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Casirivimab
(Heavy chain)
QVQLVESGGG LVKPGGSLRL SCAASGFTFS DYYMSWIRQA PGKGLEWVSY ITYSGSTIYY
ADSVKGRFTI SRDNAKSSLY LQMNSLRAED TAVYYCARDR GTTMVPFDYW GQGTLVTVSS
ASTKGPSVFP LAPSSKSTSG GTAALGCLVK DYFPEPVTVS WNSGALTSGV HTFPAVLQSS
GLYSLSSVVT VPSSSLGTQT YICNVNHKPS NTKVDKKVEP KSCDKTHTCP PCPAPELLGG
PSVFLFPPKP KDTLMISRTP EVTCVVVDVS HEDPEVKFNW YVDGVEVHNA KTKPREEQYN
STYRVVSVLT VLHQDWLNGK EYKCKVSNKA LPAPIEKTIS KAKGQPREPQ VYTLPPSRDE
LTKNQVSLTC LVKGFYPSDI AVEWESNGQP ENNYKTTPPV LDSDGSFFLY SKLTVDKSRW
QQGNVFSCSV MHEALHNHYT QKSLSLSPGK
(Light chain)
DIQMTQSPSS LSASVGDRVT ITCQASQDIT NYLNWYQQKP GKAPKLLIYA ASNLETGVPS
RFSGSGSGTD FTFTISGLQP EDIATYYCQQ YDNLPLTFGG GTKVEIKRTV AAPSVFIFPP
SDEQLKSGTA SVVCLLNNFY PREAKVQWKV DNALQSGNSQ ESVTEQDSKD STYSLSSTLT
LSKADYEKHK VYACEVTHQG LSSPVTKSFN RGEC
(Disulfide bridge: H22-H96, H147-H203, H223-L214, H229-H’229, H232-H’232, H264-H324, H370-H428, H’22-H’96, H’147-H’203, H’223-L’214, H’264-H’324, H’370-H’428, L23-L88, L134-L194, L’23-L’88, L’134-L’194)
Casirivimab
カシリビマブ;
- Immunoglobulin G1, anti-(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike glycoprotein) (human monoclonal REGN10933 γ1-chain), disulfide with human monoclonal REGN10933 κ-chain, dimer
Formula | C6454H9976N1704O2024S44 |
---|---|
CAS | 2415933-42-3 |
Mol weight | 145233.3296 |
Monoclonal antibody
Treatment and prophylaxis of SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19)
SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein
- Protein Sequence
- Sequence Length: 1328, 450, 450, 214, 214
- REGN 10933
- RG 6413
https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-authorizes-monoclonal-antibodies-treatment-covid-19 November 21, 2020
Today, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration issued an emergency use authorization (EUA) for casirivimab and imdevimab to be administered together for the treatment of mild to moderate COVID-19 in adults and pediatric patients (12 years of age or older weighing at least 40 kilograms [about 88 pounds]) with positive results of direct SARS-CoV-2 viral testing and who are at high risk for progressing to severe COVID-19. This includes those who are 65 years of age or older or who have certain chronic medical conditions.
In a clinical trial of patients with COVID-19, casirivimab and imdevimab, administered together, were shown to reduce COVID-19-related hospitalization or emergency room visits in patients at high risk for disease progression within 28 days after treatment when compared to placebo. The safety and effectiveness of this investigational therapy for use in the treatment of COVID-19 continues to be evaluated.
Casirivimab and imdevimab must be administered together by intravenous (IV) infusion.
Casirivimab and imdevimab are not authorized for patients who are hospitalized due to COVID-19 or require oxygen therapy due to COVID-19. A benefit of casirivimab and imdevimab treatment has not been shown in patients hospitalized due to COVID-19. Monoclonal antibodies, such as casirivimab and imdevimab, may be associated with worse clinical outcomes when administered to hospitalized patients with COVID-19 requiring high flow oxygen or mechanical ventilation.
“The FDA remains committed to advancing the nation’s public health during this unprecedented pandemic. Authorizing these monoclonal antibody therapies may help outpatients avoid hospitalization and alleviate the burden on our health care system,” said FDA Commissioner Stephen M. Hahn, M.D. “As part of our Coronavirus Treatment Acceleration Program, the FDA uses every possible pathway to make new treatments available to patients as quickly as possible while continuing to study the safety and effectiveness of these treatments.”
Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-made proteins that mimic the immune system’s ability to fight off harmful pathogens such as viruses. Casirivimab and imdevimab are monoclonal antibodies that are specifically directed against the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, designed to block the virus’ attachment and entry into human cells.
“The emergency authorization of these monoclonal antibodies administered together offers health care providers another tool in combating the pandemic,” said Patrizia Cavazzoni, M.D., acting director of the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. “We will continue to facilitate the development, evaluation and availability of COVID-19 therapies.”
The issuance of an EUA is different than an FDA approval. In determining whether to issue an EUA, the FDA evaluates the totality of available scientific evidence and carefully balances any known or potential risks with any known or potential benefits of the product for use during an emergency. Based on the FDA’s review of the totality of the scientific evidence available, the agency has determined that it is reasonable to believe that casirivimab and imdevimab administered together may be effective in treating patients with mild or moderate COVID-19. When used to treat COVID-19 for the authorized population, the known and potential benefits of these antibodies outweigh the known and potential risks. There are no adequate, approved and available alternative treatments to casirivimab and imdevimab administered together for the authorized population.
