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R CONF SHOWN
BI ?
(R)-2-(4-(4-Chlorophenoxy)piperidin-1-yl)-4-((tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)amino)-6,7-dihydrothieno[3,2-d]pyrimidine 5-Oxide
1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 1.49 (dq, J = 4.2, 11.8 Hz, 1H), 1.62 (dq, J = 4.2, 11.8 Hz, 1H), 1.74–1.89 (m, 3H), 1.90–2.02 (m, 3H), 2.96–3.07 (m, 2H), 3.29 (dt, J = 13.6, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 3.44 (ddd, J = 19.2, 11.2, 2.0 Hz, 2H), 3.62 (dt, J = 17.2, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 3.76 (m, 2H), 3.96 (dd, J = 15.6, 12.8 Hz, J = 2H), 4.09–3.99 (m, 3H), 4.51 (m, 1H), 6.21 (br d, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H), 6.86 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.24 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H);
13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 30.4, 32.5, 32.7, 41.0, 47.2, 49.6, 66.9, 66.9, 72.9, 107.8, 117.5, 125.9, 129.5, 155.8, 158.9, 163.0, 174.6.
The use of phosphodiesterase type 4 (PDE4) inhibitors for the treatment of COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) by reducing inflammation and improving lung function is well documented. Given the potential therapeutic benefit offered by these compounds, a number of PDE4-selective inhibitors containing a dihydrothieno[3,2-d]pyrimidine core were identified as preclinical candidates in Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals discovery laboratories
While the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is incompletely understood, chronic inflammation is a major factor. In fact, the inflammatory response is abnormal, with CD8+ T-cells, CD68+ macrophages, and neutrophils predominating in the conducting airways, lung parenchyma, and pulmonary vasculature. Elevated levels of the second messenger cAMP can inhibit some inflammatory processes. Theophylline has long been used in treating asthma; it causes bronchodilation by inhibiting cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE), which inactivates cAMP. By inhibiting PDE, theophylline increases cAMP, inhibiting inflammation and relaxing airway smooth muscle. Rather than one PDE, there are now known to be more than 50, with differing activities, substrate preferences, and tissue distributions. Thus, the possibility exists of selectively inhibiting only the enzyme(s) in the tissue(s) of interest. PDE 4 is the primary cAMP-hydrolyzing enzyme in inflammatory and immune cells (macrophages, eosinophils, neutrophils). Inhibiting PDE 4 in these cells leads to increased cAMP levels, down-regulating the inflammatory response. Because PDE 4 is also expressed in airway smooth muscle and, in vitro, PDE 4 inhibitors relax lung smooth muscle, selective PDE 4 inhibitors are being developed for treating COPD. Clinical studies have been conducted with PDE 4 inhibitors;
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a serious and increasing global public health problem; physiologically, it is characterized by progressive, irreversible airflow obstruction and pathologically, by an abnormal airway inflammatory response to noxious particles or gases (MacNee 2005a). The COPD patient suffers a reduction in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), a reduction in the ratio of FEV1 to forced vital capacity (FVC), compared with reference values, absolute reductions in expiratory airflow, and little improvement after treatment with an inhaled bronchodilator. Airflow limitation in COPD patients results from mucosal inflammation and edema, bronchoconstriction, increased secretions in the airways, and loss of elastic recoil. Patients with COPD can experience ‘exacerbations,’ involving rapid and prolonged worsening of symptoms (Seneff et al 1995; Connors et al 1996; Dewan et al 2000; Rodriguez-Roisin 2006; Mohan et al 2006). Many are idiopathic, though they often involve bacteria; airway inflammation in exacerbations can be caused or triggered by bacterial antigens (Murphy et al 2000; Blanchard 2002; Murphy 2006;Veeramachaneni and Sethi 2006). Increased IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, GRO-α, MCP-1, and IL-8 levels are found in COPD patient sputum; their levels increase further during exacerbations. COPD has many causes and significant differences in prognosis exist, depending on the cause (Barnes 1998; Madison and Irwin 1998).
COPD is already the fourth leading cause of death worldwide, according to the World Health Organization (WHO); the WHO estimates that by the year 2020, COPD will be the third-leading cause of death and the fifth-leading cause of disability worldwide (Murray and Lopez 1997). COPD is the fastest-growing cause of death in developed nations and is responsible for over 2.7 million deaths per year worldwide. In the US, there are currently estimated to be 16 million people with COPD. There are estimated to be up to 20 million sufferers in Japan, which has the world’s highest per capita cigarette consumption and a further 8–12 million in Europe. In 2000, COPD accounted for over 20 million outpatient visits, 3.4 million emergency room visits, 6 million hospitalizations, and 116,500 deaths in the US (National Center for Health Statistics 2002). Factors associated with COPD, including immobility, often lead to secondary health consequences (Polkey and Moxham 2006).
Risk factors for the development of COPD include cigarette smoking, and occupational exposure to dust and chemicals (Senior and Anthonisen 1998; Anthonisen et al 2002; Fabbri and Hurd 2003; Zaher et al 2004). Smoking is the most common cause of COPD and the underlying inflammation typically persists in ex-smokers. Oxidative stress from cigarette smoke is also an issue in COPD (Domej et al 2006). Despite this, relatively few smokers ever develop COPD (Siafakas and Tzortzaki 2002).
While many details of the pathogenesis of COPD remain unclear, chronic inflammation is now recognized as a major factor, predominantly in small airways and lung parenchyma, characterized by increased numbers of macrophages, neutrophils, and T-cells (Barnes 2000; Stockley 2002). As recently as 1995, the American Thoracic Society issued a statement defining COPD without mentioning the underlying inflammation (American Thoracic Society 1995). Since then, the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines have made it clear that chronic inflammation throughout the airways, parenchyma, and pulmonary vasculature plays a central role (Pauwels et al 2001; GOLD 2003). The comparatively recent realization of the role of airway inflammation in COPD has altered thinking with regard to potential therapies (Rogers and Giembycz 1998; Vignola 2004).
Most pharmacological therapies available for COPD, including bronchodilator and anti-inflammatory agents, were first developed for treating asthma. The mainstays of COPD treatment are inhaled corticosteroids (McEvoy and Niewoehner 1998; Borron and deBoisblanc 1998; Pauwels 2002; Gartlehner et al 2006;D’Souza 2006), supplemental oxygen (Petty 1998; Austin and Wood-Baker 2006), inhaled bronchodilators (Costello 1998; Doherty and Briggs 2004), and antibiotics (Taylor 1998), especially in severely affected patients (Anthonisen et al 1987; Saint et al 1995; Adams et al 2001; Miravitlles et al 2002; Donnelly and Rogers 2003; Sin et al 2003; Rabe 2006), though the use of antibiotics remains controversial (Ram et al 2006). Long-acting β2-agonists (LABAs) improve the mucociliary component of COPD. Combination therapy with LABAs and anticholinergic bronchodilators resulted in modest benefits and improved health-related quality of life (Buhl and Farmer 2005; Appleton et al 2006). Treatment with mucolytics reduced exacerbations and the number of days of disability (Poole and Black 2006). The combined use of inhaled corticosteroids and LABAs has been demonstrated to produce sustained improvements in FEV1 and positive effects on quality of life, number of hospitalizations, distance walked, and exacerbations (Mahler et al 2002;Szafranski et al 2003; Sin et al 2004; Miller-Larsson and Selroos 2006; van Schayck and Reid 2006). However, all of these treatments are essentially palliative and do not impact COPD progression (Hay 2000;Gamble et al 2003; Antoniu 2006a).
A further complication in drug development and therapy is that it can be difficult to determine the efficacy of therapy, because COPD has a long preclinical stage, is progressive, and patients generally do not present for treatment until their lung function is already seriously impaired. Moreover, because COPD involves irreversible loss of elasticity, destruction of the alveolar wall, and peribronchial fibrosis, there is often little room for clinical improvement.
Smoking cessation remains the most effective intervention for COPD. Indeed, to date, it is the only intervention shown to stop the decline in lung function, but it does not resolve the underlying inflammation, which persists even in ex-smokers. Smoking cessation is typically best achieved by a multifactor approach, including the use of bupropion, a nicotine replacement product, and behavior modification (Richmond and Zwar 2003).
In COPD, there is an abnormal inflammatory response, characterized by a predominance of CD8+ T-cells, CD68+ macrophages, and neutrophils in the conducting airways, lung parenchyma, and pulmonary vasculature (Soto and Hanania 2005; O’Donnell et al 2006; Wright and Churg 2006). Inflammatory mediators involved in COPD include lipids, inflammatory peptides, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors. COPD pathology also includes airway remodeling and mucociliary dysfunction (mucus hypersecretion and decreased mucus transport). Corticosteroids reduce the number of mast cells, but CD8+ and CD68+ cells, and neutrophils, are little affected (Jeffery 2005). Inflammation in COPD is not suppressed by corticosteroids, consistent with it being neutrophil-, not eosinophil-mediated. Corticosteroids also do not inhibit the increased concentrations of IL-8 and TNF-α (both neutrophil chemoattractants) found in induced sputum from COPD patients. Neutrophil-derived proteases, including neutrophil elastase and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), are involved in the inflammatory process and are responsible for the destruction of elastin fibers in the lung parenchyma (Mercer et al 2005; Gueders et al 2006). MMPs play important roles in the proteolytic degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM), in physiological and pathological processes (Corbel, Belleguic et al 2002). PDE 4 inhibitors can reduce MMP activity and the production of MMPs in human lung fibroblasts stimulated with pro-inflammatory cytokines (Lagente et al 2005). In COPD, abnormal remodeling results in increased deposition of ECM and collagen in lungs, because of an imbalance of MMPs and TIMPs (Jeffery 2001). Fibroblast/myofibroblast proliferation and activation also occur, increasing production of ECM-degrading enzymes (Crouch 1990; Segura-Valdez et al 2000). Additionally, over-expression of cytokines and growth factors stimulates lung fibroblasts to synthesize increased amounts of collagen and MMPs, including MMP-1 (collagenase-1) and MMP-2 and MMP-9 (gelatinases A and B) (Sasaki et al 2000; Zhu et al 2001).
It is now generally accepted that bronchial asthma is also a chronic inflammatory disease (Barnes et al 1988;Barnes 1995). The central role of inflammation of the airways in asthma’s pathogenesis is consistent with the efficacy of corticosteroids in controlling clinical symptoms. Eosinophils are important in initiating and continuing the inflammatory state (Holgate et al 1987; Bruijnzeel 1989; Underwood et al 1994; Teixeira et al 1997), while other inflammatory cells, including lymphocytes, also infiltrate the airways (Holgate et al 1987;Teixeira et al 1997). The familiar acute symptoms of asthma are the result of airway smooth muscle contraction. While recognition of the key role of inflammation has led to an emphasis on anti-inflammatory therapy in asthma, a significant minority of patients remains poorly controlled and some exhibit accelerated declines in lung function, consistent with airway remodeling (Martin and Reid 2006). Reversal or prevention of structural changes in remodeling may require additional therapy (Burgess et al 2006).
There is currently no cure for asthma; treatment depends primarily on inhaled glucocorticoids to reduce inflammation (Taylor 1998; Petty 1998), and inhaled bronchodilators to reduce symptoms (Torphy 1994;Costello 1998; Georgitis 1999; DeKorte 2003). Such treatments, however, do not address disease progression.
COPD and asthma are both characterized by airflow obstruction, but they are distinct in terms of risk factors and clinical presentation. While both involve chronic inflammation and cellular infiltration and activation, different cell types are implicated and there are differences in the inflammatory states (Giembycz 2000;Fabbri and Hurd 2003; Barnes 2006). In COPD, neutrophil infiltration into the airways and their activation appear to be key (Stockley 2002); in asthma, the inflammatory response involves airway infiltration by activated eosinophils and lymphocytes, and T-cell activation of the allergic response (Holgate et al 1987;Saetta et al 1998; Barnes 2006). While macrophages are present in both conditions, the major controller cells are CD8+ T-cells in COPD (O’Shaughnessy et al 1997; Saetta et al 1998) and CD4+ T-cells in asthma. IL-1, IL-8, and TNF-α are the key cytokines in COPD, while in asthma, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 are more important. There are differences in histopathological features of lung biopsies between COPD patients and asthmatics; COPD patients have many fewer eosinophils in lung tissue than asthmatics.
While the early phases of COPD and asthma are distinguishable, there are common features, including airway hyper-responsiveness and mucus hypersecretion. MUC5AC is a major mucin gene expressed in the airways; its expression is increased in COPD and asthmatic patients. At least in vitro, epidermal growth factor stimulates MUC5AC mRNA and protein expression; this can be reversed by PDE 4 inhibitors, which may contribute to their clinical efficacy in COPD and asthma (Mata et al 2005). Similar structural and fibrotic changes make COPD and asthma much less distinguishable in extreme cases; the chronic phases of both involve inflammatory responses, alveolar detachment, mucus hypersecretion, and subepithelial fibrosis. The two conditions have been linked epidemiologically; adults with asthma are up to 12 times more likely to develop COPD over time than those without (Guerra 2005).
PAPER
A practical, safe, and efficient process for the synthesis of PDE4 (phosphodiesterase type 4) inhibitors represented by 1 and 2 was developed and demonstrated on a multi-kilogram scale. Key aspects of the process include the regioselective synthesis of dihydrothieno[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2,4-diol 9 and the asymmetric sulfur oxidation of intermediate 11.
With regard to COPD, PDE 4 is the primary cAMP-hydrolyzing enzyme in inflammatory and immune cells, especially macrophages, eosinophils, and neutrophils, all of which are found in the lungs of COPD and asthma patients (Torphy et al 1992; Karlsson and Aldous 1997; De Brito et al 1997; Wang et al 1999;Torphy and Page 2000). Inhibition of PDE 4 leads to elevated cAMP levels in these cells, down-regulating the inflammatory response (Dyke and Montana 2002).
PDE 4 has also attracted much attention because it is expressed in airway smooth muscle (Ashton et al 1994;Undem et al 1994; Nicholson et al 1995; Kerstjens and Timens 2003; Mehats et al 2003; Lipworth 2005; Fan Chung 2006). In vitro, PDE 4 inhibitors relax lung smooth muscle (Undem et al 1994; Dent and Giembycz 1995). In COPD and asthma, a selective PDE 4 inhibitor with combined bronchodilatory and anti-inflammatory properties would seem desirable (Nicholson and Shahid 1994; Lombardo 1995; Palfreyman 1995; Cavalia and Frith 1995; Palfreyman and Souness 1996; Karlsson and Aldous 1997; Compton et al 2001; Giembycz 2002; Jacob et al 2002; Soto and Hanania 2005).
So, because PDE 4 inhibitors suppress inflammatory functions in several cell types involved in COPD and asthma (Huang and Mancini 2006) and because, at least in vitro, PDE 4 inhibitors relax lung smooth muscle, selective PDE 4 inhibitors, originally intended for use in treating depression (Renau 2004), have been developed for the treatment of COPD and asthma (Torphy et al 1999; Spina 2000; Huang et al 2001; Spina 2004; Giembycz 2005a, 2005b; Lagente et al 2005; Boswell-Smith, Spina et al 2006). PDE 4 enzymes are strongly inhibited by the antidepressant drug rolipram (Pinto et al 1993), which decreases the influx of inflammatory cells at sites of inflammation (Lagente et al 1994; Lagente et al 1995; Alves et al 1996). PDE 4 inhibitors down-regulate cytokine production in inflammatory cells, in vivo and in vitro (Undem et al 1994;Dent and Giembycz 1995). TNF-α is an important inflammatory cytokine in COPD; its release is reduced by PDE 4 inhibitors (Souness et al 1996; Chambers et al 1997; Griswold et al 1998; Gonçalves de Moraes et al 1998; Corbel, Belleguic et al 2002). Some PDE 4 inhibitors, including cilomilast and AWD 12-281, can inhibit neutrophil degranulation, a property not shared by theophylline (Ezeamuzie 2001; Jones et al 2005). PDE 4 inhibitors reduce overproduction of other pro-inflammatory mediators, including arachidonic acid and leukotrienes (Torphy 1998). PDE 4 inhibitors also inhibit cellular trafficking and microvascular leakage, production of reactive oxygen species, and cell adhesion molecule expression in vitro and in vivo (Sanz et al 2005). PDE 4 inhibitors, including cilomilast and CI-1044, inhibit LPS-stimulated TNF-α production in whole blood from COPD patients (Burnouf et al 2000; Ouagued et al 2005).
