derivatives of the ergot alkaloids. Farmitalia-Carlo Erba was acquired by Pharmacia in 1992, which in turn was acquired by Pfizer in 2002. The drug was approved by the FDA on December 23, 1996. It went generic in late 2005 following US patent expiration.

Intellectual property

Farmitalia filed a patent application for Cabergoline in 1982, and U.S. Patent 4,526,892 issued in July 1985.

Pharmacology

Although cabergoline is commonly described principally as a dopamine D₂ receptor agonist, it also possesses significant affinity for the D₃, D₄, 5-HT_1A, 5-HT_2A, 5-HT_2B, 5-HT_2C, α_2B– receptors, and moderate/low affinity for the D₁ and 5-HT₇ receptors. Cabergoline functions as an agonist at all of these receptors except for 5-HT₇ and α_2B–, where it acts as an antagonist.^[3]

Following a single oral dose, resorption of cabergoline from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is highly variable, typically occurring within 0.5 to 4 hours. Ingestion with food does not alter its absorption rate. Human bioavailability has not been determined since the drug is intended for oral use only. In mice and rats the absolute bioavailability has been determined to be 30 and 63 percent, respectively. Cabergoline is rapidly and extensively metabolized in the liver and excreted in bile and to a lesser extent in urine. All metabolites are less active than the parental drug or inactive altogether. The human elimination half-life is estimated to be 63 to 68 hours in patients with Parkinson’s disease and 79 to 115 hours in patients with pituitary tumors. Average elimination half-life is 80 hours.

The therapeutic effect in treatment of hyperprolactinemia will typically persist for at least 4 weeks after cessation of treatment.

Mechanism of action

Cabergoline is a long-acting dopamine D₂ receptor agonist and in vitro rat studies show a direct inhibitory effect on the prolactin secretion in the pituitary’s lactotroph cells. Cabergoline decreased serum prolactin levels in reserpinized rats.

Receptor binding studies indicate a low affinity for dopamine D₁ receptors, α₁-adrenergic receptors, and α₂-adrenergic receptors.^[1]

1 Dostinex at www.rxlist.com”. Retrieved 2007-04-27.
2 US Patent 4526892 – Dimethylaminoalkyl-3-(ergoline-8′.beta.carbonyl)-ureas
3 Sharif NA, McLaughlin MA, Kelly CR, Katoli P, Drace C, Husain S, Crosson C, Toris C, Zhan GL, Camras C (March 2009). “Cabergoline: Pharmacology, ocular hypotensive studies in multiple species, and aqueous humor dynamic modulation in the Cynomolgus monkey eyes”. Experimental Eye Research 88 (3): 386–97. doi:10.1016/j.exer.2008.10.003. PMID 18992242.
4 National Institute ofMental Health. PDSD Ki Database (Internet) [cited 2013 Jul 24]. ChapelHill (NC): University of North Carolina. 1998-2013. Available from: http://pdsp.med.unc.edu/pdsp.php
5 Sayyah-Melli, M; Tehrani-Gadim, S; Dastranj-Tabrizi, A; Gatrehsamani, F; Morteza, G; Ouladesahebmadarek, E; Farzadi, L; Kazemi-Shishvan, M (2009). “Comparison of the effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist and dopamine receptor agonist on uterine myoma growth. Histologic, sonographic, and intra-operative changes”. Saudi medical journal 30 (8): 1024–33. PMID 19668882. edit

6 Sankaran, S.; Manyonda, I. (2008). “Medical management of fibroids”. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 22 (4): 655. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2008.03.001. PMID 18468953. edit http://www.britishfibroidtrust.org.uk/journals/bft_Sankaran.pdf

CUSHING DISEASE VIDEO

BEST WAYS TO COLON CLEANING

July 28, 2013 5:13 am / Leave a comment

colon cleaning

LUMACAFTOR an Orphan drug in clinical trial for oral the treatment of cystic fibrosis

July 28, 2013 1:44 am / 1 Comment on LUMACAFTOR an Orphan drug in clinical trial for oral the treatment of cystic fibrosis

Lumacaftor

3-[6-[1-(2,2-Difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)cyclopropylcarboxamido]-3-methylpyridin-2-yl]benzoic acid

3-{6-{[1-(2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)cyclopropanecarbonyl]amino}-3-methylpyridin-2-yl}benzoic acid

VRT-826809
VX-809

US patents: US8124781, US8461342
Indication:Cystic fibrosis
Developmental status:Phase III (US, UK, EU)
Developer:Vertex

	Vertex Pharmaceuticals

Vertex Pharmaceuticals

Company	Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Description	Small molecule cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) corrector
Molecular Target	Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)
Mechanism of Action	CFTR stabilizer

Latest Stage of Development	Phase III
Indication	Cystic fibrosis (CF)
cas	936727-05-8

http://www.ama-assn.org/resources/doc/usan/lumacaftor.pdf for all data

see……http://orgspectroscopyint.blogspot.in/2015/03/lumacaftor.html

Lumacaftor (USAN, codenamed VX-809) is an experimental drug for the treatment of cystic fibrosis being developed by Vertex Pharmaceuticals. The drug is designed to be effective in patients that have the F508del mutation in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), the defective protein that causes the disease. F508del, meaning that the amino acid phenylalanine in position 508 is missing, is found in about 60% of cystic fibrosis patients in Europe,^[1] and in about 90% of persons with some mutation in the CFTR gene.

A corrector molecule, one of two new classes of ion channel modulators. The corrector modulators enhance the number of channels of the CFTR protein at the cell surface. in combination with ivacaftor in homozygous F508del pts

Results from a Phase II clinical trial indicate that patients with the most common form of genetic mutation causing cystic fibrosis—homozygous F508del—had a mean increase of 7.4% in lung function (FEV1) on a combination of lumacaftor and ivacaftor.^[2]

VX-809 is an investigational corrector compound in a phase II clinical trial for oral the treatment of cystic fibrosis. The trial will evaluate single and multiple doses of VX-809 in healthy volunteers. This compound has resulted from a collaboration with the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Therapeutics, Inc. (CFFT) . In 2010, orphan drug designation was assigned in the E.U. and the U.S. for the treatment of CF.

VX-809 may act to restore the function of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein, the defective cell membrane protein responsible for the progression of CF. VX-809 and other corrector compounds were designed to increase the amount of DF508-CFTR on the surface of cells lining the airway, which may result in an increase in chloride transport across the cell surface in patients with the DF508-CFTR mutation.

On January 11, 2013, the combination regimen of Lumacaftor (VX-809) and Kalydeco (Ivacaftor) was awarded by U.S. FDA with Breakthrough Therapy Designation as part of the agency’s efforts to accelerate the development and approval of drugs for serious and life-threatening disease.Breakthrough Therapy Designation for the combination regimen of VX-809 with ivacaftor was based on the Phase II combination data announced in 2012. Vertex Pharmaceuticals will report results from two Phase III trials (NCT01807949 (TRANSPORT) and NCT01807923 (TRAFFIC)) of the combination of Kalydeco + VX-809 in the middle of 2014. Positive data from TRAFFIC and TRANSPORT could open up a market with peak sales of approximately $6 billion, estimate analysts.

1 Merk; Schubert-Zsilavecz. Pharmazeutische Zeitung (in German) 156 (37): 24–27.
2 Wilschanski, M. (2013). “Novel therapeutic approaches for cystic fibrosis”. Discovery medicine 15 (81): 127–133. PMID 23449115

see……http://orgspectroscopyint.blogspot.in/2015/03/lumacaftor.htm

…………………………

PATENT

http://www.google.com/patents/EP2639222A1?cl=en

CFTR correctors useful in the treatment of cystic fibrosis. Such compounds include 3-(6-(1-(2,2-difluorobenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl) cyclopropanecarboxamido)-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)benzoic acid (hereinafter “Compound 1”) which has the structure below:
Compound 1 and pharmaceutically acceptable compositions thereof are useful for treating or lessening the severity of a variety of CFTR mediated diseases.