The data supporting this EUA for casirivimab and imdevimab are based on a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial in 799 non-hospitalized adults with mild to moderate COVID-19 symptoms. Of these patients, 266 received a single intravenous infusion of 2,400 milligrams casirivimab and imdevimab (1,200 mg of each), 267 received 8,000 mg casirivimab and imdevimab (4,000 mg of each), and 266 received a placebo, within three days of obtaining a positive SARS-CoV-2 viral test.
The prespecified primary endpoint for the trial was time-weighted average change in viral load from baseline. Viral load reduction in patients treated with casirivimab and imdevimab was larger than in patients treated with placebo at day seven. However, the most important evidence that casirivimab and imdevimab administered together may be effective came from the predefined secondary endpoint of medically attended visits related to COVID-19, particularly hospitalizations and emergency room visits within 28 days after treatment. For patients at high risk for disease progression, hospitalizations and emergency room visits occurred in 3% of casirivimab and imdevimab-treated patients on average compared to 9% in placebo-treated patients. The effects on viral load, reduction in hospitalizations and ER visits were similar in patients receiving either of the two casirivimab and imdevimab doses.
Under the EUA, fact sheets that provide important information about using casirivimab and imdevimab administered together in treating COVID-19 as authorized must be made available to health care providers and to patients and caregivers. These fact sheets include dosing instructions, potential side effects and drug interactions. Possible side effects of casirivimab and imdevimab include: anaphylaxis and infusion-related reactions, fever, chills, hives, itching and flushing.
The EUA was issued to Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc.
The FDA, an agency within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, protects the public health by assuring the safety, effectiveness, and security of human and veterinary drugs, vaccines and other biological products for human use, and medical devices. The agency also is responsible for the safety and security of our nation’s food supply, cosmetics, dietary supplements, products that give off electronic radiation, and for regulating tobacco products.
Related Information
- Casirivimab and Imdevimab EUA Letter of Authorization
- Frequently Asked Questions on the Emergency Use Authorization for Casirivimab and Imdevimab
- Emergency Use Authorization: Therapeutics
- Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)
Casirivimab/imdevimab, sold under the brand name REGEN-COV,[1] is an experimental medicine developed by the American biotechnology company Regeneron Pharmaceuticals. It is an artificial “antibody cocktail” designed to produce resistance against the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic.[3][4] It consists of two monoclonal antibodies, casirivimab (REGN10933) and imdevimab (REGN10987) that must be mixed together.[1][5][6] The combination of two antibodies is intended to prevent mutational escape.[7]
Trials
In a clinical trial of people with COVID-19, casirivimab and imdevimab, administered together, were shown to reduce COVID-19-related hospitalization or emergency room visits in people at high risk for disease progression within 28 days after treatment when compared to placebo.[2] The safety and effectiveness of this investigational therapy for use in the treatment of COVID-19 continues to be evaluated.[2]
The data supporting the emergency use authorization (EUA) for casirivimab and imdevimab are based on a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial in 799 non-hospitalized adults with mild to moderate COVID-19 symptoms.[2] Of these participants, 266 received a single intravenous infusion of 2,400 milligrams casirivimab and imdevimab (1,200 mg of each), 267 received 8,000 mg casirivimab and imdevimab (4,000 mg of each), and 266 received a placebo, within three days of obtaining a positive SARS-CoV-2 viral test.[2]
The prespecified primary endpoint for the trial was time-weighted average change in viral load from baseline.[2] Viral load reduction in participants treated with casirivimab and imdevimab was larger than in participants treated with placebo at day seven.[2] However, the most important evidence that casirivimab and imdevimab administered together may be effective came from the predefined secondary endpoint of medically attended visits related to COVID-19, particularly hospitalizations and emergency room visits within 28 days after treatment.[2] For participants at high risk for disease progression, hospitalizations and emergency room visits occurred in 3% of casirivimab and imdevimab-treated participants on average compared to 9% in placebo-treated participants.[2] The effects on viral load, reduction in hospitalizations and ER visits were similar in participants receiving either of the two casirivimab and imdevimab doses.[2]
As of September 2020, REGEN-COV is being evaluated as part of the RECOVERY Trial.[8]
On 12 April 2021, Roche and Regeneron announced that the Phase III clinical trial REGN-COV 2069 met both primary and secondary endpoints, reducing risk of infection by 81% for the non-infected patients, and reducing time-to-resolution of symptoms for symptomatic patients to one week vs. three weeks in the placebo group.[9]
Authorization
On 21 November 2020, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an emergency use authorization (EUA) for casirivimab and imdevimab to be administered together for the treatment of mild to moderate COVID-19 in people twelve years of age or older weighing at least 40 kilograms (88 lb) with positive results of direct SARS-CoV-2 viral testing and who are at high risk for progressing to severe COVID-19.[2][10][11] This includes those who are 65 years of age or older or who have certain chronic medical conditions.[2] Casirivimab and imdevimab must be administered together by intravenous (IV) infusion.[2]
