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DRUG APPROVALS BY DR ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO
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Otsuka and Lundbeck’s Once-Monthly Abilify Maintena(R) (Aripiprazole) Now Approved in Europe
Otsuka and Lundbeck’s Once-Monthly Abilify Maintena(R) (Aripiprazole) Now Approved in Europe for Maintenance Treatment of Schizophrenia in Adult Patients Stabilized with Oral Aripiprazole
do not forget to see my old blog post, contains synthesis
Preventing relapse is critical in the treatment of schizophrenia. Pivotal
studies, that supported the EU submission, demonstrate that Abilify
Maintena can reduce the risk of relapse relative to placebo and is
non-inferior to oral aripiprazole in patients with schizophrenia1,2
-- The approval of Abilify Maintena now provides patients with schizophrenia
access to a once-monthly formulation with established efficacy together
with a tolerability profile that is comparable to that of oral ABILIFY(R)
(aripiprazole)2
-- At the end of the randomized, double-blind treatment phase in one of the
pivotal trials, 93 percent of patients reported being extremely, very or
somewhat satisfied with Abilify Maintena treatment3
-- Abilify Maintena is the only dopamine D2 partial agonist in a
once-monthly, injectable form to receive marketing authorization in
Europe for maintenance treatment of schizophrenia
-- Abilify Maintena will be the first commercialized product in Europe from
the global alliance between Otsuka and Lundbeck which is focused on
developing Central Nervous System (CNS) therapies worldwide
TOKYO & COPENHAGEN, Denmark--(BUSINESS WIRE)--November 21, 2013--
Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Otsuka) and H. Lundbeck A/S (Lundbeck) today announced marketing authorization approval from the European Commission for Abilify Maintena (aripiprazole), an intramuscular (IM) once-monthly injectable formulation for maintenance treatment of schizophrenia in adult patients stabilized with oral aripiprazole.
Abilify Maintena reduces the risk of relapse relative to placebo over the long-term and provides effective treatment of schizophrenia.(1,2) It has a tolerability profile similar to oral aripiprazole(1) , and demonstrated statistically significant benefits on patients’ personal and social functioning as compared to placebo.(1,4) 93 percent of patients treated with Abilify Maintena were extremely, very or somewhat satisfied with their treatment at the end of the double-blind treatment phase.(4)
“We strongly believe the schizophrenia community will welcome the availability of Abilify Maintena to help improve outcomes for patients living with schizophrenia. As a company, our focus is to develop treatments to help protect against relapse and preserve brain function,” said Ole Vahlgren, CEO & President, Otsuka Europe. “We must partner with health care professionals and caregivers to help patients get the best treatments that focus on reducing the risk of relapse.”
“Studies have shown that the early use of long-acting injectables can prevent a person with schizophrenia from experiencing a relapse,”(5) said Ole Chrintz, SVP International Markets & Europe, Lundbeck. “Efficacy is important, but a treatment for a chronic condition such as schizophrenia also needs to be well tolerated so patients will stay on it over the long-term. We believe Abilify Maintena meets this need.”(1,2,3)
About the Studies
The efficacy of Abilify Maintena was demonstrated in two double-blind, Phase III, randomized trials. The safety profile for Abilify Maintena was demonstrated to be similar to that of oral ABILIFY. The most frequently observed adverse drug reactions (ADRs) reported in >=5 percent of patients in two double-blind controlled clinical trials of Abilify Maintena were weight increases (9.0 percent), akathisia (7.9 percent), insomnia (5.8 percent), and injection site pain (5.1 percent).(1,2)
About Abilify Maintena
Abilify Maintena is the only dopamine D2 partial agonist in once-monthly, injectable form to receive marketing authorization for maintenance treatment in schizophrenia. Physicians now have an alternative treatment option, with a tolerability profile comparable to the well-established oral ABILIFY, to address the on-going need to reduce the risk of relapse in patients with schizophrenia.
The European label states that Abilify Maintena is a powder and solvent for prolonged-release suspension for intra-muscular (IM) injection. It is a once-monthly formulation of aripiprazole in a sterile lyophilized powder that is reconstituted with sterile water. Abilify Maintena is indicated for maintenance treatment of schizophrenia in adult patients stabilized with oral aripiprazole.
After the first injection, treatment with 10 mg to 20 mg oral aripiprazole should be continued for 14 consecutive days to maintain therapeutic aripiprazole concentrations during initiation of therapy.
About Schizophrenia and Disease Relapse
Schizophrenia is a disease characterized by a distortion in the process of thinking and of emotional responsiveness. It most commonly manifests as hallucinations, paranoid or bizarre delusions, or disorganized speech and thinking, and is accompanied by significant social or occupational dysfunction. Onset of symptoms typically occurs in young adulthood, and the condition is chronic, often requiring lifelong treatment to mitigate symptoms.
Relapse of schizophrenia refers to an exacerbation or acute psychotic break that is characterised primarily by the emergence of positive symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions and disordered thinking.(6)
Relapse can occur when a patient no longer responds to antipsychotic medication, does not take the medication as prescribed, or stops taking their medication altogether. There are many reasons patients stop taking their medication, including poor insight about their illness, side effects from current treatments, complicated medication regimen or lack of support from family.(7) Abilify Maintena is able to significantly reduce the risk of relapse in patients with schizophrenia.(1)
It has been estimated that schizophrenia affects approximately one percent of the adult population in the U.S. and Europe, and approximately 24 million people worldwide.(8,9) In Europe there are approximately 4.4 million adults with schizophrenia,(10) prevalent equally in both genders.(11,12) While there is no cure for the disease, symptoms and risk of relapse can be managed in most patients with appropriate antipsychotic treatment. However, when the disease is not managed, patients are at increased risk of disease relapse, which can cause the re-emergence or worsening of psychotic symptoms.(13)
Schizophrenia places a significant burden on society. It is regarded among the most financially costly illnesses and is according to the World Health Organization (WHO), the 8(th) leading cause of DALYs (lost healthy years) worldwide among patients between the age of 15-44.(11) With 50 percent of patients not receiving appropriate care and 80 percent of patients relapsing within the first 5 years,(14) there is a significant unmet need to be addressed in schizophrenia.
About the Lundbeck and Otsuka Global Alliance
Lundbeck and Otsuka established a global alliance in November 2011 to bring to bear their considerable experience and resources in the CNS area to introduce next-generation treatments for conditions such as schizophrenia, depression, Alzheimer’s disease and alcohol dependency.
About Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. is a global healthcare company with the corporate philosophy: ‘Otsuka-people creating new products for better health worldwide.’ Otsuka researches, develops, manufactures and markets innovative and original products, with a focus on pharmaceutical products for the treatment of diseases and nutraceutical products for the maintenance of everyday health.
In pharmaceuticals, Otsuka is a leading firm in the challenging area of mental health and also has research programs for several under-addressed diseases including tuberculosis, a significant global public health issue. These commitments illustrate more powerfully than words how Otsuka is a “big venture” company at heart, applying a youthful spirit of creativity in everything it does.
Otsuka is a wholly owned subsidiary of Otsuka Holdings Co., Ltd., the holding company for the Otsuka Group. The chairman Akihiko Otsuka is the third generation of Otsuka family members to lead the business, whose origins date from 1921. The Otsuka Group employs approximately 42,000 people globally and its products are available in more than 80 countries worldwide. Consolidated sales were approximately EUR10 billion or USD 13 billion for fiscal year 2012 (4/1/2012-3/31/2013). Otsuka Pharmaceutical welcomes you to visit its global website at https://www.otsuka.co.jp/en/
About H. Lundbeck A/S
Lundbeck is a global pharmaceutical company highly committed to improving the quality of life of people living with brain diseases. For this purpose, Lundbeck is engaged in the entire value chain throughout research, development, production, marketing and sales of pharmaceuticals across the world. The company’s products are targeted at disorders such as depression and anxiety, psychotic disorders, epilepsy, Huntington’s, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Lundbeck’s pipeline consists of several mid- to late-stage development programmes.
