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VINCRISTINE……..Chemistry, Isolation

September 28, 2013 12:27 pm / 1 Comment on VINCRISTINE……..Chemistry, Isolation

VINCRISTINE

(3aR,3a1R,4R,5S,5aR,10bR)-methyl 4-acetoxy-3a-ethyl-9-((5S,7S,9S)-5-ethyl-5-hydroxy-9-(methoxycarbonyl)-2,4,5,6,7,8,9,10-octahydro-1H-3,7-methano[1]azacycloundecino[5,4-b]indol-9-yl)-6-formyl-5-hydroxy-8-methoxy-3a,3a1,4,5,5a,6,11,12-octahydro-1H-indolizino[8,1-cd]carbazole-5-carboxylate

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Advanced study of natural sources of anti-cancer from harmoini

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Vincristine (brand name, Oncovin), formally known as leurocristine, sometimes abbreviated “VCR”, is a vinca alkaloid from the Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle), formerly Vinca rosea and hence its name. It is amitotic inhibitor, and is used in cancer chemotherapy. Vincristine is created by the coupling of indole alkaloids vindoline and catharanthine in the vinca plant.^[1]

Mechanism

Tubulin is a structural protein that polymerizes to microtubules. The cell cytoskeleton and mitotic spindle, among other things, are made of microtubules. Vincristine binds to tubulin dimers, inhibiting assembly of microtubule structures. Disruption of the microtubules arrests mitosis in metaphase. Therefore, the vinca alkaloids affect all rapidly dividing cell types including cancer cells, but also those of intestinal epithelium and bone marrow.

Uses

Vincristine is delivered via intravenous infusion for use in various types of chemotherapy regimens. Its main uses are in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma as part of the chemotherapy regimen CHOP, Hodgkin’s lymphoma as part of MOPP, COPP, BEACOPP, or the less popular Stanford V chemotherapy regimen, in acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and in treatment for nephroblastoma (Wilms tumor, a kidney tumor most common in young children). It is also used to induce remission in ALL with Dexamethasone and L-Asparaginase. Vincristine is occasionally used as an immunosuppressant, for example, in treating thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) or chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). It is used in combination with prednisone to treat childhood leukemia.

The main side-effects of vincristine are peripheral neuropathy, hyponatremia, constipation, and hair loss.

Peripheral neuropathy can be severe, and hence a reason to avoid, reduce, or stop the use of vincristine. One of the first symptoms of peripheral neuropathy is foot drop: A person with a family history of foot drop and/or Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) should avoid the taking of vincristine.^[2]

Accidental injection of vinca alkaloids into the spinal canal (intrathecal administration) is highly dangerous, with a mortality rate approaching 100 percent. The medical literature documents cases of ascending paralysis due to massive encephalopathy and spinal nerve demyelination, accompanied by intractable pain, almost uniformly leading to death; a handful of survivors were left with devastating neurological damage with no hope of recovery. Rescue treatments consist of washout of the cerebrospinal fluid and administration of protective medications.^[3] A significant series of inadvertent intrathecal vincristine administration occurred in China in 2007 when batches of cytarabine andmethotrexate (both often used intrathecally) manufactured by the company Shanghai Hualian were found to be contaminated with vincristine.^[4]

Having been used as a folk remedy for centuries, studies in the 1950s revealed that C. roseus contained 70 alkaloids, many of which are biologically active. While initial studies for its use in diabetes mellitus were disappointing, the discovery that it caused myelosuppression (decreased activity of the bone marrow) led to its study in mice withleukemia, whose lifespan was prolonged by the use of a vinca preparation. Treatment of the ground plant with Skelly-B defatting agent and an acid benzene extract led to a fraction termed “fraction A”. This fraction was further treated withaluminium oxide, chromatography, trichloromethane, benz-dichloromethane, and separation by pH to yield vincristine.^[5]

Vincristine was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in July 1963 as Oncovin. The drug was initially discovered by a team led by Dr. J.G. Armstrong, then marketed by Eli Lilly and Company.

Like LSD, the microtubule toxin vincristine allegedly causes not-unpleasant visual hallucinations in humans. Other side-effects of vincristine include depression, agitation, and insomnia. Very small doses are needed for the effects of LSD or vincristine, for example, these drugs are active at concentrations of 4.3E-7 M-1 vincristine and 1.0E-8 M-1 LSD.

Many researchers have favored the drug-receptor theory to explain drug-induced hallucinations, usually at the 5-HT2A receptor. In the drug-receptor theory, signal amplification takes place when one molecule of drug binds to a receptor, which activates G-proteins, which affects more proteins, thus signaling cascades explain how a small amount of LSD can lead to widespread changes in the cell.

Van Woerkom suggests instead that LSD binds an element of the cytoskeleton, in a fashion similar to colchicine or vinblastine, which directly bind tubulin. The amount of LSD needed to produce hallucinations is so vanishly small, that it seems hard to believe that a submicromolar dosage of LSD could act on a substrate as vast as the cytoskeleton. However, some microtubule inhibitors such as vincristine are effective at very low dosages. The potency of vincristine may partly explain the success of this drug as a chemotherapeutic drug.

Three generic drug makers supply vincristine in the United States – APP, Mayne, and Sicor (Teva).

^ “Pharmacognosy of Vinca Alkaloids”.
Graf, W. D.; Chance, P. F.; Lensch, M. W.; Eng, L. J.; Lipe, H. P.; Bird, T. D. (1996). “Severe Vincristine Neuropathy in Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Type 1A”. Cancer 77 (7): 1356–1362. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19960401)77:7<1356::AID-CNCR20>3.0.CO;2-#. PMID 8608515.
Qweider, M.; Gilsbach, J. M.; Rohde, V. (2007). “Inadvertent Intrathecal Vincristine Administration: A Neurosurgical Emergency. Case Report”. Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 6 (3): 280–283. doi:10.3171/spi.2007.6.3.280. PMID 17355029.
Jake Hooker and Walt Bogdanich (January 31, 2008). “Tainted Drugs Tied to Maker of Abortion Pill”. New York Times.
Johnson, I. S.; Armstrong, J. G.; Gorman, M.; Burnett, J. P. (1963). “The Vinca Alkaloids: A New Class of Oncolytic Agents” (pdf). Cancer Research 23 (8 Part 1): 1390–1427.PMID 14070392.

External links

Cytostatic Vinca alkaloids rosea L. Catharanthus roseus G.Don) are now well known anticancer and particularly useful. Given the small amount of vincristine in Catharanthus present, quite a number of ways of preparation have been proposed by chemists. Thus FR-A-2296418 describes the synthesis of vincristine by coupling Catha-ranthine and vindoline. Other laboratories have achieved the transformation of vinblastine vincristine oxidation under controlled conditions, very strict.
FR-A-2210393 and US-A-3899493 perform the oxidation by chromic acid at -30, -90 ° C in a mixture of acetic acid-acetone or chloroform-acetic acid at -55 ° C.
In U.S. 4,375,432, chromic compound is also used in acid medium at -65 ° C, -50 ° C in a medium based solvent THF. In addition, EP-A-37289 boasts an oxidation mixture ferrous salt, hydrogen peroxide, perchlorate in acetonitrile. ZA-A-82 08939 discloses a method with chromic acid and an ether-chloroform.
HU-A-23638 offers diterbutylchromate in pelargonic acid, and finally EP-A-117861 gets vinblastinel transformation vincristine oxidant potassium permanganate in acetic acid medium. It is clear that these dimeric alkaloids are a valuable material because of their low levels in vegetable raw materials, and therefore the processes of synthesis or semi-synthesis performance are of extreme interest.