Casirivimab and imdevimab are not authorized for people who are hospitalized due to COVID-19 or require oxygen therapy due to COVID-19.[2] A benefit of casirivimab and imdevimab treatment has not been shown in people hospitalized due to COVID-19.[2] Monoclonal antibodies, such as casirivimab and imdevimab, may be associated with worse clinical outcomes when administered to hospitalized people with COVID-19 requiring high flow oxygen or mechanical ventilation.[2]
The EUA was issued to Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc.[2][10][12]
On 1 February 2021, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) started a rolling review of data on the REGN‑COV2 antibody combination (casirivimab/imdevimab), which is being co-developed by Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and F. Hoffman-La Roche, Ltd (Roche) for the treatment and prevention of COVID‑19.[13][14] In February 2021, the CHMP concluded that the combination, also known as REGN-COV2, can be used for the treatment of confirmed COVID-19 in people who do not require supplemental oxygen and who are at high risk of progressing to severe COVID-19.[15]
The Central Drugs Standards Control Organisation (CDSCO) in India, on 5 May 2021, granted an Emergency Use Authorisation to Roche (Genentech)[16] and Regeneron[17] for use of the casirivimab/imdevimab cocktail in the country. The announcement came in light of the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in India. Roche India maintains partnership with Cipla, thereby permitting the latter to market the drug in the country.[18]
Deployment
Although Regeneron is headquartered in Tarrytown, New York (near New York City), REGEN-COV is manufactured at the company’s primary U.S. manufacturing facility in Rensselaer, New York (near the state capital at Albany).[19] In September 2020, to free up manufacturing capacity for REGEN-COV, Regeneron began to shift production of its existing products from Rensselaer to the Irish city of Limerick.[20]
Regeneron has a deal in place with Roche (Genentech)[21]to manufacture and market REGEN-COV outside the United States.[10][22]
On 2 October 2020, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals announced that US President Donald Trump had received “a single 8 gram dose of REGN-COV2” after testing positive for SARS-CoV-2.[23][24] The drug was provided by the company in response to a “compassionate use” (temporary authorization for use) request from the president’s physicians.[23]
References
- ^ Jump up to:a b c “REGEN-COV- casirivimab and imdevimab kit”. DailyMed. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q “Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Authorizes Monoclonal Antibodies for Treatment of COVID-19”. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Press release). 21 November 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Kelland K (14 September 2020). “Regeneron’s antibody drug added to UK Recovery trial of COVID treatments”. Reuters. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
- ^ “Regeneron’s COVID-19 Response Efforts”. Regeneron Pharmaceuticals. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
- ^ Morelle R (14 September 2020). “Antibody treatment to be given to Covid patients”. BBC News Online. Retrieved 14 September2020.
- ^ “Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of Anti-Spike (S) SARS-CoV-2 Monoclonal Antibodies for Hospitalized Adult Patients With COVID-19”. ClinicalTrials. 3 September 2020. Retrieved 14 September2020.
- ^ Baum A, Fulton BO, Wloga E, Copin R, Pascal KE, Russo V, et al. (August 2020). “Antibody cocktail to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein prevents rapid mutational escape seen with individual antibodies”. Science. 369 (6506): 1014–1018. Bibcode:2020Sci…369.1014B. doi:10.1126/science.abd0831. PMC 7299283. PMID 32540904.
- ^ “RECOVERY COVID-19 phase 3 trial to evaluate Regeneron’s REGN-COV2 investigational antibody cocktail in the UK”. Recovery Trial. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
- ^ “Phase III prevention trial showed subcutaneous administration of investigational antibody cocktail casirivimab and imdevimab reduced risk of symptomatic COVID-19 infections by 81%”. streetinsider.com. Archived from the original on 2021-04-12. Retrieved 2021-04-12.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c “Regeneron Reports Positive Interim Data with REGEN-COV Antibody Cocktail used as Passive Vaccine to Prevent COVID-19”(Press release). Regeneron Pharmaceuticals. 26 January 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2021 – via PR Newswire.
- ^ “Fact Sheet For Health Care Providers Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) Of Casirivimab And Imdevimab” (PDF). U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
- ^ “Casirivimab and Imdevimab”. Regeneron Pharmaceuticals. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
- ^ “EMA starts rolling review of REGN‑COV2 antibody combination (casirivimab / imdevimab)” (Press release). European Medicines Agency (EMA). 1 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021. Text was copied from this source which is © European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.
- ^ “EMA reviewing data on monoclonal antibody use for COVID-19” (Press release). European Medicines Agency (EMA). 4 February 2021. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
- ^ “EMA issues advice on use of REGN-COV2 antibody combination (casirivimab / imdevimab)” (Press release). European Medicines Agency (EMA). 26 February 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2021. Text was copied from this source which is © European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.
- ^https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200818005847/en/Genentech-and-Regeneron-Collaborate-to-Significantly-Increase-Global-Supply-of-REGN-COV2-Investigational-Antibody-Combination-for-COVID-19
- ^ https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-approves-roche/regeneron-antibody-cocktail-to-treat-covid-19/articleshow/82407551.cms
- ^ “Roche receives Emergency Use Authorisation in India for its investigational Antibody Cocktail (Casirivimab and Imdevimab) used in the treatment of Covid-19 | Cipla”. http://www.cipla.com. Retrieved 2021-05-06.
