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Selexipag, セレキシパグ ,селексипаг , سيليكسيباق ,

November 30, 2018 9:16 am / Leave a comment

ChemSpider 2D Image | Selexipag | C26H32N4O4S

Selexipag

Molecular FormulaC₂₆H₃₂N₄O₄S
Average mass496.622 Da

Selexipag, Uptravi

475086-01-2 CAS

(C₂₆H₃₂N₄O₄S, M_r = 496.6 g/mol)

A prostacyclin receptor (PGI2) agonist used to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH).

NIPPON SHINYAKU….INNOVATOR

セレキシパグ

UNII-5EXC0E384L

селексипаг [Russian] [INN]

سيليكسيباق [Amharic] [INN]

2-{4-[(5,6-diphenylpyrazin-2-yl)(propan-2-yl)amino]butoxy}-N-(methylsulfonyl)acetamide

475086-01-2 [RN]

5EXC0E384L

9231

Acetamide, 2-[4-[(5,6-diphenyl-2-pyrazinyl)(1-methylethyl)amino]butoxy]-N-(methylsulfonyl)-

Selexipag (brand name Uptravi) is a drug developed by Actelion for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Selexipag and its active metabolite, ACT-333679 (MRE-269) (the free carboxylic acid), are agonists of the prostacyclin receptor, which leads to vasodilation in the pulmonary circulation.^[1]

FDA approves new orphan drug to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension

12/22/2015

On December 21, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved Uptravi (selexipag) tablets to treat adults with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), a chronic, progressive, and debilitating rare lung disease that can lead to death or the need for transplantation.

December 22, 2015

“Uptravi offers an additional treatment option for patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension,” said Ellis Unger, M.D., director of the Office of Drug Evaluation I in the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. “The FDA supports continued efforts to provide new treatment options for rare diseases.”

PAH is high blood pressure that occurs in the arteries that connect the heart to the lungs. It causes the right side of the heart to work harder than normal, which can lead to limitations on exercise ability and shortness of breath, among other more serious complications.

Uptravi belongs to a class of drugs called oral IP prostacyclin receptor agonists. The drug acts by relaxing muscles in the walls of blood vessels to dilate (open) blood vessels and decrease the elevated pressure in the vessels supplying blood to the lungs.

Uptravi’s safety and efficacy were established in a long-term clinical trial of 1,156 participants with PAH. Uptravi was shown to be effective in reducing hospitalization for PAH and reducing the risks of disease progression compared to placebo. Participants were exposed to Uptravi in this trial for a median duration of 1.4 years.

Common side effects observed in those treated with Uptravi in the trial include headache, diarrhea, jaw pain, nausea, muscle pain (myalgia), vomiting, pain in an extremity, and flushing.

Uptravi was granted orphan drug designation. Orphan drug designation provides incentives such as tax credits, user fee waivers, and eligibility for exclusivity to assist and encourage the development of drugs for rare diseases.

Uptravi is marketed by San Francisco-based Actelion Pharmaceuticals US, Inc.

The US FDA granted it Orphan Drug status^[2] (for PAH). It was approved by the U.S. FDA on 22 December 2015.^[2]

In 2016, the EMA granted marketing authorization in the E.U. for this indication and launch took place shortly after in Germany and the United Kingdom. In Japan, Nippon Shinyaku received approval for the treatment of PAH in 2016.

Selexipag was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on Dec 21, 2015, approved by European Medicine Agency (EMA) on May 12, 2016. It was originally developed by Nippon Shinyaku and then it was licensed to Actelion for co-development. It is marketed as Uptravi^® by Actelion in US and EU.

Selexipag is a prostacyclin receptor (PGI2) agonist, which leads to vasodilation in the pulmonary circulation. It is indicated for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH).

Uptravi^® is available as tablets for oral use, containing 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000, 1200, 1400, or 1600 mcg of selexipag. The initial dose is 200 mcg twice daily, and increase the dose by 200 mcg twice daily at weekly intervals to the highest tolerated dose up to 1600 mcg twice daily.

ACT-333679 or MRE-269, the active metabolite of selexipag

SYNTHESIS DEPICT

PATENT

US2012/101276

http://www.google.st/patents/US20120101276?hl=pt-PT&cl=en

The present invention relates to a crystal of 2-{4-[N-(5,6-diphenylpyrazin-2-yl)-N-isopropylamino]butyloxy}-N-(methylsulfonyl)acetamide (hereinafter referred to as “compound A”).

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Compound A has an excellent PGI2 agonistic effect and shows a platelet aggregation inhibitory effect, a vasodilative effect, a bronchodilative effect, a lipid deposition inhibitory effect, a leukocyte activation inhibitory effect, etc. (see, for example, in WO 2002/088084 (“WO ‘084”)).

Specifically, compound A is useful as preventive or therapeutic agents for transient ischemic attack (TIA), diabetic neuropathy, diabetic gangrene, peripheral circulatory disturbance (e.g., chronic arterial occlusion, intermittent claudication, peripheral embolism, vibration syndrome, Raynaud’s disease), connective tissue disease (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, mixed connective tissue disease, vasculitic syndrome), reocclusion/restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), arteriosclerosis, thrombosis (e.g., acute-phase cerebral thrombosis, pulmonary embolism), hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, ischemic disorder (e.g., cerebral infarction, myocardial infarction), angina (e.g., stable angina, unstable angina), glomerulonephritis, diabetic nephropathy, chronic renal failure, allergy, bronchial asthma, ulcer, pressure ulcer (bedsore), restenosis after coronary intervention such as atherectomy and stent implantation, thrombocytopenia by dialysis, the diseases in which fibrosis of organs or tissues is involved [e.g., Renal diseases (e.g., tuburointerstitial nephritis), respiratory diseases (e.g., interstitial pneumonia (pulmonary fibrosis), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), digestive diseases (e.g., hepatocirrhosis, viral hepatitis, chronic pancreatitis and scirrhous stomachic cancer), cardiovascular diseases (e.g, myocardial fibrosis), bone and articular diseases (e.g, bone marrow fibrosis and rheumatoid arthritis), skin diseases (e.g, cicatrix after operation, scalded cicatrix, keloid, and hypertrophic cicatrix), obstetric diseases (e.g., hysteromyoma), urinary diseases (e.g., prostatic hypertrophy), other diseases (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease, sclerosing peritonitis; type I diabetes and organ adhesion after operation)], erectile dysfunction (e.g., diabetic erectile dysfunction, psychogenic erectile dysfunction, psychotic erectile dysfunction, erectile dysfunction associated with chronic renal failure, erectile dysfunction after intrapelvic operation for removing prostata, and vascular erectile dysfunction associated with aging and arteriosclerosis), inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, intestinal tuberculosis, ischemic colitis and intestinal ulcer associated with Behcet disease), gastritis, gastric ulcer, ischemic ophthalmopathy (e.g., retinal artery occlusion, retinal vein occlusion, ischemic optic neuropathy), sudden hearing loss, avascular necrosis of bone, intestinal damage caused by administration of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (e.g., diclofenac, meloxicam, oxaprozin, nabumetone, indomethacin, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen, celecoxib) (there is no particular limitation for the intestinal damage so far as it is damage appearing in duodenum, small intestine and large intestine and examples thereof include mucosal damage such as erosion and ulcer generated in duodenum, small intestine and large intestine), and symptoms associated with lumbar spinal canal stenosis (e.g., paralysis, dullness in sensory perception, pain, numbness, lowering in walking ability, etc. associated with cervical spinal canal stenosis, thoracic spinal canal stenosis, lumbar spinal canal stenosis, diffuse spinal canal stenosis or sacral stenosis) etc. (see, for example, in WO ‘084, WO 2009/157396, WO 2009/107736, WO 2009/154246, WO 2009/157397, and WO 2009/157398).

In addition, compound A is useful as an accelerating agent for angiogenic therapy such as gene therapy or autologous bone marrow transplantation, an accelerating agent for angiogenesis in restoration of peripheral artery or angiogenic therapy, etc. (see, for example, in WO ‘084).

Production of Compound A

Compound A can be produced, for example, according to the method described in WO ‘084, and, it can also be produced according to the production method mentioned below.

Step 1:

6-Iodo-2,3-diphenylpyrazine can be produced from 6-chloro-2,3-diphenylpyrazine by reacting it with sodium iodide. The reaction is carried out in the presence of an acid in an organic solvent (e.g., ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, or their mixed solvent). The acid to be used is, for example, acetic acid, sulfuric acid, or their mixed acid. The amount of sodium iodide to be used is generally within a range of from 1 to 10 molar ratio relative to 6-chloro-2,3-diphenylpyrazine, preferably within a range of from 2 to 3 molar ratio. The reaction temperature varies depending on the kinds of the solvent and the acid to be used, but may be generally within a range of from 60° C. to 90° C. The reaction time varies depending on the kinds of the solvent and the acid to be used and on the reaction temperature, but may be generally within a range of from 9 hours to 15 hours.

Step 2:

5,6-Diphenyl-2-[(4-hydroxybutyl(isopropyl)amino]pyrazine can be produced from 6-iodo-2,3-diphenylpyrazine by reacting it with 4-hydroxybutyl(isopropyl)amine. The reaction is carried out in the presence of a base in an organic solvent (e.g., sulfolane, N-methylpyrrolidone, N,N-dimethylimidazolidinone, dimethyl sulfoxide or their mixed solvent). The base to be used is, for example, sodium hydrogencarbonate, potassium hydrogencarbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate or their mixed base. The amount of 4-hydroxybutyl(isopropyl)amine to be used may be generally within a range of from 1.5 to 5.0 molar ratio relative to 6-iodo-2,3-diphenylpyrazine, preferably within a range of from 2 to 3 molar ratio. The reaction temperature varies depending on the kinds of the solvent and the base to be used, but may be generally within a range of from 170° C. to 200° C. The reaction time varies depending on the kinds of the solvent and the base to be used and on the reaction temperature, but may be generally within a range of from 5 hours to 9 hours.

Step 3:

Compound A can be produced from 5,6-diphenyl-2-[4-hydroxybutyl(isopropyl)amino]pyrazine by reacting it with N-(2-chloroacetyl)methanesulfonamide. The reaction is carried out in the presence of a base in a solvent (N-methylpyrrolidone, 2-methyl-2-propanol or their mixed solvent). The base to be used is, for example, potassium t-butoxide, sodium t-butoxide or their mixed base. The amount of N-(2-chloroacetyl)methanesulfonamide to be used may be generally within a range of from 2 to 4 molar ratio relative to 5,6-diphenyl-2-[4-hydroxybutyl(isopropyl)amino]pyrazine, preferably within a range of from 2 to 3 molar ratio. The reaction temperature varies depending on the kinds of the solvent and the base to be used, but may be generally within a range of from −20° C. to 20° C. The reaction time varies depending on the kinds of the solvent and the base to be used and on the reaction temperature, but may be generally within a range of from 0.5 hours to 2 hours.

The compounds to be used as the starting materials in the above-mentioned production method for compound A are known compounds, or can be produced by known methods.

PATENT

WO 2002088084

and

http://www.google.fm/patents/WO2009157398A1?cl=en

PAPER

Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, 2007 , vol. 15, 21 p. 6692 – 6704

compd 31

PAPER

Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, 2007 , vol. 15, 24 p. 7720 – 7725

Full-size image (5 K) 2a is the drug

N-Acylsulfonamide and N-acylsulfonylurea derivatives of the carboxylic acid prostacyclin receptor agonist 1 were synthesized and their potential as prodrug forms of the carboxylic acid was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. These compounds were converted to the active compound 1 by hepatic microsomes from rats, dogs, monkeys, and humans, and some of the compounds were shown to yield sustained plasma concentrations of 1 when they were orally administered to monkeys. These types of analogues, including NS-304 (2a), are potentially useful prodrugs of 1.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0968089607007614

PATENT

WO 2011024874

A. Preparation of
Compound A Compound A can be produced , for example, by the method described in Patent Document 1, but can also be produced by the production method described below.
[

Step 2]
6-iodo-2,3-diphenylpyrazine can be produced by reacting 6-chloro-2,3-diphenylpyrazine with sodium iodide. This reaction is carried out in an organic solvent (for example, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, or a mixed solvent thereof) in the presence of an acid. As the acid to be used, for example, acetic acid, sulfuric acid, or a mixed acid thereof can be mentioned. The amount of sodium iodide used is, for example, suitably in the range of 1 mole to 10 moles, preferably in the range of 2 time moles to 3 times the amount of 1 mole of 6-chloro-2,3-diphenylpyrazine . The reaction temperature varies depending on the raw materials used and the type of acid, but is usually carried out within the range of 60 ° C. to 90 ° C. The reaction time varies depending on the starting materials used, the type of acid and the reaction temperature, but it is usually within the range of 9 hours to 15 hours.Step 2
5,6-diphenyl-2- [4-hydroxybutyl (isopropyl) amino] pyrazine can be prepared by reacting 6-iodo-2,3-diphenylpyrazine with 4-hydroxybutyl (isopropyl) amine. This reaction is carried out in an organic solvent (for example, sulfolane, N-methylpyrrolidone, N, N-dimethylimidazolidinone, dimethylsulfoxide or a mixed solvent thereof) in the presence of a base. Examples of the base used include sodium hydrogencarbonate, potassium hydrogen carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, and mixed bases thereof. The amount of 4-hydroxybutyl (isopropyl) amine to be used is, for example, suitably in the range of 1.5 mol to 5.0 mol per 1 mol of 6-iodo-2,3-diphenylpyrazine, It is within the range of 2 mol to 3 mol. The reaction temperature varies depending on the type of raw material and base used, but is usually carried out within the range of 170 ° C. to 200 ° C. The reaction time varies depending on the type of raw materials and base used and the reaction temperature, but it is usually within the range of 5 hours to 9 hours.Step 3
Compound A can be prepared by reacting 5,6-diphenyl-2- [4-hydroxybutyl (isopropyl) amino] pyrazine with N- (2-chloroacetyl) -methanesulfonamide. This reaction is carried out in an organic solvent (N-methylpyrrolidone, 2-methyl-2-propanol or a mixed solvent thereof) in the presence of a base. Examples of the base to be used include potassium t-butoxide, sodium t-butoxide or mixed bases thereof. The amount of N- (2-chloroacetyl) -methanesulfonamide used is, for example, 2 to 4 mol per 1 mol of 5,6-diphenyl-2- [4-hydroxybutyl (isopropyl) amino] It is suitable within the range, and preferably within the range of 2 mol to 3 mol. The reaction temperature varies depending on the type of raw material and base used, but is usually carried out within the range of -20 ° C. to 20 ° C. The reaction time varies depending on the kinds of raw materials and bases used and the reaction temperature, but it is usually within the range of 0.5 hour to 2 hours.Each compound used as a raw material in the above-mentioned production method of compound A is a known compound or can be produced according to a known method.

[0016]

B. Preparation of salt of the present invention The salt of the
present invention can be obtained, for example, by the following method.
The salt of the present invention can be prepared by dissolving the compound A in an appropriate solvent (for example, an ether solvent (for example, dimethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran), an ester solvent (for example, isopropyl acetate), an aromatic hydrocarbon (for example, toluene), acetonitrile After dissolving and adding a desired base, if necessary, the mixed solution is left to stand at room temperature or under cooling in the state of concentrating or stirring or leaving it stationary. The precipitate formed is collected by filtration , Followed by washing with an appropriate solvent to obtain the desired salt of the present invention. When cooling, not only cooling but also gradual cooling or rapid cooling may be effective in obtaining good crystals. It is also effective to obtain good crystals by adding an ether solvent (for example, t-butyl methyl ether), an ester solvent (for example, ethyl acetate), and an aromatic hydrocarbon (for example, toluene) There are cases.The amount of the solvent used for dissolving the compound A is suitably in the range of 10 ml to 300 ml with respect to the compound A 1 g, for example.
The amount of the base to be used for preparing the salt of the present invention is suitably in the range of 0.5 mol to 1.2 mol with respect to the mol of the compound A 1.
Further, the salt of the present invention, which is a crystal, can be obtained by, for example, the method described in Examples described later.

Example　1 t- butylamine Form I crystal of the salt
Compound A (40 mg) with 0.5mL dimethoxyethane (hereinafter, referred to as. “DME”) was dissolved in, and t- butylamine (1.1 eq) were added, 25 1 ° C. at 8 it was stirred for hours. Thereafter, the reaction solution was added t- butyl methyl ether (1mL), at -20 ° C. 3 and held hours. It was collected by filtration the precipitated crystals produced, under reduced pressure, and dried, I-form crystals of t- butylamine salt ( 3 to afford 9.9mg). B Powder X-ray diffraction spectrum of type I crystal obtained t- butylamine salt using the apparatus shown in Figure 1.
Melting point: 152.5 ℃
elemental analysis (C 3 0 H 4 3 N 5 O 4 S + 0.0 3 H 2 as O)
calculated value (%) C:　6 3 .1 8 H: 7 . 6 1 N: 12 .2 8　measured value (%) C: 6 2. 8 5 H: 7 . 6 4 N: 12.52 1 H-NMR (DMSO-D 6 ): delta 8 .15 (s, 1H), 7 .55 – 7 . 8 0 (M, 2H), 7 .10- 7 . .45 (M, 10H), 4 7 . 0-4 8 5 (M, 1H), 3 . 6 6 (s, 2H), 3 .4 7 (t, 2H), 3 .45 (t, 2H), 2. 7 3 (s, 3 H), 1.50-1. 7 5 (M, 4H), 1.2 3 (s, 9H), 1.22 (D, 6 H)
Example 2　I-form crystal of the potassium salt
Compound A tetrahydrofuran with (40mg) 12mL (hereinafter, referred to as. “THF”) was dissolved in, 0.1M aqueous potassium hydroxide solution (1.1 eq) was added, 40 ℃ It was heated and stirred in for 15 minutes. After that, it was evaporated under reduced pressure, the solvent. The residue it was added ethyl acetate (200μL). While shaking the mixture heated to 50 ° C. 8 was allowed to cool to 25 ℃ over hours. After repeated two more times this step, at -20 ° C. 3 and held hours. The resulting precipitated crystals were collected by filtration under reduced pressure, and dried to obtain Form I crystal of the potassium salt. B Powder X-ray diffraction spectrum of type I crystal of the obtained potassium salt using the apparatus shown in Fig. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-D 6 ): delta 8 .14 (s, 1H), 7 .1 8 – 7 . 3 8 . (M, 10H), 4 7 . 2-4 8 4 (M, 1H) , 3 . 6 5 (s, 2H), 3 .4 7 (t, 2H), 3 .45 (t, 2H), 2. 7 2 (s, 3 H), 1.55-1. 7 0 ( M, 4H), 1.2 3 (D, 6 H)
Example 3　 II-form crystals of the potassium salt
Compound A with (40mg) was dissolved in THF and 12mL, 0.1M aqueous potassium hydroxide solution (1.1 eq) was added and heated with stirring for 15 min at 40 ℃. After that, it was evaporated under reduced pressure, the solvent. The residue it was added ethyl acetate (200μL). While shaking the mixture heated to 50 ° C. 8 was allowed to cool to 25 ℃ over hours. This operation was repeated two more times, at -20 ° C. 3 and held hours. It was collected by filtration the precipitated crystals produced, under reduced pressure, after drying, 40 ℃, relative humidity 7 while 5% of thermo-hygrostat 7 left for days to give crystalline Form II of the potassium salt. B Powder X-ray diffraction spectrum of crystalline Form II of the resulting potassium salt using the apparatus Fig 3 is shown in.

Example 4　III type crystal of the potassium salt
Compound A , in addition to (100mg) acetonitrile (1mL), and stirred with heating, Compound A was dissolved, followed by cooling to 20 ℃. To a solution 3 .5M potassium hydroxide / ethanol solution (1.1 eq) was added and stirred for 200 minutes at 20 ℃. While stirring the mixture 7 after a heated stirring for 1 hour to 0 ° C., and then cooled to 10 ℃ over 10 hours. Further heated while the mixture 6 is heated to 0 ℃, t- butyl methyl ether (0. 3 after adding mL), cooled to 20 ℃ over 10 hours. It was collected by filtration the precipitated crystals produced, under reduced pressure, and dried, III type crystal of the potassium salt ( 7 to afford 5mg). The powder X-ray diffraction spectrum of the type III crystal of the obtained potassium salt using R unit is shown in FIG. Furthermore, in differential scanning calorimetry, of about 7 endothermic peak was observed at around 4 ° C..
Elemental analysis (C 2 6 H 3 1 N 4 O 4 . SK + 0 7 8 H 2 as O)
calculated value (%) C: 5 6 .91　H: 5.9 8 N: 10.21
measured value (%) C: 5 6 . 6 1 H: 5.55 N:. 10 3 6

EXAMPLE 5　IV-type crystal of the potassium salt
Compound A , in addition to (50mg) and ethyl acetate (1mL), and stirred with heating, Compound A was dissolved, followed by cooling to 20 ℃. To a solution 3 .5M potassium hydroxide / ethanol solution (2.2 eq) was added and 2 at 20 ° C. 3 and stirred for hours. It was collected by filtration the precipitated crystals produced, under reduced pressure, and dried to obtain Form IV crystal of the potassium salt (41mg). The powder X-ray diffraction spectrum of crystalline Form IV of the resulting potassium salt using R unit is shown in FIG. Furthermore, in differential scanning calorimetry, an endothermic peak was observed at around approximately 91 ℃.

Paper

J Med Chem 2015, 58(18): 7128

PATENT

WO 2018008042

https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2018008042A1/en

The present invention relates to an improved and novel processes for the preparation of 2- {4-[(5,6-diphenylpyrazin-2-yl)(isopropyl)amino]butoxy} -N-(methylsulfonyl) acetamide compound of formula- 1 , which is represented by the following structural formula- l .

Formula-

The present invention also relates to novel crystalline forms of the compound of formula- 1 and process for the preparation thereof.

Background of the Invention:

2- {4-[(5,6-diphenylpyrazin-2-yl)(isopropyl)amino]butoxy}-N-(methylsulfonyl) acetamide is known as Selexipag. It is developed by Nippon Shinyaku under the brand name of Uptravi®, for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension.

2- {4-[(5,6-diphenylpyTazin-2-yl)(isopropyl)amino]butoxy}-N-(methylsulfonyl) acetamide was firstly described in US7205302B2 herein after referred as US ‘302. The said patent also describes its process for the preparation. According to this process the final product was obtained with low yield and purity.

US8791 122 (herein after referred as US’ 122) patent describes crystalline form-I, II and III of 2- {4-[(5,6-diphenylpyrazin-2-yl)(isopropyl)amino]butoxy} -N-(methylsulfonyl) acetamide. Because of drug compounds having, for example, improved stability, solubility, shelf life and in vivo pharmacology, are consistently sought, there is an ongoing need for new or pure salts, hydrates, solvates and polymorphic forms of existing drug molecules. The novel crystalline forms of 2- {4-[(5,6-diphenylpyrazin-2-yl)(isopropyl)amino]butoxy} -N- (methylsulfonyl) acetamide described herein help meet this requirement.

US ‘ 122 patent describes amorphous form of the compound of formula- 1 . This patent does not disclose any detailed process for amorphous form and PXRD pattern of amorphous compound of formula- 1 .

Figure imgf000019_0001

Examples:

Example-1 Preparation of 4-((5₎6-diphenylpyrazin-2-yl)(isopropyl)amino)butan-l-ol compound of formula-8

A mixture of 5-chloro-2,3-diphenylpyrazine (25 gm) compound of formula-7a and 4- (isopropyl amino)butan- 1 -ol (108 gm) was heated to 190-195°C and stirred the reaction i mixture for 10- 12 hours at same temperature. Cooled the reaction mixture to 25-35°C. To this reaction mixture n-heptane followed by water were added slowly at 25-30°C and stirred the reaction mixture for 2 hours at the same temperature. Filter the precipitated solid, washed with water and dried to get the title compound.

Yield: 30 gm.

Example-2: Preparation of tert-butyl 2-(4-((5,6-diphenylpyrazin-2-yl)(isopropyl)amino) butoxy)acetate

Potassium hydroxide solution (96.6 gm of potassium hydroxide dissolved in 175 ml of water) was added to the mixture of 4-((5,6-diphenylpyrazin-2-yl)(isopropyl)amino)butan- l -ol (25 gm) and toluene ( 175 ml) at 25-30°C and stirred the reaction mixture for 30 minutes at the same temperature. Cooled the reaction mixture to 0-5°C. Tert-butyl bromoacetate (94 gm) was slowly added to the reaction mixture at 0-5°C and stirred the reaction for 60 minutes at same temperature. Raised the temperature of the reaction mixture to 25-30°C and maintained for 60 minutes. Both the aqueous and organic layers were separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with toluene and combined the organic layers. Organic layer was washed with hydrochloric acid solution followed by with aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution. Organic layer was dried with sodium sulphate and distilled off the solvent completely from the organic layer under reduced pressure to get the title compound.

Yield: 29 gm.

Example-3: Preparation of 2-(4-((5,6-diphenylpyrazin-2-yl)(isopropyl)amino)butoxy) acetic acid compound of formula-6

Aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (7.5 gm of sodium hydroxide was dissolved in 80 ml of water) was added to the solution of tert-butyl 2-(4-((5,6-diphenylpyrazin-2-yl)(isopropyl) amino)butoxy)acetate (30 gm) in methanol (290 ml) at 30-35°C. Heated the reaction mixture to reflux temperature and stirred for 3 hours at the same temperature. Distilled off solvent completely from the reaction mixture under reduced pressure and cooled the reaction mixture to 25-30°C. Water was added to the obtained compound and acidified the reaction mixture using diluted hydrochloric acid at the same temperature. Extracted the reaction mixture with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with aqueous sodium chloride solution and dried with sodium sulphate. Distilled off the solvent from the organic layer under reduced pressure. Diisopropyl ether (60 ml) was added to the obtained compound at 25-30°C and stirred for 60 minutes at the same temperature. Filtered the precipitated solid, washed with diisopropyl ether and dried to get the title compound.

Yield: 19 gm.

Example-4: Preparation of 2-{4-[(5,6-diphenylpyrazin-2-yl)(isopropy.)amino]butoxy}- N-(methylsulfonyl) acetamide compound of formula-1

Triethylamine (9.6 gm) was added to the mixture of 2-(4-((5,6-diphenylpyrazin-2- yl)(isopropyl)amino)butoxy)acetic acid (10 gm), dichloro methane (100 ml), N,N- dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (4.9 gm), hydroxybenzotriazole (3.5 gm) and methane sulfonamide (3.39 gm) at 25-30°C and stirred the reaction mixture for 12 hours at the same temperature. Filtered the unwanted compounds from the reaction mixture and washed with dichloromethane. The organic layer was washed with water, followed by with aqueous citric acid solution and then washed with aqueous sodium chloride solution. Distilled off the solvent from the organic layer under reduced pressure. To this residue ethyl acetate (20 ml) and carbon (1 gm) were added at 25-30°C and stirred the reaction mixture for 30 minutes at the same temperature. Filtered the reaction mixture through hyflow bed and washed with ethyl acetate. The obtained filtrate was slowly added to the mixture of n-heptane and water at 25-30°C and stirred for 10 hours. Filtered the precipitated solid, washed with n-heptane and dried to get the title compound.