There are now thought to be at least four PDE 4s, A, B, C, and D, derived from four genes (Lobbam et al 1994; Muller et al 1996; Torphy 1998; Conti and Jin 1999; Matsumoto et al 2003). Alternative splicing and alternative promoters add further complexity (Manganiello et al 1995; Horton et al 1995; Torphy 1998). Indeed, the four genes encode more than 16 PDE 4 isoforms, which can be divided into short (∼65–75 kDa) and long forms (∼80–130 kDa); the difference between the short and long forms lies in the N-terminal region (Bolger et al 1997; Huston et al 2006). PDE 4 isoforms are regulated by extracellular signal-related protein kinase (ERK), which can phosphorylate PDE 4 (Houslay and Adams 2003).
The four PDE 4 genes are differentially expressed in various tissues (Silver et al 1988; Lobbam et al 1994;Manganiello et al 1995; Horton et al 1995; Muller et al 1996; Torphy 1998). PDE 4A is expressed in many tissues, but not in neutrophils (Wang et al 1999). PDE 4B is also widely expressed and is the predominant PDE 4 subtype in monocytes and neutrophils (Wang et al 1999), but is not found in cortex or epithelial cells (Jin et al 1998). Upregulation of the PDE 4B enzyme in response to pro-inflammatory agents suggest that it has a role in inflammatory processes (Manning et al 1999). PDE 4C is expressed in lung and testis, but not in circulating inflammatory cells, cortex, or hippocampus (Obernolte et al 1997; Manning et al 1999; Martin-Chouly et al 2004). PDE 4D is highly expressed in lung, cortex, cerebellum, and T-cells (Erdogan and Houslay 1997; Jin et al 1998). PDE 4D also plays an important role in airway smooth muscle contraction (Mehats et al 2003).
A major issue with early PDE 4 inhibitors was their side effect profile; the signature side effects are largely gastrointestinal (nausea, vomiting, increased gastric acid secretion) and limited the therapeutic use of PDE 4 inhibitors (Dyke and Montana 2002). The second generation of more selective inhibitors, such as cilomilast and roflumilast, have improved side effect profiles and have shown clinical efficacy in COPD and asthma (Barnette 1999; Spina 2000; Lagente et al 2005). However, even cilomilast and roflumilast, the most advanced clinical candidates, discussed below, cause some degree of emesis (Spina 2003).
It is now thought that the desirable anti-inflammatory properties and unwanted side effects of nausea and emesis are associated with distinct biochemical activities (Torphy et al 1992; Jacobitz et al 1996; Barnette et al 1996; Souness et al 1997; Souness and Rao 1997). Specifically, the side effects are believed to be associated with the so-called ‘high-affinity rolipram binding site’ (HARBS) (Barnette et al 1995; Muller et al 1996; Jacobitz et al 1996; Kelly et al 1996; Torphy 1998) and/or inhibition of the form of PDE 4 found in the CNS (Barnette et al 1996). The exact nature of HARBS remains unclear, although it has been described as a conformer of PDE 4 (Souness and Rao 1997; Barnette et al 1998). Using mice deficient in PDE 4B or PDE 4D, it appears that emesis is the result of selective inhibition of PDE 4D (Robichaud et al 2002; Lipworth 2005), which is unfortunate, because the most clinically advanced PDE 4 inhibitors are selective for PDE 4D. Also, from animal studies, it appears that the nausea and vomiting are produced via the CNS, though there may also be direct effects on the gastrointestinal system (Barnette 1999).
While beyond the scope of this review, it has been proposed that PDE 4 inhibitors may be useful in treating inflammatory bowel disease (Banner and Trevethick 2004), cystic fibrosis (Liu et al 2005), pulmonary arterial hypertension (Growcott et al 2006), myeloid and lymphoid malignancies (Lerner and Epstein 2006), Alzheimer’s disease (Ghavami et al 2006), rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis (Dyke and Montana 2002), infection-induced preterm labor (Oger et al 2004), depression (Wong et al 2006), and allergic disease (Crocker and Townley 1999). Varying degrees of in vitro, in vivo, and clinical data exist to support these claims.
So, after that theoretical buildup, we reach the proof of the pudding; clinical studies have been conducted with PDE 4 inhibitors. A potent, but not-very-selective, PDE 4 inhibitor is approved in Japan and is used clinically, including for treating asthma. Another is awaiting approval in the US. One is in advanced clinical development and others are at earlier stages.
REF
Pouzet, P.; Hoenke, C.; Martyres, D.; Nickolaus, P.; Jung, B.; Hamman, H. Dihydrothienopyrimidines for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. PatentWO 2006111549 A1, October 26, 2006.
Ohnacker, G.; Woitun, E. Novel dihydrothieno[3, 2-d]pyrimidines. U.S. Patent US 3,318,881, May 9, 1967.
/////PDE4 Inhibitors, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, BI ?, PRECLINICAL, 1910076-27-5
Clc1ccc(cc1)OC2CCN(CC2)c4nc(NC3CCOCC3)c5c(n4)CCS5=O
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This additional specification describes the way files should be constructed for inclusion in the eCTD.
Key Points:
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Letermovir, MK 8828, AIC 246
2-[(4S)-8-fluoro-2-[4-(3-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-[2-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4H-quinazolin-4-yl]acetic acid
| CAS | 917389-32-3 |
|---|
Letermovir; UNII-1H09Y5WO1F; AIC-246; 2-((4S)-8-Fluoro-2-(4-(3-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl)-3-(2-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-4H-quinazolin-4-yl)acetic acid; 2-[(4S)-8-fluoro-2-[4-(3-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-[2-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4H-quinazolin-4-yl]acetic acid; Letermovir [INN]
| Molecular Formula: | C29H28F4N4O4 |
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight: | 572.550633 g/mol |
Letermovir (INN) is an antiviral drug that is being developed for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CVM) infections. It has been tested in CMV infected patients with allogeneic stem cell transplants and may also be useful for other patients with a compromised immune system such as those with organ transplants or HIV infections.[1]
The drug has been granted fast track status by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and orphan drug status by the European Medicines Agency.[1]
The drug candidate is under development by Merck & Co., Inc as investigative compound MK-8828.[2]
AIC246, also known as letermovir, is a novel anti-CMV compound with IC50 value of 5.1 ± 1.2 nM. It targets the pUL56 (amino acid 230-370) subunit of the viral terminase complex [1].
The subunit pUL56 is a component of the terminase complex which is responsible for packaging unit length DNA into assembling virions.
AIC246 has a novel mode of action targets the enzyme UL56 terminase and keep active to other drug-resistant virus. The anti-HCMV activity of AIC246 was evaluated in vitro by using different HCMV laboratory strains, GCV-resistant viruses. The result showed that the inhibitory potentcy of AIC246 surpasses the current gold standard GCV by more than 400-fold with respect to EC50s (mean, ∼4.5 nM versus ∼2 μM) and by more than 2,000-fold with respect to EC90 values (mean, ∼6.1 nM versus ∼14.5 μM). In the CPE-RA strains, the EC50 values of AIC 246 ranged from 1.8 nM to 6.1 nM [2].
In mouse model with HCMV subcutaneous xenograft, oral administration of AIC246 caused significant a dose-dependent reduction of the HCMV titer. 30 mg/kg/d AIC246 for 9 days induced PFU reduction with maximum efficiency, compared with the gold standard GCV at the ED50 and ED90 level [2].
References:
[1].Verghese PS, Schleiss MR. Letermovir Treatment of Human Cytomegalovirus Infection Anti-infective Agent. Drugs Future. 2013, 38(5):291-298.
[2]. Lischka P1, Hewlett G, Wunberg T, et al.In vitro and in vivo activities of the novel anticytomegalovirus compound AIC246.Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010, 54(3):1290-1297.
NMR
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) remains the leading viral cause of birth defects and life-threatening disease in transplant recipients. All approved antiviral drugs target the viral DNA polymerase and are associated with severe toxicity issues and the emergence of drug resistance. Attempts to discover improved anti-HCMV drugs led to the identification of the small-molecular-weight compound AIC246 (Letermovir). AIC246 exhibits outstanding anti-HCMV activity in vitro and in vivo and currently is undergoing a clinical phase IIb trial. The initial mode-of-action studies suggested that the drug acts late in the HCMV replication cycle via a mechanism distinct from that of polymerase inhibitors. Here, we extend our mode-of-action analyses and report that AIC246 blocks viral replication without inhibiting the synthesis of progeny HCMV DNA or viral proteins. The genotyping of mutant viruses that escaped AIC246 inhibition uncovered distinct point mutations in the UL56 subunit of the viral terminase complex. Marker transfer analyses confirmed that these mutations were sufficient to mediate AIC246 resistance. The mapping of drug resistance to open reading frame UL56 suggests that viral DNA processing and/or packaging is targeted by AIC246. In line with this, we demonstrate that AIC246 affects the formation of proper unit-length genomes from viral DNA concatemers and interferes with virion maturation. However, since AIC246-resistant viruses do not exhibit cross-resistance to previously published terminase inhibitors, our data suggest that AIC246 interferes with HCMV DNA cleavage/packaging via a molecular mechanism that is distinct from that of other compound classes known to target the viral terminase.
PATENT
Scheme 2:
Chromatography
on a chiral phase
Scheme 4:
Scheme 5:
Synthesis of {8-fluoro-2- [4- (3-methoxyphenyl) piperazin-l -yl] -3- [2-methoxy-5- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] -3,4-dihydroquinazolin-4-yl }acetic acid
xample 1
N- (2-bromo-6-fluoφhenyl) -N ‘- [2-methoxy-5- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] urea
2-methoxy-5-trifluoromethylphenyl isocyanate (274.3 g) are dissolved in acetonitrile (1 L), then 2-bromo-6-fluoroaniline (200 g) was added with acetonitrile (50 mL) flushed. The resulting clear solution is at 38 h reflux (ca. 85 0 stirred C), then under vacuum at 40 0 concentrated C a dogged mush. This is filtered off, with acetonitrile (260 mL, to 0-5 0 C cooled) washed and incubated overnight at 45 0 dried C in the VDO using entraining nitrogen. Thus, a total of 424.3 g of N- (2-bromo-6-fluorophenyl) -N ‘- get [2-methoxy-5- (trifluoromethyl) phenylJ-urea as a solid, corresponding to 99.2% of theory.
1 H NMR (300 MHz, d 6 -DMSO): δ = 8.93 (s, IH), 8.84 (s, IH), 8.52 (d, V = 2.3, 2H), 7, 55 (d, 2 = Vr = 7.7, IH), 7.38 to 7.26 (m, 3H), 7.22 (d, 2 J = 8.5, IH), 4.00 (s, 3H) ppm;
– – MS (API-ES-pos.): M / z = 409 [(M + H) + , 100%];
HPLC (Method 1): R τ = 22.4 and 30.6 min.
example 2
N- (2-bromo-6-fluorophenyl) -N ‘- [2-methoxy-5- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] urea (Alterhativsynthese)
2-methoxy-5-trifluoromethylphenyl isocyanate (1.19 kg) are at about 35 0 dissolved melted and C in acetonitrile (4.2 L), then 2-bromo-6-fluoroaniline (870 g) was added and with acetonitrile ( 380 mL) rinsed. The resulting clear solution is at 74-88 45 h 0 stirred C, then under vacuum (200 mbar) at 50 0 C to a dogged mush concentrated (amount of distillate 4.4 L). This is at room temperature with diisopropylether (1.5 L), washed aspirated, with diisopropylether (1.15 L) washed and at 45 0 C in the VDO using entraining nitrogen to constant weight (24 h) dried. Thus, a total of 1, 63 kg Η- (2-bromo-6-fluoro-phenyl) -W- – obtained [2-methoxy-5 (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] urea as a solid, corresponding to 87.5% of theory.
HPLC (Method 1): R τ = 22.6 and 30.8 min.
example 3
{8-Fluor-3-[2-methoxy-5-(trifluormethyl)phenyl]-2-oxo-l,2,3,4-tetrahydrochinazolin-4-yl}essigsäuremethylester
N- (2-bromo-6-fluorophenyl) -N- [2-methoxy-5- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] urea (300 g) under a nitrogen atmosphere in isobutyronitrile (1.2 L) was suspended, then triethylamine
(21O mL), bis (acetonitrile) dichloropalladium (7.5 g), tris- (o-tolyl) phosphine (18.0 g) and
Methyl acrylate (210 mL) were added in this order. The resulting suspension is for 16 hours at reflux (ca. 102 0 stirred C) and then cooled to room temperature. Water (1.2 L) is added and the mixture 1 at room temperature stirred, then aspirated and washed with water / methanol h: washed and acetonitrile (10O mL) (1 1 30O mL). The residue is treated overnight at 45 0 dried C in the VDO using entraining nitrogen. Thus, a total of 208 g as a solid, corresponding to 68.5% of theory.
1 H NMR (300 MHz, d 6 -DMSO): δ = 9.73 (s, IH), 7.72 (d, 2 J = 7.3, IH), 7.71 (s, IH), 7 , 33 (d, 2 J = 9.3, IH), 7.15 (dd, 2 J = 9.6, 2 J = 8.6, IH), 7.01 (d, 2 J = 7.3 , IH), 6.99 to 6.94 (m, IH), 5.16 (t, 2 , J = 5.9, IH), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.41 (s, 3H) , 2.81 (dd, 2 J = 15.4, 2 J = 5.8, IH), 2.62 (dd, 2 J = 15.4, 2 J = 6.3, IH) ppm;
MS (API-ES-pos.): M / z = 413 [(M + H) + , 100%], 825 [(2M + H) + , 14%];
HPLC (Method 1): R τ = 19.3 min; Pd (ICP): 16,000 ppm.
example 4
{8-Fluor-3-[2-methoxy-5-(trifluormethyl)phenyl]-2-oxo-l,2,3,4-tetrahydrochinazolin-4-yl}essigsäuremethylester (Alternative synthesis)
N- (2-bromo-6-fluorophenyl) -N ‘- [2-methoxy-5- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] urea (2.5 kg) is suspended under a nitrogen atmosphere in isobutyronitrile (9 L), then triethylamine (1.31 kg), bis (acetonitrile) dichloropalladium (64.9 g), tris (o-tolyl) phosphine (149 g) and methyl acrylate (1.59 kg) were added in this order. The resulting suspension is 22 hours at 90-100 0 stirred C, then cooled to room temperature. Water (9 L) is added and stirred, then aspirated and washed with water / methanol (1: 1, 2.5 L) at room temperature, the mixture for 1 hour and acetonitrile (850 mL). The residue is treated overnight at 45 0 dried C in the VDO using entraining nitrogen to constant weight (21 h). Thus, a total of 1.90 kg as a solid, corresponding to 74.9% of theory.
HPLC (Method 1): R τ = 19.4 min.
example 5
{2-Chlor-8-fluor-3-[2-methoxy-5-(trifluormethyl)phenyl]-3,4-dihydrochinazolin-4-yl}essigsäure-methylester / chlorination
A solution of 2.84 kg {8-fluoro-3- [2-methoxy-5- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] -2-oxo-l, 2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolin-4-yl} acetic acid methyl ester in 14.8 l of chlorobenzene is heated to reflux and the solvent is distilled off until water no longer separates. It is to 12O 0 cooled C. Within 10 min phosphorus oxychloride are metered in 3.17 kg, and then is added within a further 10 min 2.10 kg DBU. It is heated to reflux for 9 hours.