Lundbeck employs more than 5,800 people worldwide, 2,000 of whom are based in Denmark. We have research in 57 countries and our products are registered in more than 100 countries. We have research centers in Denmark, China and the United States and production facilities in Italy, France, Mexico, China and Denmark. Lundbeck generated revenue of approximately DKK 15 billion in 2012. For additional information, we encourage you to visit our corporate site http://www.lundbeck.com.
REFERENCES:
1. Kane, JM et al. Aripiprazole intramuscular depot as maintenance treatment in
patients with schizophrenia: a 52-week, multicenter, randomized,
double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry 2012;73(5):617-62
2. Fleischhacker WW, Sanchez R, Perry PP, et al. Aripiprazole once-monthly for
the treatment of schizophrenia: a double-blind, randomized, non-inferiority
study vs. oral aripiprazole. Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric
Association, 18--22 May, 2013 (poster).
3. Sanchez R, et al. Patient-reported Outcomes with
Aripiprazole-Intramuscular-Depot for Long-term Maintenance Treatment in
Schiziphrenia. NR6-42 2012 (poster)
4. Carson WH, Perry P, Sanchez R, et al. Effects of a Once-Monthly Formulation
of Aripiprazole on Secondary Efficacy Outcomes in Maintenance Treatment of
Schizophrenia. Institute on Psychiatric Services meeting, October 4--7, 2012
(Poster)
5. Long-acting injectable antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia:
their role in relapse prevention. Agid O, et al. Expert Opin. Pharmacother.
(2010) 11(14):2301-2317
6. Ayuso-Gutierrez JL, del Rio Vega JM. Factors influencing relapse in the
long-term course of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 1997; 28(2-3): 199-206
7. Baloush-Kleinman V, et al. Adherence to antipsychotic drug treatment in
early-episode schizophrenia: a six-month naturalistic follow-up study.
Schizophr Res. 2011;130(1-3):176-81.
8. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). Health Topics: Statistics.
Available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/statistics/1SCHIZ.shtml. Accessed
October 22, 2013
9. World Health Organization (WHO). Schizophrenia Fact Sheet. 2010. Available
at: http://www.who.int/mental_health/management/schizophrenia/en/. Accessed
October 22, 2013.
10. World Health Organization (WHO) The global burden of disease:2004 update
(2008)
11. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). The Numbers Count: Mental
Disorders in America. 2010. Available at
http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/the-numbers-count-mental-disorde
rs-in-America/index.shtml#Schizophrenia. Accessed October 22, 2013
12. Regier DA, et al. The de facto US mental and addictive disorders service
system. Epidemiologic catchment area prospective 1-year prevalence rates of
disorders and services. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993;50(2):85-94.
13. American Psychiatric Association. Practice guideline for the treatment of
patients with schizophrenia. Second edition. 2004. Available at
http://psychiatryonline.org/content.aspx?bookid=28§ionid=1665359.
Accessed October 28, 2013
14. Robinson D, et al. Predictors of relapse following response from a first
episode of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry.
1999;56(3):241-247
read my earlier blog post
https://newdrugapprovals.wordpress.com/2013/02/07/the-european-medicines-agency-ema-approves-otsukas-aripiprazole-abilify-for-the-treatment-of-moderate-to-severe-manic-episodes-in-bipolar-i-disorder-in-adolescents/
Bayer, Onyx win early FDA OK for Nexavar (sorafenib) in thyroid cancer
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration said on Friday it has expanded the approved use of the cancer drug Nexavar to include late-stage differentiated thyroid cancer.
Differentiated thyroid cancer is the most common type of thyroid cancer, the FDA said. The National Cancer Institute estimates that 60,220 people in the United States will be diagnosed with it and 1,850 will die from the disease in 2013.
The drug, made by Germany’s Bayer AG and Onyx Pharmaceuticals, is already approved to treat advanced kidney cancer and liver cancer that cannot be surgically removed. Onyx was acquired by Amgen Inc earlier this year.
READ ABOUT SORAFENIB IN MY EARLIER BLOGPOST
https://newdrugapprovals.wordpress.com/2013/07/16/nexavar-sorafenib/
SCRIP Awards 2013 -Best Company in an Emerging Market – Dr Reddy’s Laboratories – India, Novartis’s Bexsero, Best New Drug
The SCRIP Awards 2013 celebrated achievements in the global biopharma industry last night at the Lancaster, London.
Hosted by Justin Webb, the evening was a fantastic mix of dining, entertainment and awards.
Among the winners were:
- Novartis’s Bexsero, Best New Drug
- Genmab, Biotech Company of the Year
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals and Sanofi’s Phase IIa study dupilumab in asthma, Clinical Advance of the Year
You can view the full roll of honour by clicking on the button below.
It was a great night and we would like to thank all those who entered and attended this year’s awards.
Finally congratulations to our winners and a huge thanks to our sponsors for helping us make it such a fantastic success.
Don’t forget to check our website in the next couple of days for all the pictures from the night.
2013 Winners
Best Company in an Emerging Market – Sponsored by Clinigen Group
- Dr Reddy’s Laboratories – India
Best Technological Development in Clinical Trials
- Quintiles’s Infosario Safety
Best Partnership Alliance
- AstraZeneca with Bristol-Myers Squibb and Amylin in diabetes
Financing Deal of the Year
- Mesoblast’s equity financing of Aus$170m
Best Advance in an Emerging Market
- Novartis’s Jian Kang Kuai Che Healthcare Project in China
Clinical Advance of the Year – Sponsored by Quintiles
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals and Sanofi’s Phase IIa study dupilumab in in asthma
Licensing Deal of the Year – Sponsored by Hume Brophy
- AstraZeneca and Horizon Discovery for the development and commercialization of the HD-001 kinase target program for multiple cancer types
Executive of the Year
- Roch Doliveux, chairman and chief executive officer of UCB
Biotech Company of the Year
- Genmab
Best Contract Research Organization
- Quintiles
Management Team of the Year
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals’ CEO Leonard S Schleifer and CSO George D Yancopoulos
Best New Drug – Sponsored by INC Research
- Novartis’ Bexsero (meningococcal group B vaccine)
Pharma Company of the Year – Sponsored by ICON
- Astellas
Lifetime Achievement Award
- Prof Dr Désiré Collen
…….read about bexero at
DR ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO Ph.D
Late-stage success for Sanofi/Regeneron RA drug sarilumab
SARILUMAB
PRONUNCIATION sar il’ ue mab
THERAPEUTIC CLAIM Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and
ankylosing spondylitis
CHEMICAL NAMES
1. Immunoglobulin G1, anti-(human interleukin 6 receptor α) (human REGN88 heavy
chain), disulfide with human REGN88 light chain, dimer
2. Immunoglobulin G1, anti-(human interleukin-6 receptor subunit alpha (IL-6RA,
membrane glycoprotein 80, CD126)); human monoclonal RGN88 γ1 heavy chain (219-
214′)-disulfide with human monoclonal RGN88 κ light chain dimer (225-225”:228-
228”)-bisdisulfide
MOLECULAR FORMULA C6388H9918N1718O1998S44
MOLECULAR WEIGHT 144.13 kDa
SPONSOR Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
CODE DESIGNATION REGN88, SAR153191
CAS REGISTRY NUMBER 1189541-98-7
sarilumab
Sarilumab (REGN88/SAR153191) is a fully-human monoclonal antibody directed against the IL-6 receptor (IL-6R). Sarilumab is a subcutaneously delivered inhibitor of IL-6 signaling, which binds with high affinity to the IL-6 receptor. It blocks the binding of IL-6 to its receptor and interrupts the resultant cytokine-mediated inflammatory signaling.