- ^ Williams, Stephen (3 October 2020). “Experimental drug given to President made locally”. The Daily Gazette.
- ^ Stanton, Dan (11 September 2020). “Manufacturing shift to Ireland frees up US capacity for Regeneron’s COVID antibodies”. BioProcess International.
- ^https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200818005847/en/Genentech-and-Regeneron-Collaborate-to-Significantly-Increase-Global-Supply-of-REGN-COV2-Investigational-Antibody-Combination-for-COVID-19
- ^ “Roche and Regeneron link up on a coronavirus antibody cocktail”. CNBC. 19 August 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Thomas K (2 October 2020). “President Trump Received Experimental Antibody Treatment”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
- ^ Hackett DW (3 October 2020). “8-Gram Dose of COVID-19 Antibody Cocktail Provided to President Trump”. http://www.precisionvaccinations.com. Archived from the original on 3 October 2020.
External links
- “Casirivimab”. Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- “Imdevimab”. Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- “Casirivimab and Imdevimab EUA Letter of Authorization” (PDF). U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
- “Frequently Asked Questions on the Emergency Use Authorization of Casirivimab + Imdevimab” (PDF). U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
REGN10933 (blue) and REGN10987 (orange) bound to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (pink). From PDB: 6VSB, 6XDG. | |
Combination of | |
---|---|
Casirivimab | Monoclonal antibody against spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 |
Imdevimab | Monoclonal antibody against spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 |
Clinical data | |
Trade names | REGEN-COV |
Other names | REGN-COV2 |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
License data | US DailyMed: Casirivimab |
Routes of administration | Intravenous |
ATC code | None |
Legal status | |
Legal status | US: Unapproved (Emergency Use Authorization)[1][2] |
Identifiers | |
DrugBank | DB15691 |
KEGG | D11938 |
//////////// Casirivimab, ANTI VIRAL, PEPTIDE, SARS-CoV-2, MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY, FDA 2020, 2020APPROVALS, CORONA VIRUS, COVID 19, カシリビマブ, REGN-COV2, REGN10933+REGN10987 combination therapy, REGN 10933, RG 6413

NEW DRUG APPROVALS
ONE TIME
$10.00

Isatuximab
(A chain)
QVQLVQSGAE VAKPGTSVKL SCKASGYTFT DYWMQWVKQR PGQGLEWIGT IYPGDGDTGY
AQKFQGKATL TADKSSKTVY MHLSSLASED SAVYYCARGD YYGSNSLDYW GQGTSVTVSS
ASTKGPSVFP LAPSSKSTSG GTAALGCLVK DYFPEPVTVS WNSGALTSGV HTFPAVLQSS
GLYSLSSVVT VPSSSLGTQT YICNVNHKPS NTKVDKKVEP KSCDKTHTCP PCPAPELLGG
PSVFLFPPKP KDTLMISRTP EVTCVVVDVS HEDPEVKFNW YVDGVEVHNA KTKPREEQYN
STYRVVSVLT VLHQDWLNGK EYKCKVSNKA LPAPIEKTIS KAKGQPREPQ VYTLPPSRDE
LTKNQVSLTC LVKGFYPSDI AVEWESNGQP ENNYKTTPPV LDSDGSFFLY SKLTVDKSRW
QQGNVFSCSV MHEALHNHYT QKSLSLSPGK
(B chain)
QVQLVQSGAE VAKPGTSVKL SCKASGYTFT DYWMQWVKQR PGQGLEWIGT IYPGDGDTGY
AQKFQGKATL TADKSSKTVY MHLSSLASED SAVYYCARGD YYGSNSLDYW GQGTSVTVSS
ASTKGPSVFP LAPSSKSTSG GTAALGCLVK DYFPEPVTVS WNSGALTSGV HTFPAVLQSS
GLYSLSSVVT VPSSSLGTQT YICNVNHKPS NTKVDKKVEP KSCDKTHTCP PCPAPELLGG
PSVFLFPPKP KDTLMISRTP EVTCVVVDVS HEDPEVKFNW YVDGVEVHNA KTKPREEQYN
STYRVVSVLT VLHQDWLNGK EYKCKVSNKA LPAPIEKTIS KAKGQPREPQ VYTLPPSRDE
LTKNQVSLTC LVKGFYPSDI AVEWESNGQP ENNYKTTPPV LDSDGSFFLY SKLTVDKSRW
QQGNVFSCSV MHEALHNHYT QKSLSLSPGK
(C chain)
DIVMTQSHLS MSTSLGDPVS ITCKASQDVS TVVAWYQQKP GQSPRRLIYS ASYRYIGVPD
RFTGSGAGTD FTFTISSVQA EDLAVYYCQQ HYSPPYTFGG GTKLEIKRTV AAPSVFIFPP
SDEQLKSGTA SVVCLLNNFY PREAKVQWKV DNALQSGNSQ ESVTEQDSKD STYSLSSTLT
LSKADYEKHK VYACEVTHQG LSSPVTKSFN RGEC
(D chain)
DIVMTQSHLS MSTSLGDPVS ITCKASQDVS TVVAWYQQKP GQSPRRLIYS ASYRYIGVPD
RFTGSGAGTD FTFTISSVQA EDLAVYYCQQ HYSPPYTFGG GTKLEIKRTV AAPSVFIFPP
SDEQLKSGTA SVVCLLNNFY PREAKVQWKV DNALQSGNSQ ESVTEQDSKD STYSLSSTLT
LSKADYEKHK VYACEVTHQG LSSPVTKSFN RGEC
(Disulfide bridge: A22-A96, A147-A203, A223-C214, A229-B229, A232-B232, A264-A324, A370-A428, B22-B96, B147-B203, B223-D214, B264-B324, B370-B428, C23-C88, C134-C194, D23-D88, D134-D194)
Isatuximab
イサツキシマブ (遺伝子組換え)
APPROVED USFDA 2020/3/2, Sarclisa
EU APPROVED 2020/5/30
JAPAN APPROVED 2020/6/29
CAS 1461640-62-9
Antineoplastic, Anti-CD38 antibody | |
Disease | Multiple myeloma |
---|
Isatuximab, sold under the brand name Sarclisa, is a monoclonal antibody (mAb) medication for the treatment of multiple myeloma.[4][3]
The most common side effects include neutropenia (low levels of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell), infusion reactions, pneumonia (infection of the lungs), upper respiratory tract infection (such as nose and throat infections), diarrhoea and bronchitis (inflammation of the airways in the lungs).[3]
Isatuximab is an anti-CD38 mAb intended to treat relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma.[5] It entered in Phase II trials for multiple myeloma[6] and T-cell leukemia in 2015.[7]
Medical uses
In the United States it is indicated, in combination with pomalidomide and dexamethasone, for the treatment of adults with multiple myeloma who have received at least two prior therapies including lenalidomide and a proteasome inhibitor.[8][9][10]