For working up the mixture is cooled to 40 0 C., stirred overnight and dosed the reactor contents to 11.4 L of water, previously estimated at 40 0 was tempered C. For dosing an internal temperature of 40-45 to 0 C, are satisfied. The mixture is allowed to cool to room temperature, 11.4 L of dichloromethane, filtered through a Seitz filter plate and the phases are separated. The organic phase is washed with 11.4 L of water, 11.4 L of an aqueous saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and again with 11.4 L of water. The organic phase is concentrated on a rotary evaporator in vacuo and the remaining residue (2.90 kg) is used without further treatment in the next step.
1 H NMR (300 MHz, d 6 -DMSO): δ = 7.93 to 7.82 (m, 2H), 7.38 (d, 2 J = 8.9, IH), 7.17 (m, 2H), 6.97 to 6.91 (m, IH), 5.45 and 5.29 (m and t, 2 , J = 5.4, IH), 3.91 and 3.84 (2s, 3H) , 3.48 (s, 3H), 3.0 to 2.6 (m, 2H) ppm;
MS (CI, NH 3 ): m / z = 431 [(M + H) + , 100%];
HPLC (Method 1): R τ = 23.5 min; typical Pd value (ICP): 170 ppm.
example 6
{8-Fluor-2-[4-(3-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-l-yl]-3-[2-methoxy-5-(trifluormethyl)phenyl]-3,4-dihydrochinazolin-4-yl}essigsäuremethylester / Amination – –
(52.5 g) is dissolved in 1,4-dioxane (10O mL), then (25.8 g) and DBU (20.4 g) was added at room temperature 3-methoxyphenylpiperazine, whereupon the temperature rises. The mixture is stirred at reflux for 22 h, then cooled to room temperature, with ethyl acetate (500 mL) and water (200 mL) and the phases separated. The organic phase (200 mL) washed with 0.2N hydrochloric acid (three times 100 mL) and water, dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated. Thus, a total of 62.5 g obtained as a solidified foam, which is reacted as the crude product without further purification.
HPLC (Method 1): R τ = 16.6 min.
example 7
{8-Fluor-2-[4-(3-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-l-yl]-3-[2-methoxy-5-(trifluormethyl)phenyl]-3,4-dihydrochinazolin-4-yl}essigsäuremethylester / Pot chlorination + amination
(50.0 g) is introduced in chlorobenzene (300 mL), then chlorobenzene is partially distilled (5O mL). The mixture is heated to 120 0 cooled C., DBU (36.9 g) is added, then at 120-128 is 0 C phosphorous oxychloride (33.4 mL) over 10 min. metered. The mixture (approximately 130 at reflux for 9 hours 0 C) stirred. Subsequently, at 40 0cooled C, slowly at 40-45 0 C with water (200 mL), cooled to room temperature and diluted with dichloromethane (200 mL), stirred and then the phases separated. The organic phase is washed with water (200 mL), saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (200 mL) and again water (200 mL), dried over sodium sulfate, concentrated by rotary evaporation and then under high vacuum at 50 0 dried C. The residue (48.1 g) is dissolved in chlorobenzene (20 mL), then with 1,4-dioxane (80 mL) at room temperature and 3-methoxyphenylpiperazine (23.6 g) and DBU (18.7 g) was added, whereupon the temperature rises. The mixture is stirred at reflux for 22 h, then cooled to room temperature, with ethyl acetate (500 mL) and water (200 mL) and the phases separated. The organic phase (200 mL) washed with 0.2N hydrochloric acid (three times 100 mL) and water, dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated. Thus, a total of 55.6 g obtained as a solidified foam, which is reacted as the crude product without further purification.
HPLC (Method 1): R τ = 16.2 min.
example 8
(^)-{8-Fluor-2-[4-(3-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-l-yl]-3-(2-methoxy-5-trifluormethylphenyl)-3,4-dihydrochinazolin-4-yl} acetate / saponification racemate
(64 g) is dissolved in 1,4-dioxane (45O mL) and IN sodium hydroxide solution (325 mL) and stirred for 2 h at room temperature, then dried in vacuo at 30 0 , a part of the solvent C is distilled off (400 mL). Toluene is added (300 mL) and the phases separated. The aqueous phase is washed with toluene (15O mL twice), then the combined organic phases again with IN sodium hydroxide solution (50 mL) are extracted. The pH of the combined aqueous phases with 2N hydrochloric acid (about 150 mL) to 7.5, then MIBK (15O mL) is added. The phases are separated, the aqueous phase extracted again with MIBK (15O mL), then dried the combined MIBK phases over sodium sulfate and at 45 0 concentrated C. Thus, a total of 64 g as an amorphous solid in quantitative yield.
HPLC (Method 1): R τ = 14.9 min.
Scheme 6:
Separation of enantiomers of {8-fluoro-2- [4- (3-methoxyphenyl) piperazin-l -yl] -3- [2-methoxy-5- (tri-fluoromethyl) phenyl] -3,4-dihydroquinazolin-4-yl } acetate
x (2S, 3S) -2,3-bis [(4-methylbenzoyl) – oxyjbemsteinsäure
x EtOAc
example 9
(2S, 3 £) -2,3-bis [(4-methylbenzoyl) oxy] succinic acid (1: 1 salt) / crystallization
(62.5 g, crude product) is dissolved and filtered in ethyl acetate (495 mL). To the filtrate is (35 25 ‘,) added 2,3-bis [(4-methylbenzoyl) oxy] succinic acid (42.0 g), the mixture for 30 minutes. stirred at room temperature, then with (35 25 “) -2,3-bis [(4-methylbenzoyl) oxy] -succinic acid – (l: l salt) (165 mg) was inoculated and stirred for 3 days at room temperature, then to 0-3 0 cooled C and stirred for a further 3 h, the suspension is suction filtered and washed with cold ethyl acetate (0-10. 0 C, 35 mL ) washed. the crystals are at 40 h 18 0 C in the VDO using entraining nitrogen dried. Thus 37.1 g of the salt are obtained as a solid, corresponding to 30.4% of theory over three stages (chlorination, amination and crystallization) on the racemate, or 60.8% based on the resulting S enantiomer.
– – 1 H NMR (300 MHz, d 6 -DMSO): δ = 7.90 (d, 2 J = 7.8, 4H), 7.56 (d, 2 J = 8.3, IH), 7 , 40 (d, 2 J = 7.8, 4H), 7.28 to 7.05 (m, 4H), 6.91 to 6.86 (m, 2H), 6.45 (d, 2 J = 8.3, IH), 6.39 to 6.36 (m, 2H), 5.82 (s, 2H), 4.94 (m, IH), 4.03 (q, 2 J = 7.1 , 2H), 3.83 (brs, 3H), 3.69 (s, 3H), 3.64 (s, 3H), 3.47 to 3.36 (m, 8H and water, 2H), 2, 98 to 2.81 (m, 5H), 2.58 to 2.52 (m, IH), 2.41 (s, 6H), 1.99 (s, 3H), 1.18 (t, 2 J = 7.2, 3H) ppm;
HPLC (Method 1): R τ = 16.6 and 18.5 min.
example 10
(25,3iS) -2,3-bis [(4-methylbenzoyl) oxy] succinic acid (1: 1 salt) / recrystallization
(2S, 3S) -2,3-bis [(4-methy lbenzoyl) oxy] succinic acid – { (l: l salt) (36.8 g) is suspended in ethyl acetate (37o mL) and (77 by heating to reflux 0 C) dissolved. The mixture is slowly cooled to room temperature. Here there is a spontaneous crystallization. The suspension is stirred at RT for 16 h, then 0-5 0 cooled C and stirred for another 3 h. The suspension is suction filtered and washed with cold ethyl acetate (0-10 0 C, twice 15 ml). The crystals are at 45 h 18 0 C in the VDO using entraining nitrogen dried. Thus 33.6 g of the salt are obtained as a solid, corresponding to 91.3% of theory.
HPLC (Method 1): R τ = 16.9 and 18.8 min .;
HPLC (Method 3): 99.9% ee
example 11
(5)-{8-Fluor-2-[4-(3-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-l-yl]-3-(2-methoxy-5-trifluormethylphenyl)-3,4-dihydrochinazolin-4-yl}essigsäure
(2IS I , 3S) -2,3-bis [(4-methylbenzoyl) oxy] succinic acid (l: l salt) (10.1 g, containing 14 ppm of Pd) are suspended in ethyl acetate (100 mL) and shaken with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (10O mL) shaken until both phases are clear. The phases are separated, the organic phase is evaporated. The residue is dissolved in 1,4-dioxane (100 mL) and IN sodium hydroxide solution (31.2 mL) and stirred for 3 h at room temperature. Subsequently, the pH is adjusted with IN hydrochloric acid (about 17 mL) is set to 7.5, MIBK (8O mL) was added, then the pH is adjusted with IN hydrochloric acid (about 2 mL) adjusted to 7.0. The phases are separated, the organic phase dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated. The residue is dissolved in ethanol and concentrated (40 mL), then again in ethanol (40 mL) and concentrated under high vacuum at 50 0 C dried. The solidified foam is at 45 h 18 0 C in the VDO using entraining nitrogen dried. Thus, a total of 5.05 g as an amorphous solid, corresponding to 85.0% of theory.
1 H NMR (300 MHz, d 6 -DMSO): δ = 7.53 (d, 2 J = 8.4, IH), 7.41 (brs, IH), 7.22 (d, 2 J = 8 , 5, IH), 7.09 to 7.01 (m, 2H), 6.86 (m, 2H), 6.45 (dd, V = 8.2, 3 J = 1.8, IH) 6.39 to 6.34 (m, 2H), 4.87 (t, 2 J = 7.3, IH), 3.79 (brs, 3H), 3.68 (s, 3H), 3.50 -3.38 (m, 4H), 2.96 to 2.75 (m, 5H), 2.45 to 2.40 (m, IH) ppm;
MS (API-ES-neg.): M / z = 571 [(MH), 100%];
HPLC (Method 1): R τ = 15.1 min;
HPLC (Method 2): 99.8% ee; Pd (ICP): <1 ppm.
example 12
(2 / ?, 3Λ) -2,3-bis [(4-methylbenzoyl) oxy] succinic acid (1: 1 salt) / crystallization R-isomer from the mother liquor
The mother liquor from a crystallization of (2IS ‘, 3S) -2,3-bis [(4-methylbenzoyl) oxy] -succinic acid – {8-fluoro-2- [4- (3-methoxyphenyl) piperazin-l -yl] -3- [2-methoxy-5- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] -3,4-dihydroquinazolin-4-yl} acetic acid methyl ester (l: l-salt) in 279 g scale is washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (1.5 L ) shaken, the phases are separated and the organic phase is shaken with semi-saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (1.5 L). The phases are separated, the organic phase dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated. The residue (188.4 g) is dissolved in ethyl acetate (1.57 L), then (2R, 3R) -2,3-bis [(4-methylbenzoyl) oxy] succinic acid (121.7 g) was added and the mixture 10 min. stirred at room temperature. Is then treated with (2R, 3R) -2,3-bis [(4-methyl-benzoyl) oxy] succinic acid – (l: l salt) (0.38 g) was inoculated and stirred for 18 h at room temperature, then to 0-3 0 cooled C and stirred for another 3 h. The suspension is suction filtered and washed with cold ethyl acetate (0-10 0 C, 50O ml). The crystals are at 40 h 18 0 C in the VDO using entraining nitrogen dried. So a total of 160 g of the salt are obtained as a solid.
HPLC (Method 1): R τ = 16.6 and 18.5 min .;
HPLC (Method 3): -99.0% ee
example 13
(i?)-{8-Fluor-2-[4-(3-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-l-yl]-3-(2-methoxy-5-trifluormethylphenyl)-3,4-dihydrochinazolin-4-yl} acetate / production R-isomer
(2Λ, 3 /?) – 2,3-bis [(4-methylbenzoyl) oxy] succinic acid – {8-fluoro-2- [4- (3-methoxy-phenyl) pipera-tine 1-yl] -3- [ 2-methoxy-5- (trifluormethy l) pheny l] -3, 4-dihydroquinazolin-4-y 1} -acetic acid methyl ester (1: 1 salt) (170 g) are suspended in ethyl acetate (85O mL) and as long as with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (850 mL) shaken until both phases are clear (about 5 min.). The phases are separated, the solvent of the organic phase under normal pressure with 1, 4-dioxane to a final temperature of 99 0 exchanged C (portions distilled total 2.55 L solvent, and 2.55 L of 1,4-dioxane used). The mixture is cooled to room temperature and 18 at room temperature IN sodium hydroxide solution (525 mL) stirred. Subsequently, the pH value with concentrated hydrochloric acid (about 35 mL) is set to 7.5, MIBK (85O mL) was added, then the pH with concentrated hydrochloric acid (ca. 1O mL) adjusted to 7.0. The phases are separated, the organic phase dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated. The residue is dissolved in ethanol and concentrated (350 mL), then again in ethanol (350 mL) at 50 and 0 concentrated C. Thus, a total of 91.6 g as an amorphous solid, corresponding to 91.6% of theory.
HPLC (method 1): R 7 = 14.8 min.
– – Example 14
{8-Fluor-2-[4-(3-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-l-yl]-3-(2-methoxy-5-trifluormethylphenyl)-3,4-dihydrochinazolin-4-yl} acetate / racemization R-enantiomer
acetic acid (50 g) is dissolved in acetonitrile (500 mL) and treated with sodium methoxide (30% in methanol, 32.4 mL) and then stirred at reflux for 60 h. After cooling to room temperature the mixture is concentrated in vacuo to half, then with hydrochloric acid (20% strength, ca. 20 ml) adjusted to pH 7.5, MIBK (200 mL) was added and hydrochloric acid (20%) on pH 7 adjusted. The phases are separated, the organic phase dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated to the hard foam. The residue is dissolved in ethanol and concentrated (15O mL), then again in ethanol (15O mL) and concentrated. Thus, 54.2 g as an amorphous solid in quantitative yield.
HPLC (Method 1): R τ = 14.9 min .;
HPLC (method 4): 80.8 wt.%.
example 15
{8-Fluor-2-[4-(3-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-l-yl]-3-[2-methoxy-5-(trifluormethyl)phenyl]-3,4-dihydrochinazolin-4-yl}essigsäuremethylester / Esterification racemate
acetic acid (54 g) (540 g) was dissolved in methanol, then concentrated sulfuric acid (7.85 mL) is added. The mixture is stirred at reflux for 26 h, then cooled and concentrated in vacuo to about one third of the original volume. Water (15O mL) and dichloromethane (15O mL) are added, then the phases are separated. The organic phase is washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (two times 140 mL), dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated to a foamy residue. This is twice in succession in ethanol (150 mL) and concentrated, dried in vacuo using entraining nitrogen then 18 h. Thus, a total of 41.6 g as an amorphous solid, corresponding to 75.2% of theory.
HPLC (Method 1): R τ = 16.8 min .;
HPLC (method 4): 85.3 wt.%;
HPLC (Method 3): -8.5% ee
example 16
(25 1 , 3S) -2,3-bis [(4-methylbenzoyl) oxy] succinic acid – { (1: 1 salt) / crystallization of esterified racemate
(41.0 g) is suspended in ethyl acetate (287 mL), then (2S, 3IS) -2,3-bis [(4-methylbenzoyl) oxy] succinic acid (27.5 g) was added. The mixture is 30 minutes. stirred at room temperature, then with (2 <S ‘, 3S) -2,3-bis [(4-methylbenzoyl) oxy] succinic acid – (1: 1 salt) (0.08 g) was inoculated. The suspension is stirred at RT for 16 h, then 0-5 0 cooled C and stirred for another 3 h, then filtered off with suction and washed with cold ethyl acetate (0-10 0 C, four times 16 ml). The crystals are at 45 h 18 0 C in the VDO using entraining nitrogen dried. So a total of 25.4 g of the salt are obtained as a solid, corresponding to 37.4% of theory.