Sanofi and Regeneron’s investigational rheumatoid arthritis drug sarilumab has succeeded in a late-stage trial.
The year-long Phase III study enrolled 1,200 patients with active, moderate-to-severe RA who were inadequate responders to methotrexate. Patients were randomised to one of three subcutaneous treatment groups, all in combination with MTX and dosed every other week – sarilumab 200mg, 150mg or placebo.http://www.pharmatimes.com/Article/13-11-22/Late-stage_success_for_Sanofi_Regeneron_RA_drug.aspx
Sarilumab is a human monoclonal antibody against the interleukin-6 receptor.
Regeneron and Sanofi are currently co-developing the drug for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, for which it is in phase III trials. Development inankylosing spondylitis has been suspended after the drug failed to show clinical benefit over methotrexate in a phase II trial.[1][2]
On May 15th, 2013, both companies announced that 2 new trials were starting (COMPARE and ASCERTAIN) and the first patients had already been enrolled.[3]
On November 22nd, 2013, both companies On May 15th, 2013, both companies announced positive phase 3 results for the RA-MOBILITY trial
- “Statement On A Nonproprietary Name Adopted By The USAN Council: Sarilumab”. American Medical Association.
- http://investor.regeneron.com/releasedetail.cfm?releaseid=590869
- http://en.sanofi.com/Images/33027_20130515_sari_en.pdf
fully human monoclonal antibody directed against the interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) in combination with methotrexate (MTX) therapy improved disease signs and symptoms as well as physical functionw while inhibiting progression of joint damage in adults with RA who saw little improvement through MTX therapy alone.
Sarilumab met all three primary endpoints of the 52-week SARIL-RA-MOBILITY Phase III trial by demonstrating clinically relevant and statistically significant improvements compared to the placebo group in the two groups treated with the drug candidate. The trial enrolled about 1,200 patients with active, moderate-to-severe rheumatoid arthritis who were inadequate responders to MTX therapy.
Of patients treated with the 200 mg dose of sarilumab plus MTX, 66% saw improvement in signs and symptoms of RA at 24 weeks, as measured by the American College of Rheumatology score of at-least 20% improvement. The percentage dipped to 58% of sarilumab 150 mg dose patients, and 33% of placebo patients.
Sarilumab 200 mg patients showed the least progression of structural damage after 52 weeks, registering a 0.25 change in the modified Van der Heijde total Sharp score. That contrasts with scores of 0.90 in patients taking sarilumab 150 mg, and 2.78 in the placebo group.
In addition, sarilumab 200 mg patients showed improvement in physical function, as measured by change from baseline in the Health Assessment Question-Disability at week 16. However, the companies did not quantify those results in their announcement. Sanofi and Regeneron said additional analyses of efficacy and safety data from SARIL-RA-MOBILITY will be presented “at a future medical conference.”
“We are encouraged by these Phase III results and the impact sarilumab demonstrated on inhibition of progression of structural damage assessed radiographically in this study,” Tanya M. Momtahen, Sanofi’s sarilumab global project head, said in a statement.
Sarilumab—known as SAR153191 and REGN88—blocks the binding of IL-6 to its receptor and interrupts the resultant cytokine-mediated inflammatory signaling characteristic of RA. Sarilumab was developed using Regeneron’s VelocImmune® antibody technology.
The positive results continue what has been mostly strong success in clinical trials for the partners, whose development collaborations include alirocumab (REGN727), dupilumab (REGN668), and enoticumab (REGN421). Alirocumab is a PCSK9 antibody being evaluated for its ability to manage LDL cholesterol, including in people who do not get to their target LDL levels using statin medicines alone. Dupilumab is an antibody to the receptors for interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 under evaluation in atopic dermatitis and eosinophilic asthma. Enoticumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody to delta-like ligand-4 (Dll4) now in Phase I study for advanced malignancies.
On its own, however, Sanofi’s R&D efforts have shown more mixed results, with the pharma giant earlier this month ending development of cancer drug candidate fedratinib (SAR302503) after it was placed on clinical hold by the FDA following reports that some patients in clinical trials developed symptoms consistent with Wernicke’s encephalopathy. Another cancer compound, iniparib, had its development halted earlier this year after a disappointing Phase III trial.
European Commission Approves Gilead’s VitektaTM, an Integrase Inhibitor for the Treatment of HIV-1 Infection
Elvitegravir
697761-98-1 CAS
FOSTER CITY, Calif.–(BUSINESS WIRE)–Nov. 18, 2013– Gilead Sciences, Inc. (Nasdaq: GILD) today announced that the European Commission has granted marketing authorization for VitektaTM (elvitegravir 85 mg and 150 mg) tablets, an integrase inhibitor for the treatment of HIV-1 infection in adults without known mutations associated with resistance to elvitegravir. Vitekta is indicated for use as part of HIV treatment regimens that include a ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor.http://www.pharmalive.com/eu-oks-gileads-vitekta Vitekta interferes with HIV replication by blocking the virus from integrating into the genetic material of human cells. In clinical trials, Vitekta was effective in suppressing HIV among patients with drug-resistant strains of HIV.http://www.pharmalive.com/eu-oks-gileads-vitekta
Elvitegravir (EVG, formerly GS-9137) is a drug used for the treatment of HIV infection. It acts as an integrase inhibitor. It was developed[1] by the pharmaceutical company Gilead Sciences, which licensed EVG from Japan Tobacco in March 2008.[2][3][4] The drug gained approval by U.S. Food and Drug Administration on August 27, 2012 for use in adult patients starting HIV treatment for the first time as part of the fixed dose combination known as Stribild.[5]
According to the results of the phase II clinical trial, patients taking once-daily elvitegravir boosted by ritonavir had greater reductions in viral load after 24 weeks compared to individuals randomized to receive a ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor.[6]
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency disease syndrome (AIDS). After over 26 years of efforts, there is still not a therapeutic cure or an effective vaccine against HIV/AIDS. The clinical management of HIV-1 infected people largely relies on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Although highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has provided an effective way to treat AIDS patients, the huge burden of ART in developing countries, together with the increasing incidence of drug resistant viruses among treated people, calls for continuous efforts for the development of anti-HIV-1 drugs. Currently, four classes of over 30 licensed antiretrovirals (ARVs) and combination regimens of these ARVs are in use clinically including: reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs) (e.g. nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, NRTIs; and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, NNRTIs), protease inhibitors (PIs), integrase inhibitors and entry inhibitors (e.g. fusion inhibitors and CCR5 antagonists).
- Gilead Press Release Phase III Clinical Trial of Elvitegravir July 22, 2008
- Gilead Press Release Gilead and Japan Tobacco Sign Licensing Agreement for Novel HIV Integrase Inhibitor March 22, 2008
- Shimura K, Kodama E, Sakagami Y, et al. (2007). “Broad Anti-Retroviral Activity and Resistance Profile of a Novel Human Immunodeficiency Virus Integrase Inhibitor, Elvitegravir (JTK-303/GS-9137)”. J Virol 82 (2): 764. doi:10.1128/JVI.01534-07. PMC 2224569. PMID 17977962.
