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DRUG APPROVALS BY DR ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO
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Novartis investigational drug LDK378, a selective inhibitor of (ALK), shows a marked clinical response ….49th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) on June 3, 2013
LDK378
J. Med. Chem. 2013, DOI:10.1021/jm400402q).
- CAS Number:
- 1032900-25-6
- Mol. Formula:
- C28H36ClN5O3S
- MW:
- 558.13
Novartis investigational drug LDK378, a selective inhibitor of the cancer target anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), shows a marked clinical response in patients with ALK+ non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) during the 49th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) on June 3, 2013.
Doctors and patients are clamoring for more ways to fight lung cancer, the leading cause of cancer deaths in the U.S., of which NSCLC is the most common form. In March, LDK378 received Breakthrough Therapy designation from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The designation is intended to expedite the development and review of drugs that treat life-threatening conditions and show improvement over available therapies.
Currently, two Phase II clinical trials are actively recruiting patients worldwide. One study focuses on patients with ALK+ NSCLC who were previously treated with chemotherapy and crizotinib (NCT01685060). The second study examines LDK378 in patients who are crizotinib-naive (NCT01685138). In addition, Phase III clinical trials are planned to begin in the coming months, aiming to enroll more than 1,100 patients with ALK+ NSCLC at sites worldwide. Novartis plans to file for approval the drug in early 2014.
Chemical Name of LDK378
5-chloro-N2-(2-isopropoxy-5-methyl-4-(piperidin-4-yl)phenyl)-N4-(2-(isopropylsulfonyl)phenyl)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine
Chemical Synthesis of LDK378
Technical Data of LDK378
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6 + trace D2O) δ 8.32 (s,1H), 8.27 (d, 1H), 7.88 (d, 1H), 7.67 (dd, 1H), 7.45 (dd, 1H), 7.42 (s, 1H), 6.79 (s, 1H), 4.56 – 4.48(m, 1H), 3.49 – 3.32 (m, 3H), 3.10 - 2.91 (m, 3H), 2.09 (s, 3H), 1.89 – 1.77 (m, 4H), 1.22 (d, 6H), 1.13 (d, 6H); ESMS m/z 558.1 (M + H+).
The compound LDK378, a highly selective inhibitor of ALK, has been granted “Breakthrough Therapy Designation” by the FDA for the treatment of patients with ALK-positive metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who have already received treatment with crizotinib (Xalkori).
ClinicalTrials.gov. A Dose Finding Study With Oral LDK378 in Patients With Tumors Characterized by Genetic Abnormalities in Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) (Phase 1). http://www.http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01283516; Accessed June 7, 2013; currently recruiting participants.
ClinicalTrials.gov. LDK378 in crizotinib naïve adult patients with ALK-activated non-small cell lung cancer (Phase 2). http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01685138; Accessed June 7, 2013; currently recruiting participants.
ClinicalTrials.gov. LDK378 in adult patients with ALK-activated NSCLC previously treated with chemotherapy and crizotinib (phase 2) http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01685060; Accessed June 7,2013; currently recruiting participants.
Mehra R, Camidge DR, Sharma S, et al. First-in-human phase I study of the ALK inhibitor LDK378 in advanced solid tumors. J Clin Oncol 30, 2012 (suppl; abstr 3007).
Alice Tsang Shaw, et al., Clinical activity of the ALK inhibitor LDK378 in advanced, ALK-positive NSCLC; 2013 ASCO Annual Meeting; Abstract Number: 8010; Citation: J Clin Oncol 31, 2013 (suppl; abstr 8010)
Tom H. Marsilje, Wei Pei, Bei Chen, Wenshuo Lu, Tetsuo Uno, Yunho Jin, Tao Jiang, Sungjoon Kim, Nanxin Li, Markus Warmuth, Yelena Sarkisova, Fangxian Sun, Auzon Steffy, AnneMarie C. Pferdekamper, Sean B Joseph, Young Kim, Tove Tuntland, Xiaoming Cui, Nathanael S Gray, Ruo Steensma, Yongqin Wan, Jiqing Jiang, Jie Li, Greg Chopiuck, W. Perry Gordon, Allen G Li, Wendy Richmond, Johathan Chang, Todd Groessl, You-Qun He, Bo Liu, Andrew Phimister, Alex Aycinena, Badry Bursulaya, Christian Lee, Donald S Karanewsky, H Martin Seidel, Jennifer L Harris, and Pierre-Yves Michellys, Synthesis, Structure-Activity Relationships and In Vivo Efficacy of the Novel Potent and Selective Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) Inhibitor LDK378 Currently In Phase 1 and 2 Clinical Trials, Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 2013
Carlos Garcia-Echeverria, Takanori Kanazawa, Eiji Kawahara, Keiichi Masuya, Naoko Matsuura, Takahiro Miyake, Osamu Ohmori, Ichiro Umemura; 2, 4- di (phenylamino) pyrimidines useful in the treatment of neoplastic diseases, inflammatory and immune system disorders; WO2004080980 A1
Greg Chopiuk, Qiang Ding, Carlos Garcia-Echeverria, Nathanael Schiander Gray, Jiqing Jiang, Takanori Kanazawa, Donald Karanewsky, Eiji Kawahara, Keiichi Masuya, Naoko Matsuura, Takahiro Miyake, Osamu Ohmori, Ruo Steensma, Ichiro Umemura, Yongqin Wan, Qiong Zhang; 2, 4-pyrimidinediamines useful in the treatment of neoplastic diseases, inflammatory and immune system disorders; WO2005016894 A1
Zotarolimus, ABT 578
Zotarolimus
221877-54-9 CAS
A 179578; ABT 578; Resolute; 42-(1-Tetrazolyl)rapamycin; (42S)-42-Deoxy-42-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)rapamycin
| Molecular Formula: C52H79N5O12 |
| Molecular Weight: 966.21 |
A tetrazole-containing Rapamycin analog as immunomodulator and useful in the treatment of restenosis and immune and autoimmune diseases.