HPLC (Method 1): R τ = 16.9 and 18.8 min .;
HPLC (method 4): 99.5 wt.%;
HPLC (Method 3): 99.3% ee
example 17
(iS)-{8-Fluor-2-[4-(3-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-l-yl]-3-(2-methoxy-5-trifluormethylphenyl)-3,4-dihydrochinazolin-4-yl} acetate / saponification crystals
(25,3S) -2,3-bis [(4-methylbenzoyl) oxy] succinic acid – (l rl salt) (25.1 g) is suspended in ethyl acetate (25O mL) and shaken with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (250 mL) shaken until both phases are clear. The phases are separated, the organic phase is evaporated. Dissolve the residue in 1, 4-dioxane (25O mL) and IN sodium hydroxide solution (77.4 mL) and stirred for 18 h at room temperature. Subsequently, the pH is adjusted with IN hydrochloric acid (about 50 mL) is set to 7.5, was added MIBK (240 mL), then the pH is adjusted with IN hydrochloric acid (about 15 mL) adjusted to 7.0. The phases are separated, the organic phase dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated. The residue is dissolved in ethanol and concentrated (90 mL), then again in ethanol (90 mL) and concentrated. The solidified foam is at 45 h 180 C in the VDO using entraining nitrogen dried. Thus, a total of 12 g as an amorphous solid, corresponding to 81.2% “ of the theory.
HPLC (Method 1): R τ = 15.1 min;
HPLC (Method 2): 97.5% ee; Pd (ICP): <20 ppm.
Alternative method for the racemization:
example 18
(i)-{8-Fluor-2-[4-(3-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-l-yl]-3-(2-methoxy-5-trifluormethylphenyl)-3,4-dihydrochinazolin-4-yl} acetic acid / saponification enriched R isomer from the mother liquor after crystallization
The mother liquor from a crystallization of (2 J S ‘, 35) -2,3-bis [(4-methylbenzoyl) oxy] -succinic acid – (l: l-salt) in 207 g scale is shaken with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (500 mL), the phases are separated and the organic phase is shaken with semi-saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (500 mL). The phases are separated, the organic phase dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated. The residue is dissolved in ethanol (500 mL) and rotary evaporated to a hard foam. This is in 1,4-dioxane (1.6 L) and IN sodium hydroxide solution (1.04 L) and stirred at room temperature for 18 h, then toluene is added (1.5 L) and the phases separated. The aqueous phase is adjusted with hydrochloric acid (20% strength, ca. 155 ml) of pH 14 to pH 8, then is added MIBK (1.25 L) and hydrochloric acid (20% strength, ca. 25 mL) to pH 7 readjusted. The phases are separated, the organic phase dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated to the hard foam. This is at 45 h 18 0 C in the VDO using entraining nitrogen dried. Thus, a total of 150 g obtained as (R / S) mixture as an amorphous solid.
HPLC (Method 2): 14.6% ee
– – Example 19
(i)-{8-Fluor-2-[4-(3-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-l-yl]-3-(2-methoxy-5-trifluormethylphenyl)-3,4-dihydrochinazolin-4-yl} acetate / racemization
(150 g, R / S mixture with -14.6% ee) is dissolved in acetonitrile (1.5 L) and treated with sodium methoxide (30% in methanol, 97.2 mL) was added, then stirred at reflux for 77 h , After cooling to room temperature the mixture is concentrated in vacuo to half, then with hydrochloric acid (20% strength, ca. 80 mL) made of pH 13 to pH 7.5, was added MIBK (0.6 L) and treated with hydrochloric acid ( 20% strength, ca. 3 mL) adjusted to pH. 7 The phases are separated, the organic phase dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated to the hard foam. The residue is dissolved in ethanol and concentrated (500 mL), then again in ethanol (500 mL) and concentrated, then 18 h at 450 dried C in the VDO using entraining nitrogen. Thus, a total of 148 g as an amorphous solid, corresponding to 98.7% of theory.
HPLC (Method 2): 1.5% ee
example 20
{8-Fluor-2-[4-(3-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-l-yl]-3-[2-methoxy-5-(trifluormethyl)phenyl]-3,4-dihydrochinazolin-4-yl}essigsäuremethylester (Esterification)
(±) – {8-fluoro-2- [4- (3-methoxyphenyl l) piperazin-1 -yl] -3- (2-methoxy-5-trifluormethy lphenyl) -3, 4-dihydroquinazolin-4-yl} acetic acid (148 g) (1480 g) was dissolved in methanol, then concentrated sulfuric acid (21.5 mL) is added. The mixture is stirred at reflux for 6 h, then cooled and concentrated in vacuo to about one third of the original volume. Water (400 mL) and dichloromethane (400 mL) are added, then the phases are separated. The organic phase (diluted twice 375 mL, 300 mL water) with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution, dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated to a foamy residue. This is twice in succession in ethanol (each 400 mL) and concentrated, dried in vacuo using entraining nitrogen then 18 h. Thus, a total of 124 g as an amorphous solid, corresponding to 81.9% of theory.
HPLC (Method 1): R τ = 16.9 min .;
example 21
(25.35) -2,3-bis [(4-methylbenzoyl) oxy] succinic acid – (1: 1 salt) / crystallization of esterified racemate
(2S, 3S) -2,3-bis [(4-methylbenzoyl) oxy] succinic acid – (1: 1 salt) (123 g, 14.4% ee) is suspended in ethyl acetate (861 mL) and filtered, then (2IS ‘, 3IS) -2,3-bis [(4-methylbenzoyl) oxy ] succinic acid (82.5 g). The mixture 30 min. stirred at room temperature, then with (2 £, 3 <S) -2,3-bis [(4-methylbenzoyl) oxy] succinic acid – (1: 1 salt) (0.24 g) was inoculated. The suspension is stirred for 4 days at RT, then concentrated to approximately 600 mL and again with (25 ‘, 3 1 -2,3-bis [(4-methylbenzoyl) oxy] succinic acid S) – (l: l salt) (0.24 g) was inoculated. The suspension is stirred for 1 week at RT, to 0-5 0 cooled C and further stirred for 3 hours, then filtered off with suction and washed with cold ethyl acetate (0-10 0 C, 4 x 40 ml). The crystals are at 45 h 18 0 C in the VDO using entraining nitrogen dried. So a total of 1 1.8 g of salt are obtained as a solid, corresponding to 5.8% of theory.
Scheme 7:
example 22
N- (2-Fluoφhenyl) -N ‘- [2-methoxy-5- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] urea
2-methoxy-5-trifluoromethylphenyl isocyanate (1057.8 g) is dissolved in acetonitrile (4240 mL), then 2-fluoro aniline (540.8 g) was added with acetonitrile (50 mL) flushed.The resulting clear solution is stirred for 4 h at reflux (about 82 ° C), then seeded at about 78 ° C and about 15 min. touched. The suspension is on 0 0 cooled C, aspirated and the product with acetonitrile (950 mL, to 0-5 0 cooled C) washed. The product is dried overnight at 45 ° C in a vacuum drying oven using entraining nitrogen. Thus, a total of 1380.8 g of N- (2-fluorophenyl) -N ‘- [2-methoxy-5- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] -harnstqff ‘ obtained as a solid, corresponding to 86.4% of theory.
1 H NMR (500 MHz, d 6 -DMSO): δ = 9.36 (s, IH), 9.04 (s, IH), 8.55 (d, 1.7 Hz, IH), 8.17 ( t, 8.2 Hz, IH), 7.33 (d, 8.5 Hz, IH), 7.20 to 7.26 (m, 2H), 7.14 (t, 7.6 Hz, IH), 7, 02 (m, IH), 3.97 (s, 3H) ppm;
MS (API-ES-pos.): M / z = 329 [(M + H) + , 100%];
HPLC: R τ = 48.7 min.
Instrument: HP 1100 Multiple Wavelength detection; Column: Phenomenex-Prodigy ODS (3) 100A, 150 mm x 3 mm, 3 microns; Eluent A: (1.36 g KH 2 PO 4 +0.7 mL H 3PO 4 ) / L water, eluent B:
acetonitrile; Gradient: 0 min 20% B, 40 min 45% B, 50 min 80% B, 65 min 80% B; Flow: 0.5 mL / min; Temp .: 55 0 C; UV detection: 210 nm.
example 23
Methyl (2E) -3- {3-fluoro-2 – [({[2-methoxy-5 – (trifluormethy l) pheny 1] amino} carbonylation l) amino] pheny 1} acrylate
N- (2-fluorophenyl) -N ‘- [2-methoxy-5- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] urea (0.225 kg) is dissolved in acetic acid (6.75 L) and (30.3 g) was added with palladium acetate. Then 65% oleum is (247.5 g) is added and then methyl acrylate (90 g). The solution is stirred overnight at room temperature. Then, at about 30 0 C and about 30 mbar acetic acid (3740 g) were distilled off. The suspension is treated with water (2.25 L) and stirred for about 1 hour. The product is drained, washed twice with water (0.5 L) and incubated overnight at 50 0 dried C in a vacuum drying oven using entraining nitrogen. Thus, a total of 210.3 g of methyl (2E) -3- {3-fluoro-be 2 – [({[2-methoxy-5- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] amino} carbonyl) amino] phenyl} acrylate obtained as a solid, corresponding to 72.2% of theory.
1 H NMR (300 MHz, d 6 -DMSO): δ = 9.16 (s, IH), 8.84 (s, IH), 8.45 (d, 1.7 Hz, IH), 7.73 ( m, 2H), 7.33 (m, 3H), 7.22 (d, 8.6 Hz, IH), 6.70 (d, 16Hz, IH), 3.99 (s, 3H), 3.71 (s, 3H) ppm;
MS (API-ES-pos.): M / z = 429.9 [(M + NH,) + ]; 412.9 [(M + H) + ]
HPLC: R τ = 46.4 min.
Instrument: HP 1100 Multiple Wavelength detection; Column: Phenomenex-Prodigy ODS (3) 100A, 150 mm x 3 mm, 3 microns; Eluent A: (1.36 g KH 2 PO 4 +0.7 mL H 3PO 4 ) / L water, eluent B: acetonitrile; Gradient: 0 min 20% B, 40 min 45% B, 50 min 80% B, 65 min 80% B; Flow: 0.5 mL / min; Temp .: 55 0 C; UV detection: 210 nm.
example 24
{8-FluorO-[2-methoxy-5-(trifluormethyl)phenyl]-2-oxo-l,2,3,4-tetrahydrochinazolin-4-yl}essigsäuremethylester
Methyl (2E) -3- {3-fluoro-2 – [({[2-methoxy-5- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] amino} carbonyl) amino] phenyl} acrylate (50 g) is dissolved in acetone (1.2 L) was suspended and 3.7 g) was added l, 8-diazabicyclo [5.4.0] undec-7-ene (. The suspension is heated to reflux (ca..56 ° C) and stirred for 4 h. The resulting clear solution is hot through diatomaceous earth (5 g) was filtered. The diatomaceous earth is rinsed with warm acetone (100 ml). Subsequently, acetone (550 g) was distilled off. The resulting suspension is in 3 h at O 0 cooled and stirred C. The product is drained, washed twice with cold acetone (50 ml) and incubated overnight at 45 0 dried C in a vacuum drying oven using entraining nitrogen. Thus, a total of 44.5 g of {8-fluoro-3- [2-methoxy-5- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] -2-oxo-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydrochinazo-lin-4-yl} acetic acid methyl ester as a solid, corresponding to 89% of theory.
1 H NMR (300 MHz, d 6 -DMSO): δ = 9.73 (s, IH), 7.72 (d, 2 J = 7.3, IH), 7.71 (s, IH), 7 , 33 (d, 2 J = 9.3, IH), 7.15 (dd, 2 J = 9.6, 2 J = 8.6, IH), 7.01 (d, 2 J = 7.3 , IH), 6.99 to 6.94 (m, IH), 5.16 (t, 2 J =
5.9, IH), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.41 (s, 3H), 2.81 (dd, 1 J = 15.4, V = 5.8, IH), 2.62 (dd, 2 Vr = = 15.4, V = 6.3, IH) ppm;
MS (API-ES-pos.): M / z = 413 [(M + H) + , 100%], 825 [(2M + H) + , 14%];
HPLC: R τ = 37.1 min.
Instrument: HP 1100 Multiple Wavelength detection; Column: Phenomenex-Prodigy ODS (3) 100A, 150 mm x 3 mm, 3 microns; Eluent A: (1.36 g KH 2 PO 4 +0.7 mL H 3PO 4 ) / L water, eluent B: acetonitrile; Gradient: 0 min 20% B, 40 min 45% B, 50 min 80% B, 65 min 80% B; Flow: 0.5 mL / min; Temp .: 55 0 C; UV detection: 210 nm.
PATENT
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is ubiquitously distributed in the human population. In immunocompetent adults infections are mainly asymptomatic, but in
immunocompromised patients, such as transplant recipients or AIDS patients, life threatening infections occur at a high rate. HCMV is also the leading cause of birth defects among congenitally transmitted viral infections.
Various substituted heterocyclic compounds are inhibitors of the HCMV terminase enzyme. Included in these heterocycles are quinazolines related to Compound A, as defined and described below. These compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are useful in the treatment or prophylaxis of infection by HCMV and in the treatment, prophylaxis, or delay in the onset or progression of HCMV infection. Representative quinazoline compounds that are useful for treating HCMV infection are described, for example, in US Patent Patent No. 7, 196,086. Among the compounds disclosed in US7, 196,086, is (S)-2-(8-fluoro-3-(2-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2-(4-(3-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-l-yl)-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-4-yl)acetic acid, hereinafter referred to as Compound A. Compound A is a known inhibitor of HCMV terminase. The structure of Compound A is as follows:
Compound A
US Patent Nos. 7,196,086 and 8,084,604 disclose methodology that can be employed to prepare Compound A and related quinazoline-based HCMV terminase inhibitors. These methods are practical routes for the preparation of Compound A and related heterocyclic compounds.
EXAMPLE 6
Preparation of Compound A
To a slurry of compound 7 (20g, 18.9 mmol) in MTBE (40.0 mL) at room temperature was added a solution of sodium phosphate dibasic dihydrate (8.42 g, 47.3 mmol) in water (80 mL) and the resulting slurry was allowed to stir at room temperature for 40 minutes. The reaction mixture was transferred to a separatory funnel and the organic phase was collected and washed with a solution of sodium phosphate dibasic dihydrate (3.37 g, 18.91 mmol) in water (40.0 mL). A solution of KOH (4.99 g, 76 mmol) in water (80 mL) and methanol (10.00 mL) was then added to the organic phase and the resulting mixture was heated to 50 °C and allowed to stir at this temperature for 6 hours. MTBE (20 mL) and water (40 mL) were then added to the
reaction mixture and the resulting solution was transferred to a separatory funnel and the aqueous layer was collected and washed with MTBE (20 mL). Additional MTBE (40 mL) was added to the aqueous layer and the resulting solution was adjusted to pH 4-5 via slow addition of concentrated HCl. The resulting acidified solution was transferred to a separatory funnel and the organic phase was collected, concentrated in vacuo and solvent switched with acetone, maintaining a 30 mL volume. The resulting acetone solution was added dropwise to water and the precipitate formed was filtered to provide compound A as a white solid (10 g, 92%). XH NMR (500 MHz, d6-DMSO): δΗ 12.6 (1H, s), 7.52 (1H, dd, J= 8.6, 1.3 Hz), 7.41 (1H, brs), 7.22 (1H, d, J= 7.2 Hz), 7.08-7.02 (2H, m), 6.87-6.84 (2H, m), 6.44 (1H, dd, J= 8.3, 1.8 Hz), 6.39 (1H, t, J= 2.1 Hz), 6.35 (1H, dd, J= 8.1, 2.0 Hz), 4.89 (1H, t, J= 7.3 Hz), 3.79 (3H, br s), 3.68 (3H, s), 3.47 (2H, br s), 3.39 (2H, br s), 2.96-2.93 (2H, m), 2.82-2.77 (3H, m), 2.44 (1H, dd, J = 14.8, 7.4 Hz).