- Stellbrink HJ (2007). “Antiviral drugs in the treatment of AIDS: what is in the pipeline ?”. Eur. J. Med. Res. 12 (9): 483–95. PMID 17933730.
- Sax, P. E.; Dejesus, E.; Mills, A.; Zolopa, A.; Cohen, C.; Wohl, D.; Gallant, J. E.; Liu, H. C.; Zhong, L.; Yale, K.; White, K.; Kearney, B. P.; Szwarcberg, J.; Quirk, E.; Cheng, A. K.; Gs-Us-236-0102 Study, T. (2012). “Co-formulated elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and tenofovir versus co-formulated efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir for initial treatment of HIV-1 infection: A randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial, analysis of results after 48 weeks”.The Lancet 379 (9835): 2439–2448. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60917-9. PMID 22748591. edit
- Thaczuk, Derek and Carter, Michael. ICAAC: Best response to elvitegravir seen when used with T-20 and other active agents Aidsmap.com. 19 Sept. 2007.
The life cycle of HIV-1. 1. HIV-1 gp120 binds to CD4 and co-receptor CCR5/CXCR4 on target cell; 2. HIV-1 gp41 mediates fusion with target cell; 3. Nucleocapsid containing viral genome and enzymes enters cells; 4. Viral genome and enzymes are released; 5. Viral reverse transcriptase catalyzes reverse transcription of ssRNA, forming RNA-DNA hybrids; 6. RNA template is degraded by ribonuclease H followed by the synthesis of HIV dsDNA; 7. Viral dsDNA is transported into the nucleus and integrated into the host chromosomal DNA by the viral integrase enzyme; 8. Transcription of proviral DNA into genomic ssRNA and mRNAs formation after processing; 9. Viral RNA is exported to cytoplasm; 10. Synthesis of viral precursor proteins under the catalysis of host-cell ribosomes; 11. Viral protease cleaves the precursors into viral proteins; 12. HIV ssRNA and proteins assemble under host cell membrane, into which gp120 and gp41 are inserted; 13. Membrane of host-cell buds out, forming the viral envelope; 14. Matured viral particle is released
Elvitegravir, also known as GS 9137 or JTK 303, is an investigational new drug and a novel oral integrase inhibitor that is being evaluated for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. After HIVs genetic material is deposited inside a cell, its RNA must be converted (reverse transcribed) into DNA. A viral enzyme called integrase then helps to hide HIVs DNA inside the cell’s DNA. Once this happens, the cell can begin producing genetic material for new viruses. Integrase inhibitors, such as elvitegravir, are designed to block the activity of the integrase enzyme and to prevent HIV DNA from entering healthy cell DNA. Elvitegravir has the chemical name: 6-(3-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)-1-[(S)-1 -hydroxy -methyl-2- methylpropyl]-7-methoxy-4-oxo-1, 4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid and has the following structural formula:
WO 2000040561 , WO 2000040563 and WO 2001098275 disclose 4-oxo-1 , 4-dihydro-3- quinoline which is useful as antiviral agents. WO2004046115 provides certain 4- oxoquinoline compounds that are useful as HIV Integrase inhibitors.
US 7176220 patent discloses elvitegravir, solvate, stereoisomer, tautomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or pharmaceutical composition containing them and their method of treatment. The chemistry involved in the above said patent is depicted below in the Scheme A. Scheme-A
Toluene, DIPEA
SOCl2 ,COCl (S)-(+)-Valinol
Toluene
,4-Difluoro-5-iodo- benzoic acid
THF
dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)
palladium argon stream,
Elvitegravir Form ] Elvitegravir (residue) US 7635704 patent discloses certain specific crystalline forms of elvitegravir. The specific crystalline forms are reported to have superior physical and chemical stability compared to other physical forms of the compound. Further, process for the preparation of elvitegravir also disclosed and is depicted below in the Scheme B. The given processes involve the isolation of the intermediates at almost all the stages.
Scheme B
2,
–
Zn THF,
CK Br THF CU “ZnBr dιchlorobis(trιphenylphos
phine)palladium
Elvitegravir WO 2007102499 discloses a compound which is useful as an intermediate for the synthesis of an anti-HIV agent having an integrase-inhibiting activity; a process for production of the compound; and a process for production of an anti-HIV agent using the intermediate.
WO 2009036161 also discloses synthetic processes and synthetic intermediates that can be used to prepare 4-oxoquinolone compounds having useful integrase inhibiting properties.
The said processes are tedious in making and the purity of the final compound is affected because of the number of steps, their isolation, purification etc., thus, there is a need for new synthetic methods for producing elvitegravir which process is cost effective, easy to practice, increase the yield and purity of the final compound, or that eliminate the use of toxic or costly reagents.
US Patent No 7176220 discloses Elvitegravir, solvate, stereoisomer, tautomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or pharmaceutical composition containing them and ■ their method of treatment. US Patent No 7635704 discloses Elvitegravir Form II, Form III and processes for their preparation. The process for the preparation of Form Il disclosed in the said patent is mainly by three methods – a) dissolution of Elvitegravir followed by seeding with Form II, b) recrystallisation of Elvitegravir, and c) anti-solvent method.
The process for the preparation of Form III in the said patent is mainly by three methods – a) dissolution of Form Il in isobutyl acetate by heating followed by cooling the reaction mass, b) dissolution of Form Il in isobutyl acetate by heating followed by seeding with Form III, and c) dissolving Form Il in 2-propanol followed by seeding with Form III.
Amorphous materials are becoming more prevalent in the pharmaceutical industry. In order to overcome the solubility and potential bioavailability issues, amorphous solid forms are becoming front-runners. Of special importance is the distinction between amorphous and crystalline forms, as they have differing implications on drug substance stability, as well as drug product stability and efficacy.
An estimated 50% of all drug molecules used in medicinal therapy are administered as salts. A drug substance often has certain suboptimal physicochemical or biopharmaceutical properties that can be overcome by pairing a basic or acidic drug molecule with a counter- ion to create a salt version of the drug. The process is a simple way to modify the properties of a drug with ionizable functional groups to overcome undesirable features of the parent drug. Salt forms of drugs have a large effect on the drugs’ quality, safety, and performance. The properties of salt-forming species significantly affect the pharmaceutical properties of a drug and can greatly benefit chemists and formulators in various facets of drug discovery and development.
chemical synthesis from a carboxylic acid 1 starts after conversion to the acid chloride iodide NIS 2 , and with three condensation 4 . 4 and the amino alcohol 5 addition-elimination reaction occurs 6 , 6 off under alkaline conditions with TBS protected hydroxy get the ring 7 , 7 and zinc reagent 8 Negishi coupling occurs to get 9 , the last 9 hydrolysis and methoxylated
Elvitegravir dimer impurity, WO2011004389A2
Isolation of 1-[(2S)-1-({3-carboxy-6-(3-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)-1 -[(2S)-I- hydroxy-3-methylbutan-2-yl]-4-oxo-1 , 4-dihydroquinolin-7-yl}oxy)-3- methylbutan-2-yl 6-(3-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)-7-methoxy-4-oxo-1 , 4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (elvitegravir dimer impurity, 13)
After isolation of the elvitegravir from the mixture of ethyl acetate-hexane, solvent from the filtrate was removed under reduced pressure. The resultant residue purified by column chromatography using a mixture of ethyl acetate-hexane (gradient, 20-80% EtOAc in hexane) as an eluent. Upon concentration of the required fractions, a thick solid was obtained which was further purified on slurry washing with ethyl acetate to get pure elvitegravir dimer impurity (13). The 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and mass spectral data complies with proposed structure.