Vincristine is used in cancer chemotherapy, particularly for the treatment of certain acute leukemias.
This alkaloid is obtained mainly by extraction from leaves of Catharanthus Ro-seus (U.S. Patent No. 3,205,220) where it is accompanied by other alkaloids bis-Indo-holic, especially vinblastine.Vinblastine (I, R = CH _3), however, is present at a concentration much higher than that of vincristine and is therefore a precursor of choice for the semisynthesis of the latter.
Several processes of vincristine from vinblastine were disclosed. We note in particular patents or patent applications include:
- a) Belgian Patent 739,337 (Gedeon Richter) which describes a method for the oxidation of vinblastine vincristine in a mixture chromic acid, acetic acid and acetone.
- b) Belgian Patent 823560 (Gedeon Richter) the oxidation is performed with oxygen in the presence of formic acid and of a catalyst based on platinum at room temperature.
- c) European Patent Application 18231 (Gedeon Richter): is carried out by oxidation with chromic acid or an alkali metal dichromate in the presence of acetic anhydride and, optionally, of ethanol and an organic solvent immis target with water.
- d) European Patent Application 37289 (Eli Lil-ly): the oxidation is effected by the perchlorate of iron (II) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and acetonitrile.
In addition, the European patent application 37. 290 discloses a process for the oxidation of vinblastine base with Na ₂ Cr ₂ O ₇ in the presence of sulfuric acid in tetrahydrofuran. This reaction led to -50 ° C, is achieved with a yield of 80-92% calculated for each estimation.
Observed yields or purity of the products obtained characterizing the processes described above are, however, significant disadvantages.
Frequently a secondary product formed is N-demethyl vinblastine need then reformulate for vincristine.

Thus Potier and Kutney obtained products with the C18’S-C2’R absolute configuration, which is critical for anti-tumor activity, by a coupling reaction of the N.sup.b -oxide of catharanthine, or its derivatives, with vindoline, in the presence of trifluoroacetic anhydride, followed by a reduction reaction. [See Potier et. al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 98. 7017 (1976) and Kutney et. al. Helv. Chim. Acta, 59, 2858 (1976)].

The Potier and Kutney coupling process has disadvantages. The yields are not satisfactory except for the coupling of catharanthine N-oxide with vindoline and even there the preparative yield is low. While vindoline is the most abundant alkaloid of Vinca rosea and is thus readily available, the other possible components of the Potier-Kutney coupling process (catharanthine, allocatharanthine, voacangine,) are relatively inaccessible, costly, and they do not allow a wide range of structural variation of that component of the coupling process.

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EP 0117861 B1
clips
The process of the present invention produces a simple vincristine, in quantity and purity requiring little or no additional purification by recrystallization or chromatography.
[0009]

The reagent used is oxidation permanganate ion dissolved in toluene or dichloromethane as solvent. An alternative consists in immobilizing the resin on a permanganate anion, for example a polymer such as polystyrene comprising ammonium groups. Solubilization can be achieved by the action of a complexing agent crown ether (“crown-ether”) of potassium permanganate.
[0010]

The permanganate anion can also be solubilized by preparing an ammonium salt or quaternary phosphonium corresponding which is soluble in methylene chloride or toluene. For this purpose, it is preferable to use potassium permanganate benzyltriethylammonium.
[0011]

Obtaining from vincristine vinblastine using a permanganate salt is unexpected since the potassium permanganate used in some acetone oxide derivatives of vinblastine at the portion of the molecule velbanamine (Kutney, Balsevich and Worth, Heterocycles, 11, 69, 1978). The N-methyl group of the vindoline part intact.
[0012]

The formation of N-CHO indoline skeleton on a bis-indole group vinblastine using a permanganate salt has never been reported.
[0013]

According to one embodiment of the method of the present invention, vinblastine, preferably in the form of sulphate, is treated in the presence of an organic acid such as acetic acid, with an excess of potassium permanganate dissolved in dichloromethane or toluene in the presence of “18-crown-6” or ether derivatives dibenzo-or di-cyclohexylcorrespondants. The reaction is conducted at a temperature between -40 ° C and -75 ° C and is preferably followed by thin layer chromatography. The reaction time generally ranges from 5 minutes to 3 hours.
[0014]

Potassium permanganate is preferably dissolved in dichloromethane and the oxidation reaction is then carried out at -70 ° C.
[0015]

The solubility of potassium permanganate is indeed substantially increased in the presence of a macrocyclic polyether as the “18-crown-6” ether (1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16-hexaoxacy-clooctadécane) or derivative dibenzo – or corresponding dicyclohexyl-hexyl.
[0016]

The reaction mixture is then treated simultaneously by a mild reducing and alkaline. For this purpose, use is preferably an aqueous solution of bisulfite, disulfite or sodium metabisulfite and ammonia.
[0017]

The organic phase was separated and the aqueous phase is extracted several times with methylene chloride. The combined organic phases were concentrated in vacuo to give a residue containing 80-85% of base vincristine, a 90-95% yield.
[0018]

Alternatively, you can proceed with the extraction of the reaction mixture after reduction without conducting a simultaneous alkalinization. The acidic aqueous solution was then extracted with dichloromethane. This route is a novel process for purification of vincristine formed in the reaction medium.
[0019]

According to another embodiment of the present invention, vincristine is obtained by oxidation of vinblastine by reacting a quaternary ammonium permanganate. The ammonium cation is preferably benzyltriethylammonium group or benzyl trimethyl ammonium (see eg Angew. Chem., Intern. Ed. 13, 170, 1974). The reaction is carried out in 2 to 6 hours at -60 ° C in an inert solvent wherein the ammonium salt is soluble, and an acid, preferably an organic acid of low molecular weight. A mixture of dichloromethane and glacial acetic acid can be used. After treatment with a mild reducing agent in aqueous medium, the resulting acidic solution is extracted with dichloromethane, and the organic phase is made alkaline by washing with a basic aqueous solution and concentrated. Vincristine solvate is isolated with a yield higher than 90%.
[0020]

The latest variant of the method of the invention is particularly advantageous in terms of economic and technical.
[0021]

Purification or separation may be effected by crystallization and chromatography using techniques well known this from the crude product of the reaction. The product can also be lyophilized.
[0022]

In most cases, vincristine thus obtained can be converted directly into an addition salt with an organic or inorganic acid, preferably pharmaceutically acceptable. This salt is preferably a sulfate that may arise in a more or less solvated or hydrated.
[0023]

We can also prepare vincristine dissolved in a physiologically acceptable solvent and ready to be injected.
[0024]

In particular, vincristine sulfate is obtained by addition of H ₂ S0 ₄ to a solution of vincristine gross or recrystallized from ethanol, dissolved in a mixture of methylene chloride and anhydrous ethanol, partial removal in vacuo chloride methylene and crystallization.
[0025]

Vincristine sulfate thus obtained has a purity sufficient for use as a medicament, particularly in the form of injectable solutions.

Madagascar Periwinkle: Public Domain Illustration by Sydenham Edwards

The Madagascar periwinkle, an attractive flowering plant, contains the powerful anti-cancer chemicals vinblastine and vincristine. Velvet beans, which are named from the covering of soft hairs on the young plant, contain L-dopa, a very helpful chemical in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. The Madagascar periwinkle and the velvet bean are just two of the large number of plants that have been found to contain medicinal chemicals. There are almost certainly many more plants that have undiscovered health benefits.