XAMPLE 1
Preparation of Intermediate Compound 2
N,N-dicyclohexylmethylamine
IPAC, 80°C
To a degassed solution of 2-bromo-6-fluoroaniline (1, 99.5 g, 0.524 mol), methyl acrylate (95.0 mL, 1.05 mol), Chloro[(tri-tert-butylphosphine)-2-(2-aminobiphenyl)] palladium(II) (0.537 g, 1.05 mmol) in isopropyl acetate (796 mL), was added degassed N,N-dicyclohexylmethylamine (135 mL, 0.628 mol). The resulting reaction was heated to 80 °C and allowed to stir at this temperature for 5 hours. The resulting slurry was cooled to 20 °C and filtered. The filtrate was washed with 1 M citric acid to provide a solution that contained compound 2 (99.3 g, 97% assay yield) in isopropyl acrylate, which was used without further purification. ‘H NMR (500 MHz, d-CHCl3): δΗ 7.79 ppm (1H, d, J= 15.9 Hz), 7.17 ppm (1H, d, J= 8.2 Hz), 7.00 ppm (1H, ddd, J= 10.7, 8.2, 1.2 Hz), 6.69 ppm (1H, td, J = 8.2, 5.1 Hz), 6.38 ppm (1H, d, J= 15.9 Hz), 4.06 ppm (2H, br s), 3.81 ppm (3H, s).
EXAMPLE 2
Preparation of Intermediate Compound 3
To a solution of compound 2 (48.8 g, 0.250 mol) in 683 mL of isopropyl acetate was added 244 mL of water, followed by di-sodium hydrogen phosphate (53.2 g, 0.375 mol). To the resulting solution was added phenyl chloroformate (39.2 mL, 0.313 mol) dropwise over 30 minutes. The resulting reaction was heated to 30 °C and allowed to stir at this temperature for 5 hours for 4 hours and then was heated to 60 °C and allowed to stir at this temperature for 5 hours for an additional 2 hours to remove excess phenyl chloroformate. An additional 293 mL of isopropyl acetate was then added and the reaction mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature until the solids completely dissolved into solution. The resulting reaction mixture was transferred to a separatory funnel and the organic phase was washed with 98 mL of water and collected to provide a solution of compound 3 in isopropyl acetate, which was used without further purification. XH NMR (500 MHz, d-acetonitrile): δΗ 7.91 ppm (1H, d, J= 15.9 Hz), 7.85 ppm (1H, br s), 7.63 ppm (1H, d, J= 7.9 Hz), 7.45-7.39 ppm (3H, m), 7.33-7.27 ppm (2H, m), 7.21 ppm (2H, br), 6.60 ppm (1H, d, J= 16.0 Hz).
EXAMPLE 3
Preparation of Intermediate Compound 4
A solution of compound 3 (79.0 g, 0.250 mol), 2-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)aniline (52.7 g, 0.276 mol), and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (0.92 g, 0.0075 mol) in isopropyl acetate (780 mL) was heated to reflux and allowed to stir at this temperature for 5 hours. The resulting slurry was cooled to 20 °C, then allowed to stir at this temperature for for two hours at this temperature, then filtered. The collected filter cake was dried in vacuo to provide compound 5 (95.0 g, 0.230 mol) as a white solid, which was used without further purification. ¾ NMR (500 MHz, d-TFA): δΗ 7.98 ppm (1H, d, J= 16.1 Hz), 7.87 ppm (1H, s), 7.47 ppm (1H, d, J = 7.9 Hz), 7.41 ppm (1H, d, J= 8.5 Hz), 7.35 ppm (1H, q, J= 8.5 Hz), 7.19 ppm (1H, t, J= 8.6 Hz), 6.98 ppm (1H, d, J= 8.6 Hz), 6.56 ppm (1H, d, J= 16.0 Hz), 3.85 ppm (6H, br s).
EXAMPLE 4
Preparation of Intermediate Compound 6
To a stirred suspension of compound 4 (14.0 g, 34.0 mmol) in toluene (140 mL) at room temperature was added 2-picoline (10.1 mL, 102 mmol) followed by PCI5 (8.19 g, 37.3 mmol). The resulting reaction was heated to 40 °C and allowed to stir at this temperature for 4 hours, then was cooled to 0 °C and cautiously (internal temperature kept <15 °C) quenched with KOH (2 M, 102 mL). The resulting solution was allowed to warm to room temperature, allowed to stir for 30 minutes, then was filtered and the filtrate transferred to a separatory funnel. The organic phase was washed sequentially with H3PO4 (1M, 50 mL) and H20 (50 mL) to provide a solution of compound 5 in toluene, which was used without further purification. XH NMR (500 MHz, d6-DMSO): δΗ 7.96 (1H, d, J= 16.2 Hz), 7.74 (1H, d, J= 7.9 Hz), 7.61 (1H, dd, J= 6.7, 1.6 Hz), 7.50 (1H, d, J= 1.9 Hz), 7.43 (1H, t, J= 9.2 Hz), 7.30 (1H, d, J= 8.4 Hz), 7.28 (1H, m), 6.79 (1H, d, J= 16.2 Hz), 3.91 (3H, s), 3.74 (3H, s).
To the solution of compound 5 at room temperature was added an aqueous solution of piperazine hydrochloride (0.40 M, 93.3 mL, 37.3 mmol) followed by Na2HP04 (14.5 g, 102 mmol). The resulting reaction was allowed to stir for 1 hour at room temperature, then transferred to a separatory funnel. The organic phase was washed sequentially with aH2P04 (50 mL) and H20 (50 mL). Salicylic acid (5.16 g, 37.3 mmol) was then added to the organic phase, and the resulting solution was cooled to 0 °C and allowed to stir at this temperature for 1 hour to provide a slurry which was filtered and washed with cold toluene (50 mL). The filter cake was dried under air to provide compound 6 (23.0 g, 31.7 mmol, 93 %) as a white crystalline solid: XH NMR (500 MHz, d6-DMSO): δΗ 12.9 (1H, br s), 7.75 (1H, dd, J= 7.8, 1.8 Hz), 7.72 (1H, d, J= 16.1 Hz), 7.40 (1H, td, J= 7.2, 1.7 Hz), 7.27 (1H, d, J= 7.8 Hz), 7.17 (1H, m), 7.16 (1H, t, J= 8.2 Hz), 7.02 (1H, br s), 6.95 (1H, t, J= 8.6 Hz), 6.88-6.81 (3H, m), 6.78 (1H, br s), 6.60 (1H, dd, J= 8.2, 2.0 Hz), 6.54 (1H, m), 6.48 (1H, d, J= 16.1 Hz), 6.43 (1H, dd, J= 8.0, 2.1 Hz), 3.73 (3H, s), 3.71 (3H, s), 3.69 (4H, br s), 3.68 (3H, s).
Free Base: XH NMR (500 MHz, CD3CN): δΗ 7.91 (1H, d, J= 16.1 Hz), 7.29 (1H, d, J= 8.0 Hz), 7.24 (1H, d, J= 1.4 Hz), 7.20 (1H, t, J= 8.1 Hz), 7.15 (1H, dd, J= 8.6, 1.4 Hz), 6.94 (1H, m), 6.92 (1H, t, J= 8.1 Hz), 6.80 (1H, td, J= 8.1, 5.4 Hz), 6.60 (1H, dd, J= 8.3, 2.2 Hz), 6.54 (1H, t, J= 2.2 Hz), 6.50 (1H, d, J= 16.1 Hz), 6.47 (2H, m), 3.80 (3H, s), 3.79 (3H, s), 3.72 (3H, s), 3.63 (4H, t, J= 5.1 Hz), 3.25 (4H, t, J= 5.0 Hz).
2: 1 NDSA Salt: ‘H NMR (500 MHz, d6-DMSO): δΗ 10.2 (2H, br s), 8.86 (1H, d, J= 8.6 Hz), 7.92 (1H, d, J= 7.0 Hz), 7.47-7.37 (4H, m), 7.27-7.14 (4H, m), 6.96 (1H, d, J= 8.6 Hz), 6.65 (1H, d, J= 8.3 Hz), 6.59 (1H, s), 6.54 (1H, d, J= 15.9 Hz), 6.47 (1H, d, J= 8.3 Hz), 3.91 (4H, m), 3.77 (3H, s), 3.76 (3H, s), 3.74 (3H, s), 3.43 (4H, m). 1,5 -naphthalene disulfonic acid
EXAMPLE 5
Preparation of Intermediate Compound 7
To a suspension of compound 6 (12.5 g, 16.6 mmol) in 125 mL of toluene was added 50 mL of 0.43M aqueous K3P04. The resulting reaction was allowed to stir for 1 hour at room temperature and the reaction mixture was transferred to a separatory funnel. The organic phase was collected, washed once with 30 mL 0.43M aqueous K3P04then cooled to 0 °C and aqueous K3P04 (60 mL, 0.43 M, 25.7 mmol) was added. To the resulting solution was added a room temperature solution of ((lS,2S,4S,5R)-l-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2-((R)-
hydroxy( 1 -(3 -(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)quinolin- 1 -ium-4-yl)methyl)-5-vinylquinuclidin- 1 -ium bromide) (0.704 g, 0.838 mmol) in 1.45 mL of DMF. The resulting reaction was allowed to stir at 0 °C until the reaction was complete (monitored by HPLC), then the reaction mixture was transferred to a separatory funnel and the organic phase was collected and washed sequentially with 1M glycolic acid (25 mL) and water (25 mL). The organic phase was filtered through solka flok and concentrated in vacuo to a total volume of 60 mL. Ethyl acetate (20 mL) was added to the resulting solution, followed by (S,S)-Di-P-Toluoyl-D-tartaric acid (5.61 g, 14.1 mmol). Penultimate seed (0.2 g) was added the resulting solution was allowed to stir at room
temperature for 12 hours. The solution was then filtered and the collected solid was washed twice with ethyl acetate, then dried in vacuo to provide compound 7 as its DTTA salt ethyl acetate solvate (13.8 g, 78%) . ‘H NMR (500 MHz, d6-DMSO): δΗ 13.95 (2H, br s), 7.90 (4H, d, J= 8.1 Hz), 7.55 (1H, dd, J= 8.6, 1.3 Hz), 7.38 (4H, d, J= 8.1 Hz), 7.26 (1H, d, J= 7.8 Hz), 7.09-7.05 (3H, m), 6.91-6.86 (2H, m), 6.44 (1H, dd, J= 8.2, 1.7 Hz), 6.39 (1H, t, J= 2.0 Hz), 6.36 (1H, dd, J= 8.2, 2.0 Hz), 5.82 (2H, s), 4.94 (1H, t, J= 7.1 Hz), 4.02 (2H, q, J= 7.1 Hz), 3.83 (3H, br s), 3.68 (3H, s), 3.64 (3H, s), 3.47 (2H, br s), 3.37 (2H, br s), 2.95 (2H, br s), 2.87- 2.80 (3H, m), 2.56 (1H, dd, J= 14.3, 7.0 Hz), 2.39 (6H, s), 1.98 (3H, s), 1.17 (3H, t, J= 7.1 Hz).
PAPER
ACS Editors’ Choice – This is an open access article published under an ACS AuthorChoice License, which permits copying and redistribution of the article or any adaptations for non-commercial purposes.
The development of a concise asymmetric synthesis of the antiviral development candidate letermovir is reported, proceeding in >60% yield over a total of seven steps from commercially available materials. Key to the effectiveness of this process is a novel cinchonidine-based PTC-catalyzed aza-Michael reaction to configure the single stereocenter.
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00076
(S)-2-(8-Fluoro-3-(2-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2-(4-(3-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-4-yl)acetic Acid (Letermovir, 1)
Masangkay, Estel Grace (July 29, 2014). “Merck Kicks Off Phase 3 Study Of CMV Drug Letermovir”. Retrieved 8 Oct 2014.
| Patent ID | Date | Patent Title |
|---|---|---|
| US8084604 | 2011-12-27 | Process for the Preparation of Dihydroquinazolines |
| US2007191387 | 2007-08-16 | Substituted dihydroquinazolines |
| Patent ID | Date | Patent Title |
|---|---|---|
| US2015133461 | 2015-05-14 | PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITION CONTAINING AN ANTIVIRALLY ACTIVE DIHYDROQUINAZOLINE DERIVATIVE |
| US2015050241 | 2015-02-19 | METHOD OF TREATING VIRAL INFECTIONS |
| US2015045371 | 2015-02-12 | Salts of a dihydroquinazoline derivative |
| US2015038514 | 2015-02-05 | SODIUM AND CALCIUM SALTS OF DIHYDROQUINAZOLINE DERIVATIVE AND USE THEREOF AS ANTIVIRAL AGENTS |
| US2015038728 | 2015-02-05 | NOVEL ARYLATED CAMPHENES, PROCESSES FOR THEIR PREPARATION AND USES THEREOF |
| US8816075 | 2014-08-26 | Process for the preparation of dihydroquinazolines |
| US2014193802 | 2014-07-10 | IDENTIFICATION OF AN ALTERED THERAPEUTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ANTI-HCMV COMPOUNDS AND OF A RESISTANCE AGAINST ANTI-HCMV COMPOUNDS |
| US2014178432 | 2014-06-26 | PRODUCTION OF DENSE BODIES (DB) FROM HCMV-INFECTED CELLS |
| US8372972 | 2013-02-12 | Process for the preparation of dihydroquinazolines |
| US8084604 | 2011-12-27 | Process for the Preparation of Dihydroquinazolines |
 |
|
| Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
|---|---|
|
{(4S)-8-Fluoro-2-[4-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]-3-[2-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3,4-dihydro-4-quinazolinyl}acetic acid
|
|
| Clinical data | |
| Routes of administration |
Oral |
| Legal status | |
| Legal status |
|
| Identifiers | |
| ATC code | None |
| PubChem | CID 45138674 |
| ChemSpider | 26352849 |
| UNII | 1H09Y5WO1F  |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL1241951 |
| Synonyms | AIC246 |
| Chemical data | |
| Formula | C29H28F4N4O4 |
| Molar mass | 572.55 g/mol |
/////Letermovir, MK 8828, AIC 246, fast track status, US Food and Drug Administration, orphan drug status , European Medicines Agency
COC1=C(C=C(C=C1)C(F)(F)F)N2[C@H](C3=C(C(=CC=C3)F)N=C2N4CCN(CC4)C5=CC(=CC=C5)OC)CC(=O)O
CDRI 830
CDRI S006-830
S 006-830
CAS 1550975-42-2
N-[2-[4-[(4-methoxyphenyl)-thiophen-2-ylmethyl]phenoxy]ethyl]-N-propan-2-ylpropan-2-amine
| Molecular Formula: | C26H33NO2S |
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight: | 423.61072 g/mol |
CDRI-830 of thiophene containing trisubstituted methane (TRSM) class was identified as an anti-tubercular lead with MIC value of 1.33 mg/L against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv strain, non-toxicity against Vero C-1008 cell line (selectivity index >10), ex vivo efficacy (in mouse and human macrophages) equivalent to first line TB drugs, lung CFU count (2.2×107) comparable to pyrazinamide (1.9×107) and ethambutol (1.27×107). CDRI-830 has exhibited potent bactericidal activity against single and multi-drug resistant clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis. Furthermore, CDRI-830 has demonstrated good pharmacokinetic properties with fast intestinal absorption, peak plasma concentration one hour post oral dose, optimum elimination half-life (9-13 h), plasma protein binding (~60%), favorable bioavailability (45-50%) and mean residence time (18-20 h).