(3S,6R,7E,9R,10R,12R,14S,15E,17E,19E,21S,23S,26R,27R,34aS)-9,27-dihydroxy-10,21-dimethoxy-3-{(1R)-2-[(1S,3R,4S)-3-methoxy-4-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)cyclohexyl]-1-methylethyl)-6,8,12,14,20,26-hexamethyl-4,9,10,12,13,14,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,32,33,34,34a-heptadecahydro-3H-23,27-epoxypyrido[2,1-c][1,4]oxazacyclohentriacontine-1,5,11,28,29(6H,31H)-pentone, cas no 221877-54-9
zotarolimus in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,015,815 and 6,329,386 , and PCT Application No. WO 1999/015530
Zotarolimus (INN, codenamed ABT-578) is an immunosuppressant. It is a semi-synthetic derivative of rapamycin. It was designed for use in stents with phosphorylcholine as a carrier. Coronary stents reduce early complications and improve late clinical outcomes in patients needing interventional cardiology.[1] The first human coronary stent implantation was first performed in 1986 by Puel et al.[1][2] However, there are complications associated with stent use, development of thrombosis which impedes the efficiency of coronary stents, haemorrhagic and restenosis complications are problems associated with stents.[1]
These complications have prompted the development of drug-eluting stents. Stents are bound by a membrane consisting of polymers which not only slowly release zotarolimus and its derivatives into the surrounding tissues but also do not invoke an inflammatory response by the body.
Medtronic are using zotarolimus as the anti-proliferative agent in the polymer coating of their Endeavor and Resolute products.[3]
The inherent growth inhibitory properties of many anti-cancer agents make these drugs ideal candidates for the prevention of restenosis. However, these same properties are often associated with cytotoxicity at doses which block cell proliferation. Therefore, the unique cytostatic nature of the immunosuppressant rapamycin was the basis for the development of zotarolimus by Johnson and Johnson. Rapamycin was originally approved for the prevention of renal transplant rejection in 1999. More recently, Abbott Laboratories developed a compound from the same class, zotarolimus (formerly ABT-578), as the first cytostatic agent to be used solely for delivery from drug-eluting stents to prevent restenosis.[4]
Drug-eluting stents
Drug-eluting stents have revolutionized the field of interventional cardiology and have provided a significant innovation for preventing coronary artery restenosis. Polymer coatings that deliver anti-proliferative drugs to the vessel wall are key components of these revolutionary medical devices. The development of stents which elute the potent anti-proliferative agent, zotarolimus, from a synthetic phosphorylcholine-based polymer known for its biocompatible profile. Zotarolimus is the first drug developed specifically for local delivery from stents for the prevention of restenosis and has been tested extensively to support this indication. Clinical experience with the PC polymer is also extensive, since more than 120,000 patients have been implanted to date with stents containing this non-thrombogenic coating.[4]
Structure and properties
Zotarolimus is a analog made by substituting a tetrazole ring in place of the native hydroxyl group at position 42 in rapamycin that is isolated and purified as a natural product from fermentation. This site of modification was found to be the most tolerant position to introduce novel structural changes without impairing biologic activity. The compound is extremely lipophilic, with a very high octanol:water partition coefficient, and therefore has limited water solubility. These properties are highly advantageous for designing a drug-loaded stent containing zotarolimus in order to obtain a slow sustained release of drug from the stent directly into the wall of coronary vessels. The poor water solubility prevents rapid release into the circulation, since elution of drug from the stent will be partly dissolution rate-limited. The slow rate of release and subsequent diffusion of the molecule facilitates the maintenance of therapeutic drug levels eluting from the stent. In addition, its lipophilic character favors crossing cell membranes to inhibit neointimal proliferation of target tissue. The octanol:water partition coefficients of a number of compounds, recently obtained in a comparative study, indicate that zotarolimus is the most lipophilic of all DES drugs [4]
Stents are used to treat serious decreases in vessel or duct diameter due to a variety of diseases and conditions, especially atherosclerotic diseases, and are often used after angioplasty. While frequently used in arteries, stents are also used in other structures, including veins, bile ducts, esophagus, trachea, large bronchi, ureters, and urethras. Stents are the innovation of the English dentist Charles Stent (1845-1901).
While effective in treating deleterious lumen narrowing, vascular stents in an instance of medical irony, also risk re-creating the condition that they were used to treat. Stents can incur the development of thick endothelial tissue inside the lumen—the neointima. While the degree of development varies, the neointima can grow to occlude the vessel lumen, a type of restenosis.
Previous Syntheses of Zotarolimus
Mollison presented several methods to generate zotarolimus from sirolimus (Mollison, 2000). For example, C-40 hydroxyl of sirolimus is activated with the formation of triflate, and the triflate is then purified by column chromatography. During triflate purification, some of the activated intermediate reverts to sirolimus and its epimer, epi-sirolimus, due to presence of the water during chromatography. The purified triflate is then reacted in a second step with tetrazole to produce the 40-epi-tetrazole derivative of sirolimus, that is, zotarolimus. The crude product is then purified by column chromatography. However, even with this purification, the end product could contain sirolimus and epi-sirolimus impurities.
ISOMERS
ABT-578 [40-epi-(1-tetrazolyl)-rapamycin], known better today as zotarolimus, is a semi-synthetic macrolide triene antibiotic derived from rapamycin. Zotarolimus’ structure is shown in Formula D.
………………………
A representative procedure is shown in Scheme 1.
As shown in Scheme 1, conversion of the C-42 hydroxyl of rapamycin to a trifluoromethanesulfonate or fluorosulfonate leaving group provided A. Displacement of the leaving group with tetrazole in the presence of a hindered, non-nucleophilic base, such as 2,6-lutidine, or, preferably, diisopropylethyl amine provided epimers B and C, which were separated and purified by flash column chromatography.
Synthetic Methods
The foregoing may be better understood by reference to the following examples which illustrate the methods by which the compounds of the invention may be prepared and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
Example 1 42-Epi-(tetrazolyl)-rapamycin (less polar isomer) Example 1AA solution of rapamycin (100 mg, 0.11 mmol) in dichloromethane (0.6 mL) at −78° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere was treated sequentially with 2,6-lutidine (53 uL, 0.46 mmol, 4.3 eq.) and trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride (37 uL, 0.22 mmol), and stirred thereafter for 15 minutes, warmed to room temperature and eluted through a pad of silica gel (6 mL) with diethyl ether. Fractions containing the triflate were pooled and concentrated to provide the designated compound as an amber foam.
Example 1B 42-Epi-(tetrazolyl)-rapamycin (less polar isomer)A solution of Example 1A in isopropyl acetate (0.3 mL) was treated sequentially with diisopropylethylamine (87 L, 0.5 mmol) and 1H-tetrazole (35 mg, 0.5 mmol), and thereafter stirred for 18 hours. This mixture was partitioned between water (10 mL) and ether (10 mL). The organics were washed with brine (10 mL) and dried (Na2SO4). Concentration of the organics provided a sticky yellow solid which was purified by chromatography on silica gel (3.5 g, 70-230 mesh) eluting with hexane (10 mL), hexane:ether (4:1(10 mL), 3:1(10 mL), 2:1(10 mL), 1:1(10 mL)), ether (30 mL), hexane:acetone (1:1(30 mL)). One of the isomers was collected in the ether fractions.