In the European Union it is indicated, in combination with pomalidomide and dexamethasone, for the treatment of adults with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (MM) who have received at least two prior therapies including lenalidomide and a proteasome inhibitor (PI) and have demonstrated disease progression on the last therapy.[3]
History
It was granted orphan drug designation for multiple myeloma by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in April 2014, and by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in December 2016.[3][11]
Researchers started a Phase I study with isatuximab in combination with pomalidomide and dexamethasone for the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma (MM). The results during the Phase I trial showed that 26 out of the 45 patients discontinued the treatment due to progression of the disease. The patients had already been heavily pretreated. The latter lead to a manageable safety profile where the dose of isatuximab in combination with pomalidomide and dexamethasone would be capped to the maximum of 10 mg/kg weekly every two weeks for future studies.[12]
Based on the remarkable findings during the Phase I trial, a Phase II trial was launched where researchers investigated isatuximab as a single agent in patients with MM. The heavily pretreated patients reacted well to the single administration of isatuximab during Phase II of the trial.[13]
A Phase III combination trial for plasma cell myeloma is comparing pomalidomide and dexamethasone with and without isatuximab is in progress with an estimated completion date of 2021.[medical citation needed]
Additionally, two Phase III trials were added in 2017. The first trial highlights whether there is an added value in the combination of isatuximab with bortezomib, lenalidomide and dexamethasone. The latter will be tested in patients with newly diagnosed MM who are not qualified for a transplant (IMROZ trial). The second trial evaluates the combinations of isatuximab with carfilzomib and dexamethasone compared to carfilzomib with dexamethasone. The second trial was designed for patients who were previously treated with one to three prior lines (IKEMA). There is currently[when?] no treatment for MM, however promising improvements have been made and the study is still ongoing.[14][15]
In March 2020, it was approved for medical use in the United States.[8][9][10]
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved isatuximab-irfc in March 2020, based on evidence from a clinical trial (NCT02990338) of 307 subjects with previously treated multiple myeloma.[10] The trial was conducted at 102 sites in Europe, North America, Asia, Australia and New Zealand.[10]
The trial evaluated the efficacy and side effects of isatuximab-irfc in subjects with previously treated multiple myeloma.[10] Subjects were randomly assigned to receive either isatuximab-irfc (in combination with pomalidomide and low-dose dexamethasone) or active comparator (pomalidomide and low-dose dexamethasone).[10] Treatment was administered in both groups in 28-day cycles until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.[10] Both subjects and health care providers knew which treatment was given.[10] The trial measured the time patients lived without the cancer growing (progression-free survival or PFS).[10]
It was approved for medical use in the European Union in May 2020.[3]
Structure and reactivity
The structure of isatuximab consists of two identical immunoglobulin kappa light chains and also two equal immunoglobulin gamma heavy chains. Chemically, isatuximab is similar to the structure and reactivity of daratumumab, hence both drugs show the same CD38 targeting. However, isatuximab shows a more potent inhibition of its ectozyme function. The latter gives potential for some non-cross reactivity. Isatuximab shows action of an allosteric antagonist with the inhibition of the CD38 enzymatic activity. Additionally, isatuximab shows potential where it can induce apoptosis without cross linking.[16] Lastly, Isatuximab reveals direct killing activity when a larger increase in apoptosis is detected in CD38 expressing cancer cells. Furthermore, isatuximab demonstrated a dose dependent inhibition of CD38 enzymatic activity. However, daratumumab with the same experimental conditions shows a more limited inhibition without a dose response.[17]
Reactions
Isatuximab binds uniquely to an epitope on the CD38 receptor and is the only CD38 antibody which can start apoptosis directly.[18] Isatuximab binds to a different CD38 epitope amino-acid sequence than does the anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody daratumumab.[19] The binding with the CD38 receptor is mainly via the gamma heavy chains and are more potent than other CD38 antibodies such as daratumumab which can inhibit the enzymatic activity of CD38. Moreover, isatuximab inhibits the hydrolase activity of CD38.[medical citation needed]