The Madagascar Periwinkle

The Madagascar periwinkle is native to Madagascar and India, but is now grown in many countries as a garden plant. It has also escaped from gardens and grows as a weed. The red, purple, pink or white flowers often have a center which is a different color from the rest of the flower. Madagascar periwinkles may grow up to one meter tall and have glossy green leaves.

The sap of the Madagascar periwinkle, which has a milky appearance and is poisonous, contains vinblastine, vincristine and many other alkaloids. Researchers are discovering that many of these alkaloids are biologically active inside the human body.

Vinblastine and Vincristine

Vinblastine and vincristine have very similar chemical structures, but their effects on the body are not the same. Vinblastine is used to treat specific types of cancer, such as Hodgkin’s disease, breast cancer, testicular cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. Vincristine is used in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and has provided a great breakthrough in successful treatment of this disease in children. When vincristine is added to the treatment regimen for children suffering from ALL, the survival rate reaches eighty percent. Vincristine is not so impressive in the treatment of ALL in adults.

Cells contain a supporting network of protein tubules, which are known as microtubules. Microtubules also play a vital role in the process of cell division. Before a cell divides, each chromosome in the cell is replicated. The replicated chromosomes are separated from their partners and pulled to opposite ends of the cell by microtubules during a process called mitosis. The cell then divides down the middle.

Vinblastine and vincristine stop microtubule formation during mitosis and therefore prevent cells from reproducing. This effect is strongest in cells that have a high rate of division, such as cancer cells. However, vinblastine and vincristine also affect cells lining the intestine, the cells in the bone marrow that produce blood cells, and the cells in the hair follicles, since these too have a high rate of cell division.

Possible vinblastine or vincristine side effects include constipation, hair loss, a low platelet count, which can cause increased bleeding, a low white blood cell count, which can lead to increased infections, or a low red blood cell count, resulting in anemia. There may occasionally be nerve damage, possibly due to the effect of the medicines on the microctubules in the nerve cells. Vincristine is more likely to cause nerve damage than vinblastine.

,,,,,,,,,,,,,

vol. 101 no. 33
> Takeshi Kuboyama, 11966–11970

Total synthesis of (+)-vincristine (2). TFA, trifluoroacetic acid or trifluoroacetyl; DBU, 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene.

Stereocontrolled total synthesis of (+)-vincristine

vol. 101 no. 33
> Takeshi Kuboyama, 11966–11970

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see docstoc presentation

click below
Vincristine

var docstoc_docid=”51697405″;var docstoc_title=”Vincristine”;var docstoc_urltitle=”Vincristine”;

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isolation

Kumar A, Patil D, Rajamohanan PR, Ahmad A (2013)

Isolation, Purification and Characterization of Vinblastine and Vincristine from Endophytic Fungus Fusarium oxysporumIsolated from Catharanthus roseus. PLoS ONE 8(9): e71805. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071805

http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0071805

Isolation, purification and characterization of vinblastine and vincristine from the endophytic fungus Fusarium oxysporum

A two stage fermentation procedure was employed for the isolation of vinblastine and vincristine by Fusarium oxysporum. In the first stage, 500 ml Erlenmeyer flasks containing 100 ml medium (MGYP, (0.3%) malt extract, (1.0%) glucose, (0.3%) yeast extract and (0.5%) peptone) were inoculated with 7 days old culture and incubated at 28°C on a rotary shaker (240 rpm) for 4–5 days, which was used as seed culture (I stage). Later, 10 ml seed culture was transferred to 500 ml Erlenmeyer flask containing 100 ml production medium called as vinca medium-1 (Glucose: 3%, Succinic acid: 1%, Sodium benzoate: 100 mg, Peptone: 1%, Magnesium sulphate: 3.6 mg, Biotin: 1 mg, Thiamine: 1 mg, Pyridoxal: 1 mg, Calcium pentothenate: 1 mg, Phosphate buffer: 1 ml (pH 6.8), L-Tryptophan: 0.1%, Geranium oil: 0.05%.) which were incubated at 28°C for 20 days as shake culture (II stage), after which it was harvested and used for further study. Culture filtrates and mycelia were separated with the help of muslin cloth and then lyophilized. Lyophilized culture filtrate was extracted using ethyl acetate as a solvent system. The organic layer was separated from the aqueous layer using separating funnel. The extraction was repeated thrice and the solvent was dried using anhydrous sodium sulphate and concentrated under vacuum using rotavapour at 40°C in order to get crude extract. A small amount of crude extract was dissolved in ethyl acetate and subjected to thin layer chromatography (TLC) on silica gel-G (0.5 mm thickness) using chloroform:methanol (8:2) as a solvent system. The TLC plates were sprayed with ceric ammonium sulphate reagent. Vinca alkaloids spots produced brilliant violet color as well as purple color with above spraying reagent. Purification of fungal vinblastine and vincristine were done by silica gel column chromatography. The crude extract was loaded on silica gel column (60–120 mesh size, 40 cm×2 cm length width) pre-equilibrated with chloroform and eluted with a gradient of chloroform:methanol (100% chloroform, 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, 1:1 and 3:7 and 100% methanol). Fractions containing compounds with Rf values similar to that of the standard vinblastine and vincristine were pooled and subjected to preparative TLC on a 0.5 mm thick (20 cm×20 cm) silica plate and developed in chloroform:methanol (8:2) solvent system. The putative bands of fungal vinblastine and vincristine were scraped and eluted out with methanol. Purity of the isolated compounds was checked on TLC in the solvent systems such as (a) chloroform:methanol (8:2) (b) chloroform:methanol (9:1) and (c) ethyl acetate: acetonitrile (8:2).

http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0071805

Cobicistat – European Commission Approves Gilead Sciences’ TybostTM, a New Boosting Agent for HIV Therapy

September 26, 2013 3:51 am / 2 Comments on Cobicistat – European Commission Approves Gilead Sciences’ TybostTM, a New Boosting Agent for HIV Therapy

cobicistat

1004316-88-4

C ₄₀ H ₅₃ N ₇ O ₅ S ₂

(1,3-thiazol-5-yl) methyl (5S, 8R, 11R) -8,11-dibenzyl-2-methyl-5-[2 – (morpholin-4-yl) ethyl] -1 – [2 – (propan-2-yl) -1,3-thiazol-4-yl] -3,6-dioxo-2 ,4,7,12-tetraazatridecan-13-oate

cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) inhibitor

Tybost Facilitates Once-Daily Dosing of the Protease Inhibitors Atazanavir and Darunavir –

FOSTER CITY, Calif.–(BUSINESS WIRE)–Sep. 25, 2013– Gilead Sciences, Inc. (Nasdaq: GILD) today announced that the European Commission has granted marketing authorization for once-daily TybostTM (cobicistat 150 mg tablets), a pharmacokinetic enhancer that boosts blood levels of certain HIV medicines. Tybost is indicated as a boosting agent for the HIV protease inhibitors atazanavir 300 mg once daily and darunavir 800 mg once daily as part of antiretroviral combination therapy in adults with HIV-1 infection. Today’s approval allows for the marketing of Tybost in all 28 countries of the European Union (EU).

read all at

http://www.pharmalive.com/eu-oks-gileads-hiv-therapy-tybost

Cobicistat (formerly GS-9350) is a licensed drug for use in the treatment of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