MS (ESI) m/e 966 (M)−;
Example 2 42-Epi-(tetrazolyl)-rapamycin (more polar isomer) Example 2A 42-Epi-(tetrazolyl)-rapamycin (more polar isomer)Collection of the slower moving band from the chromatography column using the hexane:acetone (1:1) mobile phase in Example 1B provided the designated compound.
MS (ESI) m/e 966 (M)−.
………………………………………………….
sirolimus (commercially available or produced as described ((Paiva et al., 1991; Sehgal et al., 1975; Vezina et al., 1975) is dissolved in DCM:toluene (such as 1:2) 100. The reaction mixture is concentrated to dryness 105, and the azeo-drying process 105 is repeated 1-5 times more, more preferably 2-4 times, most preferably twice, preferably with DCM:toluene. The resulting foamy solid is dissolved in IPAc 110, and then 2,6-Lutidine is added 115. The solution is cooled to −30° C. 115. Triflic anhydride is then slowly added to the solution 115. After stirring the reaction mixture, the solution is filtered under nitrogen. The recovered salts 120 are washed with IPAc 125.
To the salts is added 1-H-tetrazole and DIEA 130. The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature (e.g., 22-25° C.) 135and then concentrated. The crude reaction mixture is purified, using for example, a silica gel column and using, e.g., 1:1 THF:heptane to elute 140. The fractions are monitored for the N-1 isomer (which elutes more slowly than the N-2 isomer), pooled and concentrated, forming an oil. The oil is dissolved in minimum DCM and the solution loaded on a silica gel column packed in, for example, 65:35 heptane:acetone 145. The column is eluted with, for example, 65:35 heptane:acetone, the fractions monitored for the pure product, pooled and concentrated 150.
The purified product is then dissolved in t-BME, and then n-heptane is slowly added to form a precipitate while vigorously stirring the solution 150. The precipitated solids are stirred at 5-10° C., filtered, washed again with heptane, and dried on the funnel with nitrogen. The product is dissolved in acetone and treated with BHT 155. The solution is concentrated, dissolved in acetone, and then concentrated to dryness. The product is then dried under vacuum at 47° C. 160.
EXAMPLES
Example 1 Dichloromethane-Toluene Isopropylacetate One-Pot Process with Filtration (1)
In this example, zotarolimus was prepared from rapamycin in a one-pot process using dichloromethane, toluene and isopropylacetate; the preparation was then purified, concentrated, and dried. The purified product was then characterized by its 1H, 13C NMR resonances from COSY, ROESY, TOCSY, HSQC, and HMBC spectra.
Rapamycin (10 g) was dissolved in dichloromethane (DCM, 25 ml) and toluene (50 ml). The reaction mixture was concentrated to dryness. This azeo-drying process was repeated twice with DCM/toluene. The foamy solid was dissolved in isopropylacetate (IPAc, 65 ml), and 2,6-Lutidine (3.2 ml) was added. The solution was cooled to −30° C. acetonitrile-dry ice bath, and triflic anhydride (2.8 ml) was added slowly in 10 minutes. The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 minutes, and then filtered under nitrogen atmosphere. The salts were washed with IPAc (10 ml). 1-H-tetrazole (2.3 g), followed by diisopropylethylamine (DIEA, 7.4 ml) were added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 6 hours at room temperature, and then concentrated. The crude reaction mixture was purified on a silica gel column (350 g) eluting with 1:1 THF/heptane. The fractions containing product that eluted later (predominantly N-1 isomer) were collected and concentrated. The concentrated oil was dissolved in minimum DCM and loaded on a silica gel column packed in 65:35 heptane:acetone. The column was eluted with 65:35 heptane:acetone, and fractions containing pure product were concentrated.
The purified product was then dissolved in t-butylmethyl ether (t-BME, 13.5 g), and n-heptane (53 g) was added slowly with vigorous stirring. The precipitated solids were stirred at 5-10° C. for 2 hours, filtered, washed with heptane and dried on the funnel with nitrogen to give 3.2 g wet product. The solids (1.0 g) were dissolved in acetone (10 ml) and treated with 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol (DEP, 0.2%). The solution was concentrated, dissolved in acetone (10 ml) and concentrated to dryness. The product was dried under vacuum for 18 hours at 47° C., yielding 0.83 g of zotarolimus. The product was characterized by its 1H, 13C NMR resonances from its COSY, ROESY, TOCSY, HSQC, and HMBC spectra.
1H-NMR (DMSO-d6, position in bracket): ppm 0.73 (Me, 43); 0.81 (Me, 49); 0.84 (Me, 46); 0.89 (Me, 48); 0.98 (Me, 45); 1.41, 1.05 (CH2, 24); 1.18, 1.10 (CH2, 36); 1.52 (CH, 37); 1.53 (CH2, 12 & 42); 1.59, 1.30 (CH2, 5); 1.41, 1.67 (CH2, 4); 1.11, 1.73 (CH2, 38); 1.21, 1.83 (CH2, 15); 1.21, 1.83 (CH2, 13); 1.62 (Me, 44); 1.73 (Me, 47); 1.76 (CH, 35); 1.60, 2.09 (CH2, 3); 1.93, 2.21 (CH2, 41); 2.05 (CH, 11); 2.22 (CH, 23); 2.47 (CH, 25); 2.40, 2.77 (CH2, 33); 3.06 (OCH3, 50); 3.16 (OCH3, 51); 3.22, 3.44 (CH2, 6); 3.29 (OCH2, 52); 3.29 (CH, 31); 3.60 (CH, 39), 3.62 (CH, 16); 3.89 (CH, 27); 4.01 (CH, 14); 4.02 (CH, 28); 4.95 (CH, 2); 5.02 (CH, 34); 5.10 (═CH, 30); 5.17 (CH, 40); 5.24 (OH, 28); 5.46 (═CH, 22); 6.09 (═CH, 18); 6.15 (═CH, 21); 6.21 (═CH, 20); 6.42 (═CH, 19); 6.42 (OH, 10), 9.30 (CH, 53).