CDRI S006-830 is a potent triethylamine containing thiophene antitubercular compound of the Central Drug Research Institute, India. The present study aimed to conduct comprehensive metabolic investigations of CDRI S006-830 to corroborate its preclinical investigations. Preliminary metabolic investigations were performed to assess the metabolic stability, enzyme kinetics, reaction phenotyping, and metabolite identification of CDRI S006-830 in rat, rabbit, dog, and human liver microsomes using liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. The observed in vitro t1/2 and Clint values were 9.9 ± 1.29, 4.5 ± 0.52, 4.5 ± 0.86, 17 ± 5.21 min and 69.60 ± 8.37, 152.0 ± 17.26, 152.34 ± 27.63, 33.62 ± 21.04 μL/min/mg in rat, rabbit, dog and human liver microsomes respectively. These observations suggested that CDRI S006-830 rapidly metabolized in the presence of NADPH in liver microsomes of rat, rabbit and dog while moderately metabolized in human liver microsomes. It was observed that CDRI S006-830 exhibited monophasic Michaelis–Menten kinetics. The metabolism of CDRI S006-830 was primarily mediated by CYP3A4 and was deduced by CYP reaction phenotyping with known potent inhibitors. CYP3A4 involvement was also confirmed by cDNA-expressed recombinant human isozyme activity with different CYPs. Four major phase-I metabolites of S006-830, (M-1 to M-4) were detected in rat, rabbit, dog (except M4) and human liver microsomes……..http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dta.1802/abstract?systemMessage=Wiley+Online+Library+will+be+unavailable+on+Saturday+14th+May+11%3A00-14%3A00+BST+%2F+06%3A00-09%3A00+EDT+%2F+18%3A00-21%3A00+SGT+for+essential+maintenance.Apologies+for+the+inconvenience.
NMR
13C NMR
| Associate Professor AcSIR ( Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India) Principal Scientist and Group Leader Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division CSIR-CDRI ( Central Drug Research Institute ) Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow-226031 Phone (Office) : 0522-2772450, 2772550, Ext. 4661, 4662 Phone (Res.) : 0522-2746635 Fax : 0522-2771941 Email : gautam.panda@gmail.com, gautam_panda@cdri.res.in Webpage: http://www.cdriindia.org/gautampanda.htm |
Indian Pat. Appl. (2012), IN 2010DE00685
Abstract:
The invention relates to Thiophene containing Trisubstituted Methanes (TRSMs) and a process for the preparation thereof. The invention particularly relates to a process for the preparation of substituted secondary and tertiary amino alkoxy diary! thiophenyl methanes and their use as potential antimycobacterial agents. Novel diaryl thiophenyl methanes of formula I have been prepared. The present invention provides novel diaryl thiophenyl methanes substituted with a secondary or tertiary amino alkoxy group and a process for the preparation of the said compounds of general formula I comprising general formula la and lb useful in antimycobacterial activity wherein R1 is selected from an aryl group or thophene moiety wherein the aryl group is selected from a group consisting of substituted phenyl groups such as methoxy phenyl, thiomethoxy phenyl, phenyl, p-chlorophenyl, p-fluorophenyl; R2 is selected from a group consisting of aminoalkoxyl, alkyl/dialkyl aminoalkoxy, cyclic alkyl aminoalkoxy. R3 is selected from a group consisting of H, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy group such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, secondary butyl, tertiary butyl, n-amyl, n-hexyl, 2-ethyl butyl; R4 is selected from a group consisting of H,OH,methyl.
The invention relates to thiophene containing Trisubstituted Methanes (TRSMs) and a process for the preparation thereof. The invention particularly relates to a process for the preparation of substituted secondary and tertiary amino alkoxy diaryl thiophenyl methanes and their use as potential antimycobacterial agents. Novel diaryl thiophenyl methanes of formula I have been prepared.
The present invention provides novel diaryl thiophenyl methanes substituted with a secondary or tertiary amino alkoxy group and a process for the preparation of the said compounds of general formula I comprising formula la and lb useful in antimycobacterial activity wherein R1 is selected from an aryl group or thophene moiety wherein the aryl group is selected from a group consisting of substituted phenyl groups such as methoxy phenyl, thiomethoxy phenyl, phenyl, p-chlorophenyl, p-fluorophenyl; R2 is selected from a group consisting of aminoalkoxyl, alkyl/dialkyl aminoalkoxy, cyclic alkyl aminoalkoxy. R3 is selected from a group consisting of H, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy group such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, secondary butyl, tertiary butyl, n-amyl, n-hexyl, 2-ethyl butyl ; R4 is selected from a group consisting of H,OH,methyl etc.
(Formula Removed)
Background of the Invention
Tuberculosis is a growing international health concern; it is the leading infectious cause of death in the world today (Dolin, P.J. et al Bull. WHO 1994, 72, 213; Daffe, M. et al Adv. Microb. Physiol 1998, 39, 131). It is estimated that worldwide 100 million people are infected annually.
Approximately ten million develop the disease, with five million of these progressing to the infectious stage and ultimately three million dying. Even though improved methods of prevention, detection, diagnosis and modern treatment have greatly reduced the number of people getting infected and dying from it, the emergence of multi-drug-resistant (MDR) strains and the global human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) augments the risk of developing TB many fold. Resistance has been described for all first-line drugs (isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol and streptomycin) and for several second-line and newer drugs (ethionamide, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, nitroimidazopyrans). Because MDR strains are the result of cumulative mutations, growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MT) can successfully be controlled in the host by concomitant treatment with more than one drug. This has resulted in the development of new agents (Panda, G. et al Indian Journal of Chemistry, 2009, 48B, 1121-1127; Parai, M. K. et al Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 2008, 18, 289-292) for the preparation of Disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex (DMAC) infection as well as combinations of both new and standard agents for its treatment. The search for more effective agents against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MT) and Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is ongoing in an attempt to enhance survival and reduce morbidity, as proven by the high number of publications (Jing-Ping Lu et al J. Med. Chem., 2010, 53, 3, 1329-1337; Liqiang Chen et al J. Med. Chem., 2010, 53 (12), 4768-4778; Jiyoung A et al J. Med. Chem., 2009, 52 (17), 5485-5495; Maria-Teresa Gutierrez-Lugo et al J. Med. Chem., 2008, 51 (9), 2606-2612; Li Liu et al J. Med. Chem., 2010, 53 (7), 2882-2891 and references cited therein) and patents of new antituberculous drugs recently published. Preclinical data, such as in vitro measures of drug activity and pharmacokinetics, are used in the design of new treatment regimens. Assessment of pharmacodynamic activity from standard in vitro minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) alone is insufficient to predict in vivo potency. Achievable serum and tissue concentrations as well as pharmacokinetic characteristics must be considered.
Because of this, there is an urgent need for anti-TB drugs with improved properties such as enhanced activity against MDR strains, reduced toxicity, shortened duration of therapy, rapid mycobactericidal mechanism of action and the ability to penetrate host cells and exert anti-mycobacterial effects in the intracellular environment.
Following is the description of thiophene containing trisubstituted methanes having antimycobacterial activity.
European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry (2015), 95, 357-368
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0223523415002032
Triarylmethanes (TRAMs) and thiophene containing trisubstituted methanes (TRSMs) have been reported by us, having potential against Mycobacterium tuberculosis andMycobacterium fortuitum strains, respectively. Further, extension through synthesis and biological evaluation of novel TRSMs resulted into an identified lead 36 (S006-830) [(diisopropyl-(2-{4-[(4-methoxy-phenyl)- thiophen-2-yl-methyl]-phenoxy}-ethyl)-amine)] with MIC: 1.33 mg/L, non-toxic against Vero C-1008 cell line with selectivity index >10,ex vivo efficacy equivalent to first line TB drugs-isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RFM) and pyrazinamide (PZA) in the mouse and human macrophages, and lung CFU count of 2.2 × 107 (approximately 15 fold lesser than untreated mice, 31 × 107) with efficacies comparable to ethambutol (EMB) (1.27 × 107) and PZA (1.9 × 107). Further, S006-830 also showed potent bactericidal activity against multi-drug resistant and single-drug resistant clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis
.
Synthetic Communications (2014), 44(23), 3408-3413
Uma Reddy Paillaab, Veera Reddy Aravaa* & L. K. Ravindranathb
pages 3408-3413
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00397911.2014.942745
REFERENCES
http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ben/cpa/2015/00000011/00000001/art00008?crawler=true
S006-830 against H37RV, single, multi-drug resistant M. tuberculosis; CFU in the lungs with S006-830, EMB, PZA (European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 2015, 95, 357-368, J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012; 67(5):1188-97, Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 2008, 18, 289-292)
| 1. DiaryloxyMethanoPhenanthrenes: A New Class of Antituberculosis Agents, G. Panda,Shagufta, Jitendra Kumar Mishra, Vinita Chaturvedi, Anil K. Srivastava, Manju, RanjanaSrivastava and Brahm S. Srivastava, 1178DEL2004 Filing date 24/06/04 | |
| 2. Thiophene containing Trisubstituted Methanes (TRSMs) as antitubercular agents, Gautam Panda, Maloy Kumar Parai, Priyanka Singh, Sudhir Sinha, Vinita Chaturvedi, Anil Gaikwad, PCT in process (685/DEL/2010) dt 20-2-2010 |
/////////S 006-830, CDRI 830, 1550975-42-2
c1c(ccc(c1)OC)C(c2ccc(cc2)OCCN(C(C)C)C(C)C)c3sccc3
BMS-520
CAS: 1236188-38-7
MF: C23H17F3N4O4
MW: 470.1202
Synonym: BMS-520; BMS 520; BMS520.
INNOVATOR Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
INVENTORS
Scott Hunter Watterson, Alaric J. Dyckman,William J. Pitts, Steven H. Spergel
1-[4-[5-[3-Phenyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)isoxazol-5-yl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]benzyl]azetidine-3-carboxylic acid
1-(4-(5-(3-phenyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)isoxazol-5-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzyl)azetidine-3-carboxylic acid
1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 3.20–3.46 (m, 5H), 3.66 (s, 2H), 7.53 (d, J = 8.25 Hz, 2H), 7.60–7. 70 (m, 5H), and 8.06 (d, J = 7. 70 Hz, 2H);
MS m/e 471(M+H+);
HPLC (XBridge 5 μ C18 4.6 × 50 mm, 4 mL/min, solvent A: 10% MeOH/water with 0.2% H3PO4, solvent B: 90% MeOH/water with 0.2% H3PO4, gradient with 0–100% B over 4 min): 3.14 min;
Anal. Calcd for C23H17N4O4F3•0.01 EtOH: C, 58.72; H, 3.65; N, 11.90. Found: C, 58.63; H, 3.41; N, 11.84.
BMS-520 is a potent and selective S1P1 agonist. BMS-520 demonstrated impressive efficacy when administered orally in a rat model of arthritis and in a mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of multiple sclerosis. Agonism of S1P1, in particular, has been shown to play a significant role in lymphocyte trafficking from the thymus and secondary lymphoid organs, resulting in immunosuppression.
Sphingosine-1 -phosphate (SlP) has been demonstrated to induce many cellular effects, including those that result in platelet aggregation, cell proliferation, cell morphology, tumor cell invasion, endothelial cell and leukocyte chemotaxis, endothelial cell in vitro angiogenesis, and lymphocyte trafficking. SlP receptors are therefore good targets for a wide variety of therapeutic applications such as tumor
15 growth inhibition, vascular disease, and autoimmune diseases. SlP signals cells in part via a set of G protein-coupled receptors named SlPi or SlPl, SIP2 or S1P2, SIP3 or S1P3, SlP4 Or S1P4, and SlP5 or S1P5 (formerly called EDG-I, EDG-5, EDG-3, EDG-6, and EDG-8, respectively). [0003] SlP is important in the entire human body as it is also a major regulator of
20 the vascular and immune systems. In the vascular system, SlP regulates angiogenesis, vascular stability, and permeability. In the immune system, SlP is recognized as a major regulator of trafficking of T- and B-cells. SlP interaction with its receptor SlPi is needed for the egress of immune cells from the lymphoid organs (such as thymus and lymph nodes) into the lymphatic vessels. Therefore, modulation
25 of SlP receptors was shown to be critical for immunomodulation, and SlP receptor modulators are novel immunosuppressive agents.
The SlPi receptor is expressed in a number of tissues. It is the predominant family member expressed on lymphocytes and plays an important role in lymphocyte trafficking. Downregulation of the SlPi receptor disrupts lymphocyte
30 migration and homing to various tissues. This results in sequestration of the lymphocytes in lymph organs thereby decreasing the number of circulating lymphocytes that are capable of migration to the affected tissues. Thus, development of an SlPi receptor agent that suppresses lymphocyte migration to the target sites associated with autoimmune and aberrant inflammatory processes could be efficacious in a number of autoimmune and inflammatory disease states. [0005] Among the five SlP receptors, SlPi has a widespread distribution and is highly abundant on endothelial cells where it works in concert with S IP3 to regulate cell migration, differentiation, and barrier function. Inhibition of lymphocyte recirculation by non-selective SlP receptor modulation produces clinical immunosuppression preventing transplant rejection, but such modulation also results in transient bradycardia. Studies have shown that SlPi activity is significantly correlated with depletion of circulating lymphocytes. In contrast, SIP3 receptor agonism is not required for efficacy. Instead, SIP3 activity plays a significant role in the observed acute toxicity of nonselective SlP receptor agonists, resulting in the undesirable cardiovascular effects, such as bradycardia and hypertension. (See, e.g., Hale et al, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 14:3501 (2004); Sanna et al, J. Biol. Chem., 279: 13839 (2004); Anliker et al., J. Biol. Chem., 279:20555 (2004); Mandala et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 309:758 (2004).)
An example of an SlPi agonist is FTY720. This immunosuppressive compound FTY720 (JPI 1080026-A) has been shown to reduce circulating lymphocytes in animals and humans, and to have disease modulating activity in animal models of organ rejection and immune disorders. The use of FTY720 in humans has been effective in reducing the rate of organ rejection in human renal transplantation and increasing the remission rates in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (see Brinkman et al., J. Biol. Chem., 277:21453 (2002); Mandala et al., Science, 296:346 (2002); Fujino et al., J. Pharmacol, and Exp. Ther., 305:45658 (2003); Brinkman et al., Am. J. Transplant, 4: 1019 (2004); Webb et al., J.
Neuroimmunol, 153: 108 (2004); Morris et al., Eur. J. Immunol, 35:3570 (2005); Chiba, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 108:308 (2005); Kahan et al., Transplantation, 76: 1079 (2003); and Kappos et al., N. Engl. J. Med, 335: 1124 (2006)). Subsequent to its discovery, it has been established that FTY720 is a prodrug, which is phosphorylated in vivo by sphingosine kinases to a more biologically active agent that has agonist activity at the SlPi, SIP3, SlP4, and SIP5 receptors. It is this activity on the SlP family of receptors that is largely responsible for the pharmacological effects of FTY720 in animals and humans.
Clinical studies have demonstrated that treatment with FTY720 results in bradycardia in the first 24 hours of treatment (Kappos et al., N. Engl. J. Med., 335: 1124 (2006)). The observed bradycardia is commonly thought to be due to agonism at the SIP3 receptor. This conclusion is based on a number of cell based and animal experiments. These include the use of SIP3 knockout animals which, unlike wild type mice, do not demonstrate bradycardia following FTY720 administration and the use of SlPi selective compounds. (Hale et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 14:3501 (2004); Sanna et al., J. Biol. Chem., 279: 13839 (2004); and Koyrakh et al., Am. J. Transplant., 5:529 (2005)).