1H-NMR (DMSO-Cf6, 300 MHz, ppm) – δ 0.79 (m, d=6.3 Hz, 6H, 20 & 2O’)\ 1.18 & 1.20 (d, J=6.3 Hz & J=6.2 Hz, 6H, 21 & 21′)1, 2.42-2.49 (m, 2H, 19 & 19′), 3.81-3.89 (m, 3H, T & 17’Ha), 3.94-4.01 (m, 1 H, 17’Hb), 4.01 (s, 3H, 23), 4.11 (s, 2H, 7), 4.83-4.85 (m, 3H, 17 & 18′), 5.22 (t, J=4.7 Hz, 1H, OH), 5.41-5.44 (m, 1 H, 18), 6.73-6.78 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 1 H, 11)1‘ 2, 6.92-6.98 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H, 3′) 1‘2, 7.12-7.22 (m, 2H, 1 & 3), 7.34-7.39 (m, 1H, 2′),
7.45-7.48 (m, 1 H, 2), 7.49, 7.56 (s, 2H, 15 & 15′), 7.99, 8.02 (s, 2H, 9 & 9′), 8.89, 9.01 (s, 2H, 13 & 13′), 15.30, 15.33 (s, 2H, COOH’ & COOH”).
13C-NMR (DMSO-Cf6, 75 MHz, ppm)- δ 18.87, 19.03 (2OC, 20’C), 19.11 , 19.24 (21 C, 21 ‘C), 27.94 (7’C), 28.40 (7C), 28.91 , 30.08 (19C, 19’C), 56.80(23C), 60.11 (171C), 63.59 (18C), 66.52 (18’C), 68.53 (17C), 97.86, 98.97 (15, 15′), 107.43, 108.16 (12C, 12’C),
118.77, 119.38 (1OC, 10’C), 119.57 (d, J=17.6 Hz, 41C), 119.61 (d, J=17.9 Hz, 4C),
124.88 (d, J=4.3 Hz, 31C), 125.18 (d, J=4.2 Hz, 3C), 126.59, 126.96 (9C1 9’C), 127.14 (8’C), 127.62 (d, J=15.9 Hz, 61C), 127.73 (8C), 127.99 (d, J=15.2 Hz, 6C), 128.66 (2’C),
128.84 (11C), 128.84 (2C), 130.03 (d, J=3.4 Hz, 1C), 142.14, 142.44 (14C, 14’C), 144.37, 145.56 (13C, 131C), 155.24 (d, J=245.1 Hz, 5’C)1 155.61 (d, J=245.1 Hz, 5C),
160.17 (16’C), 162.04 (16C), 166.00, 166.14 (22C, 22’C), 176.17, 176.22 (11C, 111C).
DIP MS: m/z (%)- 863 [M+H]+, 885 [M+Na]+.
EYLEA® (aflibercept) Injection Approved For The Treatment of Macular Edema Following Central Retinal Vein Occlusion In Japan
TARRYTOWN, N.Y., Nov. 22, 2013 /PRNewswire/ — Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (NASDAQ: REGN) today announced that EYLEA® (aflibercept) Injection has received approval for the treatment of Macular Edema Following Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO) from the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare.http://www.pharmalive.com/japan-approves-eylea
In November 2011 the United States Food and Drug Administration approved aflibercept for the treatment of wet macular degeneration.
On August 3, 2012 the United States Food and Drug Administration approved Zaltrap (ziv-aflibercept) for use in combination with 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin and irinotecan to treat adults with metastatic colorectal cancer that is resistant to or has progressed following an oxaliplatin‑containing regimen.
In November 2012 the European Medicines Agency (EMA) approved aflibercept for the treatment of wet macular degeneration.
On February 1, 2013 the European Commission granted a marketing authorisation valid throughout the European Union for treatment of adults with metastatic colorectal cancer for whom treatment based on oxaliplatin has not worked or the cancer got worse.
Zucapsaicin (Zuacta)
Zucapsaicin (Zuacta), cas 25775-90-0
Chemical name: (Z)-8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide
Molecular formula: C18H27NO3
Molecular mass: 305.41
E merck
Civanex (zucapsaicin) cream is a TRPV-1 modulator in development for the treatment of signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis of the knee.
Zucapsaicin, the cis-isomer of the natural product capsaicin, is a
topical analgesic that was initially developed by Winston Pharmaceuticals
and approved in Canada in July 2010 for the treatment of
severe pain in adults with osteoarthritis of the knee.
Bronson, J.; Dhar, M.; Ewing, W.; Lonberg, N. In Annual Reports in MedicinalChemistry; John, E. M., Ed.; Academic Press, 2011; Vol. 46, p 433.
The advantagesof zucapsaicin compared with naturally-occurring capsaicin, are reported to be a lesser degree of local irritation (stinging, burning,
erythema) in patients and a greater degree of efficacy in preclinical
animal models of pain.
Bernstein, J. E. U.S. 5063060, 1991.
Bernstein, J. E. U.S. 20050084520 A1, 2005.
The analgesic action of both
zucapsaicin and capsaicin is mediated through the transient receptor
potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) channel, a ligand-gated ion
channel expressed in the spinal cord, brain, and localized on neurons
in sensory projections to the skin, muscles, joints, and
gut.
Westaway, S. M. J. Med. Chem. 2007, 50, 2589.
The scale preparation of zucapsaicin likely parallels the original
approach described by Gannett and co-workers involving the
coupling of vanillylamine with (Z)-8-methylnon-6-enoyl chloride.
Gannett, P. M.; Nagel, D. L.; Reilly, P. J.; Lawson, T.; Sharpe, J.; Toth, B. J. Org.Chem. 1988, 53, 1064.
Orito and co-workers elaborated this original approach in
an effort to prepare both capsaicin and zucapsaicin on gram-scale,
Kaga, H.; Miura, M.; Orito, K. J. Org. Chem. 1989, 54, 3477.
Zucapsaicin (Civanex) is a medication used to treat osteoarthritis of the knee and otherneuropathic pain. It is applied three times daily for a maximum of three months. It reduces pain, and improves articular functions. It is the cis-isomer of capsaicin. Civamide, manufactured by Winston Pharmaceuticals, is produced in formulations for oral, nasal, and topical use (patch and cream).[1]
Zucapsaicin has been tested for treatment of a variety of conditions associated with ongoing nerve pain. This includes herpes simplex infections; cluster headaches andmigraine; and knee osteoarthritis.[2]
- Winston Pharmaceuticals websitehttp://www.winstonlabs.com/productdevelopment/civamide.asp
- Zucapsaicin information from the National Library of Medicinehttp://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal
- http://products.sanofi.ca/en/zuacta.pdf
Europace Publishes Data Supporting Use Of BRINAVESS™ (Vernakalant) As A First Line Agent For Pharmacological Cardioversion Of Atrial Fibrillation
Vernakalant, MK-6621, RSD 1235
(3R)-1-{(1R,2R)-2-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)
ethoxy]cyclohexyl}pyrrolidin-3-ol
C20H31NO4 , 349.47, Brinavess , Kynapid
cas no 794466-70-9
748810-28-8 (HCl)
EMA:Link click here
PATENT WO 2004099137
VANCOUVER, Nov. 21, 2013 /PRNewswire/ – Cardiome Pharma Corp. (NASDAQ: CRME / TSX: COM) today announced that a publication titled, Pharmacological Cardioversion of Atrial Fibrillation with Vernakalant: Evidence in Support of the ESC Guidelines, was published in Europace, the official Journal of the European Heart Rhythm Association, and was made available in the advanced online article access section. The authors conclude that BRINAVESS is an efficacious and rapid acting pharmacological cardioversion agent, for recent-onset atrial fibrillation (AF,) that can be used first line in patients with little or no underlying cardiovascular disease and in patients with moderate disease, such as stable coronary and hypertensive heart disease.