13C NMR (DMSO-d6, position in bracket): ppm 10.4 (Me, 44); 13.1 (Me, 47); 13.6 (Me, 46); 14.5 (Me, 49); 15.5 (Me, 43 & 48); 20.3 (CH2, 4); 21.6 (Me, 45); 24.4 (CH2, 4); 26.2 (CH2, 12); 26.4 (CH2, 3); 26.8 (CH2, 41); 27.2 (CH2, 42); 29.6 (CH2, 13); 31.6 (CH2, 38), 31.7 (CH, 37); 32.9 (CH, 35); 34.8 (CH, 11); 35.2 (CH, 23); 38.2 (CH2, 36); 39.1 (CH, 25); 39.4 (CH2, 33); 39.6 (CH2, 24), 40.0 (CH2, 15); 43.4 (CH2, 6); 45.2 (CH, 31); 50.6 (CH, 2); 55.4 (OCH3, 50); 55.8 (OCH3, 52); 57.0 (OCH3, 52); 55.9 (CH, 40); 66.2 (CH, 14); 73.4 (CH, 34); 75.6 (CH, 28); 77.4 (CH, 39); 82.3 (CH, 16); 85.7 (CH, 27); 99.0 (CH, 10); 125.3 (═CH, 30); 127.0 (═CH, 18 & 19); 130.4 (═CH, 21); 132.2 (═CH, 20); 137.2 (═CMe, 29); 137.7 (═CMe, 17); 139.2 (═CH, 22); 144.6 (CH, 53); 167.0 (C═O, 8); 169.1 (C═O, 1); 199.0 (C═O, 9); 207.5 (C═O, 32); 210.7 (C═O, 26).
Example 2 Dichloromethane-Isopropylacetate One-Pot Process (2)
In this example, zotarolimus was prepared from rapamycin in a one-pot process using dichloromethane and isopropylacetate. The compound was then purified, concentrated, and dried.
Rapamycin (10 g) was dissolved in dichloromethane (DCM, 100 g). 2,6-Lutidine (2.92 g) was added. The solution was cooled to −30° C. in acetonitrile-dry ice bath, and triflic anhydride (4.62 g) was added slowly in 10 minutes. The reaction mixture was stirred for 20 minutes, and then warmed to 10° C. within 15 minutes. The reaction solution was then concentrated. The residue was dissolved in IPAc (55 g). 1-H-tetrazole (2.68 g), followed by diisopropylethylamine (DIEA, 7.08 g) were then added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 6 hours at room temperature and then concentrated. The crude reaction mixture was purified on a silica gel column (360 g), eluting with 1:1 THF:heptane. The fractions containing product that eluted later (principally N-1) were collected and concentrated. The concentrated oil was dissolved in minimum DCM and loaded on a silica gel column (180 g) that was packed in 65:35 heptane:acetone. The column was then eluted with 65:35 heptane:acetone, and fractions containing pure product were concentrated.
The purified product was dissolved in t-butylmethyl ether (t-BME, 23 g) and added slowly to n-heptane (80 g) with vigorous stirring. The precipitated solids were stirred at 5-10° C. for not longer than 1 hour, filtered, washed with heptane and dried on the funnel with nitrogen. BHT (0.015 g) was added to the solids. The solids were dissolved in acetone (20 g), passed through a filter, and concentrated. The residue was treated with acetone two times (20 g), and concentrated each time to dryness. The product was then dried under vacuum for 18 h at not more than 50° C. to give 2.9 g of zotarolimus.
Example 3 Dichloromethane One Pot Process (3)
In this example, zotarolimus was prepared from rapamycin in a one-pot process using dichloromethane. The compound was then purified, concentrated, and dried as described in Example 2.
Rapamycin (7.5 g) was dissolved in DCM (30 g). 2,6-Lutidine (1.76 g) was added. The solution was cooled to −30° C. in acetonitrile-dry ice bath, and triflic anhydride (2.89 g) was added slowly in 10 minutes. The reaction mixture was stirred for 20 minutes, and then assayed for the presence of rapamycin to determine consumption in the reaction. 1-H-tetrazole (1.44 g), followed by DIEA (5.29 g) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 6 hours at room temperature, and then directly loaded on a silica gel (270 g) column prepared in 1:1 THF:n-heptane (v/v). The crude reaction mixture was purified with 1:1 THF:n-heptane. The fractions containing product that elute later were collected and concentrated. The concentrated solids were dissolved in minimum DCM and loaded on a silica gel column (135 g) packed in 70:30 n-heptane:acetone. The column was eluted with 70:30 n-heptane:acetone, and fractions containing pure product, as identified by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), were concentrated.
The purified product was dissolved in t-BME (9 g), and added slowly to n-heptane (36 g) with vigorous stirring at 10±10° C. The precipitated solids were stirred at 5-10° C. for not longer than 1 hour, filtered, washed with n-heptane and dried on the funnel with nitrogen. BHT (0.006 g) was added to the solids. The solids were dissolved in acetone (20 g), passed through a filter, and concentrated. The residue was treated with acetone twice (20 g each) and concentrated each time to dryness. The product was dried under vacuum for not longer than 18 hours at not more than 50° C. to give 2.5 g of zotarolimus.
The above process, when carried out with rapamycin presence of 2,6-di-tert-butylpyridine or 2,4,6-collidine (2,3,5-trimethylpyridine) as a non-nucleophilic in step 1a gave zotarolimus of acceptable purity, but a lower yield.
Example 4 High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography HPLC Purification of Zotarolimus Prepared by the One-Pot Synthesis Method
In this example, zotarolimus was made from rapamycin using a one-pot synthesis method of the invention (using DCM), and then subjected to an additional round of purification using HPLC.
Rapamycin (3.75 g) was dissolved in dichloromethane (DCM, 15 g). 2,6-Lutidine (0.88 g) was then added. The solution was cooled to −30° C. in acetonitrile-dry ice bath, and triflic anhydride (1.45 g) was added slowly in 10 minutes. The reaction mixture was stirred for 20 minutes, and then 1-H-tetrazole (0.72 g), followed by DIEA (2.65 g) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 6 hours at 25° C., and then directly loaded on a silica gel (115 g) column prepared in 70:30 n-heptane:acetone. The crude reaction mixture was purified with 70:30 n-heptane:acetone. The fractions containing product were collected, and concentrated.
The concentrated solids were dissolved in acetonitrile-water and loaded on a C-18 TechniKrom column (5 cm×25 cm), and eluted with 64:36 acetonitrile-water containing 0.1% BHT. Fractions were analyzed by reverse phase (RP)—HPLC, and product fractions pooled and concentrated to remove acetonitrile. The product was extracted with ethyl acetate or isopropyl acetate, dried (sodium sulfate) and concentrated.