Scheme 1. Synthesis of the acid chloride moiety.

Scheme 2. Synthesis of the amine moiety.

Scheme 3. Formation of an acid salt of 3-(6-(1-(2,2-difluorobcnzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl) cyclopropanecarboxamido)-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)benzoic acid.

Synthesis of 3-(6-(1-(2,2-difluorobenzord[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl) cyclopropancearboxamido)-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)benzoic acid • HCl.
[0238]

Acid Chloride Moiety
Synthesis of (2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-methanol (Compound 18).
Commercially available 2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxole-5-carboxylic acid (1.0 eq) is slurried in toluene (10 vol). Vitride® (2 eq) is added via addition funnel at a rate to maintain the temperature at 15-25 °C. At the end of addition the temperature is increased to 40 °C for 2 h then 10% (w/w) aq. NaOH (4.0 eq) is carefully added via addition funnel maintaining the temperature at 40-50 °C. After stirring for an additional 30 minutes, the layers are allowed to separate at 40 °C. The organic phase is cooled to 20 °C then washed with water (2 x 1.5 vol), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated to afford crude Compound 18 that is used directly in the next step.
Synthesis of 5-chloromethyl-2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxole (Compound 19).
Compound 18 (1.0 eq) is dissolved in MTBE (5 vol). A catalytic amount of DMAP (1 mol %) is added and SOCl₂ (1.2 eq) is added via addition funnel. The SOCl₂ is added at a rate to maintain the temperature in the reactor at 15-25 °C. The temperature is increased to 30 °C for 1 hour then cooled to 20 °C then water (4 vol) is added via addition funnel maintaining the temperature at less than 30 °C. After stirring for an additional 30 minutes, the layers are allowed to separate. The organic layer is stirred and 10% (w/v) aq. NaOH (4.4 vol) is added. After stirring for 15 to 20 minutes, the layers are allowed to separate. The organic phase is then dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated to afford crude Compound 19 that is used directly in the next step.
Synthesis of (2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-acetonitrile (compound 20).
A solution of Compound 19 (1 eq) in DMSO (1.25 vol) is added to a slurry of NaCN (1.4 eq) in DMSO (3 vol) maintaining the temperature between 30-40 °C. The mixture is stirred for 1 hour then water (6 vol) is added followed by MTBE (4 vol). After stirring for 30 min, the layers are separated. The aqueous layer is extracted with MTBE (1.8 vol). The combined organic layers are washed with water (1.8 vol), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated to afford crude compound 20 (95%) that is used directly in the next step.
Synthesis of (2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-cyclopropanecarbonitrile (compound 21).
A mixture of compound 20 (1.0 eq), 50 wt % aqueous KOH (5.0 eq) 1-bromo-2-chloroethane (1.5 eq), and Oct₄NBr (0.02 eq) is heated at 70 °C for 1 h. The reaction mixture is cooled then worked up with MTBE and water. The organic phase is washed with water and brine then the solvent is removed to afford compound 21.
Synthesis of 1-(2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylic acid (compound 22).
Compound 21 is hydrolyzed using 6 M NaOH (8 equiv) in ethanol (5 vol) at 80 °C overnight. The mixture is cooled to room temperature and ethanol is evaporated under vacuum. The residue is taken into water and MTBE, 1 M HCl was added and the layers are separated. The MTBE layer was then treated with dicyclohexylamine (0.97 equiv). The slurry is cooled to 0 °C, filtered and washed with heptane to give the corresponding DCHA salt. The salt is taken into MTBE and 10% citric acid and stirred until all solids dissolve. The layers are separated and the MTBE layer was washed with water and brine. Solvent swap to heptane followed by filtration gives compound 22 after drying in a vacuum oven at 50 °C overnight.
Synthesis of 1-(2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-cyclopropanecarbonyl chloride (compound 7).
Compound 22 (1.2 cq) is slurried in toluene (2.5 vol) and the mixture heated to 60 °C. SOCl₂ (1.4 eq) is added via addition funnel. The toluene and SOCl₂ are distilled from the reaction mixture after 30 minutes. Additional toluene (2.5 vol) is added and distilled again.
Synthesis of ¹⁴C-(2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-acetonitrile (compound 23).
A solution of Compound 19 (1 eq) in DMSO (1.25 vol) is added to a slurry of Na¹⁴ CN (1.4 eq) in DMSO (3 vol) maintaining the temperature between 30-40 °C. The mixture is stirred for 1 hour then water (6 vol) is added followed by MTBE (4 vol). After stirring for 30 min, the layers are separated. The aqueous layer is extracted with MTBE (1.8 vol). The combined organic layers are washed with water (1.8 vol), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated to afford crude compound 23 that is purified by chromatography.
Synthesis of ¹⁴C-(2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-cyclopropanecarbonitrile (compound 24).
A mixture of compound 23 (1.0 eq) and 1,2-dibromoethane (1.8 eq) in THF (3 vol) is cooled to -10 °C via external chiller. 1 M LHMDS in THF (2.5 eq) is added via an addition funnel and at a rate to maintain the temperature in the reactor below 10 °C. One hour after addition is complete, 20% w/v aq. citric acid (13 vol) is added via addition funnel maintaining the temperature in the reactor below 20 C. The external chiller is turned off and after stirring for 30 min the layers are separated. The organic layer is filtered and concentrated to afford crude compound 24 that is purified by chromatography.
Synthesis of ¹⁴C-1-(2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylic acid (compound 25).
Compound 24 is hydrolyzed using 6 M NaOH (8 equiv) in ethanol (5 vol) at 80 °C overnight. The mixture is cooled to room temperature and ethanol is evaporated under vacuum. The residue is taken into water and MTBE. 1 M HCl is added to the mixture and the organic layer is filtered and concentrated to afford compound 25.
Synthesis of ¹⁴C-1-(2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-cyclopropanecarbonyl chloride (compound 26).
A mixture of Compound 25, 4-dimethylaminopyridine, and thionyl chloride (SOCl₂) in CH₂Cl₂ is stirred to produce compound 26, which may be further reacted with compound 6 without isolation.
Amine Moiety
Synthesis of tert-butyl-3-(3-methylpyridin-2-yl)benzoate (compound 4).
2-Bromo-3-methylpyridine (1.0 eq) is dissolved in toluene (12 vol). K₂CO₃ (4.8 eq) is added followed by water (3.5 vol) and the mixture heated to 65 °C under a stream of N₂ for 1 hour. 3-(t-Butoxycarbonyl)phenylboronic acid (1.05 eq) and Pd(dppf)Cl₂-CH₂Cl₂ (0.015 eq) are then added and the mixture is heated to 80 °C. After 2 hours, the heat is turned off, water is added (3.5 vol) and the layers are allowed to separate. The organic phase is then washed with water (3.5 vol) and extracted with 10% aqueous methanesulfonic acid (2 eq MsOH, 7.7 vol). The aqueous phase is made basic with 50% aqueous NaOH (2 eq) and extracted with EtOAc (8 vol). The organic layer is concentrated to afford crude compound 4 (82%) that is used directly in the next step.
Synthesis of 2-(3-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)phenyl)-3-methylpyridine-1-oxide (compound 5).
Compound 4 (1.0 eq) is dissolved in EtOAc (6 vol). Water (0. 3 vol) is added followed by urea-hydrogen peroxide (3 cq). The phthalic anhydride (3 cq) is added portion-wise as a solid to maintain the temperature in the reactor below 45 °C. After completion of phthalic anhydride addition, the mixture is heated to 45 °C. After stirring for an additional 4 hours, the heat is turned off. 10% w/w aqueous Na₂SO₃ (1.5 eq) is added via addition funnel. After completion of Na₂SO₃ addition, the mixture is stirred for an additional 30 minutes and the layers separated. The organic layer is stirred and 10% w/w aq. Na₂CO₃ (2 eq) is added. After stirring for 30 minutes, the layers are allowed to separate. The organic phase is washed 13% w/v aq NaCl. The organic phase is then filtered and concentrated to afford crude compound 5 (95%) that is used directly in the next step.
Synthesis of tert-butyl-3-(6-amino-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)benzoate (compound 6).
A solution of compound 5 (1 eq) and pyridine (4 eq) in MeCN (8 vol) is heated to 70 °C. A solution of methanesulfonic anhydride (1.5 eq) in MeCN (2 vol) is added over 50 min via addition funnel maintaining the temperature at less than 75 °C. The mixture is stirred for an additional 0.5 hours after complete addition. The mixture is then allowed to cool to ambient. Ethanolamine (10 eq) is added via addition funnel. After stirring for 2 hours, water (6 vol) is added and the mixture is cooled to 10 °C. After stirring for NLT 3 hours, the solid is collected by filtration and washed with water (3 vol), 2:1 MeCN/water (3 vol), and MeCN (2×1.5 vol). The solid is dried to constant weight (<1% difference) in a vacuum oven at 50 °C with a slight N₂ bleed to afford compound 6 as a red-yellow solid (53% yield).
Synthesis of 3-(6-(1-(2,2-difluorobenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl) cyclopropanecarboxamido)-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)-t-butylbenzoate (compound 8).
Compound 7 is dissolved in toluene (2.5 vol based on acid chloride) and added via addition funnel to a mixture of compound 6 (1 eq), dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP, 0.02 eq), and triethylamine (3.0 cq) in toluene (4 vol based on compound 6). After 2 hours, water (4 vol based on compound 6) is added to the reaction mixture. After stirring for 30 minutes, the layers are separated. The organic phase is then filtered and concentrated to afford a thick oil of compound 8 (quantitative crude yield). MeCN (3 vol based on crude product) is added and distilled until crystallization occurs. Water (2 vol based on crude product) is added and the mixture stirred for 2 h. The solid is collected by filtration, washed with 1:1 (by volume) MeCN/water (2 x 1 vol based on crude product), and partially dried on the filter under vacuum. The solid is dried to constant weight (<1% difference) in a vacuum oven at 60 °C with a slight N₂ bleed to afford 3-(6-(1-(2,2-difluorobenzo[d] [1,3]dioxol-5-yl) cyclopropanecarboxamido)-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)-t-butylbenzoate as a brown solid.
Syntheisis of Syntheisis of 3-(6-(1-(2,2-difluorobenzo[d] [1,3]dioxol-5-yl) cyclopropanecarboxamido)-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)benzoic acid • HCL salt (compound 9).
To a slurry of compound 8 (1.0 eq) in MeCN (3.0 vol) is added water (0.83 vol) followed by concentrated aqueous HCl (0.83 vol). The mixture is heated to 45 ± 5 °C. After stirring for 24 to 48 hours the reaction is complete and the mixture is allowed to cool to ambient. Water (1.33 vol) is added and the mixture stirred. The solid is collected by filtration, washed with water (2 x 0.3 vol), and partially dried on the filter under vacuum. The solid is dried to constant weight (<1% difference) in a vacuum oven at 60 °C with a slight N₂ bleed to afford compound 9 as an off-white solid.