Vernakalant (INN; codenamed RSD1235, proposed tradenames Kynapid and Brinavess) is an investigational drug under regulatory review for the acute conversion of atrial fibrillation. It was initially developed by Cardiome Pharma, and the intravenous formulation has been bought for further development by Merck in April 2009.[1] In September 2012, Merck terminated its agreements with Cardiom and has consequently returned all rights of the drug back to Cardiom.
On 11 December 2007, the Cardiovascular and Renal Drugs Advisory Committee of the USFood and Drug Administration (FDA) voted to recommend the approval of vernakalant,[2]but in August 2008 the FDA judged that additional information was necessary for approval.[1] The drug was approved in Europe on 1 September 2010.[3]
An oral formulation underwent Phase II clinical trials between 2005 and 2008.[4][5]
Like other class III antiarrhythmics, vernakalant blocks atrial potassium channels, thereby prolonging repolarization. It differs from typical class III agents by blocking a certain type of potassium channel, the cardiac transient outward potassium current, with increased potency as the heart rate increases. This means that it is more effective at high heart rates, while other class III agents tend to lose effectiveness under these circumstances. It also slightly blocks the hERG potassium channel, leading to a prolonged QT interval. This may theoretically increase the risk of ventricular tachycardia, though this does not seem to be clinically relevant.[6]
The drug also blocks atrial sodium channels.[6]
- “Merck and Cardiome Pharma Sign License Agreement for Vernakalant, an Investigational Drug for Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation”. FierceBiotech. 9 April 2009. Retrieved 12 October 2010.
- “FDA Advisory Committee Recommends Approval of Kynapid for Acute Atrial Fibrillation”. Drugs.com. Retrieved 2008-03-15.
- “BRINAVESS (vernakalant) for Infusion Approved in the European Union for Rapid Conversion of Recent Onset Atrial Fibrillation” (Press release). Merck & Co., Inc. 1 September 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
- ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00267930 Study of RSD1235-SR for the Prevention of Atrial Fibrillation/Atrial Flutter Recurrence
- ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00526136 Vernakalant (Oral) Prevention of Atrial Fibrillation Recurrence Post-Conversion Study
- Miki Finnin, Vernakalant: A Novel Agent for the Termination of Atrial Fibrillation: Pharmacology, Medscape Today, retrieved 12 October 2010
- Arzneimittel-Fachinformation (EMA)
- Cheng J.W. Vernakalant in the management of atrial fibrillation. Ann Pharmacother, 2008, 42(4), 533-42Pubmed
- Dobrev D., Nattel S. New antiarrhythmic drugs for treatment of atrial fibrillation. Lancet, 2010, 375(9721), 1212-23 Pubmed
- Finnin M. Vernakalant: A novel agent for the termination of atrial fibrillation. Am J Health Syst Pharm, 2010, 67(14), 1157-64 Pubmed
- Mason P.K., DiMarco J.P. New pharmacological agents for arrhythmias. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol, 2009, 2(5), 588-97 Pubmed
- Naccarelli G.V., Wolbrette D.L., Samii S., Banchs J.E., Penny-Peterson E., Stevenson R., Gonzalez M.D. Vernakalant – a promising therapy for conversion of recent-onset atrial fibrillation. Expert Opin Investig Drugs, 2008, 17(5), 805-10 Pubmed
- European Patent No. 1,560,812
- WO 2006138673
, WO 200653037 - WO 200597203, WO 200688525
- Vernakalant HydrochlorideDrugs Fut 2007, 32(3): 234
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////
NMR
1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCI3) 5 6.75 (m, 3H), 4.22 (m, 1H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.85 (m, 3H), 3.74 (m, 1H), 3.57 (m, 1H), 3.32 (td, J =
7.7, 3.5, 1H), 2.96-2.75 (m, 5H), 2.64 (dd, J= 10.0, 5.0, 1H), 2.49-2.37 (m, 2H), 2.05-1.98 (m, 2H), 1.84 (m, 1H), 1.69-1.62 (m, 3H), 1.35-1.19 (m, 4H).
IN
WO 201240846
Arrhythmias are abnormal rhythms of the heart. The term “arrhythmia” refers to a deviation from the normal sequence of initiation and conduction of electrical impulses that cause the heart to beat. Arrhythmias may occur in the atria or the ventricles. Atrial arrhythmias are widespread and relatively benign, although they place the subject at a higher risk of stroke and heart failure. Ventricular arrhythmias are typically less common, but very often fatal.
Arrhythmia is a variation from the normal rhythm of the heart beat and generally represents the end product of abnormal ion-channel structure, number or function. Both atrial arrhythmias and ventricular arrhythmias are known. The major cause of fatalities due to cardiac arrhythmias is the subtype of ventricular arrhythmias known as ventricular fibrillation (VF). Conservative estimates indicate that, in the U.S. alone, each year over one million Americans will have a new or recurrent coronary attack (defined as myocardial infarction or fatal coronary heart disease). About 650,000 of these will be first heart attacks and 450,000 will be recurrent attacks. About one-third of the people experiencing these attacks will die of them. At least 250,000 people a year die of coronary heart disease within 1 hour of the onset of symptoms and before they reach a hospital. These are sudden deaths caused by cardiac arrest, usually resulting from ventricular fibrillation.
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia seen in clinical practice and is a cause of morbidity in many individuals (Pritchett E.L., N. Engl. J. Med. 327(14):1031 Oct. 1, 1992, discussion 1031-2; Kannel and Wolf, Am. Heart J. 123(l):264-7 Jan. 1992). Its prevalence is likely to increase as the population ages and it is estimated that 3-5% of patients over the age of 60 years have AF (Kannel W.B., Abbot R.D., Savage D.D., McNamara P.M., N. Engl. J. Med. 306(17): 1018-22, 1982; Wolf P.A., Abbot R.D., Kannel W.B. Stroke. 22(8):983-8, 1991). While AF is rarely fatal, it can impair cardiac function and is a major cause of stroke (Hinton R.C., Kistler J.P., Fallon J.T., Friedlich A.L., Fisher CM., American Journal of Cardiology 40(4):509-13, 1977; Wolf P.A., Abbot R.D., Kannel W.B., Archives of Internal Medicine 147(9): 1561 -4, 1987; Wolf P. A., Abbot R.D., Kannel W.B. Stroke. 22(8):983-8, 1991; Cabin H.S., Clubb K.S., Hall C, Perlmutter R.A., Feinstein A.R., American Journal of Cardiology 65(16): 1112-6, 1990).
WO95/08544 discloses a class of aminocyclohexylester compounds as useful in the treatment of arrhythmias.
WO93/ 19056 discloses a class of aminocyclohexylamides as useful in the treatment of arrhythmia and in the inducement of local anaesthesia.
WO99/50225 discloses a class of aminocyclohexylether compounds as useful in the treatment of arrhythmias.
Antiarrhythmic agents have been developed to prevent or alleviate cardiac arrhythmia. For example, Class I antiarrhythmic compounds have been used to treat supraventricular arrhythmias and ventricular arrhythmias. Treatment of ventricular arrhythmia is very important since such an arrhythmia can be fatal. Serious ventricular arrhythmias (ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation) occur most often in the presence of myocardial ischemia and/or infarction. Ventricular fibrillation often occurs in the setting of acute myocardial ischemia, before infarction fully develops. At present, there is no satisfactory pharmacotherapy for the treatment and/or prevention of ventricular fibrillation during acute ischemia. In fact, many Class I antiarrhythmic compounds may actually increase mortality in patients who have had a myocardial infarction.