The purified product was dissolved in t-BME (4.5 g), and added slowly to n-heptane (18 g) with vigorous stirring at −10° C. The precipitated solids were stirred at 5-10° C. for not longer than 1 hour, filtered, washed with n-heptane and dried on the funnel with nitrogen. BHT (0.005 g) was added to the solids. The solids were dissolved in acetone (20 g), passed through a filter, and concentrated. The residue was treated with acetone twice (20 g), and concentrated each time to dryness. The product was dried under vacuum for not longer than 18 hours at not more than 50° C. to give 1.2 g of high quality zotarolimus.
- Braunwald E, Zipes D, Libby P, ed. (2001). Heart diseases: a textbook of cardiovascular disease (6th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier.
- Sigwart, U; Puel, J; Mirkovitch, V; Joffre, F; Kappenberger, L (1987). “Intravascular stents to prevent occlusion and restenosis after transluminal angioplasty”. The New England journal of medicine 316 (12): 701–6. doi:10.1056/NEJM198703193161201. PMID 2950322.
- “Medtronic Receives FDA Approval for Endeavor Zotarolimus-Eluting Coronary Stent System”.
- Burke, Sandra E.; Kuntz, Richard E.; Schwartz, Lewis B. (2006). “Zotarolimus (ABT-578) eluting stents”. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 58 (3): 437–46.doi:10.1016/j.addr.2006.01.021. PMID 16581153.
- Heitman, J; Movva, NR; Hall, MN (1991). “Targets for cell cycle arrest by the immunosuppressant rapamycin in yeast”. Science 253 (5022): 905–9. PMID 1715094.
The FDA has approved the zotarolimus-eluting stent (Medtronic).
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3-7-2012
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ASSAY FOR IMMUNOSUPPRESSANT DRUGS
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3-7-2012
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ONE POT SYNTHESIS OF TETRAZOLE DERIVATIVES OF RAPAMYCIN
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7-15-2011
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NON-DENATURING LYSIS REAGENT
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4-22-2011
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IMMUNOSUPPRESSANT DRUG EXTRACTION REAGENT FOR IMMUNOASSAYS
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3-30-2011
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NON-DENATURING LYSIS REAGENT
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10-27-2010
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METHODS OF MANUFACTURING CRYSTALLINE FORMS OF RAPAMYCIN ANALOGS
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10-13-2010
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CRYSTALLINE FORMS OF RAPAMYCIN ANALOGS
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4-21-2010
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One pot synthesis of tetrazole derivatives of rapamycin
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10-16-2009
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Heparin Prodrugs and Drug Delivery Stents Formed Therefrom
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2-20-2009
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Medical Devices Containing Rapamycin Analogs
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2-20-2009
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Medical Devices Containing Rapamycin Analogs
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11-26-2008
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Medical devices containing rapamycin analogs
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11-21-2008
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CASCADE SYSTEM
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9-5-2008
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Method Of Treating Disorders Using Compositions Comprising Zotarolimus And Paclitaxel
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7-25-2008
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Medical Devices Containing Rapamycin Analogs
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7-16-2008
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Methods of administering tetrazole-containing rapamycin analogs with other therapeutic substances using medical devices
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6-27-2008
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Medical Devices Containing Rapamycin Analogs
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9-8-2006
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COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS OF ADMINISTERING RAPAMYCIN ANALOGS USING MEDICAL DEVICES FOR LONG-TERM EFFICACY
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| WO2001087372A1 * | Apr 25, 2001 | Nov 22, 2001 | Cordis Corp | Drug combinations useful for prevention of restenosis |
| EP1826211A1 * | Feb 20, 2007 | Aug 29, 2007 | Cordis Corporation | Isomers and 42-Epimers of rapamycin alkyl ether analogs, methods of making and using the same |
| US5151413 * | Nov 6, 1991 | Sep 29, 1992 | American Home Products Corporation | Rapamycin acetals as immunosuppressant and antifungal agents |
| US5362718 * | Apr 18, 1994 | Nov 8, 1994 | American Home Products Corporation | Rapamycin hydroxyesters |
| US7193078 | Mar 1, 2005 | Mar 20, 2007 | Terumo Kabushiki Kaisha | Process for production of O-alkylated rapamycin derivatives |
| US7220755 | Nov 12, 2003 | May 22, 2007 | Biosensors International Group, Ltd. | 42-O-alkoxyalkyl rapamycin derivatives and compositions comprising same |
| US7279571 | Dec 1, 2005 | Oct 9, 2007 | Teva Gyógyszergyár Zártkörüen Müködö Részvénytársaság | Methods of preparing pimecrolimus |
| US7812155 | Nov 26, 2007 | Oct 12, 2010 | Terumo Kabushiki Kaisha | Process for preparing an o-alkylated rapamycin derivative and o-alkylated rapamycin derivative |
| US7872122 | May 8, 2009 | Jan 18, 2011 | Chunghwa Chemical Synthesis & Biotech Co., Ltd. | Process for making Biolimus A9 |
| US20050101624 * | Nov 12, 2003 | May 12, 2005 | Betts Ronald E. | 42-O-alkoxyalkyl rapamycin derivatives and compositions comprising same |
| US20090209572 | Nov 19, 2008 | Aug 20, 2009 | Biotica Technology Limited | 36-Des(3-Methoxy-4-Hydroxycyclohexyl) 36-(3-Hydroxycycloheptyl) Derivatives of Rapamycin for the Treatment of Cancer and Other Disorders |
| US20100204466 | Feb 23, 2010 | Aug 12, 2010 | Abbott Laboratories | One pot synthesis of tetrazole derivatives of rapamycin |
| US20100249415 | Mar 29, 2010 | Sep 30, 2010 | Kwang-Chung Lee | Process for preparation of temsirolimus |
READ
ANONYMOUS: “Randomised comparison of zotarolimus eluting and sirolimus-eluting stents in patients with coronary artery disease (ENDEAVOUR III)” JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CARDIOLOGY, vol. 46, no. 11, 6 December 2005 (2005-12-06), pages CS5-CS6, XP009089338
Cancer is just as deadly as it was 50 years ago. Here’s why that’s about to change.
Why haven’t we cured cancer yet? It seems like almost every day, we hear about another miraculous advance in cancer treatment. Drugs that cause tumors to shrink, gene therapies, and even a possible vaccine. And yet, our loved ones keep dying of cancer.
We spoke to cancer experts to find out why the death rate from cancer hasn’t changed in the past 50 years — and we learned how genetic therapies could transform cancer treatments tomorrow.