Synthesis of 3-(6-(1-(2,2-difluorobenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl) cyclopropanecarboxamido)-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)benzoic acid (Compound 1).
A slurry of 3-(6-(1-(2,2-difluorobenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl) cyclopropanecarboxamido)-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)benzoic acid • HCl (1 eq) in water (10 vol) is stirred at ambient temperature. A sample is taken after stirring for 24 hours. The sample is filtered and the solid washed with water (2 x). The solid sample is submitted for DSC analysis. When DSC analysis indicates complete conversion to Compound 1, the solid is collected by filtration, washed with water (2 x 1.0 vol), and partially dried on the filter under vacuum. The solid is dried to constant weight (<1% difference) in a vacuum oven at 60 °C with a slight N₂ bleed to afford Compound 1 as an off-white solid (98% yield).
Synthesis of 3-(6-(1-(2,2-difluorobenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl) cyclopropanecarboxamido)-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)benzoic acid (Compound 1) using water and base.
To a slurry of 3-(6-(1-(2,2-difluorobenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl) cyclopropanecarboxamido)-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)benzoic acid • HCl (1 eq) in water (10 vol) stirred at ambient temperature is added 50% w/w aq. NaOH (2.5 eq). The mixture is stirred for NLT 15 min or until a homogeneous solution. Concentrated HCl (4 eq) is added to crystallize Compound 1. The mixture is heated to 60 °C or 90 °C if needed to reduce the level of the t-butylbenzoate ester. The mixture is heated until HPLC analysis indicates NMT 0.8% (AUC) t-butylbenzoate ester. The mixture is then cooled to ambient and the solid is collected by filtration, washed with water (3 x 3.4 vol), and partially dried on the filter under vacuum. The solid is dried to constant weight (<1% difference) in a vacuum oven at 60 °C with a slight N₂ bleed to afford Compound 1 as an off-white solid (97% yield).
Synthesis of 3-(6-(1-(2,2-difluorobenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl) cyclopropanecarboxamido)-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)benzoic acid (Compound 1) directly from benzoate.
A solution of 3-(6-(1-(2,2-difluorobenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl) cyclopropanecarboxamido)-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)-t-butylbenzoate (1.0 eq) in formic acid (3.0 vol) is heated to 70 ± 10 °C. The reaction is continued until the reaction is complete (NMT 1.0% AUC 3-(6-(1-(2,2-difluorobenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl) cyclopropanecarboxamido)-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)-t-butylbenzoate) or heating for NMT 8 h. The mixture is allowed to cool to ambient. The solution is added to water (6 vol) heated at 50 °C and the mixture stirred. The mixture is then heated to 70 ± 10 °C until the level of 3-(6-(1-(2,2-difluorobenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl) cyclopropanecarboxamido)-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)-t-butylbenzoate is NMT 0.8% (AUC). The solid is collected by filtration, washed with water (2 x 3 vol), and partially dried on the filter under vacuum. The solid is dried to constant weight (<1% difference) in a vacuum oven at 60 °C with a slight N₂ bleed to afford Compound 1 as an off-white solid.

¹HNMR spectra of Compound 1 are shown in Figures 9-11 (Figures 9 and 10 depict Compound 1 in Form I in a 50 mg/mL, 0.5 methyl cellulose-polysorbate 80 suspension, and Figure 11 depicts Compound 1 as an HCl salt).
Table 3 below recites additional analytical data for Compound 1.

Table 3.