The antibodies show signs of improving antitumor immunity by eliminating regulatory T cells, B cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. The difference in binding between isatuximab and daratumumab is in the recognition of the different amino acid groups. Isatuximab identifies 23 amino acids of CD38 to the contrary with daratumumab who has 27. The residue of Glu233 has a flexible sidechain and faces the N-terminal of Asp1 residue in the isatuximab light chain. The latter light chain of isatuximab is also flexible which makes the interaction between CD38/Glu233 and the Asp1 weaker than the other interactions between CD38 and isatuximab. The caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway and the lysosomal mediated cell death pathway in MM cells is induced by isatuximab. The MM cell death follows the downstream reactions of the lysosomal activation. The latter also activates the production of reactive oxygen species.[20]
Available forms
Isatuximab or isatuximab-irfc is available as a drug in an intravenous infusion form. Injection doses are 100 mg/5 mL (20 mg/mL) solution in single-dose vial or 500 mg/25 mL (20 mg/mL) solution in single-dose vial.[4]
Mechanism of action
Cancer of the blood that is distinguished by an overproduction of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow is called multiple myeloma. The myeloma cells are marked with uniformed overexpression of CD38 surface glycoproteins. Although these proteins are also expressed on other myeloid and lymphoid cells, the extent is relatively minor compared to myeloma cells. The fact that CD38 glycoproteins carry out various important cellular functions, and that they are plentiful on the surface of myeloma cells, has made them an appealing target for multiple myeloma treatment.[21] CD38 was first described as an activation marker, but later the molecule displayed functions in adhesion to endothelial CD31 proteins, e.g. as an aiding component of the synapse complex, as well as an ectoenzyme implicated in the metabolism of extracellular NAD+ and cytoplasmic NADP. The tumour cells can evade the immune system, possibly due to adenosine, an immunosuppressive molecule that arises as a product of the ectoenzymatic activity of CD38.[22]
Isatuximab-irfc is an IgG1-derived monoclonal antibody that selectively binds to the CD38 that exists on the exterior of hematopoietic and multiple myeloma cells (as well as other tumor cells). This drug induces apoptosis of tumor cells and activates immune effector mechanisms such as complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Isatuximab-irfc is able to stimulate natural killer (NK) cells in the absence of CD38-positive target tumor cells and blocks CD38-positive T-regulatory cells.[4] Furthermore, the NADase activity of CD38 is adjusted by isatuximab, similarly to other CD38 antibodies. Contrarily to daratumumab however, isatuximab can incite apoptosis directly without cross-linking, and in its binding epitope.[23] According to the FDA, isatuximab-irfc alone has reduced ADCC and direct tumor cell killing activity in vitro in comparison to when it is combined with pomalidomide. As well as increased anti-tumor activity as opposed to isatuximab-irfc or pomalidomide only in a human multiple myeloma xenograft model.[4]
Metabolism and toxicity
Metabolism
Isatuximab-irfc is likely to be metabolized through catabolic pathways into smaller peptides. When isatuximab is at a constant state it is expected that the ≥99% elimination will occur approximately two months after the last dose was administered. The clearance percentage diminished when the dosages were increased over time, as well as when multiple doses were administered. However, the elimination of isatuximab-irfc did not differ when applied as a single agent or as a combination therapy.[4]
Toxicity
A dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) has characterized been characterized as the development of any of the following: grade ≥ 3 non-hematologic toxicity; grade 4 neutropenia or grade 4 thrombocytopenia lasting more than 5 days; grade ≥ 2 allergic reactions or hypersensitivity (i.e., infusion reactions); or any other toxicity considered to be dose-limiting by the investigators or sponsor. Grade ≤ 2 infusion reactions were excluded from the DLT definition, because, with suitable care, patients that suffered a grade 2 infusion reaction prior to completion of the infusion were able to finalize isatuximab administration.[23]
There is no recommended reduced dose of isatuximab-irfc. In the eventuality of hematological toxicity it may be necessary to delay administration so that the blood count may be recovered.[4] Although there is no counteracting agent for isatuximab, clinical experience with overdoses is seemingly nonexistent as well. Overdose symptoms will probably be in line with the side effects attached to isatuximab. Therefore, infusion reactions, gastrointestinal disturbances and an elevated risk of infections may occur. It is necessary to carefully monitor the patient in case of an overdose and to employ clinically indicated symptomatic and supportive procedures.[21]
No studies have been conducted with isatuximab concerning carcinogenicity, genotoxicity or fertility.[4]
Pregnancy
When given to pregnant women isatuximab-irfc can cause fetal injury, due to the mechanism of action. It can precipitate depletion of immune cells as well as decreased bone density in the fetus. Pregnant women are therefore notified of the potential risks to a fetus, and women that are able to reproduce are advised to use effective contraceptives during treatment and at least five months subsequent to the last dose of isatuximab-irfc.