Top image: Juan Gaertner/Shutterstock.com
Belinostat (PXD101)
Belinostat (PXD101)
SPECTRUM
Tiny Biotech With Three Cancer Drugs Is More Alluring Takeover Bet Now
Forbes
The drug is one of Spectrum’s two drugs undergoing phase 3 clinical trials. Allergan paid Spectrum $41.5 million and will make additional payments of up to $304 million based on achieving certain milestones. So far, Raj Shrotriya, Spectrum’s chairman, …
Belinostat (PXD101) is experimental drug candidate under development byTopoTarget for the treatment of hematological malignancies and solid tumors. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor.[1]
In 2007 preliminary results were released from the Phase II clinical trial of intravenous belinostat in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel for relapsedovarian cancer.[2] Final results in late 2009 of a phase II trial for T cell lymphomawere encouraging.[3] Belinostat has been granted orphan drug and fast trackdesignation by the FDA.[4]
- Plumb, Jane A.; Finn, Paul W.; Williams, Robert J.; Bandara, Morwenna J.; Romero, M. Rosario; Watkins, Claire J.; La Thangue, Nicholas B.; Brown, Robert (2003). “Pharmacodynamic Response and Inhibition of Growth of Human Tumor Xenografts by the Novel Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor PXD101”. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics 2 (8): 721–728. PMID 12939461.
- “CuraGen Corporation (CRGN) and TopoTarget A/S Announce Presentation of Belinostat Clinical Trial Results at AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference”. October 2007.
- Final Results of a Phase II Trial of Belinostat (PXD101) in Patients with Recurrent or Refractory Peripheral or Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma, December 2009
- “Spectrum adds to cancer pipeline with $350M deal.”. February 2010.
SEE COMPILATION ON SIMILAR COMPOUNDS AT …………..http://drugsynthesisint.blogspot.in/p/nostat-series.html
APAZIQUONE
APAZIQUONE
Apaziquone (EOquin[1]) is an indolequinone that is a bioreductive prodrug and a chemical analog of the older chemotherapeutic agent mitomycin C. In hypoxic cells, such as those on the inner surface of the urinary bladder, apaziquone is converted to active metabolites by intracellular reductases. The active metabolites alkylate DNA and lead to apoptotic cell death.[2] This activity is preferentially expressed in neoplastic cells.
Cystoscopic appearance of tumors in the bladder.
After administration of apaziquone directly into the urinary bladder, the drug and its active metabolite were not detected in plasma, and there were no systemic side effects[3][4]
Bladder Cancer
Apaziquone has been applied in clinical studies sponsored by Spectrum Pharmaceuticals and Allergan, Inc. for the treatment of superficial (non-muscle invasive) bladder cancer.[3] Approximately 70% of all newly diagnosed patients with bladder cancer have non-muscle invasive bladder cancer and over one million patients in the United States and Europe are affected by the disease. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted Fast Track review status to apaziquone for this indication.[5]
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“UvA researcher develops new bladder cancer medication”. University of Amsterdam. 25 Jul 2007.
- NCI. “apaziquone”. Archived from the original on 9 May 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-07.
- Puri R, Palit V, Loadman PM, et al. (October 2006). “Phase I/II pilot study of intravesical apaziquone (EO9) for superficial bladder cancer”. J. Urol. 176 (4 Pt 1): 1344–8. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2006.06.047. PMID 16952628.
- Hendricksen K, Gleason D, Young JM, et al. (July 2008). “Safety and side effects of immediate instillation of apaziquone following transurethral resection in patients with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer”. J. Urol. 180 (1): 116–20. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2008.03.031. PMID 18485407.
- “FDA Designates Fast Track Status For Apaziquone (EOquin) For Bladder Cancer”. Medical News Today. 22 Jul 2009.
Spectrum Pharmaceuticals CLICK HERE
Nanotechnology, its applications in medicine, pharmaceuticals,drug developments
Nanotechnology can be defined as a technology which deals with manipulation, study, and designing and developing particles, bio-molecules of the size more than 1 nm and less than 100 nanometer, with the intention of modification enhancement or lowering a particular property of a molecule or a particle, which can be used in developing a device or molecule
.Nanotechnology involves developing materials or devices in the size range of 1 nm to 100 nanometer. At this scale quantum mechanical effects have very important implications in the quantum realm; nanotechnology controls the properties of material on an atomic level.
A serious cause of concern about nanotechnology is its safety and hazardous effects on environment and health, nanomaterial is required to be handled with special care and requires special methods for its disposal.
Drugs that use nanotechnology are also required to qualify for its effectiveness and safety, safety studies are very important factors as so far there is not enough data of drugs developed using nanotechnology and tested for safety.
Nanostructures provide this surface with superhydrophobicity, which lets water droplets roll down the inclined plane.
In pharmaceuticals nanotechnology has wide applications some of which are given below.
1. Targeting a drug to a particular tissue, to, enhancing absorption of a drug molecule in a particular tissue
2. To reduce degradation of a drug and enhance bioavailability and reduce untoward toxic effect of a drug molecule.
3. To enhance the microbial stability of a product
4. In cosmetics zinc oxide nanoparticles are used to increase its antimicrobial properties , and titanium dioxide nano particles effectively block UV rays in both cases concentrations required are very low compared to conventional use.
5. Nanoemulsions for increasing the absorption of a drug molecules.
6. To develop molecules as tracer marker compound to identify the toxic and untoward effects or spilage
Graphical representation of a rotaxane, useful as a molecular switch.
Antineoplastic drugs bring about their anticancer action by inhibiting cancerour cells growth by virtue of alkylation of nucleotides in cancerous cells or by inhibition of folic acid uptake by cancerous cells or by inhibiting cell division by binding with tubulin and microtubulin in a cancerous cells, it is likely that these drug are also absorbed in to normal tissues, leading to untoward serious cytotoxic effects , like kidney damage and nerve damage in chemotherapy with cisplatin, a drug of choice in most of anticancer chemotherapies.
This DNA tetrahedron is an artificially designed nanostructure of the type made in the field of DNA nanotechnology. Each edge of the tetrahedron is a 20 base pair DNA double helix, and each vertex is a three-arm junction.
This device transfers energy from nano-thin layers of quantum wells to nanocrystals above them, causing the nanocrystals to emit visible light.
A team of scientists from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Brigham and Women’s Hospital conducted study. They stored an prodrug of cisplatin (which is used in most of cancer chemotherapies) within nanoparticles which they developed to target a specific protein in cancerous cells in prostate gland.