Cmpd. No.	LC/MS M+1	LC/RTmin	NMR
1	453.3	1.93	H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) 9.14 (s, 1H), 7.99-7.93 (m, 3H), 7.80-7.78 (m, 1H), 7.74-7.72 (m, 1H), 7.60-7.55 (m, 2H), 7.41-7.33 (m, 2H), 2.24 (s, 3H), 1.53-1.51 (m, 2H), 1.19-1.17 (m, 2H)

WO2002096421A1 *	May 22, 2002	Dec 5, 2002	Neurogen Corp	5-substituted-2-arylpyridines as crf1 modulators
WO2004072038A1 *	Feb 10, 2004	Aug 26, 2004	Vertex Pharma	Processes for the preparation of n-heteroaryl-n-aryl-amines by reacting an n-aryl carbamic acid ester with a halo-heteroaryl and analogous processes
WO2007056341A1	Nov 8, 2006	May 18, 2007	Vertex Pharma	Heterocyclic modulators of atp-binding cassette transporters



see……http://orgspectroscopyint.blogspot.in/2015/03/lumacaftor.htm

References

David Andrew Siesel;Processes for producing cycloalkylcarboxamido-pyridine benzoic acids,US patent number US8124781 B2 ;Also published as CA2707494A1, CN101910134A, EP2231606A2, EP2231606B1, EP2639222A1, EP2639223A1, EP2639224A1, US8592602, US20090176989, US20120190856, WO2009076142A2, WO2009076142A3;Filing date:Dec 4, 2008;Original Assignee:Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated

David Andrew Siesel;Processes for producing cycloalkylcarboxamido-pyridine benzoic acids,US patent number US8461342 B2 ;Also published as US20100036130, US20120203006, US20130274477, WO2010138484A2, WO2010138484A3;Original Assignee:Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated

Van Goor, Fredrick F. et al;Pharmaceutical compositions in the treatment of CFTR-mediated diseases such as cystic fibrosis;PCT Int. Appl., WO2011133956

Van Goor, Fredrick F. et al;Pharmaceutical compositions in the treatment of CFTR-mediated diseases such as cystic fibrosis.PCT Int. Appl., WO2011133951

Van Goor, Fredrick F. et al;Pharmaceutical compositions for treatment of CFTR-mediated diseases;PCT Int. Appl., WO2011133953

Verwijs, Marinus Jacobus et al;Preparation and pharmaceutical compositions of Lumacaftor for the treatment of cystic fibrosis and other diseases associated with CFTR mutations;PCT Int. Appl., WO2011127241

Keshavarz-Shokri, Ali et al;Preparation of Lumacaftor for therapeutical use;PCT Int. Appl., WO2011127290

Siesel, David;A process for the preparation of solid forms of (((difluorobenzodioxolyl)cyclopropanecarboxamido)methylpyridinyl)benzoic acid;U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ., US20100036130

Siesel, David;A process for the preparation of solid forms of (((difluorobenzodioxolyl)cyclopropanecarboxamido)methylpyridinyl)benzoic acid;PCT Int. Appl., WO2010138484

Young, Christopher;Dosage units of 3-(6-(1-(2,2-difluorobenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl) cyclopropanecarboxamido)-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)benzoic acid;PCT Int. Appl., WO2010037066

Hadida-Ruah, Sara et al;paration of N-pyridinyl carboxamide derivatives as modulators of ATP-binding cassette transporters;U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ., 20080019915

Siesel, David;A process for the preparation of solid forms of (((difluorobenzodioxolyl)cyclopropanecarboxamido)methylpyridinyl)benzoic acid;PCT Int. Appl., WO2009076142

Hadida Ruah, Sara et al;Preparation of N-pyridinyl carboxamide derivatives as modulators of ATP-binding cassette transporters;PCT Int. Appl., WO2007056341

video on cystic fibrosis

second video

Update on 26 mar 2015

LUMACAFTOR
VX 809

3-[6-[[1-(2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)cyclopropanecarbonyl]amino]-3-methylpyridin-2-yl]benzoic Acid
CAS No.:	936727-05-8
Synonyms:	VX-809 (Lumacaftor); VX-809; Lumacaftor; 3-(6-{[1-(2,2-Difluoro-benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-cyclopropanecarbonyl]-amino}-3-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-benzoic acid; 3-(6-(1-(2,2-Difluorobenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)cyclopropanecarboxamido)-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)benzoic acid;
Formula:	C24H18F2N2O5
Exact Mass:	452.11800

SMILLES…. Cc1ccc(nc1c2cccc(c2)C(=O)O)NC(=O)C3(CC3)c4ccc5c(c4)OC(O5)(F)F

NMR…………….http://file.selleckchem.com/downloads/nmr/S156503-VX-809-HNMR-Selleck.pdf

PATENT

http://www.google.com/patents/EP2639222A1?cl=en

Synthesis of 3-(6-(1-(2,2-difluorobenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl) cyclopropanecarboxamido)-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)benzoic acid (Compound 1) directly from benzoate.
A solution of 3-(6-(1-(2,2-difluorobenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl) cyclopropanecarboxamido)-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)-t-butylbenzoate (1.0 eq) in formic acid (3.0 vol) is heated to 70 ± 10 °C. The reaction is continued until the reaction is complete (NMT 1.0% AUC 3-(6-(1-(2,2-difluorobenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl) cyclopropanecarboxamido)-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)-t-butylbenzoate) or heating for NMT 8 h. The mixture is allowed to cool to ambient. The solution is added to water (6 vol) heated at 50 °C and the mixture stirred. The mixture is then heated to 70 ± 10 °C until the level of 3-(6-(1-(2,2-difluorobenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl) cyclopropanecarboxamido)-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)-t-butylbenzoate is NMT 0.8% (AUC). The solid is collected by filtration, washed with water (2 x 3 vol), and partially dried on the filter under vacuum. The solid is dried to constant weight (<1% difference) in a vacuum oven at 60 °C with a slight N2 bleed to afford Compound 1 as an off-white solid.

1HNMR spectra of Compound 1 are shown in Figures 9-11 (Figures 9 and 10 depict Compound 1 in Form I in a 50 mg/mL, 0.5 methyl cellulose-polysorbate 80 suspension, and Figure 11 depicts Compound 1 as an HCl salt).
Table 3 below recites additional analytical data for Compound 1.

Table 3.

Cmpd. No.	LC/MS M+1	LC/RTmin	NMR
1	453.3	1.93	H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) 9.14 (s, 1H), 7.99-7.93 (m, 3H), 7.80-7.78 (m, 1H), 7.74-7.72 (m, 1H), 7.60-7.55 (m, 2H), 7.41-7.33 (m, 2H), 2.24 (s, 3H), 1.53-1.51 (m, 2H), 1.19-1.17 (m, 2H)

logo
1H NMR PREDICT

3-[6-[[1-(2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)cyclopropanecarbonyl]amino]-3-methylpyridin-2-yl]benzoic acid NMR spectra analysis, Chemical CAS NO. 936727-05-8 NMR spectral analysis, 3-[6-[[1-(2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)cyclopropanecarbonyl]amino]-3-methylpyridin-2-yl]benzoic acid H-NMR spectrum

13C NMR PREDICT

CAS NO. 936727-05-8, 3-[6-[[1-(2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)cyclopropanecarbonyl]amino]-3-methylpyridin-2-yl]benzoic acid C-NMR spectral analysisCOSY PREDICT

13C NMR PREDICT

WO2002096421A1 *	May 22, 2002	Dec 5, 2002	Neurogen Corp	5-substituted-2-arylpyridines as crf1 modulators
WO2004072038A1 *	Feb 10, 2004	Aug 26, 2004	Vertex Pharma	Processes for the preparation of n-heteroaryl-n-aryl-amines by reacting an n-aryl carbamic acid ester with a halo-heteroaryl and analogous processes
WO2007056341A1	Nov 8, 2006	May 18, 2007	Vertex Pharma	Heterocyclic modulators of atp-binding cassette transporters

see……http://orgspectroscopyint.blogspot.in/2015/03/lumacaftor.htm

Patent

http://www.google.co.in/patents/US8124781

Synthesis of 3-(6-(1-(2,2-difluorobenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)cyclopropanecarboxamido)-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)benzoic Acid (Compound 1)

A slurry of 3-(6-(1-(2,2-difluorobenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)cyclopropanecarboxamido)-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)benzoic acid.HCl (1 eq) in water (10 vol) is stirred at ambient temperature. A sample is taken after stirring for 24 hours. The sample is filtered and the solid washed with water (2×). The solid sample is submitted for DSC analysis. When DSC analysis indicates complete conversion to Compound 1, the solid is collected by filtration, washed with water (2×1.0 vol), and partially dried on the filter under vacuum. The solid is dried to constant weight (<1% difference) in a vacuum oven at 60° C. with a slight N₂bleed to afford Compound 1 as an off-white solid (98% yield).