Furthermore, it is not recommended to combine isatuximab-irfc with pomalidomide in women that are carrying a child, because pomalidomide may cause birth defects and death of the unborn child.[4]
Indications
Isatuximab is indicated as a CD38-directed cytolytic antibody. By inhibiting the enzymatic activity of CD38.
The binding of isatuximab to CD38 on multiple myeloma (MM) cells leads to a trigger to several mechanisms leading to direct apoptosis of target cancer cells. The triggered pathways are the caspase-dependent apoptotic and the lysosome-mediated cell death pathway in MM cells.[24]
It is used in a combination with dexamethasone and pomalidomide. The drug is thus to treat patients with multiple myeloma. Restrictions for the use of isatuximab is that the patients have to be adults who have at least received two previous treatments with lenalidomide and a proteasome inhibitor.[4]
Isatuximab is currently[when?] also being tested in a Phase II trial as a monotherapy against refractory/recurrent systemic light-chain amyloidosis.[24]
Efficacy and side effects
Efficacy
A Phase III study of patients with refractory and relapsed MM, who were resistant to lenalidomide and a proteasome inhibitor, and could not have received daratumumab, another anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody was published in 2019 (ICARIA-MM). The addition of isatuximab to pomalidomide and dexamethasone improved progression free survival to 11.5 months compared to 6.5 months, with an overall response rate of 63%.[25]
Side effects
Adverse reactions to isatuximab-irfc may include neutropenia, infusion-related reactions and/or secondary primary malignancies.[4] Of these three the most commonly occurring ones are the infusion-related reactions.[24] Examples of the most frequent symptoms of infusion-related reactions are dyspnea, cough, chills, and nausea, while the severest signs and symptoms included hypertension and dyspnea.[4]
Effects on animals
The activity of isatuximab has been researched in mouse tumor models. It has been proven that isatuximab leads to antitumor activity in MM cells. Furthermore, the combination of isatuximab and pomalidomide will lead to an extra enhanced antitumor activity in MM cells. Thus, pomalidomide in vivo and in vitro leads to an increase of the activity of isatuximab.[24]
Animal studies in reproduction toxicity have not yet been carried out. So, the risks of birth defects and miscarriage risks are unknown.[4]
Names
Isatuximab is the United States Adopted Name (USAN).[26]
It was developed by ImmunoGen and Sanofi-Aventis with the development name SAR-650984.

References
- ^ Jump up to:a b “Sarclisa Australian prescription medicine decision summary”. Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 14 May 2020. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
- ^ “Isatuximab (Sarclisa) Use During Pregnancy”. Drugs.com. 25 March 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f “Sarclisa EPAR”. European Medicines Agency (EMA). 24 March 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2020. Text was copied from this source which is © European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l “Sarclisa- isatuximab injection, solution, concentrate”. DailyMed. 2 March 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
- ^ ImmunoGen, Inc. Announces Data Presentations at Upcoming 57th ASH Annual Meeting and Exposition
- ^ Martin T (2015). “A Dose Finding Phase II Trial of Isatuximab (SAR650984, Anti-CD38 mAb) As a Single Agent in Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma”. Blood. 126 (23): 509. doi:10.1182/blood.V126.23.509.509.
- ^ “Safety and Efficacy of Isatuximab in Lymphoblastic Leukemia”. ClinicalTrials.gov. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
- ^ Jump up to:a b “FDA approves isatuximab-irfc for multiple myeloma”. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2 March 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Jump up to:a b “FDA Approves New Therapy for Patients with Previously Treated Multiple Myeloma”. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Press release). 2 March 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i “Drug Trials Snapshots: Sarclisa”. U.S. Food and Drug Administration(FDA). 2 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ “Isatuximab Orphan Drug Designations and Approvals”. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 24 December 1999. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
- ^ Mikhael J, Richardson P, Usmani SZ, Raje N, Bensinger W, Karanes C, et al. (July 2019). “A phase 1b study of isatuximab plus pomalidomide/dexamethasone in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma”. Blood. 134 (2): 123–133. doi:10.1182/blood-2019-02-895193. PMC 6659612. PMID 30862646.
- ^ Martin T (7 December 2015). “A Dose Finding Phase II Trial of Isatuximab (SAR650984, Anti-CD38 mAb) As a Single Agent in Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma”. ASH.
- ^ Orlowski RZ, Goldschmidt H, Cavo M, Martin TG, Paux G, Oprea C, Facon T (20 May 2018). “Phase III (IMROZ) study design: Isatuximab plus bortezomib (V), lenalidomide (R), and dexamethasone (d) vs VRd in transplant-ineligible patients (pts) with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM)”. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 36 (15_suppl): TPS8055. doi:10.1200/JCO.2018.36.15_suppl.TPS8055.