After these prodrug loaded nanoparticles were absorbed by cancerous cells the prodrug was released in to the cancerous cells and was converted in to an active form . The team demonstrated that these prodrug carrying nanoparticles were able to kill cancer cells in culture more efficiently than the drug alone.
Study was conducted by researchers, led by Dr. Omid Farokhzad and Dr. Stephen Lippard, to study nanoparticle drug delivery system for an effective and safer option for chemotherapy in living animals. Their research work is published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, in Jan 2011 issue of the journal, the study was funded in part by NIH’s National Cancer Institute (NCI) and National Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB).
By applying this drug delivery by nanoparticles they were able to shrink tumors in mice with smaller doses of the drug to reduce harmful side effects. Only 30% of the dose of prodrug of cisplatin was required to diminish the tumor by using the drug carrying nanoparticles, than that of standard dose of cisplatin as such.
Researchers initially studied different doses of nanoparticle bound drug in rats and mice, both the types of animals maintained their body weight and survived at higher doses of the drug when drug was delivered using nanoparticles than when injected without nanoparticles. It was also found that the kidney damage was less in rats which received the nanoparticle bound drug.
Also it was found that binding nanoparticles provided greater stability of cisplatin prodrug in blood stream than that of injected alone , after one hour about 77 % of prodrug was found in blood stream when it was delivered using nanoparticles compared to only 16% available drug in case of drug delivered without nanoparticles, cispaltin is very unstable drug and remains in blood for very short time , which calls for more dose to get the desired effect.
Transdermal drug delivery system new requirements for quality and for regulatory submissions
US FDA issued new guidelines for Transdermal drug delivery system and related drug delivery systems.
US FDA stated in its new guidelines on transdermal drug delivery system and related drug delivery systems that the initial drug load concentration has tremendous potential for impacting quality of product its safety and efficacy and it has great potential for drug abuse.
There are many advantages and disadvantages of transdermal drug delivery system TDDS , like a drug can be administered without pain to patient, patients to like the dosage form greatly as they wont feel as they are on medication, and a constant plasma drug concentration can be easily achieved for a drug for a longer period of time without giving the untoward effect of initial higher plasma level of a drug as in case of conventional dosage forms, also drug escape the first pass metabolism through transdermal drug delivery , some a critical drugs which are known to save life are also administered as Transdermal patches for example nitroglycerin in congestive cardiac diseases.
There are some serious effects observed in resent time, like accidental high dose of a drug up on accidental sticking on handling or accidental contact with skin which has lead individual serious and to fatal conditions some times a life threatening one.
The fatal untoward effects are also seen in health care providers which accidentally handled the patches and got drug dose from remaining drug load from the used transdermal drug delivery patch.
The important factor.
The drug concentration which is required to be loaded on to a Transdermal drug delivery or related drug delivery systems is very high than that of the actual drug being absorbed and required to be achieved in to plasma of a patient.
Nanotechnology cancer treatments would use gold particles to carry anticancer drugs straight to the cancer. Learn about nanotechnology cancer treatments.
US FDA guidelines for Transdermal drug delivery patches and related drug delivery systems
In order to finally achieve consistent low residual drug with the desired quality of the Transdermal drug delivery systems ,
1. US FDA requires a drug manufacturers to submit the initial loaded drug concentration in the transdermal drug delivery patch and related drug delivery systems , be provided in the application for investigational new drug applications (INDs), new drug applications (NDAs), abbreviated new drug applications (ANDAs), and supplemental new drug applications (sNDAs) for TDDS, TMDS, and topical patch products.
2.US FDA now requires that the all justifications for initial drug load or concentration should be included in the application.
3.It also states that a proper scientific risk based approach must be taken to minimize the drug residue in the system so that a lowest possible concentration remains in the system.
4.The amount of residual drug in the transdemanl drug delivery system must not exceed than those already approved by FDA .
5. US FDA also requires that the information of product and process development and how the final formulation is justified should be given in the common technical document (CTD) formatted application in section for Pharmaceutical Development.
US FDA has put emphasis on following points
1.) Quality By Design Concept
2.) Minimizing Residual Drug
The transdermal drug delivery patches and related products , be developed with the intention of giving efficacy and safety as well,
The quality by design concept basically requires a formulator to plan for a desired quality, quality of a drug can be best achieved when it is planed than when it monitored.
Planing of quality of a drug product through logical application of past findings and research data and chemistry of drug molecule and exceipients being used, to achieve minimum drug load and this can lead to achieve minimum residual drug in transdermal drug delivery systems after use. Which will ensure that the abuse potential of the transdermal drug delivery systems are taken care of.
Buckminsterfullerene C60, also known as the buckyball, is a representative member of the carbon structures known as fullerenes. Members of the fullerene family are a major subject of research falling under the nanotechnology umbrella.
Nanotechnology and Cancer
Nanotechnology is one of the most popular areas of scientific research, especially with regard to medical applications. We’ve already discussed some of the new detection methods that should bring about cheaper, faster and less invasive cancer diagnoses. But once the diagnosis occurs, there’s still the prospect of surgery, chemotherapy or radiation treatment to destroy the cancer. Unfortunately, these treatments can carry serious side effects. Chemotherapy can cause a variety of ailments, including hair loss, digestive problems, nausea, lack of energy and mouth ulcers.
But nanotechnologists think they have an answer for treatment as well, and it comes in the form of targeted drug therapies. If scientists can load their cancer-detecting gold nanoparticles with anticancer drugs, they could attack the cancer exactly where it lives. Such a treatment means fewer side effects and less medication used. Nanoparticles also carry the potential for targeted and time-release drugs. A potent dose of drugs could be delivered to a specific area but engineered to release over a planned period to ensure maximum effectiveness and the patient’s safety.
These treatments aim to take advantage of the power of nanotechnology and the voracious tendencies of cancer cells, which feast on everything in sight, including drug-laden nanoparticles. One experiment of this type used modified bacteria cells that were 20 percent the size of normal cells. These cells were equipped with antibodies that latched onto cancer cells before releasing the anticancer drugs they contained.
Another used nanoparticles as a companion to other treatments. These particles were sucked up by cancer cells and the cells were then heated with a magnetic field to weaken them. The weakened cancer cells were then much more susceptible to chemotherapy.