Like ritonavir (Norvir), cobicistat is of interest not for its anti-HIV properties, but rather its ability to inhibit liver enzymes that metabolize other medications used to treat HIV, notablyelvitegravir, an HIV integrase inhibitor currently under investigation itself. By combining cobicistat with elvitegravir, higher concentrations of elvitgravir are achieved in the body with lower dosing, theoretically enhancing elvitgravir’s viral suppression while diminishing its adverse side-effects. In contrast with ritonavir, the only currently approved booster, cobicistat has no anti-HIV activity of its own.^[1]

Cobicistat is a component of the four-drug, fixed-dose combination HIV treatmentelvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir (known as the “Quad Pill” or Stribild).^[1]^[2] The Quad Pill/Stribild was approved by the FDA in August 2012 for use in the United States and is owned by Gilead Sciences.
Cobicistat is a potent inhibitor of cytochrome P450 3A enzymes, including the importantCYP3A4 subtype. It also inhibits intestinal transport proteins, increasing the overall absorption of several HIV medications, including atazanavir, darunavir and tenofovir alafenamide fumarate.^[3]

Highleyman, L. Elvitegravir “Quad” Single-tablet Regimen Shows Continued HIV Suppression at 48 Weeks. HIV and Hepatitis.com
R Elion, J Gathe, B Rashbaum, and others. The Single-Tablet Regimen of Elvitegravir/Cobicistat/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (EVG/COBI/FTC/TDF; Quad) Maintains a High Rate of Virologic Suppression, and Cobicistat (COBI) is an Effective Pharmacoenhancer Through 48 Weeks. 50th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ICAAC 2010). Boston, September 12–15, 2010.
Lepist, E. -I.; Phan, T. K.; Roy, A.; Tong, L.; MacLennan, K.; Murray, B.; Ray, A. S. (2012). “Cobicistat Boosts the Intestinal Absorption of Transport Substrates, Including HIV Protease Inhibitors and GS-7340, in Vitro”. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 56 (10): 5409–5413. doi:10.1128/AAC.01089-12. PMC 3457391. PMID 22850510.

Quad ® laboratoryGilead Sciences , which funded the two clinical trials that have been published, containing a mixture of three active ingredients:tenofovir ,emtricitabine and a new active antiretroviral elvitegravir , also a CYP3A4 inhibitor called cobicistat.

The chemical structures of some of these HCV inhibitors as reported by numerous sources are provided below:

Telaprevir

BI-201335

TMC-435 (TMC-435350)

BMS-650032 (Asunaprevir)

danoprevir

MK-5172

ANA-598 (Setrobuvir)

GS-333126 (GS-9190 or tegobuvir)

GS-9451

Mericitabine (R-4048 or RG7128 or R7128)

IDX-184

filibuvir (PF-00868554)

PSI-7977 (GS-7977)

BMS-790052 (daclatasvir)

BIT-225

[0153] BMS-791 As used herein, BMS-

791325 may also be

See also publications at http://wwwl .easl.eu/easl201 l/program/’Posters/Abstract680.htm; and http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00664625. For GS-5885, see publications at http://www.natap.org/201 l/EASL/EASL_68.htm; http://wwwl .easl.eu/easl2011/program/Posters/Abstractl 097.htm; and http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01353248.

C ₄₀ H ₅₃ N ₇ O ₅ S ₂

EMCURE-A SUCESS STORY

September 25, 2013 8:13 am / 2 Comments on EMCURE-A SUCESS STORY

Mukund K Gurjar

Chief Scientific Officer, Director of Research & Development and Executive Director, Emcure Pharmaceuticals


		Emcure Pharmaceuticals Limited
		ITBT Park Phase II
		Hinjwadi, PUNE, INDIA

Among the vast ocean of literature on organic chemistry , you will find a pearl in the form of Emcure

we are treated to excellent reading material and important communications in our field

hats off to this team

Dr. Mukund K. Gurjar serves as the Chief Scientific Officer of Emcure Pharmaceuticals Limited and serves as its Director of Research & Development.

Dr. Gurjar has been closely associated with Drugs and Pharmaceutical Sciences since 1975 and is a distinguished Researcher in the country. He has carried out extensive work in the field of new chemical entities (NCEs). Dr. Gurjar has been an Executive Director of Emcure Pharmaceuticals Ltd. since 2001.

He serves as Deputy Director at National Chemical Laboratory, Pune. Dr. Gurjar served as Non-Executive Director of Cipla Limited since January 19, 2002 until August 27, 2007.

Dr. Gurjar has the distinction of being one of the 43 scientists from India who have been mentioned in the Institute of Scientific Information of Chemists and has more than 500 citations. Dr. Gurjar has obtained Master of Science degree in Organic Chemistry and Ph.D. in chemistry from the Nagpur University. He also obtained the second Ph.D. degree from the London University, UK.

He is a leading Fellow at various National and International Academies

Board Members Memberships

2001-Present

Chief Scientific Officer, Director of Research & Development and Executive Director

Emcure Pharmaceuticals Limited

2002-2007

Former Non Executive Director

Cipla Limited

Education

PhD

University Of London

Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University

PhD

Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University

Other Affiliations

Cipla Limited

University Of London

Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University

DOB-28-08-1952

LINKS

http://www.emcure.co.in/bod.asp

http://www.ias.ac.in/php/fell_detail.php3?name=Gurjar&intials=Mukund&year=28-08-1952

http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mukund_Gurjar/

About EMCURE : Company Profile as quoted by COMPANY WEBSITE

The Company was incorporated as Emcure Pharmaceuticals Private Limited on April 16, 1981 as a private limited company under the Companies Act, 1956.Emcure Pharmaceuticals is a fast growing Indian pharmaceutical company engaged in developing, manufacturing and marketing a broad range of pharmaceutical products globally. Our core strength lies in developing and manufacturing differentiated pharmaceutical products in-house, which we commercialize through our marketing infrastructure across geographies and relationships with multi-national pharmaceutical companies.Emcure Pharmaceuticals is ranked as the 14th largest pharmaceutical company (Source: IMS Health India, Secondary Stockist Audit (“SSA”), March 2013) in India in terms of market share based on the domestic sales of pharmaceutical products. We believe that our competitive advantage in the domestic market lies in our established presence in all major therapeutic areas including blood related, cardiology, pain and analgesics, HIV, gynecology, nephrology, anti-infective, and vitamins, minerals and nutrients products. We have also recently entered the oncology and diabetes therapeutic areas.Emcure Pharmaceuticals have a well-diversified income base thanks to our business in the international markets. We have our own sales and marketing infrastructure in the United States through our subsidiary, Heritage. We sell our portfolio of branded generic products to the Rest of World. Our products are currently shipped to over 65 countries, where we have established our presence by focusing on important alliances with local and multi-national companies that enjoy a leadership position in the therapeutic areas on which we focus. We have subsidiaries in Dubai, Brazil, South Africa, Singapore and Nigeria and branch offices in Russia and Morocco.Emcure Pharmaceuticals…….quote………. are focus our research and development efforts on developing a portfolio of differentiated products across several platforms, including chiral molecules and biosimilars, and novel drug delivery systems. We have a portfolio of 11 chiral molecules, eight of which we launched for the first time in India. We also have capabilities to develop complex products, including difficult iron preparations, oncology drugs and controlled release products. Our portfolio of in-house manufactured five commercialized biosimilars including TNK-tPA, which we launched for the first time in India, and our brand Vintor is ranked no. 1 in erythropoietin market (Epoetin Alfa Recombinant) (Source: IMS Health India, SSA, March 2013).