Synthesis of 3-(6-(1-(2,2-difluorobenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)cyclopropanecarboxamido)-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)benzoic Acid (Compound 1) Using Water and Base

To a slurry of 3-(6-(1-(2,2-difluorobenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)cyclopropanecarboxamido)-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)benzoic acid.HCl (1 eq) in water (10 vol) stirred at ambient temperature is added 50% w/w aq. NaOH (2.5 eq). The mixture is stirred for NLT 15 min or until a homogeneous solution. Concentrated HCl (4 eq) is added to crystallize Compound 1. The mixture is heated to 60° C. or 90° C. if needed to reduce the level of the t-butylbenzoate ester. The mixture is heated until HPLC analysis indicates NMT 0.8% (AUC) t-butylbenzoate ester. The mixture is then cooled to ambient and the solid is collected by filtration, washed with water (3×3.4 vol), and partially dried on the filter under vacuum. The solid is dried to constant weight (<1% difference) in a vacuum oven at 60° C. with a slight N₂bleed to afford Compound 1 as an off-white solid (97% yield).

Synthesis of 3-(6-(1-(2,2-difluorobenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)cyclopropanecarboxamido)-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)benzoic Acid (Compound 1) Directly from Benzoate

A solution of 3-(6-(1-(2,2-difluorobenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)cyclopropanecarboxamido)-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)-t-butylbenzoate (1.0 eq) in formic acid (3.0 vol) is heated to 70±10° C. The reaction is continued until the reaction is complete (NMT 1.0% AUC 3-(6-(1-(2,2-difluorobenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)cyclopropanecarboxamido)-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)-t-butylbenzoate) or heating for NMT 8 h. The mixture is allowed to cool to ambient. The solution is added to water (6 vol) heated at 50° C. and the mixture stirred. The mixture is then heated to 70±10° C. until the level of 3-(6-(1-(2,2-difluorobenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-yl)cyclopropanecarboxamido)-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)-t-butylbenzoate is NMT 0.8% (AUC). The solid is collected by filtration, washed with water (2×3 vol), and partially dried on the filter under vacuum. The solid is dried to constant weight (<1% difference) in a vacuum oven at 60° C. with a slight N₂bleed to afford Compound 1 as an off-white solid.

……………….

WO2011127241

http://www.google.com/patents/WO2011127241A2?cl=en

Compound 1

Compound 1 is used as the starting point for the other solid state forms and can be prepared by coupling an acid chloride moiety with an amine moiety according to Schemes 1-4.

Scheme 1. Synthesis of the acid chloride moiety.

1. NaCN

2. H₂0

socio

Scheme 1 depicts the preparation of l-(2,2-difluorobenzo[d][l,3]dioxol-5- yl)cyclopropanecarbonyl chloride, which is used in Scheme 3 to make the amide linkage of Compound 1.

The starting material, 2,2-difluorobenzo[d][l,3]dioxole-5-carboxylic acid, is commercially available from Saltigo (an affiliate of the Lanxess Corporation). Reduction of the carboxylc acid moiety in 2,2-difluorobenzo[d][l ,3]dioxole-5-carboxylic acid to the primary alcohol, followed by conversion to the corresponding chloride using thionyl chloride (SOCl₂), provides 5-(chloromethyl)-2,2-difluorobenzo[d][l,3]dioxole, which is subsequently converted to 2-(2,2-difluorobenzo[d][l,3]dioxol-5-yl)acetonitrile using sodium cyanide. Treatment of 2-(2,2- difluorobenzo[d][l,3]dioxol-5-yl)acetonitrile with base and l-bromo-2-chloroethane provides 1- (2,2-difluorobenzo[d][l,3]dioxol-5-yl)cyclopropanecarbonitrile. The nitrile moiety in l-(2,2- difluorobenzo[d][l,3]dioxol-5-yl)cyclopropanecarbonitrile is converted to a carboxylic acid using base to give l-(2,2-difluorobenzo[d][l,3]dioxol-5-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid, which is converted to the desired acid chloride using thionyl chloride.

Scheme 2. Alternative synthesis of the acid chloride moiety.

Touene, H₂0, 70 °C3 N HC1,

DMSO,

75 °C

Scheme 2 depicts an alternative synthesis of the requisite acid chloride. 5- bromomethyl-2,2-difluoro-l,3-benzodioxole is coupled with ethyl cyanoacetate in the presence of a palladium catalyst to form the corresponding alpha cyano ethyl ester. Saponification of the ester moiety to the carboxylic acid gives the cyanoethyl compound. Alkylation of the cyanoethyl compound with l-bromo-2-chloro ethane in the presence of base gives the cyanocyclopropyl compound. Treatment of the cyanocyclopropyl compound with base gives the carboxylate salt, which is converted to the carboxylic acid by treatment with acid. Conversion of the carboxylic acid to the acid chloride is then accomplished using a chlorinating agent such as thionyl chloride or the like.

Scheme 3. Synthesis of the amine moiety.

ptBu urea-hydrogen peroxide hthalic anhydride EtOAc, water

Scheme 3 depicts the preparation of the requisite tert-butyl 3-(6-amino-3- methylpyridin-2-yl)benzoate, which is coupled with l-(2,2-difluorobenzo[d][l,3]dioxol-5- yl)cyclopropanecarbonyl chloride in Scheme 3 to give Compound 1. Palladium-catalyzed coupling of 2-bromo-3-methylpyridine with 3-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)phenylboronic acid gives tert-butyl 3-(3-methylpyridin-2-yl)benzoate, which is subsequently converted to the desired compound. Scheme 4. Formation of an acid salt of 3-(6-(l-(2,2-difluorobenzo[d] [l,3]dioxol-5-yl) cyclopropanecarboxamido)-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)benzoic acid.

Scheme 4 depicts the coupling of l-(2,2-difluorobenzo[d][l,3]dioxol-5- yl)cyclopropanecarbonyl chloride with tert-butyl 3-(6-amino-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)benzoate using triethyl amine and 4-dimethylaminopyridine to initially provide the tert-butyl ester of Compound 1.

……………………..

WO2010037066

http://www.google.im/patents/WO2010037066A2?cl=en

Syntheisis of 3-(6-(l-(2,2-difluorobenzo[d] [l,3]dioxol-5-yl) cyclopropanecarboxamido)-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)benzoic acid • HCL salt.