- ^ Moreau P, Dimopoulos MA, Yong K, Mikhael J, Risse ML, Asset G, Martin T (January 2020). “Isatuximab plus carfilzomib/dexamethasone versus carfilzomib/dexamethasone in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma: IKEMA Phase III study design”. Future Oncology. 16 (2): 4347–4358. doi:10.2217/fon-2019-0431. PMID 31833394.
- ^ Rajan AM, Kumar S (July 2016). “New investigational drugs with single-agent activity in multiple myeloma”. Blood Cancer Journal. 6 (7): e451. doi:10.1038/bcj.2016.53. PMC 5030378. PMID 27471867.
- ^ Martin T, Baz R, Benson DM, Lendvai N, Wolf J, Munster P, et al. (June 2017). “A phase 1b study of isatuximab plus lenalidomide and dexamethasone for relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma”. Blood. 129 (25): 3294–3303. doi:10.1182/blood-2016-09-740787. PMC 5482100. PMID 28483761.
- ^ Martin TG, Corzo K, Chiron M (2019). “Therapeutic Opportunities with Pharmacological Inhibition of CD38 with Isatuximab”. Cells. 8 (12): 1522. doi:10.3390/cells8121522. PMC 6953105. PMID 31779273.
- ^ Dhillon S (2020). “Isatuximab: First Approval”. Drugs. 80 (9): 905–912. doi:10.1007/s40265-020-01311-1. PMID 32347476. S2CID 216597315.
- ^ Martin TG, Corzo K, Chiron M, Velde HV, Abbadessa G, Campana F, et al. (November 2019). “Therapeutic Opportunities with Pharmacological Inhibition of CD38 with Isatuximab”. Cells. 8 (12): 1522. doi:10.3390/cells8121522. PMC 6953105. PMID 31779273.
- ^ Jump up to:a b “Isatuximab”. Drugbank. 20 May 2019.
- ^ Morandi F, Horenstein AL, Costa F, Giuliani N, Pistoia V, Malavasi F (28 November 2018). “CD38: A Target for Immunotherapeutic Approaches in Multiple Myeloma”. Frontiers in Immunology. 9: 2722. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.02722. PMC 6279879. PMID 30546360.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Martin T, Strickland S, Glenn M, Charpentier E, Guillemin H, Hsu K, Mikhael J (March 2019). “Phase I trial of isatuximab monotherapy in the treatment of refractory multiple myeloma”. Blood Cancer Journal. 9 (4): 41. doi:10.1038/s41408-019-0198-4. PMC 6440961. PMID 30926770.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d Martin TG, Corzo K, Chiron M, Velde HV, Abbadessa G, Campana F, et al. (November 2019). “Therapeutic Opportunities with Pharmacological Inhibition of CD38 with Isatuximab”. Cells. 8 (12): 1522. doi:10.3390/cells8121522. PMC 6953105. PMID 31779273.
- ^ Attal, Michel; Richardson, Paul G; Rajkumar, S Vincent; San-Miguel, Jesus; Beksac, Meral; Spicka, Ivan; Leleu, Xavier; Schjesvold, Fredrik; Moreau, Philippe; Dimopoulos, Meletios A; Huang, Jeffrey Shang-Yi (2019). “Isatuximab plus pomalidomide and low-dose dexamethasone versus pomalidomide and low-dose dexamethasone in patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (ICARIA-MM): a randomised, multicentre, open-label, phase 3 study”. The Lancet. 394 (10214): 2096–2107. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(19)32556-5. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 31735560. S2CID 208049235.
- ^ Statement On A Nonproprietary Name Adopted By The USAN Council – Isatuximab, American Medical Association
External links
- “Isatuximab”. Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- Clinical trial number NCT02990338 for “Multinational Clinical Study Comparing Isatuximab, Pomalidomide, and Dexamethasone to Pomalidomide and Dexamethasone in Refractory or Relapsed and Refractory Multiple Myeloma Patients (ICARIA-MM)” at ClinicalTrials.gov
Isatuximab (pale blue) binding CD38 (purple). PDB: 4CMH | |
Monoclonal antibody | |
---|---|
Type | Whole antibody |
Source | Chimeric (mouse/human) |
Target | CD38 |
Clinical data | |
Trade names | Sarclisa |
Other names | SAR-650984, isatuximab-irfc |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
MedlinePlus | a620023 |
License data | US DailyMed: Sarclisa |
Pregnancy category | AU: C[1]US: N (Not classified yet)[2] |
Routes of administration | Intravenous |
Drug class | Antineoplastic |
ATC code | None |
Legal status | |
Legal status | AU: S4 (Prescription only) [1]US: ℞-onlyEU: Rx-only [3] |
Identifiers | |
CAS Number | 1461640-62-9 |
DrugBank | DB14811 |
ChemSpider | none |
UNII | R30772KCU0 |
KEGG | D11050 |
Chemical and physical data | |
Formula | C6456H9932N1700O2026S44 |
Molar mass | 145190.99 g·mol−1 |
////////Isatuximab, Sarclisa, 2020APPROVALS, JAPAN 2020, US 2020, EU 2020, PEPTIDE, SANOFI , イサツキシマブ (遺伝子組換え) ,