Class la, Ic and HI antiarrhythmic drugs have been used to convert recent onset AF to sinus rhythm and prevent recurrence of the arrhythmia (Fuch and Podrid, 1992; Nattel S., Hadjis T., Talajic M., Drugs 48(3):345-7l, 1994). However, drug therapy is often limited by adverse effects, including the possibility of increased mortality, and inadequate efficacy (Feld G.K., Circulation. <°3(<5):2248-50, 1990; Coplen S.E., Antman E.M., Berlin J.A., Hewitt P., Chalmers T.C., Circulation 1991; S3(2):714 and Circulation 82(4):1106-16, 1990; Flaker G.C., Blackshear J.L., McBride R., Kronmal R.A., Halperin J.L., Hart R.G., Journal of the American College of Cardiology 20(3):527-32, 1992; CAST, N. Engl. J. Med. 321:406, 1989; Nattel S., Cardiovascular Research. 37(3):567 -77, 1998). Conversion rates for Class I antiarrhythmics range between 50-90% (Nattel S., Hadjis T., Talajic M., Drugs 48(3)345-71, 1994; Steinbeck G., Remp T., Hoffmann E., Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology. 9(8 Suppl):S 104-8, 1998). Class ILT antiarrhythmics appear to be more effective for terminating atrial flutter than for AF and are generally regarded as less effective than Class I drugs for terminating of AF (Nattel S., Hadjis T., Talajic M., Drugs. 48(3):345-71, 1994; Capucci A., Aschieri D., Villani G.Q., Drugs & Aging 13(l):5l- 70, 1998). Examples of such drugs include ibutilide, dofetilide and sotalol. Conversion rates for these drugs range between 30-50% for recent onset AF (Capucci A., Aschieri D., Nillani G.Q., Drugs & Aging J3(l):5l-70, 1998), and they are also associated with a risk of the induction of Torsades de Pointes ventricular tachyarrhythmias. For ibutilide, the risk of ventricular proarrhythmia is estimated at ~4.4%, with ~1.7% of patients requiring cardioversion for refractory ventricular arrhythmias (Kowey P.R., NanderLugt J.T., Luderer J.R., American Journal of Cardiology 78(8A):46-52, 1996). Such events are particularly tragic in the case of AF as this arrhythmia is rarely a fatal in and of itself.
Atrial fibrillation is the most common arrhythmia encountered in clinical practice. It has been estimated that 2.2 million individuals in the United States have paroxysmal or persistent atrial fibrillation. The prevalence of atrial fibrillation is estimated at 0.4% of the general population, and increases with age. Atrial fibrillation is usually associated with age and general physical condition, rather than with a specific cardiac event, as is often the case with ventricular arrhythmia. While not directly life threatening, atrial arrhythmias can cause discomfort and can lead to stroke or congestive heart failure, and increase overall morbidity.
There are two general therapeutic strategies used in treating subjects with atrial fibrillation. One strategy is to allow the atrial fibrillation to continue and to control the ventricular response rate by slowing the conduction through the atrioventricular (AV) node with digoxin, calcium channel blockers or beta-blockers; this is referred to as rate control. The other strategy, known as rhythm control, seeks to convert the atrial fibrillation and then maintain normal sinus rhythm, thus attempting to avoid the morbidity associated with chronic atrial fibrillation. The main disadvantage of the rhythm control strategy is related to the toxicities and proarrhythmic potential of the anti-arrhythmic drugs used in this strategy. Most drugs currently used to prevent atrial or ventricular arrhythmias have effects on the entire heart muscle, including both healthy and damaged tissue. These drugs, which globally block ion channels in the heart, have long been associated with life-threatening ventricular arrhythmia, leading to increased, rather than decreased, mortality in broad subject populations. There is therefore a long recognized need for antiarrhythmic drugs that are more selective for the tissue responsible for the arrhythmia, leaving the rest of the heart to function normally, less likely to cause ventricular arrhythmias.
One specific class of ion channel modulating compounds selective for the tissue responsible for arrhythmia has been described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,057,053, including the ion channel modulating compound known as vernakalant hydrochloride. Vernakalant hydrochloride is the non-proprietary name adopted by the United States Adopted Name (USAN) council for the ion channel modulating compound (1R,2R)-2-[(3R)-hydroxypyrrolidinyl]-1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenethoxy)-cyclohexane monohydrochloride, which compound has the following formula:
Vernakalant hydrochloride may also be referred to as “vernakalant” herein.
Vernakalant hydrochloride modifies atrial electrical activity through a combination of concentration-, voltage- and frequency-dependent blockade of sodium channels and blockade of potassium channels, including, e.g., the ultra-rapidly activating (lKur) and transient outward (lto) channels. These combined effects prolong atrial refractoriness and rate-dependently slow atrial conduction. This unique profile provides an effective anti-fibrillatory approach suitable for conversion of atrial fibrillation and the prevention of atrial fibrillation.
C20H32ClNO4, Mr = 385.9 g/mol
Pfizer’s Xalkori Granted Regular FDA Approval
Pfizer’s XALKORI® Granted Regular FDA Approval
Standard of Care for Patients With Metastatic ALK-Positive Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
NEW YORK, November 21, 2013–(BUSINESS WIRE)–Pfizer Inc. announced today that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted Pfizer’s XALKORI® (crizotinib) regular approval for the treatment of patients with metastatic ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) as detected by an FDA-approved test. XALKORI was previously granted accelerated approval in August 2011 due to the critical need for new agents for people living with ALK-positive NSCLC
read all at
http://www.pharmalive.com/pfizer%E2%80%99s-xalkori-granted-regular-fda-approval
Daiichi Sankyo anticoagulant edoxaban succeeds in Phase III
Edoxaban, DU-176b
Daiichi Sankyo, APPROVED IN JAPAN as tosylate monohydrate salt in 2011 for the prevention of venous embolism in patients undergoing total hip replacement surgery
for synthesis see….http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0968089613002642 Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 21 (2013) 2795–2825, see s[pecific page 2808 for description ie 14/31 of pdf
WO 2010071121, http://www.google.com/patents/WO2010071121A1
WO 2007032498
N’-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-N-[(1S,2R,4S)-4-(dimethylcarbamoyl)-2-[(5-methyl-6,7-dihydro-4H-[1,3]thiazolo[5,4-c]pyridine-2-carbonyl)amino]cyclohexyl]oxamide
NOV20, 2013
Daiichi Sankyo will file edoxaban on both sides of the Atlantic shortly after the bloodthinner proved as effective and safer than warfarin in a Phase III trial of patients with atrial fibrillation.
The company has presented data on edoxaban, a once-daily oral factor Xa inhibitor, at the American Heart Association meeting in Dallas, from a study involving 21,105 patients across 46 countries. The drug, evaluated in 60mg and 30mg doses, met its primary endpoint of non-inferiority compared to warfarin for the prevention of stroke or systemic embolic events in patients with non-valvular AF.http://www.pharmatimes.com/Article/13-11-20/Daiichi_Sankyo_anticoagulant_edoxaban_succeeds_in_Phase_III.aspx
Edoxaban (INN, codenamed DU-176b, trade name Lixiana) is an anticoagulant drug which acts as a direct factor Xa inhibitor. It is being developed by Daiichi Sankyo. It was approved in July 2011 in Japan for prevention of venous thromboembolisms (VTE) following lower-limb orthopedic surgery.[1]
In animal studies, edoxaban is potent, selective for factor Xa and has good oral bioavailability.[2]
Daichi Sankyo’s edoxaban tosilate is an orally administered
coagulation factor Xa inhibitor that was approved and launched
in Japan for the preventive treatment of venous thromboembolic
events (VTE) in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty, total
hip arthroplasty, or hip fracture surgery. Edoxaban has been
shown to have a rapid onset of anticoagulant effect due to short
Tmax (1–2 h) after dosing and sustained for up to 24 h post-dose.