Kadcyla, breast cancer treatment from Roche, approved by the EMA

September 25, 2013 1:02 am / 2 Comments on Kadcyla, breast cancer treatment from Roche, approved by the EMA

September 24,2013 | By Márcio Barra

Kadcyla (ado-trastuzumab emtansine, or T-DM1), from Roche/Genentech, was approved on the September 2013 meeting of the EMA’s Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use. This is the drug’s third approval in a major territory, following the US FDA’s approval back in February and in Japan for the treatment of HER2+ positive inoperable or recurrent breast cancer.

Kadcyla is a therapy for patients with HER2-positive, late-stage (metastatic) breast cancer, consisting of the antibody trastuzumab, connected to a drug called DM1, from ImmunoGen. The medicine, which comes in two dosage forms, 100 mg and 160 mg, was approved for the treatment of adult patients with HER2-positive, unresectable locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer who previously received trastuzumab and chemotherapy, separately or in combination.

HER2 is a protein encoded by ERBB2, a proto-oncogene located in chromosome 17. Over-expression of this proto-oncogene occurs in roughly 30% of breast cancers, and…

View original post 203 more words

Discovery could help develop new treatments for blood diseases

September 24, 2013 10:12 am / Leave a comment

Syn-Org-Chemist

Discovery could help develop new treatments for blood diseases.

View original post

VALSARTAN

September 24, 2013 8:00 am / Leave a comment

VALSARTAN

CAS 137862-53-4

Molecular FormulaC₂₄H₂₉N₅O_{3, A}verage mass435.519 Da

(2S)-3-methyl-2-[N-({4-[2-(2H-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-yl)phenyl]phenyl}methyl)pentanamido]butanoic acid

PAPER

Greening the Valsartan Synthesis: Scale-up of Key Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling over SiliaCat DPP-Pd

Valerica Pandarus †, Delphine Desplantier-Giscard†, Geneviève Gingras , François Béland †*, Rosaria Ciriminna ‡, and Mario Pagliaro ‡*

^† SiliCycle Inc., 2500 Parc-Technologique Blvd, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada G1P 4S6

^‡ Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, CNR, via U. La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy

Org. Process Res. Dev., Article ASAP

DOI: 10.1021/op400118f

Publication Date (Web): June 17, 2013

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/op400118f

The study of the scale-up of the heterogeneous Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction in batch conditions between 2-chlorobenzonitrile and 4-tolylboronic acid, a key step in valsartansynthesis, to produce 4′-methyl-2-biphenylcarbonitrile over the SiliaCat DPP-Pd catalyst in ethanol under reflux allows to identify the optimal reaction conditions.

The catalyst, regardless of limited Pd leaching, is not reusable, and the method can be effectively applied to the high yield synthesis of several coupling products, opening the route to efficient continuous coupling syntheses.

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/op400118f

ABOUT VALSARTAN

Valsartan (Angiotan or Diovan) is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist (more commonly called an “ARB”, or angiotensin receptor blocker), with particularly high affinity for the type I (AT₁) angiotensin receptor. By blocking the action of angiotensin, valsartan dilates blood vessels and reduces blood pressure.^[1] In the U.S., valsartan is indicated for treatment ofhigh blood pressure, congestive heart failure (CHF), or post-myocardial infarction (MI).^[2] In 2005, Valsartan was prescribed more than 12 million times in the United States^{[citation needed]} and global sales were approximately $6.1 billion in 2010.^[3] The patents for valsartan and valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide expired in September 2012.^[4]^[5]

A study released in 2010, based on 819,491 cases in U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs database from 2002 to 2006, demonstrated a significant reduction in the incidence and progression of Alzheimer’s disease and dementia.^[6] An earlier study released by theJournal of Clinical Investigation in 2007 found some efficacy in the use of valsartan in the treatment and prevention of Alzheimer’s disease (in a mouse model).^[7]

Valsartan, also known as (S)—N-(1-Carboxy-2-methyl-prop-1-yl)-N-pentanoyl-N-[2′-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)bi phenyl-4-ylmethyl]-amine, has the following structure:

and is marketed as the free acid under the name DIOVAN. DIOVAN is prescribed as oral tablets in dosages of 40 mg, 80 mg, 160 mg and 320 mg of valsartan.

Valsartan and/or its intermediates are disclosed in various references, including: U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,399,578, 5,965,592, 5,260,325, 6,271,375, WO 02/006253, WO 01/082858, WO 99/67231, WO 97/30036, Peter Bühlmayer, et. al., Bioorgan. & Med. Chem. Let., 4(1) 29–34 (1994), Th. Moenius, et. al., J. Labelled Cpd. Radiopharm., 43(13) 1245–1252 (2000), and Qingzhong Jia, et. al., Zhongguo Yiyao Gongye Zazhi, 32(9) 385–387 (2001).

Valsartan is an orally active specific angiotensin II antagonist acting on the AT1 receptor subtype. Valsartan is prescribed for the treatment of hypertension. U.S. Pat. No. 6,395,728 is directed to use of valsartan for treatment of diabetes related hypertension. U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,465,502 and 6,485,745 are directed to treatment of lung cancer with valsartan. U.S. Pat. No. 6,294,197 is directed to solid oral dosage forms of valsartan.

The synthesis of valsartan is discussed, inter alia, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,399,578. In the synthesis disclosed therein, the final synthetic step (exclusive of work-up and purification) involves the reaction of a cyano group on the biphenyl ring with an azide, for example, tributyl tin azide. The reaction scheme of the ‘578 patent is as follows:

Peter Bühlmayer, et. al., Bioorgan. & Med. Chem. Let., 4(1) 29–34 (1994)

In Moenius, et. al., J. Labelled Cpd. Radiopharm., 43(13) 1245–1252 (2000), various schemes for synthesis of valsartan are provided, with one being:

Another paper, Qingzhong Jia, et. al., Zhongguo Yiyao Gongye Zazhi, 32(9) 385–387 (2001), discloses a synthesis scheme for valsartan as follows:

There is a need in the art for an improved synthetic process for the preparation of valsartan and precursors of valsartan.

DOSE
Oral tablets, containing 40 mg (scored), 80 mg, 160 mg, or 320 mg of valsartan. Usual dosage ranges from 40–320 mg daily.

In some markets available as a hard gelatin capsule, containing 40 mg, 80 mg, or 160 mg of valsartan.

Diovan HCT contains a combination of valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide but, unlike Diovan, is only indicated for hypertension, not for CHF or post-MI. Diovan HCT is available in oral tablets, containing (valsartan/HCTZ mg) 80/12.5, 160/12.5, 160/25, 320/12.5, and 320/25.

Whether angiotensin receptor blockers may or may not increase the risk of myocardial infarction (heart attack) was announced in BMJ^[8] and was debated in 2006 in the medical journal of the American Heart Association.^[9]^[10] To date^[when?], there is no consensus on whether ARBs have a tendency to increase MI, but there is also no substantive evidence to indicate that ARBs are able to reduce MI.