Yield: 4.5 gm.

Example-5: Preparation of 2-{4-f(5,6-diphenylpyrazin-2-yl)(isopropyl)amino]butoxy}- N-(methylsulfonyl) acetamide compound of formula-1

Sodium t-butoxide (96.6 gm) was added to the mixture of n-methy pyrrolidinone (125 ml) and 4-((5,6-diphenylpyrazin-2-yl)(isopropyl)amino)butan-l-ol (25 gm) compound of formula-8 at 0-5°C and stirred the reaction for 20 minutes at the same temperature. 2-chloro- N-(methylsulfonyl)acetamide (23.7 gm) was slowly added to the reaction mixture at 0-5°C and raise the temperature of the reaction mixture to 25-30°C. Stirred the reaction mixture for 10-12 hours at 25-30°C and water was added to it at the same temperature. The reaction mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with aqueous sodium chloride solution and distilled off the solvent from the organic layer under reduced pressure. To this residue ethyl acetate (50 ml) and carbon (2.5 gm) were added at 25-30°C and stirred the reaction mixture for 30 minutes at the same temperature. Filtered the reaction mixture through hyflow bed and washed with ethyl acetate. The obtained filtrate was slowly added to the mixture of n-heptane and water at 25-30°C and stirred for 10 hours. Filtered the precipitated solid, washed with n-heptane and dried to get the title compound.

Yield: 14 gm.

Example-6: Preparation of 2-chIot^*o- -(methylsulfonyl)acetamide

A mixture of methane sulfonamide (100 gm) and chloroacetyl chloride (356.4 gm) was heated to reflux temperature and stirred it for 10 hours at the same temperature. Cooled the reaction mixture to – 10 to -5°C and stirred it for 2 hours at the same temperature. Filtered the precipitated, solid, washed with toluene followed by n-heptane and dried to get the title compound.

Yield: 175 gm.

ExampIe-7: Purification of the compound of formula-1

Methanol (20 ml) was added to the compound of formula-1 (2 gm) at 25-30°C and heated to reflux temperature. Dichloromethane (3 ml) was added to the reaction mixture at reflux temperature and stirred for 15 minutes at the same temperature. Filtered the reaction mixture, distilled off the solvent from the filtrate under reduced pressure to get the title compound. Yield: 2 gm

Example-8: Preparation of N-isopropyI-5,6-diphenylpyrazin-2-amine (Formula-4) Isopropyl bromide (5.5 gm) was added to the mixture of 2-amino -5,6-diphenylpyrazine ( 10 gm), potassium tert-butoxide (9 gm) and dimethylformamide (50 ml) at 25-30°C, slowly heated to 80-85°C and stirred the reaction mixture for 6 hours at same temperature. The reaction mixture was cooled to 10- 15°C, diluted the reaction mixture with water and stirred it for 2 hours at the same temperature. Filtered the obtained solid and dried to get the title compound.

Yield: 9.5 gm

ExampIe-9: Preparation of N-isopropyl-5,6-diphenylpyrazin-2-amine (Formula-4)

A mixture of 5-chloro-2,3-diphenylpyrazine ( 10 gm), isopropyl amine (7.5 gm) and potassium carbonate (10.5 gm) and dioxane (50 ml) were heated to 40-45°C and stirred the reaction mixture for 12 hrs at the same temperature. The reaction mixture was cooled to 10- 15°C, diluted with water and extracted with dichloromethane. Combined the organic layers was washed with aqueous sodium hydrochloride solution and dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Distilled off the solvent completely from the organic layer under reduced pressure to provide the title compound.

Yield: 9 gm

Example-10: Preparation of 2-(4-chlorobutoxy)aceticacid (Formula-5a)

2-bromoaceticacid (10 gm) was slowly added to a mixture of l-chlorobutan-4-ol (7.2 gm), potassium carbonate (26.5 gm) and acetonitrile (50 ml) at 25-30°C. The reaction mixture was heated to 75-80°C and stirred the reaction mixture for 6 hours at same temperature. The reaction mixture was cooled to 25-30°C and diluted with , water. Acidified the reaction mixture using diluted hydrochloric acid at 25-30°C. The reaction mixture extracted with dichloromethane. Combined the organic layers was dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate and distilled off the solvent under reduced pressure to provide the title compound.

Yield: 10.5 gm.

Example-11: Preparation of 2-(4-((5,6-diphenylpyrazin-2-yl)(isopropyl)amino) butoxy)acetic acid (formula-6)

A mixture of N-isopropyl-5,6-diphenylpyrazin-2-amine (8 gm), potassium carbonate (7.5 gm) and acetonitrile (40 ml) was stirred for 1 hr at 25-30°C. A solution of 2-(4-chlorobutoxy) aceticacid (5.4 gm) in acetonitrile (15 ml) was slowly added to the reaction mixture at 25- 30°C. Heated the reaction mixture to reflux and stirred for 12 hours at the same temperature. The reaction mixture was cooled to 10-15°C and diluted with wateT. Acidified the reaction mixture using diluted hydrochloric acid and extracted the reaction mixture using ethyl acetate. Combined the organic layers and dried over sodium sulphate. Distilled off the solvent completely from the organic layer to get the title compound.

Yield: 8.5 gm

Example-12: Preparation of 2-(4-((5,6-diphenylpyrazin-2-yl)(isopropyt)amino)butoxy)- N-(methylsulfonyl)acetamide (formula-1)

A mixture of 2-(4-((5,6-diphenylpyrazin-2-yl)(isopropyl)amino)butoxy)acetic acid (5 gm), HATU (5.4 gm), triethylamine (1.5 gm) and dimethylformamide (20 ml) was stirred for 1 hr at 5-10°C under nitrogen atmosphere. Methane sulfonamide (5.2 gm) was slowly added to the reaction mixture at 5-10°C and stirred for 12 hrs at the same temperature. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and stirred for 2 hrs. The precipitated solid was filtered and dried to get the title compound.

Yield: 4.5 gm

Example-13: Preparation of 2-(4-((5,6-diphenylpyrazin-2-yl) (isopropyl) amino) butoxy) acetonitrile (Formula-12)

To the mixture of 4-((5,6-diphenylpyrazin-2-yI)(isopropyl)amino)butan-l-ol ( 10 gm), tetrabutyl ammoniumbromide (0.2 gm), potassium carbonate (7.6 gm) and acetone (50 mL), chloroacetonitrile (3.2 gm) was added at 25-30°C. Heated the reaction mixture to reflux temperature and stirred the reaction mixture for 6 hrs at the same temperature. The reaction mixture was cooled to 10- 15°C and filtered the reaction mixture. Distilled off the solvent completely from the filtrate to get the tile compound.

Yield: 9 gm

Example-14: Preparation of 2-(4-((5,6-diphenylpyrazin-2-yl)(isopropyl)amino)butoxy) acetic acid (formula-6)

Sodium hydroxide (3.5 gm) was added to a solution of 2-(4-((5,6-diphenylpyrazin-2-yl) (isopropyl) amino) butoxy) acetonitrile (8 gm) in methanol (60 ml) and water (30 ml). The reaction mixture was heated to 65-70°C and maintained for 6 hrs. The reaction mixture was cooled to 10°C, acidified with diluted hydrochloric acid and stirred at same temperature for 2 hr. The obtained solid was filtered and dried to provide the title compound.

Yield: 7.5 gm

Example-15: Preparation of 2-chloro-N-(methylsulfonyl)acetamide (Formula-16)

The mixture of methane sulfonamide (50 gm) and chloroacetyl chloride (92 gm) was heated to 1 10-1 15°C and stirred the reaction mixture for 7 hours at the same temperature. The reaction mixture was cooled to 25-30°C and dichloromethane was added to the reaction mixture at the same temperature. Cooled the reaction mixture to 15-20°C and stirred for 1 hour at the same temperature. Filtered the precipitated solid and washed with dichloromethane. The obtained solid was recrystallized using dichloromethane to get pure title compound. Yield: 80 gm. M.R.: U0- 1 15°C. Purity by HPLC: 98.85%.

Example-16: Preparation of 4-((5,6-diphenylpyrazin-2-yl)(isopropyl)amino)butan-l-ol (Formula-8)

The mixture of 5-chloro-2,3-diphenylpyrazine ( 100 gm) and 4-(isopropylamino)butan-l -ol (245.5 gm) was heated to 190-195°G and stirred the reaction mixture for 12 hours at the same temperature. The reaction was cooled to 25-30°C and n-heptane was added to the reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was further cooled to 10-15°C, water was slowly added to the reaction mixture and stirred for 2 hours at the same temperature. Filtered the precipitated solid and washed with water. Dichloromethane (300 ml) was added to the obtained solid and stirred for 5 minutes. Both the organic and aqueous layers were separated. The organic layer was dried with sodium sulphate, distilled off the solvent from the organic layer completely under reduced pressure and co-distilled with n-heptane. 400 ml of n-heptane was added to the obtained compound at 25-30°C, heated the reaction mixture to 45-50°C and stirred for 30 minutes at the same temperature. The reaction mixture was cooled to 15-20°C and stirred for 2 hours at the same temperature. Filtered the solid, washed with n-heptane and dried to get the title compound.

Yield: 82 gm. M.R.: 100-105°C. Purity by HPLC: 95.4%.

Example-17: Purification of 4-((5,6-diphenylpyrazin-2-yl)(isopropyl)amino)butan-l-ol (Formula-8)

n-Heptane (750 ml) was slowly added to pre-cooled solution of 4-((5,6-diphenylpyrazin-2- yl)(isopropyl)amino)butan- l -ol (100 gm) in acetone (250 ml) was cooled to 0-5°C. Stirred the reaction mixture for 4 hours at the same tempereature. Filtered the precipitated solid, washed with n-heptane and dried to get the pure title compound.

Yield: 54 gm. Purity by HPLC: 99.92%.

Example-18: Preparation of crystalline form-L of compound of formula-1

Melting the compound of formula-1 (10 gm) at 140-145°C under reduced pressure for 15 minutes. The above obtained oily residue was added to 100 ml of pre-cooled n-heptane at 0- 5°C. Stirred the reaction mixture for 6 hr at 0-5°C. Filtered the precipitated solid, washed with n-heptane and dried to get the title compound. Yield: 9 gm; PXRD of the obtained compound is depicted in figure- 10 and DSC thermogram is depicted in figure- 1 1. Example-19: Preparation of crystalline form-P of compound of formula-1

Yield: 9 gm; PXRD of the obtained compound is depicted in figure-7, its IR is depicted in figure-8 and its DSC is depicted in figure-9.

Example-20: Preparation of crystalline form-P of compound of formula-1

Melting the compound of formula-1 (10 gm) at 140-145°C under reduced pressure for 15 minutes. The above obtained oily residue was added to 100 ml of n-heptane at 30-40°C.

Stirred the reaction mixture for 36 hours at 30-40°C. Filtered the precipitated solid, washed with n-heptane and dried to get the title compound.

Yield: 9 gm; PXRD of the obtained compound is similar to the figure-7.

Example-21 : Preparation of amorphous form of compound of formula-1

Melting the compound of formula-1 ( 10 gm) at 140- 145°C under reduced pressure for 15 minutes and the above obtained oily residue was cooled to 0-5°C. Unload the obtained compound and dried to get the title compound. Yield: 9 gm; Purity by HPLC: 99.74%. PXRD of the obtained compound is depicted in figure-5 and IR is depicted in figure-6.

Exaniple-22: Preparation of crystalline form-I of compound of formula-1

Melting the compound of formula-1 (5 gm) at 140-145°C under reduced pressure for 15 minutes. 50 ml of n-heptane was added to the above obtained oily residue at 115-120°C.

Stirred the reaction mixture for 20 minutes at 1 15- 120°C. Cooled the reaction mixture to 25-

30°C and stirred for 60 minutes at the same temperature. Further cooled the reaction mixture to 0-5°C and stirred the reaction mixture for 60 minutes at the same temperature. Filtered the precipitated solid, washed with n-heptane and dried to get the title compound.

Yield: 4 gm; Purity by HPLC: 99.68%.

PATENT

CN 108675964

PATENT

CN 106316967

PATENT

WO 2017029594

PATENT

US8791122

Form-I II III

https://patents.google.com/patent/US8791122B2/en

Figure US08791122-20140729-C00002

PATENT

https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2018022704A1/en

Selexipag has the chemical name 2-{4-[(5,6-diphenylpyrazin-2- yl)(isopropyl)amino]butoxy}-N-(methylsulfonyl)acetamide. Selexipag has the following chemical structure:

[0004] Selexipag is being developed by Actelion and Nippon Shinyaku for the treatment of arteriosclerosis obliterans, pulmonary hypertension and Raynaud’s disease secondary to systemic sclerosis.

[0005] Selexipag is disclosed in US 7,205,302. US 8,791,122, US 9,284,280 and US 2014- 0155414 disclose polymorphs of Selexipag, denominated forms I, II and III. WO

2017/040872 discloses form IV and V of Selexipag.

xample 1: Preparation of Selexipag

[00126] A. Route 1

[00127] Crude Selexipag can be obtained by any method known in the art, for example by the method described in US 7,205,302 or according to the following.

[00128] B. Route 2

[00129] Step a: Preparation of 4-((5,6-diphenyl-pyrazin-2-yl)(isopropyl)amino)butan-l-ol

[00130] To 50 g (0.161 mol) of 5-bromo-2,3-diphenylpyrazine, 116 g (0.884 mol, 5.5 eq/mol) of 4-(isopropylamino)-butan-l-ol and 13.33 g of KI (0.080 mol, 0.5 Eq/mol) were added. The reaction mixture was stirred, warmed and then heated up to 140°C for about 18- 20 hrs. The reaction was monitored by TLC up to completion (starting material about 1% by TLC). The reaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature. After the reaction was completed, the following work up step was performed:

[00131] Option 1 : Ethyl acetate was added (500 mL, 10 vol) and the organic phase was washed with water (150 mL, 3 vol). The organic phase was separated and aqueous phase was extracted with ethyl acetate (150 mL, 3 vol). The organic phases were joined and washed with water (200 mL, 2 vol) three times.

[00132] The solvent was distilled off under vacuum at not more than (“NMT”) 40°C until 1 vol (oil appearance).

[00133] Option 2: The material (mixture) was dissolved in acetone (250 mL, 5 vol), the solution obtained was cooled down to 0°C to 5°C and anti-solvent / water was added (1000 mL, 20 vol) for 40 minutes, then the suspension was stirred for about 30 minutes at about 0°C-5°C. The solid material was filtered and washed with water (200 mL, 4 vol). Crude wet product was obtained as yellow solid yielding 101.8 % WY (87 % MY), HPLC purity 90.8% on area at this stage.

[00134] The crude material, obtained in either of the above described options, was purified through crystallization from acetone :«-heptane as follows: to a solution of 4-((5,6-diphenyl- pyrazin-2-yl)(isopropyl)amino)butan-l-ol crude in acetone (175 mL, 3.5 vol) at 0°C – 5°C, hexane (600 mL, 12 vol) dropwise in about 120 min was added, then the precipitated mixture was cooled down to about -10°C and stirred for about 60 min. The product was filtered off and washed with hexane (250 mL, 5 vol) and dried under vacuum at 25°C. Pure product was obtained as yellowish solid yielding overall 77.2%, (66.5% MY), HPLC purity 98.2% on area.

[00135] Step b: Preparation (2-bromo-N-(methylsulfonyl)-acetamide)

[00136] To a suspension of 50 g (0.526 mol) of methanesulfonamide in toluene (625 mL, 12.5 vol) and isopropyl acetate (625 mL, 12.5 vol), 159.1 g (0.789 mol) of bromo-acetyl- bromide (“BAB”) was added under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was heated up to about 90°C for about 8 hours under a nitrogen stream. The reaction was monitored by TLC up to completion (starting material about 1% by TLC). The reaction mixture was cooled down to about 40°C and concentrated under vacuum until 10 volumes. Subsequently, toluene was added (250 mL, 5 vol) and distilling off solvents is carried out at NMT 30°C until 10 volumes. Then was added dichloromethane (100 mL, 2 vol) and the mixture was cooled down at 0°C and is stirred for 90 min. The solid was filtered and washed with

dichloromethane (100 mL, 2 vol). Crude product was obtained as beige solid material yielding 187% WY (83% MY), HPLC purity 99.2% at this stage. [00137] The crude material (83 g) was purified through re-slurring with dichloromethane (166 mL, 2 vol; preferably 332 mL, 4 vol) by stirring at about 32°C for about 60 min. The crystallization mixture was cooled down to about 0°C-5°C and stirring for 30 min, filtered off and washed with dichloromethane (100 mL, 2 vol). Subsequently, the material was dried at 35°C for 24 hours. Pure and dried material was obtained as white off solid yielding overall 173%, (77% MY), HPLC purity 99.6 % on area.

[00138] Step c: Preparation of (2-[4-[(5,6-diphenyl-2-pyrazinyl)(l- methylethyl)amino]butoxy]-N-(methylsulfonyl)-acetamide) – Selexipag

[00139] To 10 g (0.028 mol) of 4-((5,6-diphenyl-pyrazin-2-yl)(isopropyl)amino) butan-l-ol was added a strong base (6.0 eq/mol), previously suspended in an appropriate solvent, within a range of from -10°C to 40°C under a nitrogen atmosphere and stirred for 60 min. Then, a solution of 17.9 g (3.0 eq/mol) of 2-bromo-N-(methylsulfonyl)-acetamide, previously dissolved in the same solvent, is added dropwise within a range of from 120 tol 80 min, controlling the exothermic temperature. The reaction was monitored by TLC up to completion. Subsequently, the mixture reaction was cooled down around 5°C and water is added by controlling the exotherm (NMT 15°C). Finally, an acetic acid solution was added and the suspension was stirred for about 60 min at 0°C -5°C. The product (crude) was filtered off and washed with water. An amorphous solid was obtained. The crude product was purified by crystallization from ethanol:THF.

[00140] Step d: Purification of Selexipag

[00141] Crude Selexipag can be purified by crystallization in an organic solvent for example alcohols such as ethanol, iso-amyl alcohol, iso-propyl alcohol, butanol; ethers such as tetrahydrofuran, hydrocarbons such as heptane and mixed solvents thereof.

[00142] C. Route 3

[00143] 33.3 g (0.297 mol, 6.0 eq/mol) of potassium tert-butoxide were dissolved in DMF (2.8 vol) in a flask (500 mL) under nitrogen atmosphere and stirred for 15 min. Then, a solution of 17.9 g (0.049 mol, 1.0 eq/mol) of 4-((5,6-diphenyl-pyrazin-2-yl)(isopropyl) amino) butan-l-ol (SLX-4) dissolved in DMF (1.2 vol) was added in one portion. The reaction mixture was stirred for 60 min within a temperature range from 20°C to 25°C at 150 rpm Then, a solution of 32.1 g (0.15 mol, 3.0 Eq/mol) of 2-bromo-N-(methylsulfonyl)- acetamide (SLX-9), previously dissolved in DMF (1.3 vol), was added dropwise for 120 minutes by controlling the temperature (exothermic process).

[00144] The reaction mixture was quenched with cool water (0.33 vol), transferred into a flask of more capacity (1000 mL) and placed in an ice bath. Cool water (38.32 vol) was added to the reaction mixture and the pH was adjusted to 5.0 with AcOH (0.33 vol). The mixture was stirred at 300 rpm for 40 min. Then, the flask with the reaction mixture was stored in the refrigerator at 8°C. After 8h, the solid was filtered and washed with cool water (5 vol, 2 times). The crude product (yellow solid) was drained (i.e. dried) for 30 min and was stored at 8°C.

Example 2: Preparation of crystalline Selexipag Form IV

[00145] A. Route 1

[00146] 3.0 g of Selexipag was dissolved in dimethylformamide (“DMF”) (12 mL, 4 vol). The obtained solution was added dropwise to a pre-cooled acetic acid solution (0.06 M, 120 mL, from 2°C to 8°C) to obtain a suspension. The suspension was stirred within a range of from 2°C to 8°C for 30 min; then the material was filtered, washed with water (10 mL, 3.3 vol) and drained (i.e. dried) for 10 minutes. The solid material (amorphous) was suspended in heptane (25 mL, 7.5 vol) and the obtained suspension was stirred for 30 minutes at room temperature. The material was filtered, washed with heptane (20 mL, 6.6 vol) and drained (i.e. dried) under vacuum for at least 30 minutes at room temperature to obtain the Form IV Crystal.

[00147] B. Route 2

[00148] Crude Selexipag (1.0 g, amorphous solid, obtained from the synthesis) was dissolved in ethyl acetate (5 vol, 5 mL), then water was added (10 vol, 10 mL) into the solution, the mixture was stirred for about 10 minutes and the pH was adjusted to a range of from 8.0 to 9.0 by titration with K2CO₃ solution. The phases were separated; the pH of the aqueous phase was adjusted to a range of from 3.5 to 5.0 by titration with acetic acid. Then, ethyl acetate (10 vol, 10 mL) was added into the aqueous phase, the obtained mixture was stirred and the phases were separated. The organic phase was distilled off under reduced pressure (from 2 to 3 volumes), and a solution was obtained. The obtained concentrated solution was quickly added to a mixture (suspension) of Form IV in ^-heptane (17 mL, 17 vol), over a period of less than 5 minutes, (the suspension temperature was of from 15°C to 25°C), and a suspension was obtained. The obtained suspension was stirred (155rpm) for 90 minutes at a temperature of from 0°C to 5°C. The suspension was filtered, washed with heptane, squeezed for 15 minutes and dried at 25°C, under vacuum, for about 14 hours. The product was analyzed by PXRD – Form IV was obtained.

[00149] The above procedure can be performed by dissolving the crude amorphous starting material in any suitable organic solvent, for example ester solvent. Example 3: Preparation of (2-[4-[(5,6-diphenyl-2-pyrazinyl)(l- methylethyl)amino] butoxy] -N-(methylsulfonyl)-acetamide) – Selexipag

SLX-4 SLX-9 SLX-6

[00150] 9.2 grams (0.082 mol, 5.9 eq/mol) of potassium tert-butoxide were combined with DMF (2.7 vol, 13.5 mL) in a flask (50 mL) under nitrogen atmosphere and a suspension was formed and was stirred for 20 min. Then, 5.0 g (0.014 mol, 1.0 eq/mol) of 4-((5,6-diphenyl- pyrazin-2-yl)(isopropyl)amino)butan-l-ol (SLX-4) as solid powder was added under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was stirred for 60 min within a temperature range from 20°C to 25°C and at 170 rpm. Then, a solution of 8.9 g (0.041 mol, 3.0 eq/mol) of 2-bromo- N-(methylsulfonyl)-acetamide (SLX-9), previously dissolved in DMF (1.3 vol, 6.5 mL), was added dropwise for 120 minutes by controlling the temperature (exothermic process). After the end of addition, the reaction was completed, and the reaction mixture was quenched with cold water (0.5 vol, 2.5 mL), subsequently transferred into a flask of more capacity (500 mL) and placed into an ice bath. Cold water (40 vol, 200 mL) was added into the suspension and the pH was adjusted within the range from 4.0 to 5.0 with acetic acid. The obtained mixture was stirred for 120 min. The crude amorphous product was collected by filtration and washed twice with cold water (5 vol, 25 mL). The product was drained (i.e. dried) for 30 min and isolated as a yellow-brown solid which was stored within the range from 2°C to 8°C for approximately 17 hours. Then, the crude amorphous material was dissolved in ethyl acetate (15 vol, 75 mL) and water was added into the solution (30 vol, 150 mL). The pH was adjusted from 8.0 to 9.0 by addition of potassium carbonate solution, the phases were separated and the aqueous phase was washed twice with ethyl acetate (7.5 vol, 37.5 mL). The pH of the final aqueous phase was adjusted to a range from 4.0 to 5.0 with acetic acid. Then, ethyl acetate was added (30 vol, 150 mL) and the phases were separated. The organic phase was washed twice with water (7.5 vol, 37.5 mL). The organic phase was distilled off under reduced pressure (from 6 to 7 volumes, or from 6 to 15 volumes) and a solution was obtained.

[00151] In a different flask (capacity of 250 mL with a PTFE stirrer blade), a suspension of 0.05 g of Selexipag Form IV in ^-heptane (30 volumes, 150 mL) was stirred for 60 minutes within the range 0°C to 5°C and this suspension was added into the above ethyl acetate concentrated solution at room temperature over a period of less than 5 minutes. The final suspension was cooled down to 0°C to 5°C and stirred (220 rpm) for 120 minutes. The solid product was filtered off and washed twice with cold heptane (5 vol, 25 mL). The product was drained (i.e. dried) overnight. The product was analyzed by PXRD – Form VI was obtained, PXRD pattern is depicted in Figure 1.