The following applications have described compounds as SlPi agonists: WO 03/061567 (U.S. Publication No. 2005/0070506), WO 03/062248 (U.S. Patent No. 7,351,725), WO 03/062252 (U.S. Publication No. 2005/0033055), WO 03/073986 (U.S. Patent No. 7,309,721), WO 03/105771, WO 05/058848, WO
06/047195, WO 06/100633, WO 06/115188, WO 06/131336, WO 2007/024922, WO 07/116866, WO 08/023783 (U.S. Publication No. 2008/0200535), and WO 08/074820. Also see Hale et al., J. Med. Chem., 47:6662 (2004). [0009] There still remains a need for compounds useful as SlPi agonists and yet having selectivity over Sl P3.
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry (2016), 59(6), 2820-2840
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is the endogenous ligand for the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors (S1P1–5) and evokes a variety of cellular responses through their stimulation. The interaction of S1P with the S1P receptors plays a fundamental physiological role in a number of processes including vascular development and stabilization, lymphocyte migration, and proliferation. Agonism of S1P1, in particular, has been shown to play a significant role in lymphocyte trafficking from the thymus and secondary lymphoid organs, resulting in immunosuppression. This article will detail the discovery and SAR of a potent and selective series of isoxazole based full agonists of S1P1. Isoxazole 6d demonstrated impressive efficacy when administered orally in a rat model of arthritis and in a mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of multiple sclerosis.
SEE…..http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00089
This article reports an efficient scale-up synthesis of 1-(4-(5-(3-phenyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)isoxazol-5-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzyl)azetidine-3-carboxylic acid (BMS-520), a potent and selective isoxazole-containing S1P1 receptor agonist. This process features a highly regioselective cycloaddition leading to a key intermediate, ethyl 3-phenyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)isoxazole-5-carboxylate, a chemo-selective hydrolysis of its regioisomers, as well as an improved method for 1,2,4-oxadiazole formation, relative to the original synthesis. The improved process was applied to the preparation of multiple batches of BMS-520 for preclinical toxicological studies.
Scheme 1
Scheme 2
Scheme 3
Scheme 4
Scheme 5
Scheme 6
Example 1
l-(4-(5-(3-Phenyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)isoxazol-5-yl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3- yl)benzyl)azetidine-3-carboxylic acid
1-A. 4,4,4-Trifluorobut-2-yn-l-ol
To a solution of diisopropylamine (24.7 mL, 176 mmol) in ether (100 mL) at -78 0C was added a 1OM solution of butyllithium in ether (17.6 mL, 176 mmol) over 5 min. After 10 min. at -78°C, 2-bromo-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-l-ene (14.0 g, 80 mmol) was added to the pale yellow solution. After an additional 10 min., paraformaldehyde (2.40 g, 80 mmol) was added, the dry-ice bath was removed, and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. As the reaction mixture approached room temperature, it became dark in color. The reaction was quenched with a IN aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid (100 mL), diluted with ether (500 mL), washed with a IN aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid (2 x 100 mL), washed with brine 100 mL, and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. Concentration under reduced pressure afforded a dark liquid which was distilled under low-vacuum (-50 Torr, ~50 0C) to give 4,4,4-trifluorobut-2-yn-l-ol (7.1 g, 57.2 mmol, 72 % yield) as a pale yellow liquid. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ ppm 2.31 (br. s., IH) and 4.38 – 4.42 (m, 2H).An Alternative Preparation of 1 -A: 4,4,4-Trifluorobut-2-yn- 1 -ol
HO
-CF, (1-A) [00117] To an ether (pre-dried over magnesium sulfate) solution of phenanthroline (2.16 mg, 0.012 mmol) (indicator) at -78°C under nitrogen was added a 2M solution of n-butyl lithium in pentane. An orange color immediately appeared. Trifluoromethylacetylene gas was bubbled through the solution at -78°C. After ~4 min. of gas introduction, the orange color almost completely disappeared, the reaction solution became cloudy (due to some precipitation), and a pale light orange color persisted. Paraformaldehyde was added, and the dry ice/isopropanol bath was removed after 5 min. and replaced with a 00C ice-bath. Stirring was continued for 45 min., the ice bath was removed, and stirring was continued for an additional 1.25 h. The reaction flask was immersed in a 00C ice bath, and a saturated aqueous solution of ammonium chloride (20.0 mL) was added. The layers were separated, and the organic layer was washed with water (2x), washed with brine, and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. Concentration under low-vacuum (~50 Torr) without heat afforded a dark brown liquid which was purified by vacuum distillation (~50 Torr, -50 0C) to give 4,4,4-trifluorobut-2-yn-l-ol (7.1 g, 57.2 mmol, 72 % yield) as a colorless liquid.
1-B. N-Hydroxybenzimidoyl chloride
This compound was prepared according to the method of Liu, K.C. et al, J. Org. Chem., 45:3916-1918 (1980).To a colorless, homogeneous solution of (E)-benzaldehyde oxime (24.4 g, 201 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (60 mL) at room temperature was added N- chlorosuccinimide (26.9 g, 201 mmol) portion-wise over 30 min. During each addition, the reaction mixture would turn yellow and then gradually return to near colorlessness. Additionally, an exotherm was noted with each portion added to ensure that the reaction initiated after the addition of N-chlorosuccinimide. An ice bath was available, if required, to cool the exotherm. After the addition was complete, the homogeneous reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. The reaction mixture was diluted with 250 mL of water and extracted with ether (3 x 100 mL). The organic layers were combined, washed with water (2 x 100 mL), washed with a 10% aqueous solution of lithium chloride (2 x 100 mL), and washed with brine (100 mL). The aqueous layers were back extracted with ether (100 mL), and the combined organic layers (400 mL) were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. Concentration under reduced pressure afforded (Z)-N-hydroxybenzimidoyl chloride (30.84 g, 198 mmol, 98 % yield) as a fluffy, pale yellow solid. The product had an HPLC ret. time = 1.57 min. – Column: CHROMOLITH® SpeedROD 4.6 x 50 mm (4 min.); Solvent A = 10% MeOH, 90% H2O, 0.1% TFA; Solvent B = 90% MeOH, 10% H2O, 0.1% TFA. LC/MS M+1 = 155.8. 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ ppm 7.30 – 7.64 (m, 3H), 7.73 – 7.87 (m, 2H), and 12.42 (s, IH).
l-C. 3-Phenyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)isoxazol-5-yl)methanol
To a pale yellow, homogeneous mixture of N-hydroxybenzimidoyl chloride (5.50 g, 35.4 mmol) and 4,4,4-trifluorobut-2-yn-l-ol (5.46 g, 39.6 mmol) in dichloroethane (85 mL) in a 250 mL round bottom flask at 700C was added triethylamine (9.85 mL, 70.7 mmol) in 22 mL of dichloroethane over 2.5 h via an addition funnel (the first -50% over 2 h and the remaining 50% over 0.5 h). After the addition was complete, the reaction mixture was complete by HPLC (total time at 700C was 3 h). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. [00121] The reaction mixture was diluted with dichloromethane (100 mL), washed with water (100 mL), and the organic layer was collected. The aqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane (2 x 50 mL), and the combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure. Analysis indicated that the product mixture was composed of a 86: 14 mixture of the desired regioisomer (1-C), (3-phenyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)isoxazol-5- yl)methanol, and the undesired regioisomer, (3-phenyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)isoxazol-4- yl)methanol. The mixture was purified by silica gel chromatography using a mixture of ethyl acetate and hexane (1% to pack and load – 5% – 9% – 12%) to afford (3- phenyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)isoxazol-5-yl)methanol (5.34 g, 21.96 mmol, 62.1 % yield) as a pale yellow oil. The compound had an HPLC ret. time = 1.91 min. – Column: CHROMOLITH® SpeedROD 4.6 x 50 mm (4 min.); Solvent A = 10% MeOH, 90% H2O, 0.1% TFA; Solvent B = 90% MeOH, 10% H2O, 0.1% TFA. LC/MS M+1 =244.2. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ ppm 2.21 (br. s., IH), 4.97 (s, 2H), 7.47 – 7.56 (m, 3H), and 7.65 (d, J=6.60 Hz, 2H).
1-D. 3-Phenyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)isoxazole-5-carboxylic acid
Preparation of Jones’ Reagent
To an orange, homogeneous solution of chromium trioxide (12.4 g, 0.123 mol) in water (88.4 mL) at 00C was added sulfuric acid (10.8 mL) dropwise via addition funnel over 30 min. with stirring. The addition funnel was rinsed with water
(1 mL) to give 1.23 M solution of Jones’ Reagent (0.123 mol of reagent in 100 mL of solvent).
To a solution of (3-phenyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)isoxazol-5-yl)methanol
(5.24 g, 21.6 mmol) in acetone (75 mL) at room temperature (immersed in a water bath) was added Jones’ Reagent (43.8 mL, 53.9 mmol) via addition funnel slowly over 1.5 h. The dark reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. By HPLC, the reaction was 93% complete. An additional 0.5 equivalents (9 mL) of the Jones’ Reagent was added. After 1 h, the reaction was 95% complete. After an additional 3h, the reaction was 96% complete. An additional 0.5 equivalents (9 mL) of the Jones’ Reagent was added. The reaction mixture was stirred for an additional 2.5 h. By HPLC, the reaction was 97% complete. Isopropyl alcohol (6 mL) was added, and the mixture was stirred for 90 min, resulting in a dark green precipitate. The mixture was diluted with ether (600 mL), washed with a 2% aqueous solution of sodium hydrogen sulfite (5 x 100 mL), and the organic layer was collected. The aqueous layer was back-extracted with ether (2 x 100 mL). By HPLC, there was no additional product in the aqueous layer. The combined organic layers were washed with water (100 mL), washed with a saturated aqueous solution of brine (100 mL), and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The aqueous layer was back-extracted with ether (100 mL), and the organic layer was added to the previous organic layers. The solution was concentration under reduced pressure to give 3-phenyl-4-
(trifluoromethyl)isoxazole-5-carboxylic acid as an off-white solid. The solid was diluted with dichloromethane (200 mL), washed with a 2% aqueous solution of sodium hydrogen sulfite, washed with brine, and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. Concentration under reduced pressure afforded 3-phenyl-4- (trifluoromethyl)isoxazole-5-carboxylic acid (3.84 g, 14.93 mmol, 69.3 % yield) as a pale yellow solid. The product was 96% pure by HPLC with a ret. time = 1.60 min. – Column: CHROMOLITH® SpeedROD 4.6 x 50 mm (4 min.); Solvent A = 10% MeOH, 90% H2O, 0.1% TFA; Solvent B = 90% MeOH, 10% H2O, 0.1% TFA. LC/MS M+1 = 258.2. [00124] The sodium hydrogen sulfite aqueous layer still contained a significant amount of product. The brine layer contained no additional product and was discarded. The aqueous layer was saturated with sodium chloride, the pH was adjusted to -3.5, and the solution was extracted with ether (3 x 100 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated to afford additional 3-phenyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)isoxazole-5-carboxylic acid (1.12 g, 4.36 mmol, 20.21 % yield) as a white solid. The product was >99% pure by HPLC with a ret. time = 1.60 min. – Column: CHROMOLITH® SpeedROD 4.6 x 50 mm (4 min.); Solvent A = 10% MeOH, 90% H2O, 0.1% TFA; Solvent B = 90% MeOH, 10% H2O, 0.1% TFA. LC/MS M+1 = 258.1. 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-(I6) δ ppm 7.55 – 7.63 (m, 5H). The products were combined to give 4.96 g (90% yield) of 3-phenyl-4- (trifluoromethyl)isoxazole-5-carboxylic acid.
An Alternative Preparation of 1-D: 3 -Phenyl -4-(trifluoromethyl)isoxazole-5- carboxylic acid starting with (3-phenyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)isoxazol-5-yl)methanol
A mixture of (3-phenyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)isoxazol-5-yl)methanol (2.1 g, 8.64 mmol), TEMPO (0.094 g, 0.604 mmol), and a sodium phosphate buffer (0.67M) (32.2 mL, 21.59 mmol) was heated to 35°C. A solution of sodium phosphate buffer (40 mL, pH -6.5) consisting of a 1: 1 solution OfNaH2PO4 (20 mL, 0.67M) and Na2HPO4 (20 mL, 0.67M) was prepared in acetonitrile (30 mL) was prepared prior to use. Solutions of sodium chlorite (3.91 g, 34.5 mmol) in water (4.5 mL) and bleach (4.3 mL, 6% wt.) were added simultaneously over 40min. The reaction was monitored by HPLC, and after 2 h, -30% of the starting material remained. After 6 h, 10% remained. Additional bleach (100 μL) was added, and the reaction mixture was left at room temperature overnight. [00127] Additional bleach (100 μL) was added. The resulting mixture was allowed to stir at 35°C for additional 2 h. HPLC indicated complete conversion. The reaction was quenched by the slow addition of a solution of sodium sulfite (2.07 mL, 43.2 mmol) in water (90 mL) at 00C, resulting in the disappearance of the brown reaction color. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the remaining aqueous residue was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 40 mL). The organic layers were combined, washed with water (8 mL), washed with brine (8 mL), and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. Concentration under reduced pressure afforded 3 -phenyl – 4-(trifluoromethyl)isoxazole-5-carboxylic acid (2.2 g, 8.55 mmol, 99 % yield) as a pale yellow solid. An alternative procedure for the for the preparation of 3-phenyl-4-(trifluoromethyl) isoxazole-5-carboxylic acid starting with 4,4,4-trifluorobut-2ynoate (1-D)
Alt.1 -D- 1. Ethyl 3 -phenyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)isoxazole-5-carboxylate
To a pale yellow mixture of (Z)-N-hydroxybenzimidoyl chloride (1.04 g, 6.68 mmol) and ethyl 4,4,4-trifluorobut-2-ynoate (1.238 g, 7.45 mmol) in diethyl ether (20 mL) at room temperature was added triethylamine (1.86 mL, 13.4 mmol) over 15 min., resulting in a precipitant. After the addition was complete, the pale yellow slurry was stirred at room temperature over a weekend. The heterogeneous reaction mixture was filtered under reduced pressure to remove the triethylamine hydrochloride salt, and the filtrate was concentrated to give the product mixture as a dark yellow, viscous oil (2.03 g). By HPLC, the reaction mixture was composed of a mixture of the desired regioisomer, ethyl 3-phenyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)isoxazole-5- carboxylate, and the undesired regioisomer, ethyl 3-phenyl-5- (trifluoromethyl)isoxazole-4-carboxylate, in an approximately 15:85 ratio. The compound mixture was dissolved in hexane and sonicated for 5 min. The hexane was decanted off, and the dark red, oily residue was found to have only trace product by HPLC. The hexane was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue (1.89 g) was purified by preparative HPLC. The desired fractions containing ethyl 3-phenyl- 4-(trifluoromethyl)isoxazole-5-carboxylate were concentrated, and the residue was diluted with dichloromethane, washed with a saturated aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate, and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. Concentration under reduced pressure afforded ethyl 3-phenyl-4-(trifluoromethyl) isoxazole-5-carboxylate (0.087 g, 0.305 mmol, 4.6 % yield) as a pale yellow solid. The compound had an HPLC ret. time = 2.88 min. – Column: CHROMOLITH® SpeedROD 4.6 x 50 mm (4 min.); Solvent A = 10% MeOH, 90% H2O, 0.1% TFA; Solvent B = 90% MeOH, 10% H2O, 0.1% TFA. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ ppm 1.46 (t, J=7.15 Hz, 3H), 4.53 (q, J=7.03 Hz, 2H), 7.48 – 7.55 (m, 3H), and 7.58 (d, J=7.53 Hz, 2H).