HCl

To a slurry of 3-(6-(l-(2,2-difluorobenzo[d][l,3]dioxol-5-yl) cyclopropanecarboxamido)-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)-t-butylbenzoate (1.0 eq) in MeCN (3.0 vol) is added water (0.83 vol) followed by concentrated aqueous HCl (0.83 vol). The mixture is heated to 45 ± 5 ⁰C. After stirring for 24 to 48 hours the reaction is complete and the mixture is allowed to cool to ambient. Water (1.33 vol) is added and the mixture stirred. The solid is collected by filtration, washed with water (2 x 0.3 vol), and partially dried on the filter under vacuum. The solid is dried to constant weight (<1% difference) in a vacuum oven at 60 ⁰C with a slight N₂ bleed to afford 3-(6-(l-(2,2- difluorobenzo[d][l,3]dioxol-5-yl) cyclopropanecarboxamido)-3-methylpyridin-2- yl)benzoic acid • HCl as an off-white solid.

Synthesis of 3-(6-(l-(2,2-difluorobenzo[d] [l,3]dioxol-5-yl) cyclopropanecarboxamido)-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)benzoic acid (Compound 1 in Form I).

HCl

Compound 1 in Form I

A slurry of 3-(6-(l-(2,2-difluorobenzo[d][l,3]dioxol-5-yl) cyclopropanecarboxamido)-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)benzoic acid • HCl (1 eq) in water (10 vol) is stirred at ambient temperature. A sample is taken after stirring for 24 hours. The sample is filtered and the solid washed with water (2 x). The solid sample is submitted for DSC analysis. When DSC analysis indicates complete conversion to Compound 1, the solid is collected by filtration, washed with water (2 x 1.0 vol), and partially dried on the filter under vacuum. The solid is dried to constant weight (<1% difference) in a vacuum oven at 60 ⁰C with a slight N₂ bleed to afford Compound 1 as an off-white solid (98% yield).

Synthesis of 3-(6-(l-(2,2-difluorobenzo[d] [l,3]dioxol-5-yl) cyclopropanecarboxamido)-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)benzoic acid (Compound 1 in Form I) using water and base.

Compound 1 in Form I

To a slurry of 3-(6-(l-(2,2-difluorobenzo[d][l,3]dioxol-5-yl) cyclopropanecarboxamido)-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)benzoic acid • HCl (1 eq) in water (10 vol) stirred at ambient temperature is added 50% w/w aq. NaOH (2.5 eq). The mixture is stirred for NLT 15 min or until a homogeneous solution. Concentrated HCl (4 eq) is added to crystallize Compound 1. The mixture is heated to 60 ⁰C or 90 ⁰C if needed to reduce the level of the t-butylbenzoate ester. The mixture is heated until HPLC analysis indicates NMT 0.8% (AUC) t-butylbenzoate ester. The mixture is then cooled to ambient and the solid is collected by filtration, washed with water (3 x 3.4 vol), and partially dried on the filter under vacuum. The solid is dried to constant weight (<1% difference) in a vacuum oven at 60 ⁰C with a slight N₂ bleed to afford Compound 1 as an off-white solid (97% yield).

Synthesis of 3-(6-(l-(2,2-difluorobenzo[d] [l,3]dioxol-5-yl) cyclopropanecarboxamido)-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)benzoic acid (Compound 1 in Form I) directly from benzoate.

Compound 1 in Form I

A solution of 3-(6-(l-(2,2-difluorobenzo[d][l,3]dioxol-5-yl) cyclopropanecarboxamido)-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)-t-butylbenzoate (1.0 eq) in formic acid (3.0 vol) is heated to 70 ± 10 ⁰C. The reaction is continued until the reaction is complete (NMT 1.0% AUC 3-(6-(l-(2,2-difluorobenzo[d][l,3]dioxol-5-yl) cyclopropanecarboxamido)-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)-t-butylbenzoate) or heating for NMT 8 h. The mixture is allowed to cool to ambient. The solution is added to water (6 vol) heated at 50 ⁰C and the mixture stirred. The mixture is then heated to 70 ± 10 ⁰C until the level of 3- (6-(l-(2,2-difluorobenzo[d][l,3]dioxol-5-yl) cyclopropanecarboxamido)-3-methylpyridin- 2-yl)-t-butylbenzoate is NMT 0.8% (AUC). The solid is collected by filtration, washed with water (2 x 3 vol), and partially dried on the filter under vacuum. The solid is dried to constant weight (<1% difference) in a vacuum oven at 60 ⁰C with a slight N₂ bleed to afford Compound 1 in Form I as an off-white solid.

First in Class Once-Daily Dual Bronchodilator Ultibro® Breezhaler® (QVA149) Gains Positive CHMP Opinion for the Treatment of COPD

July 28, 2013 1:23 am / Leave a comment

The developer: Novartis, Vectura
Peak projections: $2 billion-$5 billion

TOKYO, July 27, 2013 /CNW/ –

http://www.newswire.ca/en/story/1203847/first-in-class-once-daily-dual-bronchodilator-ultibro-breezhaler-qva149-gains-positive-chmp-opinion-for-the-treatment-of-copd

QVA149 (indacaterol/glycopyrronium) is the first once-daily fixed-dose combination of both a LABA and a LAMA bronchodilator to gain positive CHMP opinion
Pivotal Phase III IGNITE data showed QVA149 significantly improved lung function and patient-reported outcomes including breathlessness and rescue medication use, compared to current standard of care^[1]
QVA149 demonstrated significantly reduced rates of COPD exacerbations and improved health-related quality of life compared to open-label tiotropium 18 mcg and glycopyrronium 50 mcg^[2],[3]

Sosei Group Corporation (“Sosei”; TSE Mothers Index: 4565) confirms the information released by Novartis that the European Medicines Agency’s Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) has adopted a positive opinion for approval of once-daily Ultibro^® Breezhaler^®(indacaterol 85 mcg/glycopyrronium 43 mcg delivered dose, equivalent to 110 mcg/50 mcg metered dose per capsule), as a maintenance bronchodilator treatment to relieve symptoms in adult patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Ultibro Breezhaler was developed under the name of QVA149.

QVA149 is an investigational fixed dose combination of two bronchodilators, indacaterol, a long-acting beta₂-adrenergic agonist (LABA) and glycopyrronium, a long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA).http://www.newswire.ca/en/story/1203847/first-in-class-once-daily-dual-bronchodilator-ultibro-breezhaler-qva149-gains-positive-chmp-opinion-for-the-treatment-of-copd

QVA149 is an inhaled fixed dose combination product for the treatment of COPD, an irreversible and chronic obstruction of the airways. The product combinesNVA237, the long acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) licensed to Novartis by Sosei in 2005, together with Novartis’ long acting beta agonist (LABA), indacaterol, now approved in more than 80 countries, including EU, Japan and the USA.

Both NVA237 and indacaterol are once-daily bronchodilators but act on different receptors in the lung thereby offering the potential in combination to provide additional patient benefit.

Phase III studies (IGNITE: Indacaterol and GlycopyrroNium bromide clInical sTudiEs) for QVA149 is one of the largest international patient registration programs in COPD comprising 10 studies and including more than 7,000 subjects across 42 countries. Up to date, Novartis announced positive results of five Phase III studies: SHINE, BRIGHT, ENLIGHTEN, ILLUMINATE and SPARK. IGNITE data demonstrated the efficacy of QVA149 and showed a superior effect on lung function and patient-reported outcomes versus comparators.

>> More

QVA149 was filed for approval in Europe in October, and in Japan in November 2012. The US filing is expected at the end of 2014.

About COPD

COPD is a chronic obstruction of the airways which in the developed world is caused primarily by smoking. Symptoms include chronic bronchitis and/or emphysema which slowly progress and eventually lead to a largely irreversible loss of lung function. Worldwide, COPD is estimated to affect a total of 210 million people and is projected to become the third leading cause of death by 2020.