PATENT

CN105949135

https://patents.google.com/patent/CN105949135A/en

Figure CN105949135AD00052

Example 1

[0027] A) Preparation of [4_ (tert-butoxycarbonyl) (isopropyl) aminobutoxy] acetate:

[0028] 4 – [(tert-butoxycarbonyl) (isopropyl) amino] butanol -1_ (20 (^, 0.09111 〇1) and tert-butyl bromoacetate (21 · lg, 0 llmol) solution. The reaction was stirred for 2 hours to burn dichloromethane (90mL), was added tetrabutylammonium chloride (0.72g, 2.6mmol), potassium hydroxide (7.3g, 0.13mol) and water (12.0g), the reaction mixture was 25 ° C The reaction solution was concentrated under reduced pressure and rotary evaporated to dryness and extracted with ethyl acetate, dried over magnesium sulfate, and concentrated by rotary evaporation to dryness, a mixed solvent of ethanol and recrystallized from isopropanol to give [4- (tert-butoxycarbonyl) (isopropyl yl) aminobutoxy] acetate, as a pale yellow oil (26.6 g of), a yield of 89.0%, the reaction formula of this step is as follows:

[0029]

[0030] B) Preparation of [4_ (tert-butoxycarbonyl) (isopropyl) aminobutoxy] acetic acid:

[0031] [4- (tert-butoxycarbonyl) (isopropyl) aminobutoxy] acetate (26. (^, 0.075! 11〇1) was dissolved in methanol (50 mL), was added sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH = 3 · 3g, 0 · 08mol; water 9 · 0g), was heated to 80 ° C for 6 hours, cooled to room temperature, after treatment and purification, to give [4- (tert-butoxycarbonyl) (isopropyl ) aminobutoxy] acetic acid (20.7 g of), a yield of 95.0%, the reaction formula of this step is as follows:

[0033] C) Preparation of 2- [4_ (tert-butoxycarbonyl) (isopropyl) aminobutoxy] -N- (methylsulfonyl) acetamide:

[0034] [4_ (tert-butoxycarbonyl) (isopropyl) aminobutoxy] acetic acid (20 (^, 0.07 11〇1) and a hoot “-.! P sitting carbonyldiimidazole (14.0g, 0.09mo 1 ) was dissolved in tetrahydro-thiopyran Misaki (70 mL), with stirring, was added methyl sulfonamide (7.9g, 0.08mol), the reaction mixture was 90 ° C the reaction stirred for 18 hours, the reaction solution was concentrated by rotary evaporation to dryness, extracted with ethyl acetate, over magnesium sulfate, and concentrated by rotary evaporation to dryness, recrystallized from methanol to give 2- [4- (tert-butoxycarbonyl) (isopropyl) aminobutoxy] -N- (methylsulfonyl) acetamide as an off-white solid (21.2 g), yield 83.7%, the reaction formula of this step is as follows:

[0036] D) Preparation of SIPA Seiler: 2- [4_ (tert-butoxycarbonyl) (isopropyl) aminobutoxy] -N- (methylsulfonyl) acetamide (20 (^, 0.055111〇1. ) and dissolved in methanol (1101 ^), trifluoroacetic acid (6.88,0.06111〇1), 65 ° (: the reaction stirred for 6 hours to complete the reaction, the reaction was added dropwise to a stirred solution of water (200 mL), cooled to 0 ° C crystallization for 3 hours and filtered to give the intermediate compound (2- [4- (isopropyl) aminobutoxy] -N- (methylsulfonyl) acetamide), and then dissolved in methanol (40 mL), was added 5 – chloro-2,3-diphenyl-pyrazine (16 · 0g, 0 · 06mol), N, N- diisopropylethylamine (15 · 5g, 0 · 12mol), the reaction mixture was stirred reactor 8 100 ° C hours, the reaction was cooled to room temperature, water (40 mL), cooled to -10 ° C crystallization for 3 hours and filtered to give SIPA game music, as a white solid (25.0 g of), a yield of 92.3%, the reaction step formula as follows:

[0037]

[0038] Example 2

[0039] A) Preparation of [4_ (tert-butoxycarbonyl) (isopropyl) aminobutoxy] acetate:

[0040] 4 – [(tert-butoxycarbonyl) (isopropyl) amino] -1-butanol (23 (^, 0.10111 〇1) and tert-butyl bromoacetate (25 · 2g, 0 · 13mol) was dissolved. burning in 1,2-dichloroethane (110mL), was added tetrabutylammonium bromide (1 · lg, 3 · 5mmol), sodium hydroxide (6.4g, 0.16mol) and water (14.0g), the reaction mixture was 30 ° C The reaction was stirred for 3 hours, the reaction solution was concentrated by rotary evaporation to dryness under reduced pressure and extracted with ethyl acetate, dried over magnesium sulfate, and concentrated by rotary evaporation to dryness, a mixed solvent of ethanol and recrystallized from isopropanol to give [4- (tert-butoxy butoxycarbonyl) (isopropyl) aminobutoxy] acetate, as a pale yellow oil (30.3 g of), a yield of 88.2%, the reaction of the present step is the same formula as in Example 1;

[0041] B) Preparation of [4- (tert-butoxycarbonyl) (isopropyl) aminobutoxy] acetic acid:

[0042] [4_ (tert-butoxycarbonyl) (isopropyl) aminobutoxy] acetate (30. (^, 0.09! 11〇1) was dissolved in ethanol (85 mL), was added potassium hydroxide solution ( 1 (! = 5.78,0.10111〇1 01; 128 water), heated to 75 ° (: 7 hours, cooled to room temperature, after treatment and purification, to give [4- (tert-butoxycarbonyl) (isopropyl ) aminobutoxy] acetic acid, an off-white solid (23.5 g of), a yield of 93.7%, the reaction of the present step is the same formula as in Example 1;

[0043] C) Preparation of 2- [4- (tert-butoxycarbonyl) (isopropyl) aminobutoxy] -N- (methylsulfonyl) acetamide:

[0044] [4_ (tert-butoxycarbonyl) (isopropyl) aminobutoxy] acetic acid (23 (^, 0.08 11〇1) and Chi ^ -! Dicyclohexyl carbodiimide (22. lg, 0. llmol) was dissolved in chloroform (120 mL), with stirring, was added methyl sulfonamide (9.8g, 0. lOmol), the reaction mixture was 80 ° C the reaction stirred for 19 hours, the reaction solution was concentrated by rotary evaporation to dryness, ethyl acetate was added and extracted dried over magnesium sulfate, and concentrated by rotary evaporation to dryness, recrystallized from methanol to give 2- [4- (tert-butoxycarbonyl) (isopropyl) aminobutoxy] -N- (methylsulfonyl) acetamide, off-white the solid (24.8 g of), a yield of 85.0%, the reaction of the present step is the same formula as in Example 1;

[0045] D) Preparation of SIPA Seiler: 2- [4_ (tert-butoxycarbonyl) (isopropyl) aminobutoxy] -N- (methylsulfonyl) acetamide (24 (^, 0.065111〇1. ) and dissolved in ethanol (1601 ^), trifluoroacetic acid (9 (^, 0.08111〇1.), 70 ° (: the reaction was stirred for 7 hours to complete the reaction, the reaction was added dropwise to a stirred solution of water (260 mL of), cooled crystallization to 0 ° C for 3 hours and filtered to give the intermediate compound (2- [4- (isopropyl) aminobutoxy] -N- (methylsulfonyl) acetamide), and then dissolved in ethanol (90 mL) , 5-chloro-2,3-diphenyl-pyrazine (! 11〇1 21.8 8,0.08), triethylamine (14.98,0.15111〇1), the reaction mixture was 100 ° (: The reaction was stirred for 18 hours, the reaction solution cooled to room temperature, water (40 mL), cooled to -10 ° C crystallization for 3 hours and filtered to give SIPA game music, as a white solid (29.6 g of), a yield of 91.0%, the reaction of the present step is the same formula as in Example 1 .

[0046] Example 3

[0047] A) Preparation of [4_ (tert-butoxycarbonyl) (isopropyl) aminobutoxy] acetate:

[0048] 4 – [(tert-butoxycarbonyl) (isopropyl) amino] -1-butanol (12g, 0.05mol) and t-butyl bromoacetate (12.1g, 0.06mol) was dissolved in chloroform (70mL), was added tetrabutylammonium iodide (0 · 5g, 1 · 3mmol), lithium hydroxide (1 · 7g, 0 · 07mol) and water (6.5 g of), the reaction mixture was stirred 20 ° C for 4 hours, the reaction solution under reduced pressure concentrated by rotary evaporation to dryness, extracted with ethyl acetate, dried over magnesium sulfate, and concentrated by rotary evaporation to dryness, a mixed solvent of ethanol and recrystallized from isopropanol to give [4- (tert-butoxycarbonyl) (isopropyl) aminobutyrate oxygen yl] acetate, as a pale yellow oil (15.6 g of), a yield of 86.8%, the reaction of the present step is the same formula as in Example 1;

[0049] B) Preparation of [4- (tert-butoxycarbonyl) (isopropyl) aminobutoxy] acetic acid:

[0050] [4- (tert-butoxycarbonyl) (isopropyl) aminobutoxy] acetate (15.0g, 0.04mol) was dissolved in isopropanol (40mL), was added a solution of lithium hydroxide (LiOH = 1 · 3g, 0 · 05mol; water 6 · 0g), was heated to 70 ° C for 8 hours, cooled to room temperature, after treatment and purification, to give [4- (tert-butoxycarbonyl) (isopropyl) aminobutyrate oxy] acetic acid as an off-white solid (11.7 g), 93.0% yield, this step is the same reaction scheme of Example 1;

[0051] C) Preparation of 2- [4- (tert-butoxycarbonyl) (isopropyl) aminobutoxy] -N- (methylsulfonyl) acetamide:

[0052] [4- (tert-butoxycarbonyl) (isopropyl) aminobutoxy] acetic acid (11 (^, 0.04! 11〇1) and 1- (3-dimethylaminopropyl) -3- ethylcarbodiimide (8.38,0.05111〇1) was dissolved in acetonitrile (4〇1111 ^), with stirring, was added methyl sulfonamide (5.] ^, 0.05mol), the reaction mixture was 95 ° C the reaction stirred for 22 hours, The reaction solution was concentrated by rotary evaporation to dryness, extracted with ethyl acetate, dried over magnesium sulfate, and concentrated by rotary evaporation to dryness, recrystallized from methanol to give 2- [4- (tert-butoxycarbonyl) (isopropyl) aminobutoxy] -N- (methylsulfonyl) acetamide as an off-white solid (11.7 g), yield 84.2%, the reaction of the present step is the same formula as in Example 1;

[0053] D) Preparation of SIPA Seiler: 2- [4_ (tert-butoxycarbonyl) (isopropyl) aminobutoxy] -N- (methylsulfonyl) acetamide (11 (^, 0.03111〇1. ) and dissolved in dichloromethane (601 ^), trifluoroacetic acid (4.48,0.04111〇1), 50 ° (: the reaction was stirred for 10 hours to water (120 mL completion of the reaction, the reaction liquid was added to a stirred), cooled to crystallization 0 ° C for 3 hours and filtered to give the intermediate compound (2- [4- (isopropyl) aminobutoxy] -N- (methylsulfonyl) acetamide), and then dissolved in tert-butanol (40 mL ), 5-chloro-2,3-diphenyl-pyrazine (9.68,0.036 11〇1), 4-dimethylaminopyridine (8.18,0.07111〇1), the reaction mixture was 110 ° (:! reaction was stirred for 14 hours the reaction was cooled to room temperature, water (15 mL), cooled to -10 ° C crystallization for 3 hours and filtered to give SIPA game music, as a white solid (13.5 g of), a yield of 90.5%, the reaction in this step is the same formula Example 1.

[0054] Example 4

[0055] A) Preparation of [4_ (tert-butoxycarbonyl) (isopropyl) aminobutoxy] acetate:

[0056] 4 – [(tert-butoxycarbonyl) (isopropyl) amino] -1-butanol (15 (^, 0.065111〇1) and t-butyl bromoacetate (17.78,0.09111〇1) was dissolved in toluene (701] 11 ^), was added tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate (0.888,2.61] 11] 1〇1), potassium carbonate (15.2 area, 0.1 lmol) and water (9.5 g of), the reaction mixture was stirred 40 ° C for 1.5 hours, the reaction solution was concentrated under reduced pressure and rotary evaporated to dryness and extracted with ethyl acetate, dried over magnesium sulfate, and concentrated by rotary evaporation to dryness, a mixed solvent of ethanol and recrystallized from isopropanol to give [4- (tert-butoxycarbonyl) (isopropyl propyl) aminobutoxy] acetate, as a pale yellow oil (19.6 g of), in the same reaction formula in this step a yield of 87.5% in Example 1;

[0057] B) Preparation of [4_ (tert-butoxycarbonyl) (isopropyl) aminobutoxy] acetic acid:

[0058] [4- (tert-butoxycarbonyl) (isopropyl) aminobutoxy] acetate (19 (^, 0.055! 11〇1) was dissolved in tert-butanol (60 mL), hydroxide solution of cesium (CsOH = 11. lg, 0.07mol; water, 8.0 g), the reaction was heated to 75 ° C for 6.5 hours cooled to room temperature, after treatment and purification, to give [4- (tert-butoxycarbonyl) (isopropyl ) aminobutoxy] acetic acid, an off-white solid (15.0 g of), a yield of 94.2%, the reaction of the present step is the same formula as in Example 1;

[0059] C) Preparation of 2- [4- (tert-butoxycarbonyl) (isopropyl) aminobutoxy] -N- (methylsulfonyl) acetamide:

[0060] [4- (tert-butoxycarbonyl) (isopropyl) aminobutoxy] acetic acid (15.0g, 0.05mol) and diazabicyclo 1,8_

[5.4.0] – | -7- dilute (9.5 region, 0.06111〇1) was dissolved in toluene (8〇1111 ^), with stirring, was added methyl sulfonamide (5.7 region, 0.06mo 1), the reaction mixture was 105 ° C for 16 hours, the reaction solution was concentrated by rotary evaporation to dryness, extracted with ethyl acetate, dried over magnesium sulfate, and concentrated by rotary evaporation to dryness, recrystallized from methanol to give 2- [4- (tert-butoxycarbonyl) (isopropyl ) aminobutoxy] -N- (methylsulfonyl) acetamide as an off-white solid (16.6 g of), 87.3% yield, this step is the same reaction scheme of Example 1;

[0061] D) Preparation of SIPA Seiler: 2- [4- (tert-butoxycarbonyl) (isopropyl) aminobutoxy] -N- (methylsulfonyl) acetamide (16 (^, 0.04111〇. 1) and dissolved in ethyl acetate (^ 1,301,111), trifluoroacetic acid (5.78,0.051] 1〇1), 80 <€ the reaction was stirred for 5 hours to complete the reaction, the reaction was added dropwise to a stirred solution of water (150 mL), was cooled to 0 ° C crystallization for 3 hours and filtered to give the intermediate compound (2- [4- (isopropyl) aminobutoxy] -N- (methylsulfonyl) acetamide), then dissolved in isopropanol (50 mL), was added 5-chloro-2,3-diphenyl-pyrazine (13.58,0.05 11〇1!), a hoot dimethylaniline (12.28,0.10111〇1), the reaction mixture was 95 ° (: The reaction was stirred 12 hours, the reaction was cooled to room temperature, water (40 mL), cooled to -10 ° C crystallization for 3 hours and filtered to give SIPA game music, as a white solid (19.7 g of), a yield of 91.0%, the reaction step formula in Example 1.

//////////////

Selexipag (C₂₆H₃₂N₄O₄S, M_r = 496.6 g/mol) ist ein Diphenylpyrazin-Derivat. Es wird in der Leber zum aktiven Metaboliten ACT-333679 (MRE-269) biotransformiert. Selexipag unterscheidet sich strukturell von Prostazyklin und anderen Prostazylin-Rezeptor-Agonisten.

References

1 Sitbon, O.; Morrell, N. (2012). “Pathways in pulmonary arterial hypertension: The future is here”. European Respiratory Review 21 (126): 321–327. doi:10.1183/09059180.00004812. PMID 23204120.
2 New Drug Approved for Rare Lung Disorder. PPN. 23 Dec 2015 Has link to GRIPHON study results

Kuwano et al. NS-304, an orally available and long-acting prostacyclin receptor agonist prodrug. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007;322:1181-1188.
Kuwano et al. A long-acting and highly selective prostacyclin receptor agonist prodrug, NS-304, ameliorates rat pulmonary hypertension with unique relaxant responses of its active form MRE-269 on rat pulmonary artery. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008;326:691-699.
Simonneau G, Lang I, Torbicki A, Hoeper MM, Delcroix M, Karlocai K, Galie N. Selexipag, an oral, selective IP receptor agonist for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension Eur Respir J 2012; 40: 874-880
Mubarak KK. A review of prostaglandin analogs in the management of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Respir Med 2010;104:9-21.
Sitbon, O.; Morrell, N. (2012). “Pathways in pulmonary arterial hypertension: The future is here”. European Respiratory Review 21 (126): 321–327. doi:10.1183/09059180.00004812. PMID 23204120.
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WO2016193994A12015-05-292016-12-08Megafine Pharma (P) Ltd.Amorphous selexipag and process for preparation thereof

WO2017040872A12015-09-032017-03-09Teva Pharmaceuticals International GmbhSolid state forms of selexipag

WO2017042731A12015-09-102017-03-16Lupin LimitedAmorphous form of selexipag and solid dispersion thereof

WO2017109772A1 *2015-12-202017-06-29Mapi Pharma Ltd.Amorphous form of selexipag

WO2018008042A1 *2016-07-052018-01-11Maithri Drugs Private LimitedNovel process for the preparation of 2-{4-[(5,6-diphenyl pyrazin-2-yl)(isopropyl)amino]butoxy}-n-(methylsulfonyl)acetamide and novel polymorphs thereof

WO2018015974A12016-07-202018-01-25Mylan Laboratories LimitedPolymorphic forms and amorphous solid dispersion of selexipag

WO2018022704A12016-07-262018-02-01Teva Pharmaceuticals International GmbhCrystalline form vi of selexipag

WO2018078383A12016-10-272018-05-03Cipla LimitedPharmaceutical composition comprising amorphous selexipag

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WO2017029594A1 *2015-08-172017-02-23Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories LimitedProcesses for preparation of selexipag and its amorphous form

WO2017042828A3 *2015-09-102017-04-27Megafine Pharma (P) Ltd.Process for the preparation of selexipag

EP3192502A12016-01-152017-07-19Sandoz AgPharmaceutical composition of selexipag

WO2017168401A1 *2016-04-012017-10-05Honour (R&D)Process for the preparation of diphenylpyrazine derivatives

CN105949135A *2016-05-102016-09-21湖南欧亚生物有限公司Synthetic method of selexipag

EP3335699A12016-12-152018-06-20H e x a l AktiengesellschaftSelexipag formulation in liquisolid system

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Form-I crystal of 2-{4-[N-(5,6-diphenylpyrazin-2-yl)-N-isopropylamino]butyloxy}-N-(methylsulfonyl)acetamide and method for producing the same [US8791122]	2010-06-25	2014-07-29
COMPOUNDS CAPABLE OF MODULATING/PRESERVING ENDOTHELIAL INTEGRITY FOR USE IN PREVENTION OR TREATMENT OF ACUTE TRAUMATIC COAGULOPATHY AND RESUSCITATED CARDIAC ARREST [US2015057325]	2013-03-26	2015-02-26
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Selexipag
Names

IUPAC name 2-{4-[(5,6-diphenylpyrazin-2-yl)(propan-2-yl)amino]butoxy}-N-(methanesulfonyl)acetamide
Other names ACT-293987, NS-304
Identifiers
CAS Number	475086-01-2
ChEMBL	ChEMBL238804
ChemSpider	8089417
IUPHAR/BPS	7552
Jmol interactive 3D	Image
KEGG	D09994
PubChem	9913767
UNII	P7T269PR6S
InChI [show]
SMILES [show]
Properties
Chemical formula	C₂₆H₃₂N₄O₄S
Molar mass	496.6 g·mol⁻¹

//////////ACT-333679, MRE-269, Selexipag, セレキシパグ , UNII-5EXC0E384L, селексипаг , سيليكسيباق , Orphan Drug, fda 2015, NS 304, ACT 293987, Uptravi, EU 2016,

CC(C)N(CCCCOCC(=O)NS(=O)(=O)C)C1=CN=C(C(=N1)C2=CC=CC=C2)C3=CC=CC=C3

Selexipag (Uptravi)

Selexipag and its active metabolite, the corresponding carboxylic acid, are nonprostanoid prostaglandin I2 (PGI-2) receptor agonists (Scheme 8).(24) The N-methylsulfonamide within selexipag is hydrolyzed to the corresponding carboxylic acid in vivo by hepatic microsomes at a rate which provides a slow-release pharmacological effect.(24) The compound was originally discovered by Nippon Shinyaki and later licensed to Actelion for development. The drug was approved in 2015 and first launched for the oral treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in the U.S. in 2016 to delay disease progression and reduce the risk of hospitalization.(25)

The synthesis of selexipag began with condensation of commercially available benzil (51) and glycinamide hydrochloride in the presence of concentrated sodium hydroxide in refluxing MeOH to yield hydroxypyrazine 52. This compound was subsequently converted to 5-chloro-2,3-diphenylpyrazine (53) upon treatment with refluxing POCl₃ in the presence of a catalytic amount of H₂SO₄.(26) Chloride 53 was then subjected to neat 4-(isopropylamino)-1-butanol (54, prepared by the reductive alkylation of 4-amino-1-butanol and acetone with hydrogen over PtO₂ in EtOH) at 190 °C to give aminopyrazinyl alcohol 55 in 56% yield as colorless crystals. Alcohol 55 was alkylated with tert-butyl bromoacetate using Bu₄NHSO₄ as a phase-transfer catalyst and 40% aqueous KOH in benzene to give ester 56. Although it is particularly unusual to employ benzene on a production scale, these are the only reported conditions for this transformation. The crude ester 56 was then saponified using methanolic sodium hydroxide to yield the corresponding carboxylic acid 57 in 62% as pale-yellow crystals in two steps from compound 55. Finally, the carboxylic acid 57 was coupled with methanesulfonamide in the presence of CDI and DBU in THF to give selexipag (VI) in 77% yield.(27

24.Asaki, T.; Kuwano, K.; Morrison, K.; Gatfield, J.; Hamamoto, T.; Clozel, M. Selexipag: An Oral and Selective IP Prostacyclin Receptor Agonist for the Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension J. Med. Chem. 2015,58, 7128– 7137 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00698
25.Skoro-Sajer, N.; Lang, I. M. Selexipag for the Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Expert Opin. Pharmacother. 2014, 15, 429– 436 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2014.876007
26.Karmas, G.; Spoerri, P. E. The Preparation of Hydroxypyrazines and Derived Chloropyrazines J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1952, 74, 1580– 1584 DOI: 10.1021/ja01126a070
27.Asaki, T.; Hamamoto, T.; Sugiyama, Y.; Kuwano, K.; Kuwabara, K. Structure-activity Studies on Diphenylpyrazine Derivatives: a Novel Class of Prostacyclin Receptor Agonists Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2007,15, 6692– 6704 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.08.010

FDA approves new treatment for patients with acute myeloid leukemia

November 24, 2018 2:15 am / Leave a comment

FDA approves new treatment Daurismo (glasdegib) for patients with acute myeloid leukemia

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration today approved Daurismo (glasdegib) tablets to be used in combination with low-dose cytarabine (LDAC), a type of chemotherapy, for the treatment of newly-diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in adults who are 75 years of age or older or who have other chronic health conditions or diseases (comorbidities) that may preclude the use of intensive chemotherapy.

November 21, 2018

Release

“Intensive chemotherapy is usually used to control AML, but many adults with AML are unable to have intensive chemotherapy because of its toxicities. Today’s approval gives health care providers another tool to use in the treatment of AML patients with various, unique needs. Clinical trials showed that overall survival was improved using Daurismo in combination with LDAC compared to LDAC alone for patients who would not tolerate intensive chemotherapy,” said Richard Pazdur, M.D., director of the FDA’s Oncology Center of Excellence and acting director of the Office of Hematology and Oncology Products in the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research.

AML is a rapidly progressing cancer that forms in the bone marrow and results in an increased number of abnormal white blood cells in the bloodstream and bone marrow. The National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health estimates that in 2018, approximately 19,520 people will be diagnosed with AML and approximately 10,670 patients with AML will die of the disease. Almost half of the adults diagnosed with AML are not treated with intensive chemotherapy because of comorbidities and chemotherapy related toxicities.

The efficacy of Daurismo was studied in a randomized clinical trial in which 111 adult patients with newly diagnosed AML were treated with either Daurismo in combination with LDAC or LDAC alone. The trial measured overall survival (OS) from the date of randomization to death from any cause. Results demonstrated a significant improvement in OS in patients treated with Daurismo. The median OS was 8.3 months for patients treated with Daurismo plus LDAC compared with 4.3 months for patients treated with LDAC only.

Common side effects reported by patients receiving Daurismo in clinical trials include low red blood cell count (anemia), tiredness (fatigue), bleeding (hemorrhage), fever with low white blood cell count (febrile neutropenia), muscle pain, nausea, swelling of the arms or legs (edema), low platelet counts (thrombocytopenia), shortness of breath (dyspnea), decreased appetite, distorted taste (dysgeusia), pain or sores in the mouth or throat (mucositis), constipation and rash.

The prescribing information for Daurismo includes a Boxed Warning to advise health care professionals and patients about the risk of embryo-fetal death or severe birth defects. Daurismo should not be used during pregnancy or while breastfeeding. Pregnancy testing should be conducted in females of reproductive age prior to initiation of Daurismo treatment and effective contraception should be used during treatment and for at least 30 days after the last dose. The Boxed Warning also advises male patients of the potential risk of drug exposure through semen and to use condoms with a pregnant partner or a female partner that could become pregnant both during treatment and for at least 30 days after the last dose. Daurismo must be dispensed with a patient Medication Guide that describes important information about the drug’s uses and risks. Patients should also be advised not to donate blood or blood products during treatment. Health care providers should also monitor patients for changes in the electrical activity of the heart, called QT prolongation.

The FDA granted this application Priority Review designation. Daurismo also received Orphan Drug designation, which provides incentives to assist and encourage the development of drugs for rare diseases.

The FDA granted the approval of Daurismo to Pfizer.

https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm626443.htm?utm_campaign=112118_PR_FDA%20approves%20new%20treatment%20for%20patients%20with%20acute%20myeloid%20leukemia&utm_medium=email&utm_source=Eloqua

//////////////Daurismo, glasdegib, fda 2018, Priority Review, Orphan Drug

USFDA approval to Lumoxiti (moxetumomab pasudotoxtdfk) a new treatment for hairy cell leukemia

October 24, 2018 11:11 am / Leave a comment

Image result for moxetumomab pasudotox tdfk

USFDA approval to Lumoxiti is a new treatment for hairy cell leukemia

On September 13, 2018, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved Lumoxiti (moxetumomab pasudotoxtdfk) injection for intravenous use for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed or refractory Hairy Cell Leukemia (HCL) who have received at least two prior systemic therapies, including treatment with a purine nucleoside analog 1. Lumoxiti is a CD22-directed cytotoxin and is the first of this type of treatment for patients with HCL. The efficacy of Lumoxiti was studied in a single-arm, open-label clinical trial of 80 patients who had received prior treatment for HCL with at least two systemic therapies, including a purine nucleoside analog. The trial measured durable complete response (CR), defined as maintenance of hematologic remission for more than 180 days after achievement of CR. Thirty percent of patients in the trial achieved durable CR, and the overall response rate (number of patients with partial or complete response to therapy) was 75 percent. The FDA granted this application Fast Track and Priority Review designations. Lumoxiti also received Orphan Drug designation, which provides incentives to assist and encourage the development of drugs for rare diseases. The FDA granted the approval of Lumoxiti to AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals. About Hairy Cell Leukemia HCL is a rare, slow-growing cancer of the blood in which the bone marrow makes too many B cells (lymphocytes), a type of white blood cells that fight infection. HCL is named after these extra B cells which look “hairy” when viewed under a microscope. As the number of leukemia cells increases, fewer healthy white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets are produced.

About Lumoxiti2 Lumoxiti (moxetumomab pasudotox) is a CD22-directed cytotoxin and a first-in-class treatment in the US for adult patients with relapsed or refractory hairy cell leukaemia (HCL) who have received at least two prior systemic therapies, including treatment with a purine nucleoside analog. Lumoxiti is not recommended in patients with severe renal impairment (CrCl ≤ 29 mL/min). It comprises the CD22 binding portion of an antibody fused to a truncated bacterial toxin; the toxin inhibits protein synthesis and ultimately triggers apoptotic cell death.