An Alternative Preparation of 1-D-l : Ethyl 3-phenyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)isoxazole-5- carboxylic acid starting with ethyl 4,4,4-trifluorobut-2-enoate
1-D-l. Ethyl 2,3-dibromo-4,4,4-trifluorobutanoate
Br L /COOEt
Br (1-D-l) [00129] Bromine (18.4 mL, 357 mmol) was added dropwise over 30 minutes to a solution of (E)-ethyl 4,4,4-trifluorobut-2-enoate (50 g, 297 mmol) in carbon tetrachloride (50 mL) at room temperature under nitrogen. The resulting dark red solution was refluxed for 4 hours. Additional bromine (2ml) was added and heating was continued until the HPLC analysis showed that the starting material had been consumed. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to give light brown oil which used in the next step without purification. HPLC (XBridge 5μ Cl 8 4.6×50 mm, 4 mL/min, Solvent A: 10 % MeOH/water with 0.2 % H3PO4, Solvent B: 90 % MeOH/water with 0.2 % H3PO4, gradient with 0-100 % B over 4 minutes): 2.96 and 3.19 minutes.
l-D-2. (Z/E)-Ethyl 2-bromo-4,4,4-trifluorobut-2-enoate
,COOEt
F3C
Br (l-D-2)
To a solution of ethyl 2,3-dibromo-4,4,4-trifluorobutanoate (1-B-l) in hexane (200 mL) cooled to 00C was added triethylamine (49.7 ml, 357mmol) drop- wise over 35 minutes, during which time a white precipitate formed. The reaction mixture was stirred for an additional 2 hours until LC indicated complete conversion. The solid was filtered and rinsed with hexane (3 x 5OmL), and the filtrate was concentrated and passed through a short silica gel pad eluting with 10% ethyl acetate/hexane to give (Z/E)-ethyl 2-bromo-4,4,4-trifluorobut-2-enoate (65.5 g, 265mmol, 89 % yield for two steps) as a colorless oil. Alternatively, the crude product can be purified by distillation (85 0C / -60 mmHg). 1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) 5 7.41 (q, IH, J= 7.28 Hz), 4.35 (q, 2H, J= 7.11 Hz), 1.38 (t, 3H, J= 7.15 Hz); HPLC (XBridge 5μ Cl 8 4.6×50 mm, 4 mL/min, Solvent A: 10 % MeOH/water with 0.2 % H3PO4, Solvent B: 90 % MeOH/water with 0.2 % H3PO4, gradient with 0- 100 % B over 4 minutes): 3.09 minutes.
1-D-l. Ethyl 3 -phenyl -4-(trifluoromethyl)isoxazole-5-carboxylate
(Z/E)-Ethyl 2-bromo-4,4,4-trifluorobut-2-enoate, l-D-3, (39.7 g, 161 mmol) and N-hydroxybenzimidoyl chloride (30 g, 193mmol) were dissolved in ethyl acetate (15OmL). Indium (III) chloride (8.89 g, 40.2mmol) was added and the resulting mixture stirred for 60 minutes at RT under N2. Potassium hydrogen carbonate (32.2 g, 321mmol) was added to the reaction mixture which was allowed to stir overnight for 14 hours at RT. The solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue was re-suspended in 30OmL hexane and stirred for lOmiutes then filtered. The filter cake was washed with hexane (3X3 OmL) and the combined filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to give crude product, which was further purified with flash chromatography to generate 33g product (72%) as light yellowish oil as a mixture of the desired isomer 1-D-l and undesired isomer 1-D-la in a ratio of -30/1. MS m/e 286.06(M+H+); 1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ 7.56 (m, 5H), 4.53 (q, 2H, J= 7.3 Hz), 1.46 (t, 3H, J= 7.2 Hz); HPLC (XBridge 5μ C18 4.6×50 mm, 4 mL/min, Solvent A: 10 % MeOH/water with 0.2 % H3PO4, Solvent B: 90 % MeOH/water with 0.2 % H3PO4, gradient with 0-100 % B over 4 minutes): 3.57 minutes.
Alt.1-D. 3-Phenyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)isoxazole-5-carboxylic acid, lithium salt
A mixture of ethyl 3-phenyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)isoxazole-5-carboxylate, 1-D-l, (0.085 g, 0.298 mmol) and lithium hydroxide hydrate (0.013 g, 0.298 mmol) in methanol (2.0 mL) and water (1.0 mL) was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was concentrated to dryness to give 3-phenyl-4- (trifluoromethyl)isoxazole-5-carboxylic acid, lithium salt (0.079 g, 0.299 mmol, 100 % yield) as a pale yellow solid. The compound had an HPLC ret. time = 1.72 min. – Column: CHROMOLITH® SpeedROD 4.6 x 50 mm (4 min.); Solvent A = 10% MeOH, 90% H2O, 0.1% TFA; Solvent B = 90% MeOH, 10% H2O, 0.1% TFA. LC/MS M+1 = 258.0. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ ppm 7.49 – 7.57 (m, 3H) and 7.58 – 7.62 (m, 2H).1-E. 3-Phenyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)isoxazole-5-carbonyl fluoride
To a mixture of 3-phenyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)isoxazole-5-carboxylic acid (3.00 g, 11.7 mmol) and pyridine (1.132 mL, 14.0 mmol) in dichloromethane (100 mL) at room temperature was added 2,4,6-trifluoro-l,3,5-triazine (cyanuric fluoride) (1.18 mL, 14.0 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, diluted with dichloromethane (300 mL), washed with an ice-cold solution of 0.5N aqueous hydrochloric acid (2 x 100 mL), and the organic layer was collected. The aqueous layer was back-extracted with dichloromethane (200 mL), and the combined organic layers were dried anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated to afford 3-phenyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)isoxazole-5-carbonyl fluoride (2.91 g, 11.2 mmol, 96 % yield) as a yellow, viscous oil. The product was found to react readily with methanol and on analysis was characterized as the methyl ester, which had an HPLC ret. time = 2.56 min. – Column: CHROMOLITH® SpeedROD 4.6 x 50 mm (4 min.); Solvent A = 10% MeOH, 90% H2O, 0.1% TFA; Solvent B = 90% MeOH, 10% H2O, 0.1% TFA. LC/MS M+1 = 272.3 (methyl ester).1-F. tert-Butyl l-(4-(5-(3-phenyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)isoxazol-5-yl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol- 3-yl)-benzyl)azetidine-3-carboxylate
A suspension of 3-phenyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)isoxazole-5-carbonyl fluoride (2.91 g, 11.2 mmol), (Z)-tert-butyl 1-(4-(N’- hydroxycarbamimidoyl)benzyl)azetidine-3-carboxylate (Int. l, 3.43 g, 11.2 mmol), and Hunig’s Base (2.55 mL, 14.6 mmol) in acetonitrile (20 mL) was stirred at room temperature over the weekend. The reaction mixture had completely solidified (pinkish-tan in color), but was judged complete by HPLC and LCMS. The reaction mixture was partitioned between a saturated aqueous of sodium bicarbonate (150 mL) and dichloromethane (150 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane (2 x 100 mL), and the combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. Concentration under reduced pressure afforded a tan solid which was purified by flash silica gel chromatography using a mixture of ethyl acetate in hexane (0-50%) to afford tert-butyl l-(4-(5-(3-phenyl-4-(trifluoromethyl) isoxazol-5-yl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzyl)azetidine-3-carboxylate (4.60 g; 78%) as a white, crystalline solid. The material was suspended in methanol (-75 mL) and was sonicated for 5 minutes. The MeOH was removed under reduce pressure, and the residue was re-suspended in methanol (-50 mL) with sonication. Vacuum filtration and drying afforded tert-butyl l-(4-(5-(3-phenyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)isoxazol-5-yl)- l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzyl)azetidine-3-carboxylate (4.04 g, 7.67 mmol, 68 % yield) as a white, crystalline solid. The methanol filtrate was concentrated to afford additional tert-butyl l-(4-(5-(3-phenyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)isoxazol-5-yl)- 1,2,4- oxadiazol-3-yl)benzyl)azetidine-3-carboxylate (570 mg; 10%) as a slightly off- white solid. The compound had an HPLC retention time = 3.12 min. – Column: CHROMOLITH® SpeedROD 4.6 x 50 mm (4 min.); Solvent A = 10% MeOH, 90% H2O, 0.1% TFA; Solvent B = 90% MeOH, 10% H2O, 0.1% TFA. LC/MS M+1 =527.1. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ ppm 1.47 (s, 9H) 3.28 – 3.37 (m, 3H), 3.60 (br. s., 2H), 3.74 (br. s., 2H), 7.49 (d, J=7.70 Hz, 2H), 7.53 – 7.62 (m, 3H), 7.69 (d, J=7.15 Hz, 2H), and 8.16 (d, J=7.70 Hz, 2H). 1. Preparation of l-(4-(5-(3-phenyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)isoxazol-5-yl)-l,2,4- oxadiazol-3-yl)benzyl)azetidine-3-carboxylic acid
A mixture of tert-butyl l-(4-(5-(3-phenyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)isoxazol-5- yl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzyl)azetidine-3-carboxylate (6.12 g, 11.6 mmol) and trifluoroacetic acid (50.1 mL, 651 mmol) was stirred at room temperature for 1.5 h. By HPLC, the deprotection appeared to be complete after 1 h. The TFA was removed under reduced pressure, and the oily residue was diluted with water (100 mL) and sonicated for 5 min. The resulting suspension was stirred for an additional 10 min until a consistent white suspension was observed. A IN aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide was added portion-wise until the pH was ~4.5 (42 mL of IN NaOH). Over time, the pH drifted back down to 3-4, and additional IN aqueous sodium hydroxide had to be added. The suspension was stirred overnight at room temperature. Several drops of IN aqueous sodium hydroxide were added to re-adjust the pH to 4.5, and after 60 min., the pH appeared to be stable. The solid was collected by vacuum filtration, washed with water several times, and dried under reduced pressure for 5 h. The solid was then suspended in methanol (110 mL) in a 150 mL round bottom flask and sonicated for 15 min. During the sonication, the solution became very thick. An additional 25 mL of methanol was added, and the suspension was stirred overnight. The product was collected by vacuum filtration, washed with methanol (-50 mL), and dried under reduced pressure. The solid was transferred to a 250 mL round bottom flask, re-suspended in methanol (115 mL), sonicated for 5 min., and stirred for 60 min. The solid was collected by vacuum filtration, washed with methanol (~50 mL), and dried over well under reduced pressure to give l-(4-(5-(3- phenyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)isoxazol-5-yl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzyl)azetidine-3- carboxylic acid (5.06 g, 10.7 mmol, 92 % yield) as a crystalline, white solid. The product had an HPLC ret. time = 2.79 min. – Column: CHROMOLITH® SpeedROD 4.6 x 50 mm (4 min.); Solvent A = 10% MeOH, 90% H2O, 0.1% TFA; Solvent B = 90% MeOH, 10% H2O, 0.1% TFA. LC/MS M+1 = 471.3. 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ ppm 3.20 – 3.46 (m, 5H), 3.66 (s, 2H), 7.53 (d, J=8.25 Hz, 2H), 7.60 – 7.70 (m, 5H), and 8.06 (d, J=7.70 Hz, 2H).
HPLC purity 100/99.8%, ret. time = 7.62 min. (A linear gradient using 5% acetonitrile, 95% water, and 0.05% TFA (Solvent A) and 95% acetonitrile, 5% water, and 0.05% TFA (Solvent B); t = 0 min., 10% B, t = l2 min., 100% B (15 min.) was employed on a SunFire C18 3.5u 4.6 x 150 mm column. Flow rate was 2 ml/min and UV detection was set to 220/254 nm.).
HPLC purity 100/99.9%, ret. time = 8.45 min. (A linear gradient using 5% acetonitrile, 95% water, and 0.05% TFA (Solvent A) and 95% acetonitrile, 5% water, and 0.05% TFA (Solvent B); t = 0 min., 10% B, t = l2 min., 100% B (15 min.) was employed on a XBridge Ph 3.5u 4.6 x 150 mm column. Flow rate was 2 ml/min and UV detection was set to 220/254 nm.).
CONSTRUCTION
Alt.1 -D- 1. Ethyl 3 -phenyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)isoxazole-5-carboxylate
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is the endogenous ligand for the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors (S1P1–5) and evokes a variety of cellular responses through their stimulation. The interaction of S1P with the S1P receptors plays a fundamental physiological role in a number of processes including vascular development and stabilization, lymphocyte migration, and proliferation
REFERENCES
Watterson, S. H.; Guo, J.; Spergel, S. H.; Langevine, C. L.; Moquin, R. V.; Shen, D.
R.; Yarde, M.; Cvijic, M. E.; Banas, D.; Liu, R.; Suchard, S. J.; Gillooly, K.; Taylor,
T.; Rex-Rabe, S.; Shuster, D. J.; McIntyre, K. W.; Cornelius, G.; Darienzo, C.;
Marino, A.; Balimane, P.; Warrack, B.; Saltercid, L.; McKinnon, M.; Barrish, J. C.;
Carter, P. C.; Pitts, W. J.; Xie, J.; Dyckman, D. J. J. Med. Chem. 2016, 59, 2820.
Watterson, S.H.; Guo, J.; Spergel, S.H.; et al.
Potent and selective agonists of Sphingosine-1-Phosphate 1 (S1P1): The discovery and SAR of a novel isoxazole based series
241st Am Chem Soc (ACS) Natl Meet (March 27-30, Anaheim) 2011, Abst MEDI 96
/////Potent and Selective Isoxazole-Containing S1P1 Receptor Agonist, BMS 520, Sphingosine-1-Phosphate 1 (S1P1)
O=C(C1CN(CC2=CC=C(C3=NOC(C4=C(C(F)(F)F)C(C5=CC=CC=C5)=NO4)=N3)C=C2)C1)O
APIs from Legitimate and Reliable Sources
1. Introduction
Counterfeit and sub-standard APIs are increasingly present. Not only are they a fact of non-compliance but also they form a serious and increasing risk for patient safety. Various initiatives have been taken such as the founding of the FDA Counterfeit Drug Task Force, the European Commission’s current “Public consultation in preparation of a legal proposal to combat counterfeit medicines for human use” and the WHO Program “IMPACT” (International Medical Products Anti-Counterfeiting Taskforce).
API =Active pharmaceutical ingredient (synonym: drug substance)
Counterfeit API =Active pharmaceutical ingredient for which source and/or quality are falsely represented on the label, on the certificate of analysis or otherwise
Rogue API =API that is counterfeit or severely, deliberately non-compliant.
This writeup focuses on the interaction between the API manufacturer and the medicinal product manufacturer and provides possible measures that may be taken by both partners in order to ensure only…
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In the Pharmacopoeial Forum (PF) 42(3) (May-June 2016) the USP General Chapters – Packaging and Distribution Expert Committee proposes a new general chapter <661.3> Plastic Components and Systems Used in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing and a revised version of general chapter <1661> Evaluation of Plastic Packaging and Manufacturing Systems and Their Materials of construction with Respect to Their User Safety Impact. Read more about USPs Proposal on Plastic Components and Systems Used in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing.
<1661> Evaluation of Plastic Packaging and Manufacturing Systems and Their Materials of construction with Respect to Their User Safety Impact. Read more about USPs Proposal on Plastic Components and Systems Used in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing.
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In the Pharmacopoeial Forum (PF) 42(3) (May-June 2016) the USP General Chapters – Packaging and Distribution Expert Committee proposes a new chapter to address the qualification of plastic components used in the manufacture of APIs (pharmaceutical and…
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For medicinal products administrated in sterile form, the process to reduce the microbial level is a critical manufacturing step with regard to quality. The EMA has recently published the draft of a guideline on that topic which contains a range of clarifications. Read more about the coming requirements on sterilisation of medicinal products, APIs, excipients and final containers
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As referred to in the European Pharmacopoeia, the procedure for terminal sterilisation of a medicinal product, an API, or an excipient is generally the method of choice. Yet, this might be difficult in many cases for product stability reasons. That’s why other microbial reduction processes can be used like sterilising filtration or aseptic processing. So far, there has been some uncertainty about these methods and their acceptance in a marketing authorisation procedure or a variation application, and about which data have to be submitted.
EMA’s new draft guideline entitled “Guideline…
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New Drug Approvals 