In the VALUE trial, the angiotensin II receptor blocker valsartan produced a statistically significant 19% (p=0.02) relative increase in the prespecified secondary end point of myocardial infarction (fatal and non-fatal) compared with amlodipine.^[11]

The CHARM-alternative trial showed a significant +52% (p=0.025) increase in myocardial infarction with candesartan (versus placebo) despite a reduction in blood pressure.^[12]

Indeed, as a consequence of AT1 blockade, ARBs increase Angiotensin II levels several-fold above baseline by uncoupling a negative-feedback loop. Increased levels of circulating Angiotensin II result in unopposed stimulation of the AT2 receptors, which are, in addition upregulated. Unfortunately, recent data suggest that AT2 receptor stimulation may be less beneficial than previously proposed and may even be harmful under certain circumstances through mediation of growth promotion, fibrosis, and hypertrophy, as well as proatherogenic and proinflammatory effects.^[13]^[14]^[15]

In patients with impaired glucose tolerance, valsartan may decrease the incidence of developing diabetes mellitus type 2.^[16] However, the absolute risk reduction is small (less than 1 percent per year) and diet, exercise or other drugs, may be more protective. In the same study, no reduction in the rate of cardiovascular events (including death) was shown.

Most commonly, headache and dizziness.
Sometimes fatigue^[17]

There is a case report of a stillbirth in which valsartan is implicated.^[18]In the US, UK and Australia, valsartan is marketed by Novartis under the trade name Diovan. In Pakistan, it is marketed by Efroze under the trade name Angiotan. In India, it is marketed by Cipla under the trade name Valtan and by Torrent Pharmaceuticals under the trade name Valzaar. In Egypt and in France, it is marketed by Novartis under the name of Tareg. In Ukraine, it is marketed by Фарма Старт under the trade name Диокор, Диокор Соло

Marks JW (2007-02-15). “Valsartan, Diovan”. MedicineNet. Retrieved 2010-03-04.
“Diovan prescribing information”. Novartis.
J “Novartis Annual Report”. Novartis. 2010. Retrieved June 15, 2011.
Philip Moeller (April 29, 2011). “Blockbuster Drugs That Will Go Generic Soon”. U.S.News & World Report.
Eva Von Schaper (August 5, 2011). “Novartis’s Jimenez Has Blockbuster Plans For Diovan After Patent Expires”. Bloomberg.
Li NC, Lee A, Whitmer RA, et al. (January 2010). “Use of angiotensin receptor blockers and risk of dementia in a predominantly male population: prospective cohort analysis”. BMJ 340: b5465. doi:10.1136/bmj.b5465.PMC 2806632. PMID 20068258.
Wang J, Ho L, Chen L, et al. (November 2007). “Valsartan lowers brain β-amyloid protein levels and improves spatial learning in a mouse model of Alzheimer disease” (PDF). J. Clin. Invest. 117 (11): 3393–402. doi:10.1172/JCI31547.PMC 2040315. PMID 17965777. Retrieved 2009-11-11.
Verma S, Strauss M (November 2004). “Angiotensin receptor blockers and myocardial infarction: These drugs may increase myocardial infarction—and patients may need to be told”. BMJ329 (7477): 1248–9. doi:10.1136/bmj.329.7477.1248.PMC 534428. PMID 15564232.
Strauss MH, Hall AS (August 2006). “Angiotensin receptor blockers may increase risk of myocardial infarction: unraveling the ARB-MI paradox”. Circulation 114 (8): 838–54.doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.594986.PMID 16923768.
Tsuyuki RT, McDonald MA (August 2006). “Angiotensin receptor blockers do not increase risk of myocardial infarction”. Circulation 114 (8): 855–60.doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.594978.PMID 16923769.
Julius S, Kjeldsen SE, Weber M, et al. (June 2004). “Outcomes in hypertensive patients at high cardiovascular risk treated with regimens based on valsartan or amlodipine: the VALUE randomised trial”. The Lancet 363 (9426): 2022–31.doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16451-9. PMID 15207952.
Granger CB, McMurray JJ, Yusuf S, et al. (September 2003). “Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function intolerant to angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-Alternative trial”. The Lancet 362 (9386): 772–6.doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14284-5. PMID 13678870.
Levy BI (September 2005). “How to explain the differences between renin angiotensin system modulators”. Am. J. Hypertens. 18 (9 Pt 2): 134S–141S.doi:10.1016/j.amjhyper.2005.05.005. PMID 16125050.
Levy BI (January 2004). “Can angiotensin II type 2 receptors have deleterious effects in cardiovascular disease? Implications for therapeutic blockade of the renin-angiotensin system”. Circulation 109 (1): 8–13.doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000096609.73772.C5.PMID 14707017.
Reudelhuber TL (December 2005). “The continuing saga of the AT2 receptor: a case of the good, the bad, and the innocuous”. Hypertension 46 (6): 1261–2.doi:10.1161/01.HYP.0000193498.07087.83.PMID 16286568.
McMurray JJ, Holman RR, Haffner SM, et al. (April 2010).“Effect of valsartan on the incidence of diabetes and cardiovascular events” (PDF). The New England Journal of Medicine 362 (16): 1477–90. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1001121.PMID 20228403.
Haberfeld, H, ed. (2009). Austria-Codex (in German) (2009/2010 ed.). Vienna: Österreichischer Apothekerverlag.ISBN 3-85200-196-X.
Briggs GG, Nageotte MP (2001). “Fatal fetal outcome with the combined use of valsartan and atenolol”. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy 35 (7–8): 859–61. doi:10.1345/aph.1A013.PMID 11485133.

UPDATE……

VALSARTAN

mp 114–118 °C;

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 12.6 (brs, 1H), 7.72 (m, 4H), 7.24 (m, 1H), 7.15 (m, 2H), 6.94 (m, 1H), 4.58 (m, 1H), 4.40 (m, 1H), 3.33 (m, 1H), 2.25 (m, 1H), 1.52 (m, 6H), 0.9 (m, 3H), 0.84 (m, 3H), 0.74 (m, 3H);

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 174.0, 172.4, 171.8, 141.7, 138.2, 131.54, 131.1, 131.0, 129.3,128.8, 128.2, 127.4, 126.7, 70.3, 63.4, 49.9, 32.9, 28.05, 27.3, 22.2, 20.6, 14.2;

ESIMS: m/z calcd [M]⁺: 435; found: 436 [M+H]⁺; HRMS (ESI): m/z calcd [M]⁺: 435.5187; found: 435.5125 [M]⁺^{US 7439261 B2}

^{¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) (0.80-1.15 (m, 9H); 1.20-1.50 (m, 2H); 1.60-1.80 (m, 2H); 2.60 (t, 2H); 2.65-2.80 (m, 2H), 3.70 (d, 1H), 4.10 (d, 0.3 H), 4.30 (d, 0.7 H), 4.90 (d, 0.7H), 5.2 (d, 0.3H); 7.00 (d, 0.3H); 7.10-7.20 (m, 4H), 7.40-7.60 (m, 3H), 7.85 (d, 0.7 H).}^{SHORT DESCRIPTION}

Valsartan, N-(1-oxopentyl)-N-[[2′-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl]-L-valine, is a known anti-hypertensive agent having the following formula (I):

Valsartan and its preparation are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,399,578, in particular in Example 16. One of the synthetic routes according to U.S. Pat. No. 5,399,578 can be schematically represented as follows:

The synthetic pathway comprises various steps, among which:

- coupling of compound (3) with 2-chlorobenzonitrile to obtain compound (4),
- radicalic bromination of compound (4) to give compound (5),
- transformation of the brominated derivative (5) into the respective aldehyde derivative (6),
- reductive alkylation of compound (6) to obtain intermediate (8),
- acylation of compound (8) to obtain intermediate (9),
- conversion of the cyano group to the tetrazole group to afford intermediate (10),
- deprotection of the carboxylic group by hydrogenolysis to obtain valsartan.