September 13, 2018

Release

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration today approved Lumoxiti (moxetumomab pasudotox-tdfk) injection for intravenous use for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed or refractory hairy cell leukemia (HCL) who have received at least two prior systemic therapies, including treatment with a purine nucleoside analog. Lumoxiti is a CD22-directed cytotoxin and is the first of this type of treatment for patients with HCL.

“Lumoxiti fills an unmet need for patients with hairy cell leukemia whose disease has progressed after trying other FDA-approved therapies,” said Richard Pazdur, M.D., director of the FDA’s Oncology Center of Excellence and acting director of the Office of Hematology and Oncology Products in the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. “This therapy is the result of important research conducted by the National Cancer Institute that led to the development and clinical trials of this new type of treatment for patients with this rare blood cancer.”

HCL is a rare, slow-growing cancer of the blood in which the bone marrow makes too many B cells (lymphocytes), a type of white blood cell that fights infection. HCL is named after these extra B cells which look “hairy” when viewed under a microscope. As the number of leukemia cells increases, fewer healthy white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets are produced.

The efficacy of Lumoxiti was studied in a single-arm, open-label clinical trial of 80 patients who had received prior treatment for HCL with at least two systemic therapies, including a purine nucleoside analog. The trial measured durable complete response (CR), defined as maintenance of hematologic remission for more than 180 days after achievement of CR. Thirty percent of patients in the trial achieved durable CR, and the overall response rate (number of patients with partial or complete response to therapy) was 75 percent.

Common side effects of Lumoxiti include infusion-related reactions, swelling caused by excess fluid in body tissue (edema), nausea, fatigue, headache, fever (pyrexia), constipation, anemia and diarrhea.

The prescribing information for Lumoxiti includes a Boxed Warning to advise health care professionals and patients about the risk of developing capillary leak syndrome, a condition in which fluid and proteins leak out of tiny blood vessels into surrounding tissues. Symptoms of capillary leak syndrome include difficulty breathing, weight gain, hypotension, or swelling of arms, legs and/or face. The Boxed Warning also notes the risk of hemolytic uremic syndrome, a condition caused by the abnormal destruction of red blood cells. Patients should be made aware of the importance of maintaining adequate fluid intake, and blood chemistry values should be monitored frequently. Other serious warnings include: decreased renal function, infusion-related reactions and electrolyte abnormalities. Women who are breastfeeding should not be given Lumoxiti.

The FDA granted this application Fast Track and Priority Review designations. Lumoxiti also received Orphan Drug designation, which provides incentives to assist and encourage the development of drugs for rare diseases.

The FDA granted the approval of Lumoxiti to AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals.

1 https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm620448.htm

2 https://www.astrazeneca.com/media-centre/press-releases/2018/us-fda-approves-lumoxiti-moxetumomab-pasudotox-tdfk-for-certain-patientswith-relapsed-or-refractory-hairy-cell-leukaemia.html

/////////// Lumoxiti, moxetumomab pasudotoxtdfk, FDA 2018, Fast Track, Priority Review , Orphan Drug, AstraZeneca

Cenegermin

August 23, 2018 9:01 am / Leave a comment

http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/druginformation/issues/77_INN_Recommended_List.pdf

Active Substance General information The active substance in Oxervate, cenegermin, is a recombinant human Nerve Growth factor (rhNGF) produced in E. coli strain HMS174. The molecule is identical to human Nerve Growth factor (NGF), a naturally occurring human protein. In humans, NGF is naturally produced as pre-pro-peptide, secreted into the endoplasmic reticulum and cleaved by furin protease. The pro-sequence is further cleaved during the production process by enzymatic hydrolysis. Therefore these two amino acid changes have no influence on the final active ingredient (rhNGF), which is identical to the naturally secreted human protein. The 3D structure of rhNGF is a non-covalent dimer with three intra-molecular disulphide bridges. Cenegermin contains 118 amino acids and has a relative molecular mass of 13,266 Daltons and the following molecular formula: C583H908N166O173S8. Figure 1 shows the protein sequence of recombinant human ProNGFrh ProNGF (Figure 1A), and a map of the disulphide bridges (Figure IB):

http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Public_assessment_report/human/004209/WC500232107.pdf

Cenegermin sequence:
	SSSHPIFHRGEFSVCDSVSVWVGDKTTATDIKGKEVMVLGEVNIN
	NSVFKQYFFETKCRDPNPVDSGCRGIDSKHWNSYCTTTHTFVKAL
	TMDGKQAAWRFIRIDTACVCVLSRKAVR

CAS 1772578-74-1

rhNGF, Nerve growth factor – Anabasis/Dompe; Oxervate; Sentinel

UNII B6E7K36KT8

OriginatorAnabasis Pharma
DeveloperDompe Farmaceutici; Ospedale San Raffaele
ClassEye disorder therapies; Nerve growth factors; Neuroprotectants; Proteins
Mechanism of ActionNerve growth factor receptor agonists; Neuron stimulants

Orphan Drug StatusYes – Keratitis; Retinitis pigmentosa
Highest Development Phases

RegisteredKeratitis
Phase II Dry eyes; Glaucoma; Retinitis pigmentosa
APPROVED FDA AUG 2018

Most Recent Events

28 Jul 2018No recent reports of development identified for phase-I development in Glaucoma in Italy (Ophthalmic, Drops)
29 May 2018Phase-II clinical trials in Glaucoma (Ophthalmic) (http://www.dompe.com/RnD-Pipeline/)
01 May 2018Dompé Farmaceutici completes a phase I trial in Glaucoma in USA (Ophthalmic) (NCT02855450)

Cenegermin (planned brand names Oxervate, Sentinel), also known as recombinant human nerve growth factor (rhNGF), is a recombinant form of human nerve growth factor (NGF). It was approved in the European Union as an eye drop formulation for the treatment of moderate or severe neurotrophic keratitis in adults on 6 July 2017.^[2]^[3]^[1] As a recombinant form of NGF, cenegermin is a peripherally selective agonist of the TrkA and LNGFR (p75^NTR) which must be administered parenterally.^[3] In addition to neurotrophic keratitis, cenegermin is also under development for the treatment of dry eyes, retinitis pigmentosa, and glaucoma.^[3] It was developed by Anabasis Pharma, Dompé Farmaceutici, and Ospedale San Raffaele.^[3]

Cenegermin is a human beta-nerve growth factor (beta-ngf)-(1-118)- peptide (non-covalent dimer) produced in escherichia coli. It received European Union Approval in July, 2017 for the treatment of moderate to severe neurotrophic keratitis.

In 2013, orphan drug designations in the E.U. and in the U.S. were assigned to the candidate for the treatment of retinitis pigmentosa. The product was granted additional orphan drug designation for the treatment of neurotrophic keratitis in the U.S. and the E.U. in 2014 and 2015, respectively.

Cenegermin, a recombinant human nerve growth factor developed by Dompé was first approved in July 2017 in the E.U. for the treatment of moderate to severe neurotrophic keratitis (NK) in adults

Clip

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration today approved the first drug, Oxervate (cenegermin), for the treatment of neurotrophic keratitis, a rare disease affecting the cornea (the clear layer that covers the colored portion of the front of the eye).

“While the prevalence of neurotrophic keratitis is low, the impact of this serious condition on an individual patient can be devastating,” said Wiley Chambers, M.D., an ophthalmologist in the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. “In the past, it has often been necessary to turn to surgical interventions; these treatments are usually only palliative in this disease. Today’s approval provides a novel topical treatment and a major advance that offers complete corneal healing for many of these patients.”

https://www.google.com/url?q=http://s2027422842.t.en25.com/e/er?utm_campaign%3D08222018_PR_FDA%2520approves%2520first%2520drug%2520for%2520neurotrophic%2520keratitis%252C%2520a%2520rare%2520eye%2520disease%26utm_medium%3Demail%26utm_source%3DEloqua%26s%3D2027422842%26lid%3D4713%26elqTrackId%3DC22865DD7E070AB9F5658E5AEFE1B4C1%26elq%3D520832910427454e861916aa20d7465e%26elqaid%3D4737%26elqat%3D1&source=gmail&ust=1535072157500000&usg=AFQjCNF9UsBx0Z1-gn1IkMV45k4kZKbvwA

August 22, 2018

Release

Neurotrophic keratitis is a degenerative disease resulting from a loss of corneal sensation. The loss of corneal sensation impairs corneal health causing progressive damage to the top layer of the cornea, including corneal thinning, ulceration, and perforation in severe cases. The prevalence of neurotrophic keratitis has been estimated to be less than five in 10,000 individuals.

The safety and efficacy of Oxervate, a topical eye drop containing cenegermin, was studied in a total of 151 patients with neurotrophic keratitis in two, eight-week, randomized controlled multi-center, double-masked studies. In the first study, patients were randomized into three different groups. One group received Oxervate, a second group received an eye drop with a different concentration of cenegermin, and the third group received an eye drop without cenegermin. In the second study, patients were randomized into two groups. One group was treated with Oxervate eye drops and the other group was treated with an eye drop without cenegermin. All eye drops in both studies were given six times daily in the affected eye(s) for eight weeks. In the first study, only patients with the disease in one eye were enrolled, while in the second study, patients with the disease in both eyes were treated in both eyes (bilaterally). Across both studies, complete corneal healing in eight weeks was demonstrated in 70 percent of patients treated with Oxervate compared to 28 percent of patients treated without cenegermin (the active ingredient in Oxervate).

The most common adverse reactions in patients taking Oxervate are eye pain, ocular hyperemia (enlarged blood vessels in the white of the eyes), eye inflammation and increased lacrimation (watery eyes).

Oxervate was granted Priority Review designation, under which the FDA’s goal is to take action on an application within six months of application filing where the agency determines that the drug, if approved, would provide a significant improvement in the safety or effectiveness of the treatment, diagnosis or prevention of a serious condition. Oxervate also received Orphan Drug designation, which provides incentives to assist and encourage the development of drugs for rare diseases.

The FDA granted approval of Oxervate to Dompé farmaceutici SpA.

Cenegermin
Clinical data
Trade names	Oxervate, Sentinel
Synonyms	Recombinant human nerve growth factor; rhNGF; human beta-nerve growth factor (beta-NGF)-(1-118) peptide (non-covalent dimer) produced in Escherichia coli^[1]
Routes of administration	Eye drops
ATC code	S01XA24 (WHO)
Identifiers
CAS Number	1772578-74-1
DrugBank	DB13926
ChemSpider	None
UNII	B6E7K36KT8
KEGG	D11028
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C₅₈₃H₉₀₈N₁₆₆O₁₇₃S₈
Molar mass	13266.94 g/mol

References

^ Jump up to:^a ^bhttp://www.who.int/medicines/publications/druginformation/issues/77_INN_Recommended_List.pdf
Jump up^ “Authorisation details”. European Medicines Agency. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800035751

External links

////////////fda 2018, Oxervate, cenegermin, orphan drug, priority review, EU 2017, DOMPE, neurotrophic keratitis

Iobenguane I 131

August 2, 2018 11:35 am / Leave a comment

Iobenguane I-131.png

Iobenguane I 131

FDA approves first treatment for rare adrenal tumors

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration today approved Azedra (iobenguane I 131) injection for intravenous use for the treatment of adults and adolescents age 12 and older with rare tumors of the adrenal gland (pheochromocytoma or paraganglioma) that cannot be surgically removed (unresectable), have spread beyond the original tumor site and require systemic anticancer therapy. This is the first FDA-approved drug for this use.

update………APPROVED JAPAN 2021, 2021/9/27, Raiatt MIBG-I 131

July 30, 2018

Release

“Many patients with these ultra-rare cancers can be treated with surgery or local therapies, but there are no effective systemic treatments for patients who experience tumor-related symptoms such as high blood pressure,” said Richard Pazdur, M.D., director of the FDA’s Oncology Center of Excellence and acting director of the Office of Hematology and Oncology Products in the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. “Patients will now have an approved therapy that has been shown to decrease the need for blood pressure medication and reduce tumor size in some patients.”

Pheochromocytomas are rare tumors of the adrenal glands. These glands are located right above the kidneys and make hormones including stress hormones called epinephrines and norepinephrines. Pheochromocytomas increase the production of these hormones, leading to hypertension (high blood pressure) and symptoms such as headaches, irritability, sweating, rapid heart rate, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, weakness, chest pain or anxiety. When this type of tumor occurs outside the adrenal gland, it is called a paraganglioma.

The efficacy of Azedra was shown in a single-arm, open-label, clinical trial in 68 patients that measured the number of patients who experienced a 50 percent or greater reduction of all antihypertensive medications lasting for at least six months. This endpoint was supported by the secondary endpoint, overall tumor response measured by traditional imaging criteria. The study met the primary endpoint, with 17 (25 percent) of the 68 evaluable patients experiencing a 50 percent or greater reduction of all antihypertensive medication for at least six months. Overall tumor response was achieved in 15 (22 percent) of the patients studied.

The most common severe side effects reported by patients receiving Azedra in clinical trials included low levels of white blood cells (lymphopenia), abnormally low count of a type of white blood cells (neutropenia), low blood platelet count (thrombocytopenia), fatigue, anemia, increased international normalized ratio (a laboratory test which measures blood clotting), nausea, dizziness, hypertension and vomiting.

As it is a radioactive therapeutic agent, Azedra includes a warning about radiation exposure to patients and family members, which should be minimized while the patient is receiving Azedra. The risk of radiation exposure is greater in pediatric patients. Other warnings and precautions include a risk of lower levels of blood cells (myelosuppression), underactive thyroid, elevations in blood pressure, renal failure or kidney injury and inflammation of lung tissue (pneumonitis). Myelodysplastic syndrome and acute leukemias, which are cancers of the blood and bone marrow, were observed in patients who received Azedra, and the magnitude of this risk will continue to be studied. Azedra can cause harm to a developing fetus; women should be advised of the potential risk to the fetus and to use effective contraception after receiving Azedra. Radiation exposure associated with Azedra may cause infertility in males and females.

The FDA granted this application Fast Track, Breakthrough Therapy and Priority Review designations. Azedra also received Orphan Drug designation, which provides incentives to assist and encourage the development of drugs for rare diseases.

The FDA granted the approval of Azedra to Progenics Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm615155.htm?utm_campaign=07302018_PR_treatment%20for%20rare%20adrenal%20tumors&utm_medium=email&utm_source=Eloqua

Iobenguane I-131.png

Iobenguane (131I); Iobenguane I 131; Iobeguane I 131; 3-Iodobenzylguanidine; 131I-MIBG; Azedra

77679-27-7 CAS NUMBER

PATENT US 4584187

Guanidine, [[3-(iodo-¹³¹I)phenyl]methyl]-

[[3-(Iodo-¹³¹I)phenyl]methyl]guanidine
¹³¹I-MIBG
Azedra
Iobenguane (131I)
Iobenguane I 131

Ultratrace Iobenguane ¹³¹I
[¹³¹I]-m-Iodobenzylguanidine
[¹³¹I]-m-Iodobenzylguanidine
m-Iodobenzylguanidine-¹³¹I
m-[¹³¹I]Iodobenzylguanidine

Molecular Formula:	C₈H₁₀IN₃
Molecular Weight:	279.095 g/mol

(I 131-meta-iodobenzylguanidine sulfate)

Iobenguane sulfate; M-Iodobenzylguanidine hemisulfate; MIBG; 87862-25-7; 3-Iodobenzylguanidine hemisulfate; 3-Iodobenzyl-guanidine hemisulfate

Molecular Formula:	C₁₆H₂₂I₂N₆O₄S
Molecular Weight:	648.259 g/mol

http://www.pharmacopeia.cn/v29240/usp29nf24s0_m41255.html

AdreView
(iobenguane I 123) Injection for Intravenous Use

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SYN

CN 106187824

DESCRIPTION

AdreView (iobenguane I 123 Injection) is a sterile, pyrogen-free radiopharmaceutical for intravenous injection. Each mL contains 0.08 mg iobenguane sulfate, 74 MBq (2 mCi) of I 123 (as iobenguane sulfate I 123) at calibration date and time on the label, 23 mg sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate, 2.8 mg disodium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate and 10.3 mg (1% v/v) benzyl alcohol with a pH of 5.0 – 6.5. Iobenguane sulfate I 123 is also known as I 123 meta-iodobenzlyguanidine sulfate and has the following structural formula:

AdreView (iobenguane I 123) Structural Formula Illustration

Physical Characteristics

Iodine 123 is a cyclotron-produced radionuclide that decays to Te 123 by electron capture and has a physical half-life of 13.2 hours.

Iobenguane I-131 is a guanidine analog with specific affinity for tissues of the sympathetic nervous system and related tumors. The radiolabeled forms are used as antineoplastic agents and radioactive imaging agents. (Merck Index, 12th ed) MIBG serves as a neuron-blocking agent which has a strong affinity for, and retention in, the adrenal medulla and also inhibits ADP-ribosyltransferase.

Iobenguane i-131 is a Radioactive Diagnostic Agent. The mechanism of action of iobenguane i-131 is as a Radiopharmaceutical Activity.

Iobenguane I-131 is an I 131 radioiodinated synthetic analogue of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine. Iobenguane localizes to adrenergic tissue and, in radioiodinated forms, may be used to image or eradicate tumor cells that take up and metabolize norepinephrine.

Iobenguane, also known as metaiodobenzylguanidine or mIBG, or MIBG (tradename Adreview) is a radiopharmaceutical,^[1] used in a scintigraphy method called MIBG scan. Iobenguane is a radiolabeled molecule similar to noradrenaline.

The radioisotope of iodine used for the label can be iodine-123 (for imaging purposes only) or iodine-131 (which must be used when tissue destruction is desired, but is sometimes used for imaging also).

Pheochromocytoma seen as dark sphere in center of the body (it is in the left adrenal gland). Image is by MIBG scintigraphy, with radiation from radioiodine in the MIBG. Two images are seen of the same patient from front and back. Note dark image of the thyroid due to unwanted uptake of iodide radioiodine from breakdown of the pharmaceutical, by the thyroid gland in the neck. Uptake at the side of the head are from the salivary glands. Radioactivity is also seen in the bladder, from normal renal excretion of iodide.

It localizes to adrenergic tissue and thus can be used to identify the location of tumors^[2] such as pheochromocytomas and neuroblastomas. With I-131 it can also be used to eradicate tumor cells that take up and metabolize norepinephrine.

Thyroid precautions

Thyroid blockade with (nonradioactive) potassium iodide is indicated for nuclear medicine scintigraphy with iobenguane/mIBG. This competitively inhibits radioiodine uptake, preventing excessive radioiodine levels in the thyroid and minimizing the risk of thyroid ablation ( in the case of I-131). The minimal risk of thyroid carcinogenesis is also reduced as a result.

The FDA-approved dosing of potassium iodide for this purpose are as follows: infants less than 1 month old, 16 mg; children 1 month to 3 years, 32 mg; children 3 years to 18 years, 65 mg; adults 130 mg.^[3] However, some sources recommend alternative dosing regimens.^[4]

Not all sources are in agreement on the necessary duration of thyroid blockade, although agreement appears to have been reached about the necessity of blockade for both scintigraphic and therapeutic applications of iobenguane. Commercially available iobenguane is labeled with iodine-123, and product labeling recommends administration of potassium iodide 1 hour prior to administration of the radiopharmaceutical for all age groups,^[5] while the European Associated of Nuclear Medicine recommends (for iobenguane labeled with either I-131 or I-123,) that potassium iodide administration begin one day prior to radiopharmaceutical administration, and continue until the day following the injection, with the exception of newborns, who do not require potassium iodide doses following radiopharmaceutical injection.^[4]

Product labeling for diagnostic iodine-131 iobenguane recommends potassium iodide administration one day before injection and continuing 5 to 7 days following.^[6] Iodine-131 iobenguane used for therapeutic purposes requires a different pre-medication duration, beginning 24–48 hours prior to iobenguane injection and continuing 10–15 days following injection.^[7]

Alternative imaging modality for pheochromocytoma

The FDOPA PET/CT scan has proven to be nearly 100% sensitive for detection of pheochromocytomas, vs. 90% for MIBG scans.^[8]^[9]^[10] Centers which offer FDOPA PET/CT, however, are rare.

Clinical trials

Iobenguane I 131 for cancers

Iobenguane I 131 (as Azedra) has had a clinical trial as a treatment for malignant, recurrent or unresectable pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma, and the US FDA has granted it a Priority Review.^[11]

PATENTS

Patent ID	Title	Submitted Date	Granted Date
US7658910	PREPARATION OF RADIOLABELLED HALOAROMATICS VIA POLYMER-BOUND INTERMEDIATES	2008-04-10	2010-02-09
US2008241063	Combination set of Meta-Iodobenzyl guanidine freezing crystal and making method thereof and method for making a radioactive iodine marker	2007-03-29	2008-10-02
US7273601	Preparation of radiolabelled haloaromatics via polymer-bound intermediates	2003-01-16	2007-09-25
US6461585	Preparation of radiolabelled haloaromatics via polymer-bound intermediates	2002-10-08
US2010274052	PREPARATION OF RADIOLABELLED HALOAROMATICS VIA POLYMER-BOUND INTERMEDIATES	2010-10-28

Iobenguane
Clinical data
2-(3-Iodobenzyl)guanidine 35MRW7B4AD 80663-95-2 [RN] Guanidine, ((3-iodophenyl)methyl)- Guanidine, N”-[(3-iodophenyl)methyl]- iobenguane
Synonyms	meta-iodobenzylguanidine mIBG, MIBG
Routes of administration	Intravenous
ATC code	V09IX01 (WHO) (¹²³I) V09IX02 (WHO) (¹³¹I, diagnostic) V10XA02 (WHO) (¹³¹I, therapeutic)
Legal status
Legal status	In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
Identifiers
IUPAC name [show]
CAS Number	80663-95-2
PubChem CID	60860
ChemSpider	54847
UNII	35MRW7B4AD
ChEMBL	CHEMBL818
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C₈H₁₀IN₃
Molar mass	275.09 g/mol
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image

Title: Iobenguane

CAS Registry Number: 80663-95-2

CAS Name: [(3-Iodophenyl)methyl]guanidine

Additional Names: m-iodobenzylguanidine; MIBG

Molecular Formula: C8H10IN3

Molecular Weight: 275.09

Percent Composition: C 34.93%, H 3.66%, I 46.13%, N 15.28%

Literature References: Norepinephrine analog with specific affinity for tissues of sympathetic nervous system and related tumors; prepd as 123I and 131I labeled forms. Prepn and imaging studies: D. M. Wieland et al., J. Nucl. Med. 21, 349 (1980); eidem, US4584187 (1986). Improved synthesis: P. A. P. M. van Doremalen, A. G. M. Janssen, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Lett. 96, 97 (1985). Metabolism in man: T. J. Mangner et al., J. Nucl. Med. 27, 37 (1986). HPLC determn in serum and urine: D. Schwabe et al., J. Chromatogr. 487, 177 (1989). Radiopharmacokinetics: S. Ertl et al., Nucl. Med. Commun. 8, 643 (1987). Clinical evaluation of myocardial imaging: D. Fagret et al., Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 15, 624 (1989). Diagnostic use in pheochromocytoma: B. Shapiro et al., J. Nucl. Med. 26, 576 (1985); therapeutic use: M. Krempf et al., J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 72, 455 (1991). Symposia on therapeutic and diagnostic use in neuroblastoma: Advances in Neuroblastoma Research 2, A. E. Evans et al., Eds. (Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York, 1988) p 643-726; Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 15, 157-228 (1987). Review of pharmacology: J. C. Sisson, D. M. Weiland, Am. J. Physiol. Imaging 1, 96-103 (1986); of biodistribution and clinical studies: A. R. Wafelman et al., Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 21, 545-559 (1994); of therapeutic use in neural crest tumors: L. Troncone, V. Rufini, Anticancer Res. 17, 1823-1832 (1997).

Derivative Type: Sulfate

Molecular Formula: (C8H10IN3)2.H2SO4

Molecular Weight: 648.26

Percent Composition: C 29.64%, H 3.42%, I 39.15%, N 12.96%, S 4.95%, O 9.87%

Properties: Colorless crystals from water + ethanol, mp 166-167°.

Melting point: mp 166-167°

Therap-Cat: Radiolabeled forms as antineoplastic; diagnostic aid (radioactive imaging agent).

References

Jump up^ “Iobenguane I 131 Sulfate (Intravenous Route) – MayoClinic.com”. Retrieved 2007-12-15.
Jump up^ Scarsbrook AF, Ganeshan A, Statham J, et al. (2007). “Anatomic and functional imaging of metastatic carcinoid tumors”. Radiographics. 27 (2): 455–77. doi:10.1148/rg.272065058. PMID 17374863.
Jump up^ Kowalsky RJ, Falen, SW. Radiopharmaceuticals in Nuclear Pharmacy and Nuclear Medicine. 2nd ed. Washington DC: American Pharmacists Association; 2004.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b “Archived copy” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-07. Retrieved 2011-10-07.
Jump up^ http://nuclearpharmacy.uams.edu/resources/adreview.pdf
Jump up^ Iobenguane Sulfate I 131 Injection Diagnostic package insert. Bedford, MA: CIS-US, Inc. July 1999.
Jump up^ “Archived copy” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-07. Retrieved 2011-10-07.
Jump up^ 6-[¹⁸FFluorodopamine Positron Emission Tomographic (PET) Scanning for Diagnostic Localization of Pheochromocytoma. Pacek et al. 2001] full text
Jump up^ Pheochromocytoma Imaging Updated May 2017
Jump up^ Luster M, Karges W, Zeich K, Pauls S, Verburg FA, Dralle H; et al. (2010). “Clinical value of (18)F-fluorodihydroxyphenylalanine positron emission tomography/computed tomography ((18)F-DOPA PET/CT) for detecting pheochromocytoma”. European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging. 37 (3): 484–93. doi:10.1007/s00259-009-1294-7. PMID 19862519.
Jump up^ FDA grants priority review to Azedra for rare neuroendocrine tumors Jan 2018

External links

Iodine 131-metaiodobenzylguanidine at the NCI Drug Dictionary

/////////////// Azedra, iobenguane I 131, fda 2018, Progenics Pharmaceuticals, Fast Track, Breakthrough Therapy, Priority Review, orphan drug, Iobenguane (131I), Iobenguane I 131, Iobeguane I 131, 3-Iodobenzylguanidine, 131I-MIBG, Azedra

C1=CC(=CC(=C1)I)CN=C(N)N

NEW DRUG APPROVALS

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FDA approves first treatment Azedra (iobenguane I 131) for rare adrenal tumors

July 31, 2018 12:55 am / 1 Comment on FDA approves first treatment Azedra (iobenguane I 131) for rare adrenal tumors

FDA approves first treatment for rare adrenal tumors

July 30, 2018

Release

The FDA granted the approval of Azedra to Progenics Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm615155.htm?utm_campaign=07302018_PR_treatment%20for%20rare%20adrenal%20tumors&utm_medium=email&utm_source=Eloqua

/////////////// Azedra, iobenguane I 131, fda 2018, Progenics Pharmaceuticals, Fast Track, Breakthrough Therapy, Priority Review, orphan drug,

Tivozanib, ティボザニブ塩酸塩水和物

February 26, 2018 10:18 am / Leave a comment

ChemSpider 2D Image | Tivozanib | C22H19ClN4O5

Tivozanib

Molecular FormulaC₂₂H₁₉ClN₄O₅
Average mass454.863 Da

AV951

AV951 (KRN951, Tivozanib)

AV-951; AV951;AV 951

AV-951|KRN-951|VEGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor IV

KRN 951

1-{2-Chloro-4-[(6,7-diméthoxy-4-quinoléinyl)oxy]phényl}-3-(5-méthyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl)urée

1-{2-Chloro-4-[(6,7-dimethoxy-4-quinolinyl)oxy]phenyl}-3-(5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl)urea

475108-18-0 [RN] FREE FORM

AV 951

N-(2-chloro-4-((6,7-dimethoxy-4-quinolyl)oxy)phenyl)-N’-(5-methyl-3-isoxazolyl)urea

N-[2-Chloro-4-[(6,7-dimethoxy-4-quinolinyl)oxy]phenyl]-N’-(5-methyl-3-isoxazolyl)urea
AV 951
KRN 951
Kil 8951
N-[2-Chloro-4-[(6,7-dimethoxy-4-quinolyl)oxy]phenyl]-N’-(5-methyl-3-isoxazolyl)urea
CAS HCL HYDRATE 682745-41-1
682745-43-3 HCL

Tivozanib (AV-951) is an oral VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor. It has completed a pivotal Phase 3 investigation for the treatment of first line (treatment naive) patients with renal cell carcinoma.^[1] The results from this first line study did not lead to FDA approval, but Tivozanib was approved by the EMA in August 2017^[2]

Originally developed at Kirin Brewery, in January 2007 AVEO Pharmaceuticals acquired an exclusive license to develop and commercialize tivozanib in all territories outside of Asia.