Marketed under the brand name Lixiana, it is currently in phase
III studies in the US for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolic
events in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and venous
thromboembolism (VTE).
Several Phase II clinical trials have been conducted, for example for thromboprophylaxis after total hip replacement[3] (phase III early results compare well to enoxaparin[4]), and for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation[5][6].Those papers follow similar recent major trials showing similar results for the other new factor Xa inhibitors, rivaroxaban and apixaban.
A large phase III trial showed that edoxaban was non inferior to warfarin in preventing recurrent venous thromboembolic events with fewer episodes of major bleeding.[7]
- “First market approval in Japan for LIXIANA (Edoxaban)”. Press Release. Daiichi Sankyo Europe GmbH. 2011-04-22.
- Furugohri T, Isobe K, Honda Y, Kamisato-Matsumoto C, Sugiyama N, Nagahara T, Morishima Y, Shibano T (September 2008). “DU-176b, a potent and orally active factor Xa inhibitor: in vitro and in vivo pharmacological profiles”. J. Thromb. Haemost. 6 (9): 1542–9. doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2008.03064.x. PMID 18624979.
- Raskob, G.; Cohen, A. T.; Eriksson, B. I.; Puskas, D.; Shi, M.; Bocanegra, T.; Weitz, J. I. (2010). “Oral direct factor Xa inhibition with edoxaban for thromboprophylaxis after elective total hip replacement”. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 104 (3): 642–649. doi:10.1160/TH10-02-0142.PMID 20589317. edit
- “Phase III Trial Finds Edoxaban Outclasses Enoxaparin in Preventing Venous Thromboembolic Events”. 8 Dec 2010.
- Weitz JI, Connolly SJ, Patel I, Salazar D, Rohatagi S, Mendell J, Kastrissios H, Jin J, Kunitada S (September 2010). “Randomised, parallel-group, multicentre, multinational phase 2 study comparing edoxaban, an oral factor Xa inhibitor, with warfarin for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation”. Thromb. Haemost. 104 (3): 633–41. doi:10.1160/TH10-01-0066.
- Edoxaban versus Warfarin in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation Robert P. Giugliano, M.D., Christian T. Ruff, M.D., M.P.H., Eugene Braunwald, M.D., Sabina A. Murphy, M.P.H., Stephen D. Wiviott, M.D., Jonathan L. Halperin, M.D., Albert L. Waldo, M.D., Michael D. Ezekowitz, M.D., D.Phil., Jeffrey I. Weitz, M.D., Jindřich Špinar, M.D., Witold Ruzyllo, M.D., Mikhail Ruda, M.D., Yukihiro Koretsune, M.D., Joshua Betcher, Ph.D., Minggao Shi, Ph.D., Laura T. Grip, A.B., Shirali P. Patel, B.S., Indravadan Patel, M.D., James J. Hanyok, Pharm.D., Michele Mercuri, M.D., and Elliott M. Antman, M.D. for the ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 InvestigatorsDOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1310907
- “Edoxaban versus Warfarin for the Treatment of Symptomatic Venous Thromboembolism”. N. Engl. J. Med. August 2013. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1306638. PMID 23991658.
- WO 03/000657 pamphlet WO 03/000680 pamphlet WO 03/016302 pamphlet WO 04/058715 pamphlet WO 05/047296 pamphlet WO 07/032498 pamphlet WO 08/129846 pamphlet WO 08/156159 pamphlet
- J Am Chem Soc 1978, 100(16): 5199
Drug formulation , lixiana, edoxaban tosylate monohydrate, CAS 912273-65-5, C24 H30 Cl N7 O4 S . C7 H8 O3 S . H2 O, 738.274
-
N1-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-N2-((1S,2R,4S)-4-[(dimethylamino)carbonyl]-2-{[(5-methyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothiazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-2-yl)carbonyl]amino}cyclohexyl)ethanediamide p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate represented by the following formula (A) (hereinafter, also referred to as compound A) :
-
-
is known as a compound that exhibits an inhibitory effect on activated blood coagulation factor X (FXa), and is useful as a preventive and/or therapeutic drug for thrombotic diseases (Patent Literature 1 to 8).
-
For example, a method comprising mixing the free form of compound A represented by the following formula (B) (hereinafter, also referred to as compound B):
-
-
with p-toluenesulfonic acid or p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate, followed by crystallization from aqueous ethanol, is known as a method for obtaining compound A (Patent Literature 1 to 8). These literature documents do not make any mention about adding p-toluenesulfonic acid or p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate in a stepwise manner in the step of obtaining compound A from compound B.
Citation ListPatent Literature
-
- Patent Literature 1: International Publication No. WO 03/000657
- Patent Literature 2: International Publication No. WO 03/000680
- Patent Literature 3: International Publication No. WO 03/016302
- Patent Literature 4: International Publication No. WO 04/058715
- Patent Literature 5: International Publication No. WO 05/047296
- Patent Literature 6: International Publication No. WO 07/032498
- Patent Literature 7: International Publication No. WO 08/129846
- Patent Literature 8: International Publication No. WO 08/156159
SIMILAR
OTHER SALTS
Edoxaban hydrochloride
CAS Number: 480448-29-1
Molecular Formula: C24H30ClN7O4S · HCl
Molecular Weight: 584.52 g.mol-1
Edoxaban is reported to be a member of the so-called “Xaban-group” and as such to be a low molecular inhibitor of the enzyme factor Xa, participating in the blood coagulation system. Therefore, edoxaban is classified as an antithrombotic drug and its possible medical indications are reported to be treatment of thrombosis and thrombosis prophylaxis after orthopaedic operations, such as total hip replacement, as well as for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation, the prophylaxis of the acute coronary syndrome and the prophylaxis after thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.
The IUPAC name for edoxaban is N’-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-N-[(15,2^,4S)-4- (dimethylcarbamoyl)-2-[(5-methyl-6,7-dihydro-4H-[l ,3]thiazolo[5,4-c]pyridine-2- carbonyl)amino]cyclohexyl]oxamide. The chemical structure of edoxaban is shown in the formula (1) below:
formula ( 1 ) While Edoxaban is reported to be soluble in strongly acidic aqueous solutions, its solubility is considered to be very low in neutral or alkaline aqueous media. EP 2 140 867 A 1 claims an edoxaban-containing pharmaceutical composition comprising a water-swelling additive and/or a sugar alcohol. Further, it is alleged that compositions comprising lactose or cornstarch do not have good dissolution properties. The claimed pharmaceutical compositions in EP 2 140 867 Al are considered to show good dissolution properties in a neutral aqueous medium as well. Tablets comprising said composition were produced by wet granulation. However, it turned out that prior art pharmaceutical formulations comprising edoxaban being suitable for oral administration are still improvable with regards to dissolution rate and bioavailability. Further, stability and content uniformity of the known formulations could be improved. Further, due to the intolerance of many people to sugar alcohol(s), such as sorbitol, the use of sugar alcohol(s) should be avoided.
New Drug Approvals 