Market Overview

COPD is a large and fast expanding market which is estimated to be worth around $9 billion (2008) and is expected to reach $14 billion by 2014 as a result of better recognition of the disease and improved treatment options.

indacaterol

glycoprronium

US OK for Forest/Pierre Fabre antidepressant fetzima, levomilnacipran

July 27, 2013 11:47 am / Leave a comment

levomilnacipran

The US Food and Drug Administration has approved Forest Laboratories and Pierre Fabre’s Fetzima for major depressive disorder.

Fetzima (levomilnacipran extended-release), a once-daily serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, has been given the green light based on Phase III studies of adults with MDD and statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvement in depressive symptoms across three doses (40, 80, and 120 mg).

read all at

http://www.pharmatimes.com/Article/13-07-26/US_OK_for_Forest_Pierre_Fabre_antidepressant.aspx

Levomilnacipran (F2695) is an antidepressant currently under development by Forest Laboratories for the treatment of depression in the United States and Canada.^[1]^[2]^[3] As of 2009 it is in phase III clinical trials.^[4] Levomilnacipran is an active enantiomer of milnacipran and therefore has similar effects and pharmacology, acting as a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor.^[2]^[5] On 20 January 2011, Forest and Pierre Fabre Medicament announced that levomilnacipran was no better than placebo in a late-stage clinical trial. Two other late-stage trials will be finished in mid-2011.

References

“Future Treatments for Depression, Anxiety, Sleep Disorders, Psychosis, and ADHD — Neurotransmitter.net”.
“Pierre Fabre Medicament and Forest Laboratories to Collaborate on Development and Commercialization of F2695 for Depression – FierceBiotech”.
“News: Forest Buys CNS Disease-Related Drug for $75M Upfront.”.
“Search of: F2695 – List Results – ClinicalTrials.gov”.
Deprez D, Chassard D, Baille P, Mignot A, Ung HL, Puozzo C (1998). “Which bioequivalence study for a racemic drug? Application to milnacipran”. European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics 23 (2): 166–71. PMID 9725476.

Vifor gets FDA approval for Injectafer

July 27, 2013 11:30 am / Leave a comment

Switzerland’s Vifor Pharma is celebrating after getting the thumbs-up from US regulators for Injectafer for the treatment of iron deficiency anaemia.

The US Food and Drug Administration has approved the treatment, sold in Europe as Ferinject (ferric carboxymaltose) since getting the green light in 2007. Specifically, Injectafer will be available for the treatment of IDA in adults who have had an unsatisfactory response or are intolerant to oral iron.

The approval is based on two large trials conducted by Vifor’s US partner Luitpold Pharmaceuticals which studied more than 3,500 patients, of which 1,800 were treated with Injectafer.

read all at

http://www.pharmatimes.com/Article/13-07-26/Vifor_gets_FDA_approval_for_Injectafer.aspx

Ferric carboxymaltose
Chemical structure
The active substance of FERINJECT is a complex of polynuclear iron(III)-hydroxide with 4(R)-(poly-(1→4)-
O-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-oxy-2(R),3(S),5(R),6-tetrahydroxy-hexanoate. The relative molecular weight is
approximately 150,000 Da, corresponding to the empirical formula:
[FeOx(OH)y(H2O)z]n [{(C6H10O5)m (C6H12O7)}l]k, where n ≈ 103, m ≈ 8, l ≈ 11, and k ≈ 4.
CAS-Number
9007-72-1

http://www.tga.gov.au/pdf/auspar/auspar-ferric.pdf for structure

Mavoglurant (AFQ-056) is an experimental drug candidate for the treatment of fragile X syndrome

July 27, 2013 1:48 am / 4 Comments on Mavoglurant (AFQ-056) is an experimental drug candidate for the treatment of fragile X syndrome

マボグルラント

ماووگلوران

Mavoglurant (AFQ-056) is an experimental drug candidate for the treatment of fragile X syndrome.^[1] It exerts its effect as an antagonist of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGLU₅).^[2]

Mavoglurant is under development by Novartis and is currently in Phase II and Phase III clinical trials.^[1]^[3] If successful, it would be the first drug to treat the underlying disorder instead of the symptoms of fragile X syndrome.^[4]

P. Cole (2012). “Mavoglurant”. Drugs of the Future 37 (1): 7–12. doi:10.1358/dof.2012.37.1.1772147.
Levenga, J; Hayashi, S; De Vrij, FM; Koekkoek, SK; Van Der Linde, HC; Nieuwenhuizen, I; Song, C; Buijsen, RA et al. (2011). “AFQ056, a new mGluR5 antagonist for treatment of fragile X syndrome”. Neurobiology of disease 42 (3): 311–7. doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2011.01.022. PMID 21316452. |displayauthors= suggested (help)
Jacquemont, S.; Curie, A.; Des Portes, V.; Torrioli, M. G.; Berry-Kravis, E.; Hagerman, R. J.; Ramos, F. J.; Cornish, K. et al. (2011). “Epigenetic Modification of the FMR1 Gene in Fragile X Syndrome is Associated with Differential Response to the mGluR5 Antagonist AFQ056”. Science Translational Medicine 3 (64): 64ra1. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3001708. PMID 21209411. |displayauthors= suggested (help)
“AFQ056 drug improves symptoms in Fragile X patients: Study”. news-medical.net. January 9, 2011.

Fragile X syndrome (FXS), Martin–Bell syndrome, or Escalante’s syndrome (more commonly used in South American countries), is a genetic syndrome that is the most widespread single-gene cause of autism and inherited cause of mental retardation among boys. It results in a spectrum of intellectual disabilities ranging from mild to severe as well as physical characteristics such as an elongated face, large or protruding ears, and large testes (macroorchidism), and behavioral characteristics such as stereotypic movements (e.g. hand-flapping), and social anxiety.

Fragile X syndrome is associated with the expansion of the CGG trinucleotide repeat affecting the Fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene on the X chromosome, resulting in a failure to express the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), which is required for normal neural development. Depending on the length of the CGG repeat, an allele may be classified as normal (unaffected by the syndrome), a premutation (at risk of fragile X associated disorders), or full mutation (usually affected by the syndrome).^[1] A definitive diagnosis of fragile X syndrome is made through genetic testing to determine the number of CGG repeats. Testing for premutation carriers can also be carried out to allow for genetic counseling. The first complete DNA sequence of the repeat expansion in someone with the full mutation was generated by scientists in 2012 using SMRT sequencing.

There is currently no drug treatment that has shown benefit specifically for fragile X syndrome. However, medications are commonly used to treat symptoms of attention deficit and hyperactivity, anxiety, and aggression. Supportive management is important in optimizing functioning in individuals with fragile X syndrome, and may involve speech therapy, occupational therapy, and individualized educational and behavioral programs.

orphan drug designation EMA

http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=web&cd=3&cad=rja&ved=0CDwQFjAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ema.europa.eu%2Fema%2Findex.jsp%3Fcurl%3Dpages%2Fmedicines%2Fhuman%2Forphans%2F2012%2F11%2Fhuman_orphan_001121.jsp%26mid%3DWC0b01ac058001d12b&ei=OyzzUZvtN8izrgf-4YCwDA&usg=AFQjCNHkQH6bIGW8MtvFbViHQ5mLeLRmFQ&sig2=BqsRq2kZF3lgbKix5Qji5g&bvm=bv.49784469,d.bmk

EU/3/12/1046: Public summary of opinion on orphan designation: Mavoglurant for treatment of fragile-X syndrome

http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/medicines/human/orphans/2012/11/human_orphan_001121.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058001d12b

http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=EN&Expert=317238

Mavoglurant regulatory update 12/03/2012

Week in Review, Regulatory

Novartis AG (NYSE:NVS; SIX:NOVN), Basel, Switzerland Product: Mavoglurant (AFQ056) Business: Neurology The European Commission granted Orphan Drug designation to Novartis’ mavoglurant to treat fragile X syndrome. The …

http://www.ukmi.nhs.uk/applications/ndo/record_view_open.asp?newDrugID=5043

ماووگلوران (به انگلیسی: Mavoglurant)‏ یک ترکیب شیمیایی با شناسه پاب‌کم ۹۹۲۶۸۳۲ است.