In 2010, orphan drug designation was assigned in the E.U. for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma. In 2011, the compound was licensed to Astellas Pharma and AVEO Pharmaceuticals on a worldwide basis for the treatment of cancer

Tivozanib is an orally bioavailable inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) 1, 2 and 3 with potential antiangiogenic and antineoplastic activities. Tivozanib binds to and inhibits VEGFRs 1, 2 and 3, which may result in the inhibition of endothelial cell migration and proliferation, inhibition of tumor angiogenesis and tumor cell death. VEGFR tyrosine kinases, frequently overexpressed by a variety of tumor cell types, play a key role in angiogenesis.

Tivozanib was originally developed by Kyowa Hakko Kirin and in 2007 AVEO Pharmaceutical acquired all the rights of the compound outside Asia. In December 2015, AVEO reached an agreement with EUSA Pharma, which acquired exclusive rights to tivozanib for advanced renal cell carcinoma in Europe, South America, Asia, parts of the Middle East and South Africa.

Tivozanib is an inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors 1, 2, and 3 for first-line treatment of patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma in advanced disease or without VEGFR and mTOR inhibitors and progression after cytokine therapy Advanced renal cell carcinoma patients. Fotivda® is an oral capsule containing 890 μg and 1340 μg of Tivozanib per tablet. The recommended dose is 1 day, each 1340μg, taking three weeks, withdrawal for a week.

Image result for tivozanib

Image result for TIVOZANIB EMA

CAS HCL HYDRATE 682745-41-1

ティボザニブ塩酸塩水和物;

Pharmacotherapeutic group

Antineoplastic agents

Therapeutic indication

Fotivda is indicated for the first line treatment of adult patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and for adult patients who are VEGFR and mTOR pathway inhibitor-naïve following disease progression after one prior treatment with cytokine therapy for advanced RCC.

Treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma

Fotivda : EPAR -Product Information

http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/medicines/human/medicines/004131/human_med_002146.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058001d124

http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Public_assessment_report/human/004131/WC500239035.pdf

str6

Tivozanib is synthesized in three main steps using well defined starting materials with acceptable specifications.
Adequate in-process controls are applied during the synthesis. The specifications and control methods for intermediate products, starting materials and reagents have been presented. The critical process parameters are duly justified, methodology is presented and control is adequate.
The characterisation of the active substance and its impurities are in accordance with the EU guideline on chemistry of new active substances. Potential and actual impurities were well discussed with regards to their origin and characterised.
The active substance is packaged in a low-density polyethylene (LDPE) bag which complies with the EC
directive 2002/72/EC and EC 10/2011 as amended.

Product details

NAME	Fotivda
AGENCY PRODUCT NUMBER	EMEA/H/C/004131
ACTIVE SUBSTANCE	tivozanib
INTERNATIONAL NON-PROPRIETARY NAME(INN) OR COMMON NAME	tivozanib hydrochloride monohydrate
THERAPEUTIC AREA	Carcinoma, Renal Cell
ANATOMICAL THERAPEUTIC CHEMICAL (ATC) CODE	L01XE

Publication details

MARKETING-AUTHORISATION HOLDER	EUSA Pharma (UK) Limited
REVISION	0
DATE OF ISSUE OF MARKETING AUTHORISATION VALID THROUGHOUT THE EUROPEAN UNION	24/08/2017

Contact address:

EUSA Pharma (UK) Limited
Breakspear Park, Breakspear Way
Hemel Hempstead, HP2 4TZ
United Kingdom

Mechanism

An oral quinoline urea derivative, tivozanib suppresses angiogenesis by being selectively inhibitory against vascular endothelial growth factor.^[3] It was developed by AVEO Pharmaceuticals.^[4] It is designed to inhibit all three VEGF receptors.^[5]

Results

Phase III results on advanced renal cell carcinoma suggested a 30% or 3 months improvement in median PFS compared to sorafenibbut showed an inferior overall survival rate of the experimental arm versus the control arm.^[5]^[6] The Food and Drug Administration‘s Oncologic Drugs Advisory Committee voted in May 2013 13 to 1 against recommending approval of tivozanib for renal cell carcinoma. The committee felt the drug failed to show a favorable risk-benefit ratio and questioned the equipose of the trial design, which allowed control arm patients who used sorafenib to transition to tivozanib following progression disease but not those on the experimental arm using tivozanib to transition to sorafenib. The application was formally rejected by the FDA in June 2013, saying that approval would require additional clinical studies.^[6]

In 2016 AVEO Oncology published data in conjunction with the ASCO meeting showing a geographical location effect on Overall Survival in the Pivotal PhIII trial^[7]

In 2016 AVEO Oncology announced the start of a second Pivotal PhIII clinical study in Third Line advanced RCC patients. ^[8]

In 2016 EUSA Pharma and AVEO Oncology announced that Tivozanib had been submitted to the European Medicines Agency for review under the Centralised Procedure. ^[9]

In June 2017 the EMA Scientific Committee recommended Tivozanib for approval in Europe, with approval expected in September.^[10]

In August 2017 the European Commission (EC) formally approved Tivozanib in Europe.^[11]

SYNTHESIS

Heterocycles, 92(10), 1882-1887; 2016

CLIP

Paper

Heterocycles (2016), 92(10), 1882-1887

Short Paper | Regular issue | Vol 92, No. 10, 2016, pp. 1882 – 1887
Published online: 5th September, 2016

DOI: 10.3987/COM-16-13555

■ A New and Practical Synthesis of Tivozanib

Chunping Zhu, Yongjun Mao,* Han Wang, and Jingli Xu

*College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, 333 Longteng Rd., Songjiang, Shanghai, 201620, China

Abstract

New and improved synthetic route of tivozanib is described on a hectogram scale. An reduction cyclization process to prepare the key intermediate 6,7-dimethoxyquinolin-4-ol from the 3-(dimethylamino)-1-(2-nitrophenyl)prop-2- en-1-one compound at H2/Ni condition is adopted in good result. Commercial available materials, simple reaction and operation are used, including nitration, condensation, hydrogenation, chlorination and so on, to give the final product in 28.7% yield over six steps and 98.9% purity (HPLC).

Image result for tivozanib

PAPER

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960894X15003054

Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters

Volume 25, Issue 11, 1 June 2015, Pages 2425-2428

HC-1144 (yield: 69.0% ) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 8.33 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H,), 8.17(d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (s, 1H), 7.29 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (s, 1H), 7.10(m, 1H), 6.47(d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 6.28 (brs, 1H), 2.30 (s, 3H). MS (ESI, m/z): 461 [M+H]⁺.

PAPER

J MED CHEM 2005 48 1359

PATENT

WO 2002088110

KUBO, Kazuo; (JP).
SAKAI, Teruyuki; (JP).
NAGAO, Rika; (JP).
FUJIWARA, Yasunari; (JP).
ISOE, Toshiyuki; (JP).
HASEGAWA, Kazumasa; (JP)

Scheme 1 and Scheme 2

Skiing

PATENT

WO 2004035572

MATSUNAGA, Naoki; (JP).
YOSHIDA, Satoshi; (JP).
YOSHINO, Ayako; (JP).
NAKAJIMA, Tatsuo; (JP)

Preparation example: Preparation of N- {2-chloro-1- [(6,7-dimethoxy- 14 1 quinolyl) oxyl] phenyI} – N, – (5-methyl- 3 -isoxazolyl) urea ) Nitration process:

3, 4-Dimethoxyacetophenone (1 500 g) was dissolved in 5:: L 0 ° C of 17% nitric acid (1400 g), and 67% nitric acid (843 0 g) and sodium nitrite g) at a temperature of 5 to 10 ° C. over a period of 2 to 3 hours. After completion of dropping, the mixture was stirred at 5 to 10 ° C. for 1 to 2 hours. Cold water (7. 5 L) was added and after stirring for 30 minutes, filtration and washing with water (30 L). The filtrate was added to water (7. 5 L), neutralized with sodium bicarbonate water, filtered, and washed with water (7 L). The filtrate was dried under reduced pressure to obtain 3, 4-dimethoxy-6-nitroacetophenone (2164 g) (yield = 87.9%).

‘H-NMR (400 MHz, CD C 1 ₃ / p pm); 62. 5 0 (s, 3 H), 3. 9 7 (s, 3H), 3. 9 9 (s, 3 H), 6. 76 (s, 1 H), 7.6 2 (s, 1 H)

(2) Reduction process:

Methanol (5. 4 L), acetic acid (433 g:), 5% palladium / power monobonn (162 g) was added to 3, 4-dimethoxy-6-nitroacetophenone (1082 g) and hydrogen gas The mixture was stirred for 8 hours under pressure (2 Kg / cm 2, 40 ° C. The reaction solution was filtered, washed with methanol (1 L), and the filtrate was neutralized with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and concentrated under reduced pressure Water (10 L) was added to the concentrate, stirred overnight, filtered and washed with water (7 L) Toluene (4 L) was added to the filtrate, heated to 80 ° C., 1 After stirring for a while, the residue was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was filtered, washed with toluene (300 mL), dried under reduced pressure to give 2-amino-4,5-dimethoxa Cetophenone (576 g) was obtained (yield = 6.1%).

‘H-NM (400 MHz, CD C 1 ₃ / p pm); 62. 5 6 (s, 3 H), 3. 84 (s, 3H), 3. 88 (s, 3 H), 6. 10 ( s, 1 H), 7.11 (s, 1 H)

(3) Cyclization step:

Tetrahydrofuran (THF) (5. 3 L) and sodium methoxide (3 1 3 g) were added to 2-amino-4, 5-dimethoxyacetophenone (33 7 g) and the mixture was stirred at 20 ° C for 30 minutes. At 0 ° C, ethyl formate (858 g) was added and stirred at 20 ° C for 1 hour. Water (480 mL) was added at 0 ° C. and neutralized with 1 N hydrochloric acid. After filtering the precipitate, the filtrate was washed with slurry with water (2 L). After filtration, the filtrate was dried under reduced pressure to obtain 6, 7-dimethoxy-141 quinolone (3 52 g) (yield = 8.15%).

‘H-NMR (400 MHz, DMS 0 – d ₆ / ppm); 63. 8 1 (s, 3 H), 3. 84 (s, 3 H), 5. 94 (d, 1 H), 7. 0 1 (s, 1 H), 7. 43 (s, 1 H), 7. 76 (d, 1 H)

(4) Clovalization process

Toluene (3 L) and phosphorus oxychloride (1300 g) were added to 6, 7-dimethoxy-1-quinolone (105 g), and the mixture was stirred under heating reflux for 1 hour. It was neutralized with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution at 0 ° C. The precipitate was filtered, and then the filtrate was washed with water (10 L) for slurry. After filtering, the filtrate was dried under reduced pressure to obtain 4 1 -chloro- 16, 7-dimethoxyquinoline (928 g) (yield – 87.6 %) _c ‘H-NMR (400 MHz, DMS 0 – d ₆ / ppm); 63. 9 5 (s, 3 H), 3. 9 6 (s, 3 H), 7. 3 5 (s, 1 H), 7. 43 (s, 1 H) , 7. 54 (d, 1 H), 8. 59 (d, 1 H)

(5) Phenol site introduction step:

4-Amino-3-chlorophenol · HC 1 (990 g) was added to N, N-dimethylacetamide (6. 6 L). Potassium t-butoxide (145 2 g) was added at 0 ° C. and the mixture was stirred at 20 ° C. for 30 minutes. 4-Chloro-6, 7-dimethoxyquinoline (82 5 g) was added thereto, followed by stirring at 115 ° C for 5 hours. After cooling the reaction solution to room temperature, water (8. 3 L) and methanol (8.3 L) were added and the mixture was stirred for 2 hours. After filtration of the precipitate, the filtrate was washed with slurry with water (8. 3 L), filtered, and the filtrate was dried under reduced pressure to give 4- [(4-amino-3-chlorophenol) 6, 7-Dimethoxyquinoline (8 52 g) was obtained (yield = 6 9. 9%).

‘H-NMR (400MH z, DMS 0 – d ₆ / ppm); 63. 9 2 (s, 3 H), 3. 93 (s, 3 H), 5. 4 1 (s, 2 H), 6 (D, 1 H), 6. 89 (d, 1 H), 6. 98 (dd, 1 H), 7. 19 (d, 1 H), 7. 36 (s, 1 H) , 7. 48 (s, 1 H), 8. 43 (d, 1 H)

(6) Ureaization process:

To 3 – amino – 5 – methylisoxazole (377 g), pyridine (1 2 1 5:), N, N – dimethylacetamide (4 L) at 0 ° C was added chlorobutyl carbonate phenyl

(60 1 g) was added dropwise and the mixture was stirred at 20 ° C. for 2 hours. 4- [(4-amino-1-chlorophenol) oxy] -6, 7-dimethoxyquinoline (84 7 g) was added to the reaction solution, and the mixture was stirred at 80 ° C. for 5 hours. The reaction solution was cooled to 5 ° C, then added with MeOH (8. 5 L) and water (8. 5 L) and neutralized with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. After filtering the precipitate, the filtrate was washed with water (8. 5 L) for slurry. After filtration, the filtrate was dried under reduced pressure to give N- {2-chloro-4- [(6,7-dimethoxy-4-quinolyl) oxy] phenyl] – N, 1- -isoxazolyl) urea (1002 g) was obtained (yield = 86.1%).

‘H-NMR (400 MHz, DMS 0 – d ₆ / ppm); 62.37 (s, 3 H), 3. 92 (s, 3 H), 3. 94 (s, 3 H), 6. 7 (s, 1 H), 7. 48 (s, 1 H), 7 (s, 1 H), 6. 54 (d, . 5 1 (d, 1 H), 8. 2 3 (d, 1 H), 8. 49

(d, 1 H), 8. 77 (s, 1 H), 1 0.16 (s, 1 H)

PATENT

WO 2011060162

WO 2017037220

CN 106967058

CN 104072492

CN 102532116

CN 102408418

PAPER

Advanced Materials Research Vols. 396-398 (2012) pp 1490-1492

Synthesis of the compounds

The synthesis of 6,7-Dimethoxy-4-quinolinone (2a) The 33.7g (0.173mol) of 2-amino-4,5-dimethoxy acetophenone, 150 ml of methanol and 95.5g (0.69mol) of anhydrous potassium carbonate were added to the 500 ml flask and stirred about 1 h at room temperature. Then, the ethyl formate (75.8g, 0.861mol) was dropped the admixture and reactioned about 2 h in the same temperature. The admixture was filtrated and the 35.2 g white powder compound 2a (C11H11NO3) was obtained with the yield of 81.5% and m.p. 124-125. 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6/ppm): δ 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.84 (s,3H), 5.94 (d,1H), 7.01 (s,1H), 7.43 (s,1H), 7.76 (d,1H). ESI-MS: 206 (M+ +1).

The synthesis of 4-chloro-6,7-dimethoxy-quinoline (2b)The 100 ml of toluene, 15 g (0.103 mol) of phosphorus trichloride and 10.6 g (0.52 mol) compound 2a were added to the 250 ml of three bottles, the obtained mixture was refluxed about 2 h. Then, the reaction mixture was cooled to the room temperature, filtrated and the solid was dried. The 9.3 g similar white powder compound 2b (C11H10ClNO2 ) was obtained with the yield of 96.9% and m.p.138-140 ℃ . 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6/ppm): δ 3.95 (s,3H) , 3.96 (s,3H), 7.35 (s,1H), 7.43 (s,1H), 7.54 (d,1H), 8.59(d,1H). ESI-MS: 225 (M+ +1).

The synthesis of 4-[(4-Amino-3-phenol) oxy]-6,7-dimethoxy-quinoline (2c) The 60 ml of N, N-dimethylformamide, 8.9g (0.05 mol) of 4-amino-3-chlorophenol hydrochloride, 14.5g (0.105 mol) of potassium carbonate and 8.3 g (0.037 mol) compounds 2b were added to the 250 ml of three bottles, the obtained mixture was refluxed about 2 h. Then, the reaction mixture was cooled to the room temperature and the 100 ml of anhydrous ethanol was added. The obtained mixture was stirred about 1 h and filtrated. The filtered product was then dried under the reduced pressure to give the 8.5 g similar white powder compound 2c (C17H15ClN2O3) with the yield of 69.9%. 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6/ppm): δ 3.92 (s,3H), 3.93 (s,3H), 5.41 (s,2H), 6.41 (d,1H), 6.89 (d,1H), 6.98 (dd,1H), 7.19 (d,1H), 7.36 (s,1H), 7.48 (s,1H), 8.43(d,1H). ESI-MS: 331 (M+ +1).

The synthesis of N-{2-chloro-4-[(6,7-dimethoxy-4-quinolyl)oxy]phenyl} -N’- (5-methyl-3- isoxazole-yl) urea (2d) The 100 ml of N,N-dimethylformamide, 5.0g (0.051mol) of 3-amino-5- methylisoxa -zole, 7.98 g (0.051mol) of phenyl chloroformate and 17g (0.051mol) compound 2c were added to the 250 ml of three bottles. The mixture was refluxed about 5 h, cooled to room temperature, added the 100 ml of anhydrous ethanol. The obtained mixture was stirred 1 h and filtrated. The filtered product was slurried in water for washing. The slurry was filtered, and the filtered product was then dried under the reduced pressure to give the 20.0g white crystal compound 2d (C22H19ClN4O5) with the yield of 86.1% and the purity of more than 98.5 %. 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6/ppm): δ 2.37 (s,3H), 3.92 (s,3H), 3.94 (s,3H), 6.50 (s,1H), 6.54 (d,1H), 7.26 (dd,1H), 7.39 (s,1H), 7.48 (s,1H), 7.51 (d,1H), 8.23 (d,1H), 8.49 (d,1H), 8.77 (s,1H), 10.16(s,1H). ESI-MS: 456 (M+ +1).

Conclusions Tivozanib was synthesized through the cyclization, chlorinated, condensation reaction with 2-amino-4,5-dimethoxy acetophenone as the starting material. The total yield was 47.5% and the product purity of more than 98.5 %. The synthetic routs and methods of tivozanib are feasible to industrial production owing to the cheap raw materials, mild reaction conditions, stable technology and high yield.

PATENT

https://patents.google.com/patent/CN102532116B/en

Example

[0035] In 250ml three-neck flask, 80ml of chloroform and 22. 0g (0. 16mol) of anhydrous aluminum chloride at room temperature were successively added dropwise l〇.2g (0. 13mol) acetyl chloride, 13.8g (0. i mole) phthalic dimethyl ether, dropwise, stirred at room temperature until the reaction end point (GLC trace). The reaction solution was poured into 500ml diluted hydrochloric acid, with stirring, the organic phase was separated, the aqueous phase was extracted with chloroform and the combined organic phases were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give 15. Og of white powder Compound Ia (CltlH12O3), mp 48-52 ° C, 83% yield. HKcnT1): 1673,1585,1515,1418 1H-NMR (CDCl3 / ppm):! S 2. 55 (s, 3H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 6.77 (s, lH) , 7.26 (s, lH), 7.31 (s, lH).

[0036] The two 3 Synthesis of 4-dimethoxy-6-nitroacetophenone (Compound lb) Example

[0037] CN 102532116 B specification 4/6

[0038] In 500ml three-neck flask, was added IOOml formic acid and 18g (0 • lmol) compound la, KTC hereinafter 60ml of concentrated nitric acid was added dropwise, dropwise, warmed to 60-70 ° C, stirred for 30min. The reaction mixture was poured into 500ml ice water bath and stirred, suction filtered to give a pale yellow powder 36.9g Compound lb (CltlH11NO5), mp 135-137 ° C, in 82% yield. 1H-NMR (CDCl3 / ppm): S 2. 50 (s, 3H), 3 97 (s, 3H), 3 99 (s, 3H), 6 76 (s, 1H), 7. 62 (… s, 1H).

Example tri-2-amino-4, Synthesis of 5-dimethoxy acetophenone (Compound Ic), [0039] Embodiment

[0041] In 250ml three-neck flask, 36ml of water was added and 7g (0. 125mol) of reduced iron powder was heated and refluxed for LH, was slowly added 5. 6g (0. 025mol) LB compound, stirred for 3h, filtered off with suction, the filtrate is cooled, to give a yellow powder 7g compound Ic (C10H13NO3), mp 106-108 ° C, in 96% yield.1H-NMR (CDCl3Zppm): S 2. 56 (s, 3H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 6.10 (s, lH), 7.11 (s, lH).

Synthesis of four 6, 7-dimethoxy-4-quinolinone (Compound Id), [0042] Example

[0045] A 33. 7g (0 • 173mol) Compound lc, 150ml methanol and 95. 5g (0 • 69mol) of anhydrous potassium carbonate were added to a 500ml three-necked flask, LH stirred at room temperature, was added dropwise 75. 8g (0. 861mol) ethyl, the reaction incubated 2h. Suction filtration and dried, to give 35. 2g of a white powder compound Id (C11H11NO3), mp 124-125 ° C, yield 81.5%. 1H-NMR (DMSO-Cl6Zppm): 8 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 5.94 (d, 1H), 7.01 (s, 1H), 7.43 (s, lH), 7.76 (d, lH ).

[0046] Example 4- five-chloro-6, 7-dimethoxy-quinoline (compound Ie) Synthesis of

[0047] CN 102532116 B specification 5/6

[0049] The IOOml toluene, 10. 6g (0 • 52mol) Compound Id and 15g (0 • 103mol) phosphorus trichloride force the opening into a 250ml three-necked flask and heated at reflux for 2h, cooled suction filtration and dried to give 9 . 3g white powder compound Ie (C11H10ClNO2), mp 138-14 (TC, yield 87. 6% .1H-NMR (DMS〇-d6 / ppm): 8 3. 95 (s, 3H), 3.96 ( s, 3H), 7.35 (s, lH), 7.43 (s, lH), 7.54 (d, lH), 8.59 (d, lH).

Six 4 [0050] Example – [(4-amino-phenol) oxy] -6, 7-dimethoxy-quinoline (compound If) Synthesis of

[0053] In 250ml three-neck flask, was added 60ml of N, N- dimethylformamide, 8. 9g (0 • 05mol) 4- amino-3-chlorophenol hydrochloride, 14.5g (0.105mol) of potassium carbonate and (0.037 mol) compound le 8.3g, was heated refluxed for 2h. Cooled to room temperature, IOOml ethanol, stirred, filtered off with suction, and dried to give compound 8. 5g If (C17H15ClN2O3), a yield of 69. gQ / jH-NMlUDMSO-dyppm): S 3.92 (s, 3H), 3.93 ( s, 3H), 5.41 (s, 2H), 6.41 (d, 1H), 6.89 (d, 1H), 6.98 (dd, 1H), 7.19 (d, 1H), 7.36 (s, 1H), 7.48 (s , 1H), 8.43 (d, 1H).

-N’- (5- methyl-3-isobutyl – [0054] Example seven N- {[(6,7- dimethoxy-4-quinolyl) oxy] phenyl} -42- chloro oxazolyl) urea (compound Ig) synthesis of

[0056] The IOOml of N, N- dimethylformamide, 5. Og (0.051mol) of 3-amino-5-methylisoxazole, 7. 98g (0 • 051mol) and phenyl chloroformate 17g (0 • 051mol) If a compound was added to 250ml three-necked flask, the reaction was heated at reflux for 5h, cooled to room temperature, ethanol was added IOOml, stirring, filtration, and dried to give 20. Og compound Ig (C22H19ClN4O5), yield 86 . 1%. 1H-NMR (DMS0-d6 / ppm): S 2.37 (s, 3H), 3.92 (s, 3H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 6.50 (s, lH), 6.54 (d, lH), 7.26 (dd , lH), 7.39 (s, lH), 7.48 (s, lH), 7.51 (d, lH), 8.23 (d, lH), 8.49 (d, lH), 8.77 (s, lH), 10.16 (s, lH).