It may sound odd, but the dye in your blue jeans or your ballpoint pen has also been paired with gold nanoparticles to fight cancer. This dye, known as phthalocyanine, reacts with light. The nanoparticles take the dye directly to cancer cells while normal cells reject the dye. Once the particles are inside, scientists “activate” them with light to destroy the cancer. Similar therapies have existed to treat skin cancers with light-activated dye, but scientists are now working to use nanoparticles and dye to treat tumors deep in the body.
From manufacturing to medicine to many types of scientific research, nanoparticles are now rather common, but some scientists have voiced concerns about their negative health effects. Nanoparticles’ small size allows them to infiltrate almost anywhere. That’s great for cancer treatment but potentially harmful to healthy cells and DNA. There are also questions about how to dispose of nanoparticles used in manufacturing or other processes. Special disposal techniques are needed to prevent harmful particles from ending up in the water supply or in the general environment, where they’d be impossible to track.
Gold nanoparticles are a popular choice for medical research, diagnostic testing and cancer treatment, but there are numerous types of nanoparticles in use and in development. Bill Hammack, a professor of chemical engineering at the University of Illinois, warned that nanoparticles are “technologically sweet” [Source: Marketplace]. In other words, scientists are so wrapped up in what they can do, they’re not asking if they should do it. The Food and Drug Administration has a task force on nanotechnology, but as of yet, the government has exerted little oversight or regulation.
robotics
A mechanical white blood cell attacks bacteria. The bacteria cannot develop immunity to mechanical devices as it would towards a drug
Nanotechnology, perhaps, has been most popularly recognized for it’s applications in robotics. Nano-robotics, although having many applications in other areas (such as particle manipulation and, has the most useful and variety of uses in medical fields.
Drugs have been shown to be effective during treatment and so has surgery. However, both are only temporary. We do not have much control over the drugs that have entered our body. As mentioned in the “Applications in Drugs and Therapeutics” page, nanotechnology can play an important role by being used for designing drug delivery systems.
Nanorobots, once fully developed, will be more effective than drugs. This is because nanobots cab always be present in the body, fighting off pathogens such as viruses and tumors. Nanorobots will not require any additional treatment and will become relatively cheap after development.
Some of the potential applications for nano-robotics in medicine include early diagnosis and targeted drug delivery for cancer, biomedical instrumentation, surgery, pharmacokinetics, monitoring of diabetes, and health care. Medical nanotechnology in the future will use nanorobots injected into the patient to perform treatments at cellular levels
Some other possible applications using medical nanorobots are as follows:
· To cure skin diseases, a cream containing nanorobots may be used. This cream would remove the right amounts of dead skin cells, remove excess oils which may cause oily skin, insert missing oils, apply the specifically right amounts of natural moisturizing compounds. Dermatological problems would thus be avoided or removed.
· A mouthwash full of water and smart nanorobots could identify and destroy pathogenic bacteria, particles of food, plaque, or tartar, while allowing the harmless flora of the mouth to flourish. Being suspended in liquid and able to swim about, devices would be able to reach surfaces beyond reach of toothbrush bristles or the floss fibers. As short-lifetime medical nano-devices, the bots could be built to last only a few minutes in the body before falling apart into materials of the sort found in foods (such as fibers and other organic compounds). This would not cause any toxic harmful effects in the body, and there would be no need for toothbrushes.
· Medical nanodevices could augment the immune system by finding and disabling unwanted bacteria and viruses. When an invader is identified, it can be punctured, letting its contents spill out and ending its effectiveness. If the contents were known to be hazardous by themselves, then the immune machine could hold on to it long enough to dismantle it more completely. With even more innovation, pathogens could be broken down into simple substances such as oxygen and extra cellular material which can be used for benefit of the body!
· Devices working in the bloodstream could nibble away at arteriosclerotic deposits, widening the affected blood vessels. Various nano-devices could restore the strength of the arteries and veins. With such applications, many heart attacks would be prevented.
More Background on Nanotechnology:
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Nanotechnology Basics – For students and other learners |
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Managing Magic – A brief overview of the challenges posed by advanced nanotechnology |
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Nanotechnology on an Upward Slope – An online PowerPoint presentation |
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Turn on the Nanotech High Beams – An essay published by Future Brief |
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Nano Simulation – A way to visualize what is meant by molecular manufacturing |
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Debating the Future of Nanotechnology – Perspective from the Foresight Institute |
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Safe Utilization of Advanced Nanotechnology – One of the founding papers of CRN |
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5-Minute Nanosystems– A quick summary of Eric Drexler’s foundational work on nanotechnology |
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Nanotechnology Press Kit – Compiled and published by Nanotechnology Now |
Promising Antiviral Compounds Discovered
Scientists sifted through thousands of potentially efficacy compounds and managed to identify two promising candidates for the development of drugs against human adenovirus, a cause of ailments ranging from colds to gastrointestinal disorders to pink eye
Scientists at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Brookhaven National Laboratory have identified two promising candidates for the development of drugs against human adenovirus, a cause of ailments ranging from colds to gastrointestinal disorders to pink eye. A paper published in FEBS Letters, a journal of the Federation of European Biochemical Societies, describes how the researchers sifted through thousands of compounds to determine which might block the effects of a key viral enzyme they had previously studied in atomic-level detail.
Quad Pill for HIV Appears Safe in Renal Disease
Published: Jul 7, 2013
KUALA LUMPUR — HIV patients with mild to moderate renal impairment appear to tolerate treatment with a combination tablet that contains drugs known to impact kidney function, a phase III, open-label, two-cohort study found.
The treatment group receiving the four-drug combination of elvitegravir, cobicistat, tenofovir DF, and emtricitabine, branded as Stribild
Array Starts First Phase 3 Trial, Shifts to Late-Stage Development
HY-15202
MEK162
(Synonyms ARRY-162; ARRY-438162; MEK 162; ARRY 162; ARRY 438162)
MEK162 M.Wt: 441.23
MEK162 Formula: C17H15BrF2N4O3
MEK162 Storage: at -20℃ 2 years
MEK162 CAS No.: 606143-89-9
http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00959127
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Array Starts First Phase 3 Trial, Shifts to Late-Stage Development read all at |
GRAVIOLA TREE “10000 TIMES STRONGER KILLER OF CANCER THAN CHEMO” – FACTS ANALYSIS
“10000 times stronger killer of Cancer than Chemo”.. do share it.. can save many lives, fill up hopes and build confidence in the patients…
The Sour Sop or the fruit from the graviola tree is a miraculous natural cancer cell killer 10,000 times stronger than Chemo. Why are we not aware of this?
read all at
http://www.hoaxorfact.com/Health/graviola-tree-10000-times-stronger-killer-of-cancer-than-chemo.html