It is marketed as the free acid under the name DIOVAN. DIOVAN is prescribed as oral tablets in dosages of 40 mg, 80 mg, 160 mg and 320 mg ofvalsartan.
[0004]

Valsartan and/or its intermediates are disclosed in various references, including: U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,399,578 ,5,965,592 , 5,260,325 , 6,271,375 , WO 02/006253 , WO 01/082858 , WO 99/67231 , WO 97/30036 , Peter Bühlmayer, et. al., Bioorgan. & Med. Chem. Let., 4(1) 29-34 (1994), Th. Moenius, et. al., J. Labelled Cpd. Radiopharm., 43(13) 1245 – 1252 (2000), and Qingzhong Jia, et. al., Zhongguo Yiyao Gongye Zazhi, 32(9) 385-387 (2001), all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
[0005]

Valsartan is an orally active specific angiotensin II antagonist acting on the AT1 receptor subtype. Valsartan is prescribed for the treatment of hypertension. U.S. Pat. No. 6,395,728 is directed to use of valsartan for treatment of diabetes related hypertension. U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,465,502 and 6,485,745 are directed to treatment of lung cancer with valsartan. U.S. Pat. No. 6,294,197 is directed to solid oral dosage forms of valsartan

GOOD ARTICLES

http://users.uoa.gr/~tmavrom/2009/valsartan2009.pdf

http://www.acgpubs.org/JCM/2009/Volume%203/Issue%201/JCM-0908-14.pdf

https://www.beilstein-journals.org/bjoc/single/printArticle.htm?publicId=1860-5397-6-27 REPORTS

mp 114–118 °C; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 12.6 (brs, 1H), 7.72 (m, 4H), 7.24 (m, 1H), 7.15 (m, 2H), 6.94 (m, 1H), 4.58 (m, 1H), 4.40 (m, 1H), 3.33 (m, 1H), 2.25 (m, 1H), 1.52 (m, 6H), 0.9 (m, 3H), 0.84 (m, 3H), 0.74 (m, 3H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 174.0, 172.4, 171.8, 141.7, 138.2, 131.54, 131.1, 131.0, 129.3,128.8, 128.2, 127.4, 126.7, 70.3, 63.4, 49.9, 32.9, 28.05, 27.3, 22.2, 20.6, 14.2; ESIMS: m/z calcd [M]⁺: 435; found: 436 [M+H]⁺; HRMS (ESI): m/z calcd [M]⁺: 435.5187; found: 435.5125 [M]⁺

Valsartan

Structural formula

UV – Spectrum

The solvent designation schedule	methanol	water	0.1М HCl	0.1M NaOH

Conditions : Concentration – 1 mg / 100 ml
maximum absorption	249 nm	250 nm	248 nm	251 nm
	309	302	289	311
e	13400	13100	12600	13500

IR – spectrum

Wavelength (μm)

Wave number (cm ^-1 )

References

UV and IR Spectra. H.-W. Dibbern, R.M. Muller, E. Wirbitzki, 2002 ECV
NIST/EPA/NIH Mass Spectral Library 2008
Handbook of Organic Compounds. NIR, IR, Raman, and UV-Vis Spectra Featuring Polymers and Surfactants, Jr., Jerry Workman. Academic Press, 2000.
Handbook of ultraviolet and visible absorption spectra of organic compounds, K. Hirayama. Plenum Press Data Division, 1967.

^CLIP

^{Scheme 2: (a) Et3N, CH2Cl2, 0 °C, 95%; (b) NaH, THF, 70%; (c) n-BuLi, 25 °C, THF, anhyd ZnCl2, −20 °C, Q-phos, Pd(OAc)2, 75 °C, 2 h, 80%; (d) 3 N NaOH, MeOH, reflux, 90%.}

^{http://www.beilstein-journals.org/bjoc/single/articleFullText.htm?publicId=1860-5397-6-27}

^{valsartan 8; mp 114–118 °C; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 12.6 (brs, 1H), 7.72 (m, 4H), 7.24 (m, 1H), 7.15 (m, 2H), 6.94 (m, 1H), 4.58 (m, 1H), 4.40 (m, 1H), 3.33 (m, 1H), 2.25 (m, 1H), 1.52 (m, 6H), 0.9 (m, 3H), 0.84 (m, 3H), 0.74 (m, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 174.0, 172.4, 171.8, 141.7, 138.2, 131.54, 131.1, 131.0, 129.3,128.8, 128.2, 127.4, 126.7, 70.3, 63.4, 49.9, 32.9, 28.05, 27.3, 22.2, 20.6, 14.2; ESIMS: m/z calcd [M]+: 435; found: 436 [M+H]+; HRMS (ESI): m/z calcd [M]+: 435.5187; found: 435.5125 [M]+}

PAPER

An Improved Synthesis of Valsartan

Guo-xi Wang*, Bao-ping Sun, and Cong-hu Peng

Department of Chemical Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang 455000, China

Org. Process Res. Dev., 2011, 15 (5), pp 986–988

DOI: 10.1021/op200032b

Publication Date (Web): July 5, 2011

njuwgx@yahoo.com.cn.

Abstract

Biphenyltetrazole group, an important component of sartans, is usually formed in excellent yield by the reaction of 4′-alkylbiphenyl-2-carbonitrile with excessive organotin azide. However, it is restricted in industrial scale because of the difficult post-treatment. In this article, an improved synthetic method for valsartan and the quantitative recovery of tri-n-butyltin chloride are reported. During this process, the tetrazole–Sn complex and excessive organotin azide were decomposed by HCl to furnish tri–n-butyltin chloride, and then reacted with NaF to lead to filterable polymer tributyltin fluoride which was converted again to tributyltin chloride by HCl in ethyl acetate. This approach is facile for the efficient manufacture of sartans using organotin azide to form the tetrazole group and is valuable for industry readers.

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/op200032b

valsartan (1) (6.5 g, HPLC, 99.7%) as a white crystalline powder with a yield of 72.5% calculated on valstartan benzyl ester (2), mp 113117 C (lit.:14 mp 105115 C, from ethyl acetate). ESI-MS (-p): 434.32. HPLC purity 99.62%, ee =100% (OD-H, mobile phase: n-hexane and isopropyl alcohol in the ratio of 850:150). [R] 20 D = () 67.2 (1% w/v in methanol).

1 H NMR (DMSO-d6) δ: 0.690.94 (m, 9H), 1.101.20 (m, 1H), 1.281.58 (m, 3H), 1.982.10 (m, 1H), 2.172.50 (m, 2H), 4.074.63 (m, 3H), 6.967.21(m, 4H), 7.517.71 (m, 4H), 12.69 (br, 1H), 16.29 (br, 1H).

IR (KBr) νmax/cm1 : 3446(br, w), 3060(w), 2963(s), 2932(m), 2873(m), 2744(w), 2612(w), 1732(s), 1604(s), 1471(s), 1410(m), 1390(w), 1354(w), 1273(w), 1204(m), 1166(m), 1129(w), 1105(w), 1065(w), 1052(w), 1025(w), 996(w), 939(w), 901(w), 852(w), 822(w), 777(w), 760(m), 682(w), 670(w), 624(w), 559(w).

HPLC Conditions for Enantiomer Purity of Valsartan are listed below. Instrument: Water, Breeze 2 Column: Chiralcel OD-H Detection: UV, 220 nm Flow: 0.8 mL/min Injection volume: 10 µL Run time: 30 min Mobile phase: the ratio of n-hexane and isopropyl alcohol is 850:150 Retention time of valsartan: ∼12 min The enantiomeric purity of the crystallized Valsartan prepared in our experiments is nearly 100%. The peak occurred in 4 min can be attributed to the solvent peak in dead time.