Claims (3)

translated from Chinese

1. An antitumor drugs Si tivozanib to synthesis, the method as follows: The lOOmL of N, N- dimethylformamide, 5 Og of 3-amino-5-methylisoxazole, 7 . 98g phenyl chloroformate and 17g 4- [(4- amino-3-chlorophenol) oxy] -6, 7-dimethoxy-quinoline was added to 250mL three-necked flask, the reaction was heated at reflux for 5h, cooled to rt, lOOmL ethanol was added, stirred, filtered off with suction, and dried to give 20. Og tivozanib, yield 86.1%, the reaction is:

Wherein the 4- [(4-amino-3-chlorophenol) oxy] -6, 7-dimethoxy-quinoline is obtained by the following synthesis method: in 250mL three-neck flask, was added 60mL of N, N- dimethylformamide, 8. 9g 4- amino-3-chloro-phenol hydrochloride, 14. 5g of potassium carbonate and 8. 3g 4- chloro-6, 7-dimethoxy quinoline, was heated at reflux for 2h cooled to room temperature, 100mL of absolute ethanol was added, stirred, filtered off with suction, and dried to obtain 8. 5g 4 – [(4_-amino-3-chlorophenol) oxy] -6, 7-dimethoxy quinoline, close was 69.9%, the reaction is:

Said 4-chloro-6, 7-dimethoxy-quinoline is obtained by the following synthesis method: A mixture of 100mL of toluene, 10 6g 6, 7- dimethoxy-4-quinolone and 15g trichloride phosphorus is added to 250mL three-necked flask and heated at reflux for 2h, cooled suction filtration, and dried to give an off-white powder 9. 3g 4- chloro-6, 7-dimethoxy quinoline, a yield of 87.6%, the reaction formula:

6, 7-dimethoxy-4-quinolone was synthesized by the following method: 33. 7g 2- amino-4, 5-dimethoxy acetophenone, 150 mL of methanol, and 95. 5g anhydrous potassium carbonate was added to the 500mL three-necked flask, stirred at room temperature LH, 75. 8g of ethyl dropwise, the reaction incubated 2h, filtered off with suction, and dried to give 35. 2g of white powder 6, 7-dimethoxy-4 – quinolinone, a yield of 81.5%, the reaction is:

The 2-amino-4,5-dimethoxy acetophenone is synthesized by the following method: In the 250mL three-neck flask, was added 36mL of water and 7g reduced iron powder was heated and refluxed for LH, was slowly added 5. 6g 3, 4-dimethoxy-6-nitroacetophenone, stirred for 3h, filtered off with suction, the filtrate was cooled to give a yellow powder 7g of 2-amino-4,5-dimethoxy acetophenone, yield 96 %, the reaction is:

2. The synthesis method according to claim 1, wherein: said 3,4-dimethoxy-6-nitroacetophenone is 3, 4-dimethoxy acetophenone nitration obtained by a reaction of reaction formula:

3. The method of synthesis according to claim 2, wherein: said 3,4-dimethoxy acetophenone in the catalyst, to give the phthalimido ether is reacted with acetyl chloride by Friedel The reaction is:

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ivozanib
Names

IUPAC name 1-{2-Chloro-4-[(6,7-dimethoxyquinolin-4-yl)oxy]phenyl}-3-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)urea
Other names AV-951
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
ChEMBL	ChEMBL1289494
ChemSpider	8087481
IUPHAR/BPS	6058
KEGG	D09683
PubChem CID	9911830
UNII	172030934T
InChI [show]
SMILES [show]
Properties
Chemical formula	C₂₂H₁₉ClN₄O₅
Molar mass	454.87 g·mol⁻¹
Pharmacology
ATC code	L01XE34 (WHO)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

////////Tivozanib, ema 2017, ASP-4130, AV-951, KRN-951, Kil-8951, Fotivda, Tivopath, orphan drug, ティボザニブ塩酸塩水和物,

CC1=CC(=NO1)NC(=O)NC2=C(C=C(C=C2)OC3=C4C=C(C(=CC4=NC=C3)OC)OC)Cl

Acalabrutinib, ACP-196, Акалабрутиниб , أكالابروتينيب , 阿可替尼 ,

February 2, 2018 10:04 am / 2 Comments on Acalabrutinib, ACP-196, Акалабрутиниб , أكالابروتينيب , 阿可替尼 ,

ChemSpider 2D Image | acalabrutinib | C26H23N7O2

Acalabrutinib

Molecular FormulaC₂₆H₂₃N₇O₂
Average mass465.507 Da

Acalabrutinib, rINN, ACP-196,

FDA 2017 APPROVED, Lymphoma, mantle cell, ACERTA PHARMA

Orphan Drug, breakthrough therapy designation,

CAS 1420477-60-6 [RN]

(S)-4-[8-Amino-3-[1-(but-2-ynoyl)pyrrolidin-2-yl]imidazo[1,5-a]pyrazin-1-yl]-N-(pyridin-2-yl)benzamide

(S)-4-(8-amino-3-n-but-2-vnoylpyrrolidin-2-vnimidazo[1 ,5-alpyrazin-1-yl)-N-(pyridin-2-yl)benzamide

4-{8-Amino-3-[(2S)-1-(2-butynoyl)-2-pyrrolidinyl]imidazo[1,5-a]pyrazin-1-yl}-N-(2-pyridinyl)benzamide

Benzamide, 4-[8-amino-3-[(2S)-1-(1-oxo-2-butyn-1-yl)-2-pyrrolidinyl]imidazo[1,5-a]pyrazin-1-yl]-N-2-pyridinyl-

Calquence [Trade name]

UNII:I42748ELQW

Акалабрутиниб [Russian] [INN]

أكالابروتينيب [Arabic] [INN]

阿可替尼 [Chinese] [INN]

4-[8-amino-3-[(2S)-1-(1-oxo-2-butyn-1-yl)-2-pyrrolidinyl]imidazo[1,5-a]pyrazin-1-yl]-N-2-pyridinyl-benzamide

4-[8-amino-3-[(2S)-1-but-2-ynoylpyrrolidin-2-yl]imidazo[1,5-a]pyrazin-1-yl]-N-pyridin-2-ylbenzamide

I42748ELQW

Acalabrutinib, also known as ACP-196, is an orally available inhibitor of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, ACP-196 inhibits the activity of BTK and prevents the activation of the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling pathway. This prevents both B-cell activation and BTK-mediated activation of downstream survival pathways. This leads to an inhibition of the growth of malignant B cells that overexpress BTK. BTK, a member of the src-related BTK/Tec family of cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases, is overexpressed in B-cell malignancies; it plays an important role in B lymphocyte development, activation, signaling, proliferation and survival.

Acalabrutinib (rINN,^[1] ACP-196) is a novel experimental anti-cancer drug and a 2nd generation Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor^[2]^[3] developed by Acerta Pharma.^[4] It is more potent and selective (fewer side-effects) than ibrutinib, the first-in-class BTK inhibitor.^[2]^[3]^[5]

The compound was granted orphan drug designation for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia and mantle cell lymphoma in the U.S. and the E.U. in 2015 and 2016, respectively. In 2017, the product was granted breakthrough therapy designation in the U.S. for the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma who have received at least one prior therapy.

Acalabrutinib is an orally available inhibitor of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, acalabrutinib inhibits the activity of BTK and prevents the activation of the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling pathway. This prevents both B-cell activation and BTK-mediated activation of downstream survival pathways. This leads to an inhibition of the growth of malignant B cells that overexpress BTK. BTK, a member of the src-related BTK/Tec family of cytoplasmic tyrosinekinases, is overexpressed in B-cell malignancies; it plays an important role in B lymphocyte development, activation, signaling, proliferation and survival.

Acalabrutinib is a Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) inhibitor developed at Acerta Pharma launched in 2017 in the U.S. for the oral treatment of adults with mantle cell lymphoma who have received at least one prior therapy.

Image result for Acalabrutinib

To date, acalabrutinib has been used in trials studying the treatment of B-All, Myelofibrosis, Ovarian Cancer, Multiple Myeloma, and Hodgkin Lymphoma, among others. As of October 31, 2017 the FDA approved Astra Zeneca’s orally administered Calquence (acalabrutinib) medication as a Bruton Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) inhibitor indicated for the treatment of adult patients with Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL) who have already received at least one prior therapy, marking the company’s first entry into the treatment of blood cancers. Also known as ACP-196, acalabrutinib is also considered a second generation BTK inhibitor because it was rationally designed to be more potent and selective than ibrutinib, theoretically expected to demonstrate fewer adverse effects owing to minimized bystander effects on targets other than BTK. Nevertheless, acalabrutinib was approved under the FDA’s accelerated approval pathway, which is based upon overall response rate and faciliates earlier approval of medicines that treat serious conditions or/and that fill an unmet medical need based on a surrogate endpoint. Continued approval for acalabrutinib’s currently accepted indication may subsequently be contingent upon ongoing verification and description of clinical benefit in confimatory trials. Furthermore, the FDA granted this medication Priority Review and Breakthrough Therapy designations. It also received Orphan Drug designation, which provides incentives to assist and encourage the development of drugs for rare diseases. At this time, more than 35 clinical trials across 40 countries with more than 2500 patients are underway or have been completed with regards to further research into better understanding and expanding the therapeutic uses of acalabrutinib [L1009].

Clinical and Regulatory Status

Pre-clinical

Relative to ibrutinib, acalabrutinib demonstrated higher selectivity and inhibition of the targeted activity of BTK, while having a much greater IC₅₀ or otherwise virtually no inhibition on the kinase activities of ITK, EGFR, ERBB2, ERBB4, JAK3, BLK, FGR, FYN, HCK, LCK, LYN, SRC, and YES1.^[3] In addition, in platelets treated with ibrutinib, thrombus formation was clearly inhibited while no impact to thrombus formation was identified relative to controls for those treated with acalabrutinib.^[3] These findings strongly suggest an improved safety profile of acalabrutinib with minimized adverse effects relative to ibrutinib.^[3]

As was conducted in the development of ibrutinib, pre-clinical studies of acalabrutinib included in vitro and in vivo pharmacodynamic evaluation in a canine lymphoma model.^[6] A dose-dependent relationship resulting in cyto-toxicity and anti-proliferative effects was first demonstrated in a canine lymphoma cell line in vitro.^[6] In vivo, the compound was found to be generally safe and well tolerated in the dosage range of 2.5–20 mg/kg every 12 or 24 hours, with clinical benefit observed in 30% of canine patients while observed adverse events consisted primarily of gastrointestinal effects such as anorexia, weight loss, vomiting, diarrhea and lethargy.^[6]

Image result for Acalabrutinib

Clinical

The interim results of the still on-going first human phase 1/2 clinical trial (NCT02029443) with 61 patients for the treatment of relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) are encouraging, with a 95% overall response rate demonstrating potential to become a best-in-class treatment for CLL.^[2]^[7] Notably, a 100% response rate was achieved for those patients which were positive for the 17p13.1 gene deletion – a subgroup of patients that typically results in a poor response to therapy and expected outcomes.^[3]

The most common adverse events were headache, diarrhea and weight gain.^[3] Despite the appearance of a greater occurrence of transient headaches, the pre-clinical data suggests a preferred advantage of acalabrutinib over ibrutinib due to expected reduced adverse events of skin rash, severe diarrhea, and bleeding risk.^[3] An additional clinical trial is currently in progress to directly compare the safety and efficacy performance of acalabrutinib to ibrutinib to better elucidate the differences in the therapeutic agents.^[3]

While the primary indication is for CLL, as of late 2016, acalabrutinib is under evaluation for multiple indications in 20+ clinical trials (alone and in combination with other interventions) for various blood cancers, solid tumors, and rheumatoid arthritis.^[7]^[8] Approximately 1,000 patients have been treated with acalabrutinib in clinical trials so far, including more than 600 on acalabrutinib alone and almost 400 on additional therapies in combination with acalabrutinib.^[9]

Regulatory

As of February 2016, acalabrutinib had received orphan designation in the United States for CLL only,^[10] and was similarly designated as an orphan medicinal product by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) Committee for Orphan Medicinal Products (COMP) for treatment of three indications – chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)/ small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), and lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (Waldenström’s macroglobulinaemia, MG).^[11] If the drug is ultimately approved, this designation will result in a 10-year period of market exclusivity for the stated indications within Europe.^[12]

Commercial Aspects

Acerta Pharma, the innovator responsible for the discovery and development of acalabrutinib, is a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company recently founded in 2012 in Oss, the Netherlands.^[13] A combined $13 Million in Series A funding was secured March 14, 2013 from various investor sources including the venture capital firms of BioGeneration Ventures and OrbiMed Advisors, the Dutch State and Province of Brabant through the Brabant Development Agency, and the private US equity firm Frazier Healthcare.^[14] Further undisclosed amounts of Series B funding was secured May 2015 from the mutual fund company T. Rowe Price.^[15]

After the promising results for the treatment of CLL in initial clinical trials,^[2] Astra Zeneca purchased a 55% stake in Acerta Pharma for $4 billion in December 2015, with an option to acquire the remaining 45% stake for an additional $3 billion, conditional on the first approval in both the US and Europe and the establishment of commercial opportunity.^[16]

Intellectual Property

Several patents have been filed by Acerta Pharma through the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) for the use of acalabrutinib (and structurally similar derivatives) either alone or in combination with additional therapeutic agents for the treatment of various hematological and solid tumor cancers as well as inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.^[17]^[18]^[19]^[19]^[20]^[21]^[22]^[23]^[24]^[25]^[26]^[27]

Notably, patents filed through WIPO still need to be filed appropriately for each individual nation on the path to commercialization. For example, one related United States patent application is US2014155385, which was filed July 11, 2012 and approved June 5th, 2014 for the use of 6-5 membered fused pyridine ring compounds (including acalabrutnib and its structurally similar derivatives) in the treatment of BTK mediated disorders.^[28]

SYNTHESIS

Inventors	Tjeerd A. Barf, Christiaan Gerardus Johannes Maria Jans, de Adrianus Petrus Antonius MAN, Arthur A. Oubrie, Hans C.A. Raaijmakers, Johannes Bernardus Maria Rewinkel, Jan-Gerard Sterrenburg, Jacobus C.H.M. Wijkmans
Applicant	Msd Oss B.V.

WO 2013010868

Synthesis of acalabrutinib, using 3-chloropyrazine-2-carbonitrile as the starting material, is described. The method comprises reduction of the starting material, condensation with N-Cbz-L-proline, intramolecular cyclization, bromination, Suzuki coupling with (4-(2-pyridylcarbamoyl)phenyl)boronic acid and condensation with 2-butynoic acid. WO 2013010868

Reduction of 3-chloropyrazine-2-carbonitrile with H2 over Raney-Ni in AcOH, followed by treatment with aqueous HCl in Et2O gives (3-chloro-2-pyrazinyl)methylamine hydrochloride , which upon condensation with N-Cbz-L-proline in the presence of HATU and Et3N in CH2Cl2 affords amide .

Intramolecular cyclization of intermediate by means of DMI and POCl3 in acetonitrile at 63 °C provides N-Cbz-8-chloro-3-[2(S)-pyrrolidinyl]imidazo[1,5-a]pyrazine , which is brominated with NBS in DMF to yield N-Cbz-1-bromo-8-chloro-3-[2(S)-pyrrolidinyl]imidazo[1,5-a]pyrazine .

Reaction of chloro compound with NH3 in i-PrOH at 110 °C produces N-Cbz-1-bromo-3-[2(S)-pyrrolidinyl]imidazo[1,5-a]pyrazin-8-amine , which upon Suzuki coupling with (4-(2-pyridylcarbamoyl)phenyl)boronic acid in the presence of PdCl2(dppf) and K2CO3 in dioxane at 140 °C under microwave irradiation furnishes diaryl derivative .

Removal of the benzyloxycarbonyl moiety in intermediate using HBr in AcOH generates pyrrolidine derivative , which is condensed with 2-butynoic acid in the presence of HATU and Et3N in CH2Cl2 to afford the target acalabrutinib

PATENT

WO 2013010868

https://www.google.com/patents/WO2013010868A1?cl=en

scheme I

scheme II

Intermediate 1

(S)-Benzyl 2-(8-amino-1-bromoimidazo[1 ,5-alpyrazin-3-vnpyrrolidine-1-carboxylate

(a) (3-Chloropyrazin-2-yl)methanamine. hydrochloride

To a solution of 3-chloropyrazine-2-carbonitrile (160 g, 1 .147 mol) in acetic acid (1.5 L) was added Raney Nickel (50% slurry in water, 70 g, 409 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred under 4 bar hydrogen at room temperature overnight. Raney Nickel was removed by filtration over decalite and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and co-evaporated with toluene. The remaining brown solid was dissolved in ethyl acetate at 50°C and cooled on an ice-bath. 2M hydrogen chloride solution in diethyl ether (1 .14 L) was added in 30 min. The mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature over weekend. The crystals were collected by filtration, washed with diethyl ether and dried under reduced pressure at 40°C. The product brown solid obtained was dissolved in methanol at 60°C. The mixture was filtered and partially concentrated, cooled to room temperature and diethyl ether (1000 ml) was added. The mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature overnight. The solids formed were collected by filtration, washed with diethyl ether and dried under reduced pressure at 40°C to give 153.5 g of (3-chloropyrazin-2- yl)methanamine. hydrochloride as a brown solid (74.4 %, content 77 %).

(b) (S)-benzyl 2-((3-chloropyrazin-2-yl)methylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate

To a solution of (3-chloropyrazin-2-yl)methanamine.HCI (9.57 g, 21.26 mmol, 40% wt) and Z-Pro-OH (5.3 g, 21 .26 mmol) in dichloromethane (250 mL) was added triethylamine (1 1.85 mL, 85 mmol) and the reaction mixture was cooled to 0°C. After 15 min stirring at 0°C, HATU (8.49 g, 22.33 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred for 1 hour at 0°C and then overnight at room temperature. The mixture was washed with 0.1 M HCI-solution, 5% NaHC0₃, water and brine, dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The product was purified using silica gel chromatography (heptane/ethyl acetate = 1/4 v/v%) to give 5 g of (S)-benzyl 2-((3-chloropyrazin-2-yl)methylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (62.7%).

(S)-Benzyl 2-((3-chloropyrazin-2-yl)methylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (20.94 mmol, 7.85 g) was dissolved in acetonitrile (75 ml), 1 ,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (62.8 mmol, 6.9 ml, 7.17 g) was added and the reaction mixture was cooled to 0°C before POCI₃ (84 mmol, 7.81 ml, 12.84 g) was added drop wise while the temperature remained around 5°C. The reaction mixture was refluxed at 60-65°C overnight. The reaction mixture was poured carefully in ammonium hydroxide 25% in water (250 ml)/crushed ice (500 ml) to give a yellow suspension (pH -8-9) which was stirred for 15 min until no ice was present in the suspension. Ethyl acetate was added, layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (3x). The organic layers were combined and washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and evaporated to give 7.5 g crude product. The crude product was purified using silica gel chromatography (heptane/ethyl acetate = 1/4 v/v%) to give 6.6 g of (S)-benzyl 2-(8- chloroimidazo[1 ,5-a]pyrazin-3-yl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (88%).

(d) (S)-Benzyl 2-(1-bromo-8-chloroimidazo[1 ,5-alpyrazin-3-yl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate

N-Bromosuccinimide (24.69 mmol, 4.4 g) was added to a stirred solution of (S)-benzyl 2-(8- chloroimidazo[1 ,5-a]pyrazin-3-yl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (24.94 mmol, 8.9 g) in DMF (145 mL). The reaction was stirred 3 h at rt. The mixture was poored (slowly) in a stirred mixture of water (145 mL), ethyl acetate (145 mL) and brine (145 mL). The mixture was then transferred into a separating funnel and extracted. The water layer was extracted with 2×145 mL ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed with 3×300 mL water, 300 mL brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and evaporated. The product was purified using silica gel chromatography (ethyl acetate/heptane = 3/1 v/v%) to give 8.95 g of (S)-benzyl 2-(1-bromo-8-chloroimidazo[1 ,5-a]pyrazin-3-yl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (82.3%).

(e) (S)-Benzyl 2-(8-amino-1-bromoimidazo[1 ,5-alpyrazin-3-yl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate

(S)-Benzyl 2-(8-amino-1-bromoimidazo[1 ,5-a]pyrazin-3-yl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (20.54 mmol, 8.95 g) was suspended in 2-propanol (1 13 ml) in a pressure vessel. 2-propanol (50 ml) was cooled to -78°C in a pre-weighed flask (with stopper and stirring bar) and ammonia gas (646 mmol, 1 1 g) was lead through for 15 minutes. The resulting solution was added to the suspension in the pressure vessel. The vessel was closed and stirred at room temperature and a slight increase in pressure was observed. Then the suspension was heated to 1 10 °C which resulted in an increased pressure to 4.5 bar. The clear solution was stirred at 1 10 °C, 4.5 bar overnight. After 18h the pressure remained 4 bar. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuum, the residue was suspended in ethyl acetate and subsequent washed with water. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed with water, saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated to give 7.35 g of (S)-benzyl 2-(8-amino-1-bromoimidazo[1 ,5-a]pyrazin-3-yl)pyrrolidine-1- carboxylate (86%).

Intermediate 2

(S)-4-(8-Amino-3-(pyrrolidin-2-v0im^

(a) (S)-Benzyl 2-(8-amino-1-(4-(pyridin-2-ylcarbamov0

carboxylate

(S)-benzyl 2-(8-amino-1-bromoimidazo[1 ,5-a]pyrazin-3-yl)pyrrolidine-1 -carboxylate (0.237 mmol, 98.5 mg) and 4-(pyridin-2-yl-aminocarbonyl)benzeneboronic acid (0.260 mmol, 63.0 mg) were suspended in a mixture of 2N aqueous potassium carbonate solution (2.37 mmol, 1 .18 mL) and dioxane (2.96 mL). Nitrogen was bubbled through the mixture, followed by the addition of 1 , 1 ‘- bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene palladium (ii) chloride (0.059 mmol, 47.8 mg). The reaction mixture was heated for 20 minutes at 140°C in the microwave. Water was added to the reaction mixture, followed by an extraction with ethyl acetate (2x). The combined organic layer was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated. The product was purified using silicagel and dichloromethane/methanol = 9/1 v/v% as eluent to afford 97.1 mg of (S)-benzyl 2-(8-amino-1-(4-(pyridin- 2-ylcarbamoyl)phenyl)imidazo[1 ,5-a]pyrazin-3-yl)pyrrolidine-1 -carboxylate (77%).

(b) (S)-4-(8-Amino-3-(pyrrolidin-2-yl)imidazo[1 ,5-alpyrazin-1-yl)-N-(pyridin-2-yl)benzamide

To (S)-benzyl 2-(8-amino-1-(4-(pyridin-2-ylcarbamoyl)phenyl)imidazo[1 ,5-a]pyrazin-3-yl)pyrrolidine-1- carboxylate (0.146 mmol, 78 mg) was added a 33% hydrobromic acid/acetic acid solution (1 1.26 mmol, 2 ml) and the mixture was left at room temperature for 1 hour. The mixture was diluted with water and extracted with dichloromethane. The aqueous phase was neutralized using 2N sodium hydroxide solution, and then extracted with dichloromethane. the organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and evaporated to give 34 mg of (S)-4-(8-Amino-3-(pyrrolidin-2-yl)imidazo[1 ,5-a]pyrazin-1-yl)-N- (pyridin-2-yl)benzamide (58%).

Example 6

(S)-4-(8-amino-3-n-but-2-vnoylpyrrolidin-2-vnimidazo[1 ,5-alpyrazin-1-yl)-N-(pyridin-2-yl)benzamide

This compound was prepared, in an analogues manner as described in Example 2, from the compound described in intermediate 2b and 2-butynoic acid, to afford the title compound (10.5 mg, 18.0%). Data: LCMS (B) R_t : 2.08 min; m/z 466.1 (M+H)⁺.

PATENT

WO 2016024228

https://www.google.com/patents/WO2016024228A1?cl=en

PATENT

CN 107056786

Step SI:

[0029] The pressure in the reactor was added 3-chloro-2-carboxaldehyde l-yl P ratio of (II) (0.71g, 5mmol) and dioxane (20mL), under stirring ammonia gas (I. 7g, 0 . Imol), was added 4- (pyridin-2-yl – aminocarbonyl) phenylboronic acid (III) (2.42g, lOmmol), Ming dicarbonyl acetylacetonate (0.26g, lmmol), and water 4mL. The reactor was sealed, gradually warmed to 80~90 °, the reaction 16-18 hours, TLC detection, the reaction was complete. Concentrated under reduced pressure, the residue was dissolved in dichloromethane, washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate and water successively, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. Concentrated to give brown oil, ethyl acetate and petroleum ether (volume ratio 1: 2) column chromatography to give an off-white solid 4- [amino (3-chloro-2-pyrazinyl) methyl] -N- (2-pyridyl) benzamide (IV) 1.38g, yield 81 · 2%; ESI-MS (m / z): 340 (m + H).

[0030] Step S2:

[0031] added in the reactor [1- (1-oxo-2-butyn-1-yl)] – L- proline (1.09g, 6mmol) and thionyl chloride (IOmL), was added dropwise 4mL of triethylamine and heated to 30 to 40 degrees, after the reaction for 2-4 hours under reduced pressure to remove excess thionyl chloride, the residue that is [I- (1- oxo-2-butyn-1-yl )] – L- proline acid chloride (V). The resulting [I- (1- oxo-2-butynyl -1_ yl)] _ L_ proline acid chloride (V) dissolved in 20mL dichloromethane burning, to a solution of 4- [amino (3-chloro -2-P ratio piperazinyl) methyl] -N- (2- pyridinyl) benzamide (IV) (1.35g, 4mmol) and triethylamine (0.6g, 6mmol) in dichloromethane (30mL) solution of in. Dropwise, warmed to 30-50 °, the reaction was stirred for 6 ~ 8 hours, TLC detection, the reaction was complete. Cooled to room temperature, washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution, brine and water, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. Concentrated to give a beige solid of 4- [1- (1-acyl-2-yne-2-yl) carboxamido (3-chloro-2-pyrazinyl) methyl] -N- (2- pyridinyl) benzamide (VI) 1.8g, yield 89.6% C3ESI-MS (m / z): 503 (m + H).

[0032] Step S3:

[0033] in a reaction flask was added 4- [I- (1- but-2-yn-acyl-2-yl) carboxamido (3-chloro-2-pyrazinyl) methyl] -N- ( 2-P ratio piperidinyl) benzamide (VI) (1 · 0g, 2mmol), phosphorus oxychloride (1 · 53g, IOmmol) and acetonitrile (25 mL), warmed to 80 ~ 100 ° with stirring, maintaining the temperature reaction 6 ~ 8 h, TLC the reaction was complete. Cooled to room temperature, the reaction solution was poured into 50mL concentration of 8% aqueous ammonia was added ethyl acetate, and the organic phase was separated, the aqueous phase was extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phases were washed with brine and water, dried over anhydrous over sodium sulfate. Concentrated and the resulting residue with ethyl acetate and petroleum ether (volume ratio 2: 1) column chromatography to give an off-white solid 4- [8-Chloro -3- [(2S) -I- (1- oxo-2 – butyn-1-yl) -2-pyrrolidinyl] imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-1-yl] -N-2- pyridinyl benzamide (VII) 0.85g, yield 87.8 %; EI-MS m / z: 485 [m + H] + square

[0034] Step S4:

[0035] The pressure reactor was added to 4- [8-Chloro -3- [(2S) -I- (1- oxo-2-butyn-1-yl) -2-pyrrolidinyl] imidazo [ I, 5-a] pyrazin – Buji] -N-2- pyridinyl benzamide (VII) (0.48g, lmmol) and isopropanol (15 mL), cooled to 0 degrees, by controlling the dose into ammonia gas (0.51g, 30mmol), the reactor is closed, warmed up to room temperature for 1 hour, and then continuously increasing the reaction temperature to 110~120 °, maintained at the reaction temperature and pressure 20~24 h, TLC the reaction was complete. Cooled to room temperature, slowly vented, and concentrated under reduced pressure, the resulting residue was dissolved with ethyl acetate, water and saturated brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. Concentrated and the resulting residue with ethyl acetate and petroleum ether (volume ratio 2: 1) column chromatography to give an off-white solid Acre imatinib ⑴ 0.40g, yield 86 · 0%; 1Η bandit R (DMS0-d6) 1.63 (m, lH), 1.97 (s, 3H), 2.02 ~2.12 (m, lH), 2 · 28~2.35 (m, 2H); 3.36~3.85 (m, 2H), 5 · 47~5.49 (m , lH), 6 · 17~6.23 (m, 2H), 7.12~7.20 (m, 2H), 7 · 73~7.86 (m, 4H), 8 · 16~8.25 (m, 3H), 8 · 41 ( dd, lH), 10.86 (s, lH); EI-MS m / z: 466 [m + H] +.