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Curis phase 1 Cancer Trial for CUDC-427 Begins

July 26, 2013 4:54 am / 4 Comments on Curis phase 1 Cancer Trial for CUDC-427 Begins

CUDC-427, GDC-0917; RG-7459

Genentech Inc (Roche Holding AG)

Curis licenses GDC-0917 from Genentech

Curis Cancer Trial Begins
Curis Inc. has initiated patient dosing in a second Phase 1 dose-escalation study of CUDC-427 that is being conducted using a continuous, twice-daily oral dosing regimen in patients with advanced and refractory solid tumors or lymphoma.

FULL STORY

http://www.dddmag.com/news/2013/07/curis-cancer-trial-begins?et_cid=3387991&et_rid=523035093&type=headline

About CUDC-427 (GDC-0917)

CUDC-427 is an orally bioavailable small molecule that is designed to promote cancer cell death by antagonizing IAP proteins. IAP proteins are a family of functionally and structurally related proteins that promote cancer cell survival by inhibiting programmed cell death, also known as apoptosis, which is a normal process inherent in every cell. Using IAP proteins and other anti-apoptotic factors, cancer cells evade apoptosis in response to a variety of signals, including those provided by anti-cancer agents such as chemotherapy, or naturally occurring inflammatory and immune signals transmitted through members of the tumor necrosis factor, or TNF, family of factors. Evasion from apoptosis is a fundamental mechanism whereby human cancers develop resistance to standard anti-cancer treatments. IAP inhibitors such as CUDC-427 are designed to counteract the effects of IAP proteins, thus shifting the balance away from cancer cell survival and allowing apoptosis to proceed.

CUDC-427 was designed to mimic the endogenous IAP antagonist mitochondrial protein second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases/direct IAP-binding protein (Smac/DIABLO) that is released into the cytoplasm in response to pro-apoptotic stimuli. CUDC-427 has demonstrated single-agent and combination anti-tumor activity in mouse xenograft tumor models when administered orally on a daily schedule, and IND-enabling safety studies have shown it to be well tolerated when dosed daily by oral administration, potentially enabling sustained target inhibition.

In October 2010, an open-labeled, uncontrolled, dose-escalation, Phase I clinical trial of CUDC-427 (NCT01226277; IAM4914g) began in patients with refractory solid tumors or lymphoma. Genentech recently completed this Phase I clinical trial in which 42 people received daily oral doses of CUDC-427 for two weeks, followed by a one week rest period. This 21-day cycle is repeated until disease progression or study discontinuation for any other reason. The primary endpoints of the study include evaluating the safety and tolerability and the pharmacokinetics of CUDC-427 in people with solid tumors or lymphoma and determining the maximum-tolerated-dose and a potential recommended dose for further clinical studies. Secondary endpoints include a preliminary assessment of anti-tumor activity of CUDC-427 and evaluating pharmacodynamic markers. Genentech plans to present full study results at a medical conference in mid-2013. Please refer to http://www.clinicaltrials.gov for additional study details.

About Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins

Impairment of programmed cell death or apoptosis often contributes to the formation and progression of cancer, and evasion of apoptosis is one of the primary strategies by which cancer cells develop resistance to anticancer therapies. Inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins are a family of functionally and structurally related proteins which include X-linked IAP (XIAP), cellular IAPs (cIAP1 and cIAP2), and melanoma IAP (ML-IAP). They confer protection from death-inducing stimuli by exerting a range of biological activities that promote cancer cell survival and proliferation. Some even directly inhibit caspases, critical players in the execution of apoptosis.

Mutations, amplifications and chromosomal translocations of IAP genes are associated with various solid and hematologic cancer types, and increased IAP expression has been associated with an unfavorable prognosis and poor outcome for patients. As a consequence, IAP proteins are considered promising molecular targets for anticancer therapy.

Antibody Effective Against Norovirus

July 26, 2013 4:37 am / 4 Comments on Antibody Effective Against Norovirus

Antibody Effective Against Norovirus
Researchers have released data showing that a monoclonal antibody can neutralize human norovirus. Norovirus causes roughly 20 million cases of acute diarrhea and vomiting annually in the United States, alone. It is also responsible for roughly 800 deaths annually.

FULL STORY

http://www.dddmag.com/news/2013/07/antibody-effective-against-norovirus?et_cid=3387991&et_rid=523035093&type=headline

What is Norovirus?

Norovirus is a stomach bug that sets in within 10 hours of transmission and usually lasts up to three days. It is completely different from the flu in that only your stomach is affected. While most people recover completely after three days, norovirus is more serious for young children, the elderly and people with other serious health conditions. Every year 70,000 people are hospitalized and 800 deaths are caused by the virus.

What are the symptoms?

The most common symptoms of norovirus include stomach pain, vomiting, diarrhea and nausea. Some people also experience a low-grade fever, headache and body ache. Because it is common to have continued vomiting and diarrhea during the three days of illness, dehydration is another concern for those affected.

How do you get it?

Norovirus is spread through direct contact with an infected person’s vomit or feces. Most commonly, unwashed hands can be attributed to spreading the virus through surfaces or food. The virus spreads quickly in enclosed spaces like cruise ships, nursing homes and schools.

What is the treatment?

Unfortunately, there are no medications to treat norovirus. Health care providers say the best thing to do is try to stay hydrated, rest and wait for the virus to run its course. People who are unable to keep fluids down may need to receive fluids intravenously.

How can you protect yourself?

Hand washing is the best defense against the norovirus, since no one is immune to the always-changing strains of the virus. However, new research has found hand sanitizers are not affective in killing the virus. Avoid direct contact with anyone who is infected and pay close attention to cleaning and preparing food. Also, anyone who is infected should not prepare food. Use disinfectants to wipe down all surfaces that have come in contact with someone who is infected. Also, launder infected clothes immediately on the longest wash cycle to help from spreading the virus.

CSIR, INDIA-WO PATENT–synthesis of amprenavir and saquinavir

July 26, 2013 4:12 am / 3 Comments on CSIR, INDIA-WO PATENT–synthesis of amprenavir and saquinavir

amprenavir

saquinavir

A process for synthesis of syn azido epoxide and its use as intermediate in the synthesis of amprenavir and saquinavir
Published as ———WO-2013105118
Council of Scientific & Industrial Research

http://worldwide.espacenet.com:80/publicationDetails/biblio?CC=WO&NR=2013105118A1&KC=A1&FT=D&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP&date=20130718&rss=true

Inventors

Gadakh, Sunita, Khanderao; Rekula, Reddy, Santhosh; Sudalai, Arumugam
Publication date 18-JUL-2013

HIV protease inhibitor

Disclosed herein is a novel route of synthesis of syn azide epoxide of formu 5, which is used as a common intermdeiate for asymmetric synthesis of HIV protease inhibitors such as Amprenavir, Fosamprenavir, Saquinavir and formal synthesis of Darunavir and Palinavir obtained by Cobalt- catalyzed hydrolyti kinetic resolution of racemic anti-(2SR, 3SR) – 3 -azido – 4 -phenyl – 1, 2- epoxybutane (azido-epoxide

IN2012DE82

10-JAN-2012 [priority]

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Mavoglurant regulatory update 12/03/2012

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