[0036] 3-chloro starting material employed in the method above relates to the present invention yl pyrazin-2-carbaldehyde (II) and 4- (pyridin-2-yl – aminocarbonyl) phenylboronic acid (III), respectively, refer to methods for their preparation Document “Tetrahedron Letters, 47 (l), 31-34; 2006” international Patent W02013010868 and method for preparing the same compound. Raw [1- (1-oxo-2-butyn-1-yl)] – L- proline acid chloride (V), in one embodiment, the compound may be made [the I-(1-oxo-known -2-yn-1-yl)] – L- proline acylation.

PATENT

US 20170224688

PATENT

CN 107522701

Example I

[0030] (1) Preparation of ⑸-2- (8- amino-imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl) -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylic acid benzyl ester:

[0031] (S) -2- (8- chloro-imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl) -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylate (10g, 28mmol) was dissolved in N- methylpyrrolidone ( SOML), the mass concentration was added 28% aqueous ammonia (168mm〇l), the reaction mixture was placed in a sealed stainless steel autoclave at 85 ° C, stirring the reaction under a pressure of 2.5 atm 6h, after the completion of the reaction, was cooled to 40 ° C and delivery system pressure, slow addition of water (50 mL), cooled to 10 ° C, crystallization 3h, filtered, and recrystallized from isopropanol to give ⑸-2- (8- amino-imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin – 3- yl) -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylate, an off-white solid (8.5 g of), yield 90%, reaction formula of this step is as follows:

[0033] (2) Preparation of (S) -2- (8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-imidazo [I, 5_a] pyrazin-3-yl) -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylic acid benzyl ester:

[0034] (S) -2- (8- amino-imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl) -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylate (8g, 24mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (IOOmL) was added tert-butyl dicarbonate (5.7g, 26mmol), reaction mixture was stirred 3h at 25 ° C, after completion of the reaction, post-treatment and purification to give ⑸-2- (8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-imidazole and [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl) -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylate, an off-white solid (IoG), 96% yield, this step follows the reaction formula:

[0036] (3) Preparation of (S) -2- (8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-1-bromo-imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl) -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylic acid benzyl ester:

[0037] (S) -2- (8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl) -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylate (IOg, 23mmol) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran ( 80mL), was slowly added N- bromosuccinimide (4.5g, 25mmol), the reaction mixture was 25 ° C the reaction was stirred for 4h. The mixture was then slowly added water (80 mL), cooled to -10 ° C crystallization 3h, filtered, and recrystallized from isopropanol to give (S) -2- (8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-1-bromo-imidazo [ I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl) -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylate, an off-white solid (I I. Ig), a yield of 94.5%, the reaction formula of this step is as follows:

[0039] (4) Preparation of (S) -2- {8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-1- [4- (2-carbamoyl-pyridyl) phenyl] imidazo [1, 5-a] pyrazine 3-yl} 1-pyrrolidine-carboxylic acid benzyl ester:

[0040] (S) -2- (8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-1-bromo-imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl) -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylate (I Ig, 2lmmol ), 4- (2-pyridyl-carbamoyl) phenylboronic acid (5.7g, 23.4mmol), [1, Γ – bis (diphenylphosphino) ferrocene] dichloropalladium cesium (〇.78g, the I · lmmol), potassium carbonate (4.0g, 29mmol), N, N- dimethylformamide (120 mL) and water (50mL) added to the reaction flask, the reaction mixture was heated to 90 ° C the reaction was stirred for 20 h, the reaction solution was reduced at room temperature, was concentrated by rotary evaporation to dryness, extracted with ethyl acetate, washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, and concentrated by rotary evaporation to dryness, a mixed solvent of ethyl acetate and n-hexane and recrystallized to give (S) -2- {8- tert butoxycarbonyl group -I- [4- (2-P of pyridine-ylcarbamoyl) phenyl] imidazole and sat Jie [I, 5_a] pyrazin-3-yl} -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylate, class as a white solid (10.3 g of), a yield of 76.5%, the reaction formula of this step is as follows:

[0042] (5) Preparation of (S) -2- {8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-1- [4- (2-carbamoyl-pyridyl) phenyl] imidazo [1, 5-a] pyrazine 3-yl} pyrrolidine:

[0043] (S) -2- {8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-1- [4- (2-carbamoyl-pyridyl) phenyl] imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl } -1- [1-carboxylic acid than the burning section slightly ester (10g, 15.8mmol) was dissolved in methanol (80mL), was added cesium charcoal (0.5g), under a hydrogen pressure into 35 ° C the reaction 8h. Concentrated suction through Celite to remove the catalyst and the filtrate was rotary evaporated to dryness to afford ⑸-2- {8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-1- [4- (2-carbamoyl-pyridyl) phenyl] imidazo [ I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl} pyrrolidine as a white solid powder (7.6 g of), 96% yield, this step follows the reaction formula:

[0045] (6) Preparation of (S) -2- {8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-1- [4- (2-carbamoyl-pyridyl) phenyl] imidazo [1, 5-a] pyrazine 3-yl} -1- (2-butynoyl) pyrrolidine:

[0046] (S) -2- {8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-1- [4- (2-carbamoyl-pyridyl) phenyl] imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl } ratio slightly burning Jie (7g, 14mmol) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (75 mL), with stirring, was added 2-butyne chloride (I. 7g, 16.6mmol), was added dropwise N, N- diisopropylethylamine (2.7 g, 21 mmol), the reaction mixture was 50 ° C the reaction was stirred for 8h, the reaction solution was concentrated by rotary evaporation to dryness, dilute hydrochloric acid was added was adjusted to neutral, extracted with ethyl acetate was added, dried over magnesium sulfate, and concentrated by rotary evaporation to dryness, recrystallized from methanol to give ⑸ -2_ {8-tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino -1- [4- (2-P of pyridine-ylcarbamoyl) phenyl] imidazole and sat Jie [I, 5_a] [! than 3-yl} -1 – (2_ butynoyl) pyrrolidine-white solid (7g), in 88% yield, this step follows the reaction formula:

[0048] ⑺ prepared Acalabrutinib:

[0049] (S) -2- {8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-1- [4- (2-carbamoyl-pyridyl) phenyl] imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl } -1- (2-butynoyl) pyrrolidine (7g, 12.4mmol) and dissolved in methanol (70 mL), trifluoroacetic acid (1.55g, 13.6mmol), 65 ° C until the reaction was complete the reaction was stirred for 6h, the reaction was added dropwise to a stirred solution of water (150 mL), cooled to 0 ° C crystallization 3h, filtered to give the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia BTK inhibitors Acalabrut inib, as a white solid (5.3 g of), 92% yield, this step is the following reaction formula:

[0051] Example 2:

[0052] (1) Preparation of ⑸-2- (8- amino-imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl) -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylic acid benzyl ester:

[0053] (S) -2- (8- chloro-imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl) -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylate (15g, 42mmol) was dissolved in N- methylpyrrolidone ( 75 mL), aqueous ammonia (273_〇1) was added mass percent concentration of 28%, the reaction mixture was placed in a sealed stainless steel autoclave at 70 ° C, stirring the reaction under a pressure of 3 atm 8h, after the completion of the reaction, was cooled to 40 ° C and releasing the pressure in the system, slow addition of water (50 mL), cooled to 10 ° C, crystallization 3h, filtered, and recrystallized from isopropanol to give ⑸-2- (8- amino-imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazine 3-yl) pyrrolidine-carboxylic acid benzyl ester, off-white solid (12.9 g of), yield 91% ,, this step reaction scheme in Example 1.

[0054] (2) Preparation of (S) -2- (8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-imidazo [I, 5_a] pyrazin-3-yl) -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylic acid benzyl ester:

[0055] (S) -2- (8- amino-imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl) -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylate (12g, 35.6mmol) was dissolved in chloroform (80mL), was added tert-butyl dicarbonate (7.8g, 35.6mmol), the reaction mixture was stirred for lh the reaction at 35 ° C, after completion of the reaction, post-treatment and purification to give ⑸-2- (8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-imidazole and [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl) -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylate, an off-white solid (14.8 g of), in 95% yield, this step is the same reaction scheme as in Example 1.

[0056] (3) Preparation of (S) -2- (8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-1-bromo-imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl) -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylic acid benzyl ester:

[0057] (S) -2- (8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl) -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylate (Hg, 32mmol) was dissolved in 1, 1,2-dichloroethane (90mL), was slowly added bromine (6g, 37.8mmol), the reaction mixture was 20 ° C the reaction was stirred for 6h. After the reaction, water was slowly added (I5mL), cooled to -5 ° C crystallization 4h, filtered and recrystallized from isopropanol to give ⑸-2- (8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-1-bromo-imidazo [1, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl) -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylate, an off-white solid (15.8 g), yield 95.5%, the reaction of the present step is the same formula as in Example 1.

[0058] (4) Preparation of (S) -2- {8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-1- [4- (2-carbamoyl-pyridyl) phenyl] imidazo [1, 5-a] pyrazine 3-yl} 1-pyrrolidine-carboxylic acid benzyl ester:

[0059] (S) -2- (8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-1-bromo-imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl) -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylate (15g, 29mmol) , 4- (2-pyridyl-carbamoyl) phenylboronic acid (34 · 7mmol 8 · 4g,), tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) palladium (0 · 84g, 0.73mmol), sodium carbonate (6.9g, 65mmol), tetrahydrofuran (IOOmL) and water (40 mL) was added a reaction flask, the reaction mixture was heated to 80 ° C the reaction was stirred for 24h, the reaction was cooled to room temperature, and concentrated by rotary evaporation to dryness, extracted with ethyl acetate, washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, concentrated by rotary evaporation to dryness, a mixed solvent of ethyl acetate and n-hexane and recrystallized to give ⑸-2- {8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-1- [4- (2-carbamoyl-pyridyl) phenyl] imidazole and [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl} -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylate, an off-white solid (14.4g), 78% yield, this step is the same reaction scheme as in Example 1.

[0060] (5) Preparation of (S) -2- {8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-1- [4- (2-carbamoyl-pyridyl) phenyl] imidazo [1, 5-a] pyrazine 3-yl} pyrrolidine:

[0061] (S) -2- {8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-1- [4- (2-carbamoyl-pyridyl) phenyl] imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-yl _3- it is slightly burned} -1-carboxylic acid ester section (14g, 22mmol) dissolved in isopropanol (85mL), was added Raney nickel (0.5g), under a hydrogen pressure into the reaction 60 ° C 12h. Concentrated suction through Celite to remove the catalyst and the filtrate was rotary evaporated to dryness to afford ⑸-2- {8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-1- [4- (2-carbamoyl-pyridyl) phenyl] imidazo [ I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl} pyrrolidine as a white solid powder (10.4 g of), 94% yield, this step is the same reaction scheme as in Example 1.

[0062] (6) Preparation of (S) -2- {8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-1- [4- (2-carbamoyl-pyridyl) phenyl] imidazo [1, 5-a] pyrazine 3-yl} -1- (2-butynoyl) pyrrolidine:

[0063] (S) -2- {8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-1- [4- (2-carbamoyl-pyridyl) phenyl] imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl } pyrrolidine (10g, 20mmo 1) was dissolved in N, N- dimethylformamide (SOML), with stirring, was added 2-butyne chloride (3. lg, 30mmol), dropwise addition of triethylamine (2.2g, 22mmol ), the reaction mixture was 60 ° C the reaction was stirred for 4h, the reaction solution was concentrated by rotary evaporation to dryness, dilute hydrochloric acid was added was adjusted to neutral, extracted with ethyl acetate was added, dried over magnesium sulfate, and concentrated by rotary evaporation to dryness, and recrystallized from methanol to give ⑸- 2- {8-tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-1- [4- (2-carbamoyl-pyridyl) phenyl] imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl} -l- (2- butynoyl) pyrrolidine-white solid (10.2 g of), a yield of 90.2%, the same reaction scheme of the present embodiment step 1〇

[0064] ⑺ prepared Acalabrutinib:

[0065] (S) -2- {8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-1- [4- (2-carbamoyl-pyridyl) phenyl] imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl } -1- (2-butynoyl) pyrrolidine (IOg, 17.7mmol) was dissolved in ethanol, and (IOOmL), trifluoroacetic acid (2.6g, 23mmol), 50 ° C with stirring until the reaction was complete IOh reaction, the reaction solution was added dropwise to a stirred solution of water (70 mL), cooled to 0 ° C crystallization 3h, filtered to give the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia BTK inhibitors AcaIabrut inib, as a white solid (7.5 g of), yield 91%, reaction of this step formula same as in Example 1.

[0066] Example 3:

[0067] (1) Preparation of ⑸-2- (8- amino-imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl) -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylic acid benzyl ester:

[0068] (S) -2- (8- chloro-imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl) -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylate (4.5g, 12.6mmol) was dissolved in N- methyl pyrrolidinone (70 mL), was added mass percent concentration of 28% aqueous ammonia (69.4 mmol), the reaction mixture was placed in the autoclave 90 ° C, the reaction was stirred under atmospheric pressure of 4h, after the completion of the reaction, it was cooled to 35 ° C a sealed stainless steel reactor and releasing the pressure in the system, slow addition of water (50 mL), cooled to 10 ° C, crystallization 3h, filtered, and recrystallized from isopropanol to give ⑸-2- (8- amino-imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazine 3-yl) pyrrolidine-carboxylic acid benzyl ester, off-white solid (3.9 g of), 92% yield, this step is the same reaction scheme as in Example 1.

[0069] (2) Preparation of (S) -2- (8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl) -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylic acid benzyl ester:

[0070] (S) -2- (8- amino-imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl) -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylic acid benzyl ester (3 · 5g, 10 · 4mmol) was dissolved in 1, 4- dioxane (50 mL), was added tert-butyl dicarbonate (2.7g, 12.4mmol), the reaction mixture was stirred at 10 ° C the reaction 6h, after the completion of the reaction, workup and purification, to give (S) 2- (8-tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl) -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylate, an off-white solid (4.3 g of), in 95% yield, according to the present step reaction scheme in Example 1.

[0071] (3) Preparation of (S) -2- (8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-1-bromo-imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl) -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylic acid benzyl ester:

[0072] (S) -2- (8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-imidazo [l, 5_a] pyrazin-3-yl) -1_ pyrrolidine-carboxylate (4g, 9.6mmol) was dissolved in toluene (50 mL ), was slowly added N- bromosuccinimide (I. 8g, 10. lmmol), the reaction mixture was 35 ° C the reaction was stirred for 2h. The mixture was then slowly added water (25 mL), cooled to -10 ° C crystallization 3h, filtered, and recrystallized from isopropanol to give (S) -2- (8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-1-bromo-imidazo [ I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl) -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylate, an off-white solid (4.7 g), 94% yield, this step is the same reaction scheme as in Example 1.

[0073] (4) Preparation of (S) -2- {8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-1- [4- (2-carbamoyl-pyridyl) phenyl] imidazo [1, 5-a] pyrazine 3-yl} 1-pyrrolidine-carboxylic acid benzyl ester:

[0074] (S) -2- (8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-1-bromo-imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl) -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylate (4g, 7 · 7mmol), 4_ (2- piperidinyl than Jie carbamoyl) phenylboronic acid (2 · 4g, IOmmol), bis (triphenylphosphine) dichloride Leba (0.41g, 0.58mmol), potassium phosphate (I. 9g, 8.9mmol), methyl tert-butyl ether (IOOmL) and water (40 mL) was added a reaction flask, the reaction mixture was heated to 100 ° C the reaction was stirred for 12h, the reaction was cooled to room temperature, and concentrated by rotary evaporation to dryness, was added acetic acid extracted with ethyl, brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, and concentrated by rotary evaporation to dryness, a mixed solvent of ethyl acetate and n-hexane and recrystallized to give ⑸-2- {8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-1- [4- (2 – pyridin-ylcarbamoyl) phenyl] imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl} -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylate, an off-white solid (3.9 g of), in 79% yield, this step the reaction scheme in Example 1.

[0075] (5) Preparation of (S) -2- {8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-1- [4- (2-carbamoyl-pyridyl) phenyl] imidazo [1, 5_a] pyrazin-3 -} pyrrolidine:

[0076] (S) -2- {8- tert-butoxycarbonyl group -I- [4- (2- carbamoyl-pyridyl) phenyl] imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl } -1 Jie section than slightly burning acid ester (3.5g, 5.5mmol) was dissolved in ethanol (50mL), was added cesium charcoal (0.2g), under a hydrogen pressure into 45 ° C the reaction 6h. Concentrated suction through Celite to remove the catalyst and the filtrate was rotary evaporated to dryness to afford ⑸-2- {8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-1- [4- (2-carbamoyl-pyridyl) phenyl] imidazo [ I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl} pyrrolidine as a white solid powder (2.6 g of), in 95% yield, this step is the same reaction scheme as in Example 1.

[0077] (6) Preparation of (S) -2- {8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-1- [4- (2-carbamoyl-pyridyl) phenyl] imidazo [1, 5-a] pyrazine 3-yl} -1- (2-butynoyl) pyrrolidine:

[0078] (S) -2- {8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-1- [4- (2-carbamoyl-pyridyl) phenyl] imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl } ratio slightly burning Jie (2.5g, 5mmol) was dissolved in toluene (50 mL), with stirring, was added 2-butyne chloride (0.62g, 6mmol), was added dropwise N, N- dimethylaniline (Ig, 8.5mmo 1), The reaction mixture was 40 ° C the reaction was stirred for 12h, the reaction solution was concentrated by rotary evaporation to dryness, dilute hydrochloric acid was added was adjusted to neutral, extracted with ethyl acetate was added, dried over magnesium sulfate, and concentrated by rotary evaporation to dryness, and recrystallized from methanol to give ⑸-2- {8-tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-1- [4- (2-carbamoyl-pyridyl) phenyl] imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl} -1- (2-butyn acyl) pyrrolidine-white solid (2.5g), 88% yield, this step is the same reaction scheme as in Example 1.

[0079] ⑺ prepared Acalabrutinib:

[0080] (S) -2- {8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-1- [4- (2-carbamoyl-pyridyl) phenyl] imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-yl _3_ } -1- (2-block group) ratio slightly burning Jie (2.5g, 4.4mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane and burned (IOmL), two gas was added acetic acid (0.76g, 6.6mmol), 80 ° C The reaction was stirred 4h until the reaction was complete, the reaction was added dropwise to a stirred solution of water (25 mL), cooled to 0 ° C crystallization 3h, filtered to give the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia BTK inhibitors AcaIabrut inib, as a white solid (1.8 g of), the yield of 89%, this step is the same reaction scheme as in Example 1.

PATENT

US 20170035881

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Jump up^ “Log in to CB Insights”. http://www.cbinsights.com. Retrieved 2016-11-12.
Jump up^ “This is The Most Valuable Startup You’ve Never Heard Of”. Fortune. 2015-12-17. Retrieved 2016-11-12.
Jump up^ Walker, Ian; Roland, Denise (2015-12-17). “AstraZeneca to Buy Stake in Acerta Pharma”. Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2016-11-19.
Jump up^ HAMDY, Ahmed; Rothbaum, Wayne; IZUMI, Raquel; Lannutti, Brian; Covey, Todd; ULRICH, Roger; Johnson, Dave; Barf, Tjeerd; Kaptein, Allard (Nov 26, 2015), Btk inhibitor for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic and small lymphocytic leukemia, retrieved 2016-11-19
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^ Jump up to:^a ^b IZUMI, Raquel; SALVA, Francisco; HAMDY, Ahmed (Feb 4, 2016), Methods of blocking the cxcr-4/sdf-1 signaling pathway with inhibitors of bruton’s tyrosine kinase, retrieved 2016-11-19
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Jump up^ Lannutti, Brian; Covey, Todd; Kaptein, Allard; Johnson, David; STAMATIS, Jay; Krejsa, Cecile M.; Slatter, John Gregory (Feb 11, 2016), Methods of treating cancers, immune and autoimmune diseases, and inflammatory diseases based on btk occupancy and btk resynthesis rate, retrieved 2016-11-19
Jump up^ HAMDY, Ahmed; Rothbaum, Wayne; IZUMI, Raquel; Lannutti, Brian; Covey, Todd; ULRICH, Roger; Johnson, Dave; Barf, Tjeerd; Kaptein, Allard (Feb 18, 2016), Btk inhibitors to treat solid tumors through modulation of the tumor microenvironment, retrieved 2016-11-19
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Jump up^ HAMDY, Ahmed; Rothbaum, Wayne; IZUMI, Raquel; Lannutti, Brian; Covey, Todd; ULRICH, Roger; Johnson, Dave; Barf, Tjeerd; Kaptein, Allard (Feb 18, 2016), Therapeutic combinations of a btk inhibitor, a pi3k inhibitor, a jak-2 inhibitor and/or a cdk 4/6 inhibitor, retrieved 2016-11-19
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Jump up^ HAMDY, Ahmed; Rothbaum, Wayne; IZUMI, Raquel; Lannutti, Brian; Covey, Todd; ULRICH, Roger; Johnson, Dave; Barf, Tjeerd; Kaptein, Allard (Aug 18, 2016), Therapeutic combinations of a btk inhibitor, a pi3k inhibitor, a jak-2 inhibitor, a pd-1 inhibitor, and/or a pd-l1 inhibitor, retrieved 2016-11-19
Jump up^ Barf, Tjeerd A.; Jans, Christian Gerardus Johannes Maria; Man, Petrus Antonius De Adrianus; Oubrie, Arthur A.; Raaijmakers, Hans C. A.; Rewinkel, Johannes Bernardus Maria; Sterrenburg, Jan-Gerard; Wijkmans, Jacobus C. H. M. (5 June 2014), United States Patent Application: 0140155385 – 4-IMIDAZOPYRIDAZIN-1-YL-BENZAMIDES AND 4-IMIDAZOTRIAZIN-1-YL-BENZAMIDES AS BTK INHIBITORS, retrieved 2016-11-19

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Acalabrutinib is a potent and selective BTK (Bruton’s tyrosine kinase) inhibitor. BTK is a cytoplasmic, non-receptor tyrosine kinase that transmits signals from a variety of cell-surface molecules, including the B-cell receptor (BCR) and tissue homing receptors. Genetic BTK deletion causes B-cell immunodeficiency in humans and mice, making this kinase an attractive therapeutic target for B-cell disorders. BTK inhibitors targeting B cell receptor signaling and other survival mechanism showed great promise for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)s holds great promise.

As of 2015 it is in late stage clinical trials for relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Interim results are encouraging : 95% overall response rate. It is also in another 20 clinical trials (alone and in combination) for various cancers.

REFERENCES

1: Maly J, Blachly JS. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Exploiting Vulnerabilities with Targeted Agents. Curr Hematol Malig Rep. 2016 Feb 11. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 26893063.

2: Byrd JC, Harrington B, O’Brien S, Jones JA, Schuh A, Devereux S, Chaves J, Wierda WG, Awan FT, Brown JR, Hillmen P, Stephens DM, Ghia P, Barrientos JC, Pagel JM, Woyach J, Johnson D, Huang J, Wang X, Kaptein A, Lannutti BJ, Covey T, Fardis M, McGreivy J, Hamdy A, Rothbaum W, Izumi R, Diacovo TG, Johnson AJ, Furman RR. Acalabrutinib (ACP-196) in Relapsed Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2016 Jan 28;374(4):323-32. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1509981. Epub 2015 Dec 7. PubMed PMID: 26641137.

Patent ID	Patent Title	Submitted Date	Granted Date
US2017231995	BTK Inhibitors to Treat Solid Tumors Through Modulation of the Tumor Microenvironment	2015-08-11
US2017095471	Methods of Treating Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Small Lymphocytic Leukemia Using a BTK Inhibitor	2015-01-21

Patent ID	Patent Title	Submitted Date	Granted Date
US2017231986	Therapeutic Combinations of a BTK Inhibitor, a PI3K Inhibitor, a JAK-2 Inhibitor, and/or a BCL-2 Inhibitor	2015-08-11
US2017035756	METHODS OF BLOCKING THE CXCR-4/SDF-1 SIGNALING PATHWAY WITH INHIBITORS OF BRUTON’S TYROSINE KINASE	2015-04-10
US2017266191	Therapeutic Combination of PI3K Inhibitor and a BTK Inhibitor	2014-12-05
US2016159810	4-IMIDAZOPYRIDAZIN-1-YL-BENZAMIDES AND 4-IMIDAZOTRIAZIN-1-YL-BENZAMIDES AS BTK INHIBITORS	2016-02-09	2016-06-09
US2017143712	Methods of Treating Cancers, Immune and Autoimmune Diseases, and Inflammatory Diseases Based on BTK Occupancy and BTK Resynthesis Rate	2017-02-07

Patent ID	Patent Title	Submitted Date	Granted Date
US2017035881	Therapeutic Combinations of an IRAK4 Inhibitor and a BTK Inhibitor	2016-10-19
US2017071962	Therapeutic Combinations of a Proteasome Inhibitor and a BTK Inhibitor	2016-09-12
US9717745	PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS AND THEIR USE FOR TREATMENT OF CANCER AND AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES	2016-06-15
US9758524	4-IMIDAZOPYRIDAZIN-1-YL-BENZAMIDES AND 4-IMIDAZOTRIAZIN-1-YL-BENZAMIDES AS BTK INHIBITORS	2016-02-09	2016-06-02
US2017224819	Therapeutic Combinations of a BTK Inhibitor, a PI3K Inhibitor, a JAK-2 Inhibitor, and/or a CDK 4/6 Inhibitor	2015-08-11

Patent ID	Patent Title	Submitted Date	Granted Date
US2017029428	Solid Forms and Formulations of Imidazopyrazine Compound	2016-07-01
US2017239351	Therapeutic Combinations of a BTK Inhibitor, a PI3K Inhibitor, a JAK-2 Inhibitor, a PD-1 Inhibitor, and/or a PD-L1 Inhibitor	2015-08-11
US2017136014	Therapeutic Combinations of a BTK Inhibitor, a PI3K Inhibitor and/or a JAK-2 Inhibitor	2015-06-17
US9290504	4-IMIDAZOPYRIDAZIN-1-YL-BENZAMIDES AND 4-IMIDAZOTRIAZIN-1-YL-BENZAMIDES AS BTK INHIBITORS	2012-07-11	2014-06-05
US2017224688	Methods of Using BTK Inhibitors to Treat Dermatoses	2017-02-03

Acalabrutinib
Identifiers

IUPAC name [show]
CAS Number	1420477-60-6
PubChem CID	71226662
ChemSpider	36764951
UNII	I42748ELQW
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C₂₆H₂₃N₇O₂
Molar mass	465.507 g/mol
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image

FDA Orange Book Patents

FDA Orange Book Patents: 1 of 3 (FDA Orange Book Patent ID)
Patent	9290504
Expiration	Jul 11, 2032
Applicant	ASTRAZENECA
Drug Application	N210259 (Prescription Drug: CALQUENCE. Ingredients: ACALABRUTINIB)

from FDA Orange Book

FDA Orange Book Patents: 2 of 3 (FDA Orange Book Patent ID)
Patent	9758524
Expiration	Jul 11, 2032
Applicant	ASTRAZENECA
Drug Application	N210259 (Prescription Drug: CALQUENCE. Ingredients: ACALABRUTINIB)

from FDA Orange Book

FDA Orange Book Patents: 3 of 3 (FDA Orange Book Patent ID)
Patent	9796721
Expiration	Jul 1, 2036
Applicant	ASTRAZENECA
Drug Application	N210259 (Prescription Drug: CALQUENCE. Ingredients: ACALABRUTINIB)

////////////Acalabrutinib, rINN, ACP-196, fda 2017, Акалабрутиниб , أكالابروتينيب , 阿可替尼 , Orphan Drug, breakthrough therapy designation, Lymphoma, mantle cell, ACERTA PHARMA

CC#CC(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1c2nc(c3n2ccnc3N)c4ccc(cc4)C(=O)Nc5ccccn5

CC#CC(=O)N1CCCC1C2=NC(=C3N2C=CN=C3N)C4=CC=C(C=C4)C(=O)NC5=CC=CC=N5

FDA approves new treatment for certain digestive tract cancers Lutathera (lutetium Lu 177 dotatate)

January 27, 2018 6:42 am / Leave a comment

Image result for lutetium Lu 177 dotatate

lutetium Lu 177 dotatate

FDA approves new treatment for certain digestive tract cancers

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration today approved Lutathera (lutetium Lu 177 dotatate) for the treatment of a type of cancer that affects the pancreas or gastrointestinal tract called gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs). This is the first time a radioactive drug, or radiopharmaceutical, has been approved for the treatment of GEP-NETs. Lutathera is indicated for adult patients with somatostatin receptor-positive GEP-NETs. Continue reading.\

https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm594043.htm?utm_campaign=01262018_PR_FDA%20approves%20new%20treatment%20for%20digestive%20cancers&utm_medium=email&utm_source=Eloqua

January 26, 2018

Release

“GEP-NETs are a rare group of cancers with limited treatment options after initial therapy fails to keep the cancer from growing,” said Richard Pazdur, M.D., director of the FDA’s Oncology Center of Excellence and acting director of the Office of Hematology and Oncology Products in the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. “This approval provides another treatment choice for patients with these rare cancers. It also demonstrates how the FDA may consider data from therapies that are used in an expanded access program to support approval for a new treatment.”

GEP-NETs can be present in the pancreas and in different parts of the gastrointestinal tract such as the stomach, intestines, colon and rectum. It is estimated that approximately one out of 27,000 people are diagnosed with GEP-NETs per year.

Lutathera is a radioactive drug that works by binding to a part of a cell called a somatostatin receptor, which may be present on certain tumors. After binding to the receptor, the drug enters the cell allowing radiation to cause damage to the tumor cells.

The approval of Lutathera was supported by two studies. The first was a randomized clinical trial in 229 patients with a certain type of advanced somatostatin receptor-positive GEP-NET. Patients in the trial either received Lutathera in combination with the drug octreotide or octreotide alone. The study measured the length of time the tumors did not grow after treatment (progression-free survival). Progression-free survival was longer for patients taking Lutathera with octreotide compared to patients who received octreotide alone. This means the risk of tumor growth or patient death was lower for patients who received Lutathera with octreotide compared to that of patients who received only octreotide.

The second study was based on data from 1,214 patients with somatostatin receptor-positive tumors, including GEP-NETS, who received Lutathera at a single site in the Netherlands. Complete or partial tumor shrinkage was reported in 16 percent of a subset of 360 patients with GEP-NETs who were evaluated for response by the FDA. Patients initially enrolled in the study received Lutathera as part of an expanded access program. Expanded access is a way for patients with serious or immediately life-threatening diseases or conditions who lack therapeutic alternatives to gain access to investigational drugs for treatment use.

Common side effects of Lutathera include low levels of white blood cells (lymphopenia), high levels of enzymes in certain organs (increased GGT, AST and/or ALT), vomiting, nausea, high levels of blood sugar (hyperglycemia) and low levels of potassium in the blood (hypokalemia).

Serious side effects of Lutathera include low levels of blood cells (myelosuppression), development of certain blood or bone marrow cancers (secondary myelodysplastic syndrome and leukemia), kidney damage (renal toxicity), liver damage (hepatotoxicity), abnormal levels of hormones in the body (neuroendocrine hormonal crises) and infertility. Lutathera can cause harm to a developing fetus; women should be advised of the potential risk to the fetus and to use effective contraception. Patients taking Lutathera are exposed to radiation. Exposure of other patients, medical personnel, and household members should be limited in accordance with radiation safety practices.

Lutathera was granted Priority Review, under which the FDA’s goal is to take action on an application within six months where the agency determines that the drug, if approved, would significantly improve the safety or effectiveness of treating, diagnosing or preventing a serious condition. Lutathera also received Orphan Drugdesignation, which provides incentives to assist and encourage the development of drugs for rare diseases.

The FDA granted the approval of Lutathera to Advanced Accelerator Applications.

MORE FROM PUBLIC DOMAIN……………..

WATCH THIS SPACE FOR SYNTHESIS COMING

Dotatate lutenium Lu-177.png

Dotatate lutenium Lu-177; 437608-50-9; DTXSID20195927

2-[4-[2-[[(2R)-1-[[(4R,7S,10S,13R,16S,19R)-10-(4-aminobutyl)-4-[[(1S,2R)-1-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl]carbamoyl]-7-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-16-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-13-(1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)-6,9,12,15,18-pentaoxo-1,2-dithia-5,8,11,14,17-pentazacycloicos-19-yl]amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]-7,10-bis(carboxylatomethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetrazacyclododec-1-yl]acetate;lutetium(3+)

Image result for lutetium Lu 177 dotatate

Lutetium-177

Lutetium-177 has been quite a late addition as an isotope of significance to the nuclear medicine yet it is making big strides especially as a therapeutic radiopharmaceutical for neuroendocrine tumours in the form of ¹⁷⁷Lu-DOTA-TATE on regular basis as described by Das & Pillai (2013).

Lutetium-177 a lanthanide is an f block element that has a half-life of 6.7 days and decays mainly by beta emission to Hf-177, is accompanied by two gamma ray emissions. These radionuclide properties are very similar to those of I-131 which has long served as a therapeutic radionuclide, it was therefore not surprising that Lu-177 also emerged as a highly valuable radionuclide for similar applications,

There are several other upcoming applications especially for bone pain palliatiion. As a result of its convenient production logistics Lu-177 as discussed by Pillai et al (2003) is fast emerging a radionuclide of choice in radionuclide therapy (RNT).

Lu-177 can be prepared in a nuclear reactor by one of the two reactions given below :

¹⁷⁶Lu(n,gamma)¹⁷⁷Lu or

¹⁷⁶Yb(n,gamma)¹⁷⁷Yb –beta–> ¹⁷⁷Lu

The former reaction has a high thermal neutron capture cross section and is presently the method adopted at our reactors in spite of the formation of long lived Lu-177m whose yield is very much low and is considered insignificant to cause any great concern.

Lutetium-177 Impact

Recently there has been a rush of several research reviews and articles where Lu-177 holds the centre stage, for example, Banerjee et al (2015) have reviewed the chemistry and applications of Lu-177; Dash et al (2015) reviewed its production and available options; Knapp & Pillai (2015) highlighted its usefulness in cancer treatment and chronic diseases and Pillai and Knapp (2015) have discussed the evolving role of Lu-177 in nuclear medicine with this ready availability of Lu-177. Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy is one of the upcoming field of investigation where Lu-177 holds much promise among few other radionuclides. Indeed Lutetium-177 has covered a good distance especially for Therapeutic and as a palliative radiopharmaceutical.

Chemistry

Das et al (2014) have described the preparation of Lu-177 EDTMP kit.

Parus et al (2015) have discussed chemistry of bifunctional chelating agents for binding Lu-177.

Gupta et al (2014) have compiled methods of labelleing antibdoies with radioiodine and radiometals.

Applications

Limouris (2012) has reviewed applications in neuroendocrine tumors with focus on Liver metastasis. Das and Banerjee (2015) described the potential theranostic applications with Lu-177.

Anderson et al (1960) were among the first to use Lutetium (as chloride and citrate) in a clinical trial which were not so successful and did not encourage much promise. Keeling et al (1988) published their results with in vitro uptake of Lutetium hydroxylapatite particles. Lu-EDTMP as bone palliating agent by Ando et al (1998) soon followed, However the greatest impact was seen with the advent of a somatostatin analogue Lu-DOTATATE for targetting neuroendocrine tumors reported by Kwekkeboom et al (2001) and reviewed recently by Bodei et al (2013).

PRRNT – IAEA (2013) has brought out a human health series booklet on the subject with emphasis on neuroendocrine tumors.

¹⁷⁷Lu Labelled Peptides in NET Kam et al (2012).

¹⁷⁷Lu- DOTATATE – PRRNT – Bakker et al (2006)

¹⁷⁷Lu-EDTMP – Bone Pain Palliation – Bahrami-Samani et al (2012)

¹⁷⁷Lu-EDTMP – Pharmacokinetics, dosimetry and Therapeutic efficacy – Chakraborty S et al (2015)

¹⁷⁷Lu-Hydroxylapatite – Radiosynovectomy – Kamalleshwaran et al. (2014) Shinto et al. (2015)

117Lu- Radioimmunotherapy – Kameshwaran et al (2015)

177Lu – Pretargeted Radioimmunotherapy (PRIT) Frost et al (2015).

More specific applications and additional information about the highly valuable therapeutic isotope would soon be added.

References and Notes

Anderson J, Farmer FT, Haggith JW, Hill M. (1960). The treatment of myelomatosis with Lutetium. Br J Radiol. 33:374-378.

Ando A, Ando L, Tonami N, Kinuya S, Kazuma K, Kataiwa A, Nakagawa M, Fujita N. (1998). 177Lu-EDTMP: a potential therapeutic bone agent. Nucl Med Commun. 19: 587-591.

Bahrami-Samani A, Anvari A, Jalilian AR, Shirvani-Arani S, Yousefnia H, Aghamiri MR, Ghannadi-Maragheh M. (2012). Production, Quality Control and Pharmacokinetic Studies of 177Lu-EDTMP for Human Bone Pain Palliation Therapy Trials. Iran J Pharm Res. 11:137-44.

Bakker WH, Breeman WAP, Kwekkeboom DJ, De Jong LC, Krenning EP. ((2006) Practical aspects of peptide receptor radionuclide therapy with [177Lu][DOTA0, Tyr3]octreotate. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 50: 265-271.

Banerjee S, Pillai MR, Knapp FF (2015). Lutetium-177 Therapeutic Radiopharmaceuticals: Linking Chemistry, Radiochemistry, and Practical Applications. Chem Rev. 115: 2934-2974.

Bodei L, Mueller-Brand J, Baum RP, Pavel ME, Hörsch D, O’Dorisio MS, O’Dorisio TM, Howe JR, Cremonesi M, Kwekkeboom DJ, Zaknun JJ. (2013).The joint IAEA, EANM, and SNMMI practical guidance on peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRNT) in neuroendocrine tumours. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2013 40:800-16.

Chakraborty S, Balogh L, Das T, Polyák A, Andócs G, Máthé D, Király R, Thuróczy J, Chaudhari PR, Jánoki GA, Jánoki G, Banerjee S, Pillai MR (2015). Evaluation of 177Lu-EDTMP in dogs with spontaneous tumor involving bone: Pharmacokinetics, dosimetry and therapeutic efficacy. Curr Radiopharm (ahead of Pub)

Das T, Banerjee S. (2015). Theranostic Applications of Lutetium-177 in Radionuclide Therapy. Curr Radiopharm. (ahead of print).

Das T , Sarma HD, Shinto A, Kamaleshwaran KK, Banerjee S. (2014). Formulation, Preclinical Evaluation, and Preliminary Clinical Investigation of an In-House Freeze-Dried EDTMP Kit Suitable for the Preparation of Lu-177-EDTMP. Cancer Biotherap Radiopharm. 29: (ahead of publication).

Das T, Pillai M.R.A. (2013).Options to meet the future global demand of radionuclides for radionuclide therapy. Nucl Med Biol. 40: 23-32.

Dash A, Pillai MR, Knapp FF Jr. (2015). Production of 177Lu for targeted radionuclide therapy : Available options. Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 49: 85-107.

Frost SH, Frayo SL, Miller BW, Orozco JJ, Booth GC, Hylarides MD, Lin Y, Green DJ, Gopal AK, Pagel JM, Bäck TA, Fisher DR, Press OW. (2015) Comparative efficacy of 177Lu and 90Y for anti-CD20 pretargeted radioimmunotherapy in murine lymphoma xenograft models. PLoS One. 2015 Mar 18;10(3):e0120561.

Gupta S, Batra S, Jain M (2014) Antibody labeling with radioiodine and radiometals. Methods Mol Biol. 2014;1141:147-57.

IAEA (2013). Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRNT) for neuroendocrine tumors. IAEA Human Health Series No. 20., IAEA, Vienna.

Kam BLR, Teunissen JJM, Krenning EP, de Herder WW, Khan S, van Vliet EI, Kwekkeboom DJ. (2012). Lutetium-labelled peptides for therapy of neuroendocrine tumours. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 39 (Suppl 1):S103–S112.

Kamaleshwaran KK, Rajamani V, Thirumalaisamy SG, Chakraborty S, Kalarikal R, Mohanan V, Shinto AS.(2014).

Radiosynovectomy of the elbow joint synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis treated with Lutetium – 177 labeled hydroxylapatite (Lu-177HA) particulates; first case report and image of Lu -177 HA in the elbow joint. Indian J Nucl Med. 29:270-2.

Kameshwaran M, Pandey U, Dhakan C, Pathak K, Gota V, Vimalnath KV, Dash A, Samuel G. (2015) .Synthesis and Preclinical Evaluation of (177)Lu-CHX-A”-DTPA-Rituximab as a Radioimmunotherapeutic Agent for Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 2015 Aug;30(6):240-6

Kwekkeboom DJ, Bakker WH, Kooij PP, Konijnenberg MW, Srinivasan A, Erion JL, Schmidt MA, Bugaj JL, de Jong M, Krenning EP.. (2001). [177Lu-DOTAOTyr3]octreotate: comparison with [111In-DTPAo]octreotide in patients.Eur J Nucl Med. 28: 1319-1325.

(Russ) Knapp FF, Pillai MR.(2015). Lutetium-177 Labeled Therapeutics: Emerging Importance for Cancer Treatment and Therapy of Chronic Disease. Curr Radiopharm. (ahead of Pub)

Parus JL, Pawlak D, Mikolajczak R, Duatti A. (2015) Chemistry and bifunctional chelating agents for binding 177Lu Curr Radiopharm (Ahead of Pub)

Limouris G. (2012) Neuroendocrine tumors: a focus on liver metastatic lesions. Front Oncol. 2:20 (Ahead of Pub) PMC article

Pillai MR, (Russ) Knapp FF. (2015). Evolving Important Role of Lutetium-177 for Therapeutic Nuclear Medicine Curr Radiopharm (ahead of print).

Pillai MR, Chakraborty S, Das T, Venkatesh M, Ramamoorthy N. (2003). Production logistics of 177Lu for radionuclide therapy. Appl Radiat Isot. 59: 109-118.

Shinto AS, Kamaleshwaran KK, Vyshakh K, Thirumalaisamy SG, Karthik S, Nagaprabhu VN, Vimalnath KV, Das T, Chakraborty S, Banerjee S. (2015) Radiosynovectomy of Painful Synovitis of Knee Joints Due to Rheumatoid Arthritis by Intra‑Articular Administration of 177Lu‑Labeled Hydroxyapatite Particulates: First Human Study and Initial Indian Experience. World J Nucl Med. 14: (ahead of print).

Videos

Lutetium – Periodic Table of Videos

Lutetium — a new ally in the fight against cancer

Lutetium-177 octreotate (LuTate) Radionuclide therapy ( 3 videos)

DOTA-TATE
Names

Other names DOTA-(Tyr³)-octreotate
Identifiers
CAS Number	177943-89-4
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
ChemSpider	9345959
PubChem CID	11170867
InChI [show]
SMILES [show]
Properties
Chemical formula	C₆₅H₉₀N₁₄O₁₉S₂
Molar mass	1,435.63 g·mol⁻¹
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

DOTA-TATE, DOTATATE or DOTA-octreotate is a substance which, when bound to various radionuclides, has been tested for the treatment and diagnosis of certain types of cancer, mainly neuroendocrine tumours.

Chemistry and mechanism of action

DOTA-TATE is an amide of the acid DOTA (top left in the image), which acts as a chelator for a radionuclide, and (Tyr³)-octreotate, a derivative of octreotide. The latter binds to somatostatin receptors, which are found on the cell surfaces of a number of neuroendocrine tumours, and thus directs the radioactivity into the tumour.

Usage examples

Gallium (⁶⁸Ga) DOTA-TATE (GaTate^[1]) is used for tumour diagnosis in positron emission tomography (PET).^[2] DOTA-TATE PET/CT has a much higher sensitivitycompared to In-111 octreotide imaging.^[1]

Lutetium (¹⁷⁷Lu) DOTA-TATE^[3] has been tested for the treatment of tumors such as carcinoid and endocrine pancreatic tumor. It is also known as Lutathera.^[4]

Patients are typically treated with an intravenous infusion of 7.5 GBq of lutetium-177 octreotate. After about four to six hours, the exposure rate of the patient has fallen to less than 25 microsieverts per hour at one metre and the patients can be discharged from hospital.

A course of therapy consists of four infusions at three monthly intervals.^[5]

Availability

Lu177 octreotate therapy is currently available under research protocols in five different medical centers in North America: Los Angeles (CA), Quebec City, (Qc), Birmingham, AL, Edmonton, (Ab), London, (On) as Houston (Tx) on clinical trial.^[6] Medical centers in Europe also offer this treatment. For instance: Cerrahpasa Hospital in Turkey, Uppsala Centre of Excellence in Neuroendocrine Tumors in Sweden and Erasmus University in the Netherlands.^[7] In Israel, treatment is available at Hadassah Ein Kerem Medical Center. In Australia, treatment is available at St George Hospital and Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney;^[8] the Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital in Brisbane ^[9], the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre ^[1] and at the Department of Nuclear Medicine at Fremantle Hospital in Western Australia.^[10] In Aarhus universitet hospital in Denmark. In the coming years such therapy will also become commercially available in Latvia, Riga – “Clinic of nuclear medicine”.

References

^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c Hofman, M. S.; Kong, G.; Neels, O. C.; Eu, P.; Hong, E.; Hicks, R. J. (2012). “High management impact of Ga-68 DOTATATE (GaTate) PET/CT for imaging neuroendocrine and other somatostatin expressing tumours”. Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology. 56 (1): 40–47. doi:10.1111/j.1754-9485.2011.02327.x. PMID 22339744.
Jump up^ Breeman, W. A. P.; De Blois, E.; Sze Chan, H.; Konijnenberg, M.; Kwekkeboom, D. J.; Krenning, E. P. (2011). “68Ga-labeled DOTA-Peptides and 68Ga-labeled Radiopharmaceuticals for Positron Emission Tomography: Current Status of Research, Clinical Applications, and Future Perspectives”. Seminars in Nuclear Medicine. 41 (4): 314–321. doi:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2011.02.001. PMID 21624565.
Jump up^ Bodei, L.; Cremonesi, M.; Grana, C. M.; Fazio, N.; Iodice, S.; Baio, S. M.; Bartolomei, M.; Lombardo, D.; Ferrari, M. E.; Sansovini, M.; Chinol, M.; Paganelli, G. (2011). “Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy with 177Lu-DOTATATE: The IEO phase I-II study”. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 38(12): 2125–2135. doi:10.1007/s00259-011-1902-1. PMID 21892623.
Jump up^ Radiolabeled Peptide Offers PFS Benefit in Midgut NET
Jump up^ Claringbold, P. G.; Brayshaw, P. A.; Price, R. A.; Turner, J. H. (2010). “Phase II study of radiopeptide 177Lu-octreotate and capecitabine therapy of progressive disseminated neuroendocrine tumours”. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 38 (2): 302–311. doi:10.1007/s00259-010-1631-x. PMID 21052661.
Jump up^ Clinical trial number NCT01237457 for “177Lutetium-DOTA-Octreotate Therapy in Somatostatin Receptor-Expressing Neuroendocrine Neoplasms” at ClinicalTrials.gov
Jump up^ “PRRT Behandelcentrum Rotterdam”. PRRT Behandelcentrum Rotterdam. Erasmus Universiteit.
Jump up^ http://www.swslhd.nsw.gov.au/liverpool/pet/PET.html
Jump up^ https://agitg.org.au/control-nets-study-set-to-commence
Jump up^ Turner, J. H. (2012). “Outpatient therapeutic nuclear oncology”. Annals of Nuclear Medicine. 26 (4): 289–97. doi:10.1007/s12149-011-0566-z. PMID 22222779.

Freedman, N; Klein, M; Gross, D; Glasberg, S; Meirovitz, A; Maimon, O; Krausz, Y; Bar-Shalom, R (2014). “Lu177-DOTATATE therapy for NET: Does tumor dose predict response?”. J Nucl Med. 55 (Supplement 1).

//////////////Lutathera, lutetium Lu 177 dotatate, fda 2018, PRIORITY REVIEW, ORPHAN DRUG

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FDA approves first drug for Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis, a rare disease formerly known as the Churg-Strauss Syndrome

December 13, 2017 1:00 am / Leave a comment

FDA approves first drug for Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis, a rare disease formerly known as the Churg-Strauss Syndrome

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration today expanded the approved use of Nucala (mepolizumab) to treat adult patients with eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA), a rare autoimmune disease that causes vasculitis, an inflammation in the wall of blood vessels of the body. This new indication provides the first FDA-approved therapy specifically to treat EGPA. Continue reading.

December 12, 2017

Release

According to the National Institutes of Health, EGPA (formerly known as Churg-Strauss syndrome) is a condition characterized by asthma, high levels of eosinophils (a type of white blood cell that helps fight infection), and inflammation of small- to medium-sized blood vessels. The inflamed vessels can affect various organ systems including the lungs, gastrointestinal tract, skin, heart and nervous system. It is estimated that approximately 0.11 to 2.66 new cases per 1 million people are diagnosed each year, with an overall prevalence of 10.7 to 14 per 1,000,000 adults.

“Prior to today’s action, patients with this challenging, rare disease did not have an FDA-approved treatment option,” said Badrul Chowdhury, M.D., Ph.D., director of the Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Rheumatology Products in the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. “The expanded indication of Nucala meets a critical, unmet need for EGPA patients. It’s notable that patients taking Nucala in clinical trials reported a significant improvement in their symptoms.”

The FDA granted this application Priority Review and Orphan Drug designations. Orphan Drug designation provides incentives to assist and encourage the development of drugs for rare diseases.

Nucala was previously approved in 2015 to treat patients age 12 years and older with a specific subgroup of asthma (severe asthma with an eosinophilic phenotype) despite receiving their current asthma medicines. Nucala is an interleukin-5 antagonist monoclonal antibody (IgG1 kappa) produced by recombinant DNA technology in Chinese hamster ovary cells.

Nucala is administered once every four weeks by subcutaneous injection by a health care professional into the upper arm, thigh, or abdomen.

The safety and efficacy of Nucala was based on data from a 52-week treatment clinical trial that compared Nucala to placebo. Patients received 300 milligrams (mg) of Nucala or placebo administered subcutaneously once every four weeks while continuing their stable daily oral corticosteroids (OCS) therapy. Starting at week four, OCS was tapered during the treatment period. The primary efficacy assessment in the trial measured Nucala’s treatment impact on disease remission (i.e., becoming symptom free) while on an OCS dose less than or equal to 4 mg of prednisone. Patients receiving 300 mg of Nucala achieved a significantly greater accrued time in remission compared with placebo. A significantly higher proportion of patients receiving 300 mg of Nucala achieved remission at both week 36 and week 48 compared with placebo. In addition, significantly more patients who received 300 mg of Nucala achieved remission within the first 24 weeks and remained in remission for the remainder of the 52-week study treatment period compared with patients who received the placebo.

The most common adverse reactions associated with Nucala in clinical trials included headache, injection site reaction, back pain, and fatigue.

Nucala should not be administered to patients with a history of hypersensitivity to mepolizumab or one of its ingredients. It should not be used to treat acute bronchospasm or status asthmaticus. Hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylaxis, angioedema, bronchospasm, hypotension, urticaria, rash, have occurred. Patients should discontinue treatment in the event of a hypersensitivity reaction. Patients should not discontinue systemic or inhaled corticosteroids abruptly upon beginning treatment with Nucala. Instead, patients should decrease corticosteroids gradually, if appropriate.

Health care providers should treat patients with pre-existing helminth infections before treating with Nucala because it is unknown if Nucala would affect patients’ responses against parasitic infections. In addition, herpes zoster infections have occurred in patients receiving Nucala. Health care providers should consider vaccination if medically appropriate.

The FDA granted approval of Nucala to GlaxoSmithKline.

//////////////Nucala, mepolizumab, fda 2017, gsk, Eosinophilic Granulomatosis, Polyangiitis, Churg-Strauss Syndrome, Priority Review, Orphan Drug

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Kameshwaran M, Pandey U, Dhakan C, Pathak K, Gota V, Vimalnath KV, Dash A, Samuel G. (2015) .Synthesis and Preclinical Evaluation of (177)Lu-CHX-A”-DTPA-Rituximab as a Radioimmunotherapeutic Agent for Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 2015 Aug;30(6):240-6

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