Diovan (valsartan) is a nonpeptide, orally active, and specific angiotensin II receptor blocker acting on the AT₁ receptor subtype.

Valsartan is chemically described as N-(1-oxopentyl)-N-[[2′-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl) [1,1′-biphenyl]-4- yl]methyl]-L-valine. Its empirical formula is C₂₄H₂₉N₅O₃, its molecular weight is 435.5, and its structural formula is:

DIOVAN (valsartan) Structural Formula Illustration

Valsartan is a white to practically white fine powder. It is soluble in ethanol and methanol and slightly soluble in water.

Diovan is available as tablets for oral administration, containing 40 mg, 80 mg, 160 mg or 320 mg of valsartan. The inactive ingredients of the tablets are colloidal silicon dioxide, crospovidone, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, iron oxides (yellow, black and/or red), magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol 8000, and titanium dioxide.

Valsartan
Systematic (IUPAC) name


(S)-3-methyl-2-(N-{[2′-(2H-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl-4-yl]methyl}pentanamido)butanoic acid
Clinical data
Trade names	Diovan
AHFS/Drugs.com	Monograph
MedlinePlus	a697015
License data	US FDA: Valsartan
Pregnancy category	US: D (Evidence of risk)
Routes of administration	oral
Legal status
Legal status	US: ℞-only
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	25%
Protein binding	95%
Biological half-life	6 hours
Excretion	Renal 30%, biliary 70%
Identifiers
CAS Number	137862-53-4
ATC code	C09CA03 (WHO)
PubChem	CID 60846
IUPHAR/BPS	3937 tritiated: 593
DrugBank	DB00177
ChemSpider	54833
UNII	80M03YXJ7I
KEGG	D00400
ChEBI	CHEBI:9927
ChEMBL	CHEMBL1069
Chemical data
Formula	C₂₄H₂₉N₅O₃
Molar mass	435.519 g/mol
3D model (Jmol)	Interactive image

Valsartan

CAS Registry Number: 137862-53-4

CAS Name: N-(1-Oxopentyl)-N-[[2¢-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1¢-biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl]-L-valine

Additional Names: N-[p-(o-1H-tetrazol-5-ylphenyl)benzyl]-N-valeryl-L-valine; (S)-N-(1-carboxy-2-methylprop-1-yl)-N-pentanoyl-N-[2¢-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-biphenyl-4-ylmethyl]amine

Manufacturers’ Codes: CGP-48933

Trademarks: Diovan (Novartis); Tareg (Novartis)

Molecular Formula: C24H29N5O3

Molecular Weight: 435.52

Percent Composition: C 66.19%, H 6.71%, N 16.08%, O 11.02%

Literature References: Nonpeptide angiotensin II AT1-receptor antagonist. Prepn: P. Bühlmayer et al., EP 443983; eidem, US5399578 (1991, 1995 both to Ciba Geigy); idem et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 4, 29 (1994). Pharmacological profile: L. Criscione et al., Br. J. Pharmacol. 110, 761 (1993). HPLC determn in human plasma: A. Sioufi et al., J. Liq. Chromatogr. 17, 2179 (1994). Clinical pharmacology: P. Müller et al., Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 47, 231 (1994). Clinical comparison with captopril, q.v., in high risk patients following myocardial infarction: M. A. Pfeffer et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 349, 1893 (2003). Review of pharmacology and clinical experience in heart failure: R. Latini et al., Expert Opin. Pharmacother. 5, 181-193 (2004).

Properties: Crystals from diisopropyl ether, mp 116-117°. Partition coefficient (n-octanol/aq phosphate buffer): 0.033. Sol in water at 25°.

Melting point: mp 116-117°

Log P: Partition coefficient (n-octanol/aq phosphate buffer): 0.033

Therap-Cat: Antihypertensive.

Keywords: Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonist; Antihypertensive; Biphenyltetrazole Derivatives.

^////////

CCCCC(=O)N(CC1=CC=C(C=C1)C1=CC=CC=C1C1=NNN=N1)[C@@H](C(C)C)C(O)=O

Toward an early diagnostic tool for Alzheimer’s disease

September 23, 2013 10:25 am / Leave a comment

Syn-Org-Chemist

Toward an early diagnostic tool for Alzheimer’s disease.

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Natural eradication of Helicobacter from human populations

September 22, 2013 2:42 am / Leave a comment

Syn-Org-Chemist

Natural eradication of Helicobacter from human populations.

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Glaxo, Theravance Asthma Drug Elvar Ellipta OK’d in Japan

September 21, 2013 1:16 am / Leave a comment

umeclidinium

vilanterol

ELVAR™ ELLIPTA™ Gains Approval in Japan for the Treatment of Asthma

LONDON, UNITED KINGDOM and SOUTH SAN FRANCISCO, CA–(Marketwired – Sep 20, 2013) – GlaxoSmithKline plc (LSE: GSK) (NYSE: GSK) and Theravance, Inc. (NASDAQ: THRX) today announced that the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) has approved RELVAR™ ELLIPTA™ for the treatment of bronchial asthma (in cases where concurrent use of inhaled corticosteroid and long-acting inhaled beta2 agonist is required). Relvar Ellipta is not indicated for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Japan.

Relvar is a combination of the inhaled corticosteroid (ICS), fluticasone furoate “FF”, and the long-acting beta2 agonist (LABA), vilanterol “VI”. The MHLW has approved two doses of FF/VI – 100/25 mcg and 200/25 mcg. Both strengths will be administered once-daily using the Ellipta, a new dry powder inhaler (DPI).

about anora ellipta

Anoro Ellipta is the proposed proprietary name for UMEC/VI, a combination of two investigational bronchodilator molecules — GSK573719 or umeclidinium bromide (UMEC), a long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) and vilanterol (VI), a long-acting beta2 agonist (LABA), administered using the Ellipta inhaler.

The FDA Advisory Committee also voted that the safety of the investigational medicine has been adequately demonstrated at the 62.5/25mcg dose for the proposed indication (10 yes, 3 no), and the efficacy data provided substantial evidence of a clinically meaningful benefit for UMEC/VI 62.5/25mcg once daily for the long-term, maintenance treatment of airflow obstruction in COPD (13 yes, 0 no).

Patrick Vallance, GSK’s President of Pharmaceuticals R&D, said: “Today’s recommendation is good news and a reflection of our commitment to giving an alternative treatment option for patients living with COPD — a disease that affects millions of Americans. If approved, Anoro Ellipta will be the first, once-daily dual bronchodilator available in the US, marking another significant milestone for GSK’s portfolio of medicines to treat respiratory disease. We will continue to work with the FDA as they complete their review.”

“We are pleased with the Advisory Committee’s support of UMEC/VI,” said Rick E Winningham, Chief Executive Officer of Theravance. “This is a transformative year for Theravance and today’s positive recommendation brings the second major respiratory medicine in our GSK collaboration closer to approval and becoming an important therapeutic option for COPD patients.”

In December 2012, a New Drug Application (NDA) was submitted to the FDA for the use of UMEC/VI administered by the Ellipta™ inhaler for the long-term once-daily maintenance bronchodilator treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with COPD, including chronic bronchitis and/or emphysema. UMEC/VI is not proposed for the relief of acute bronchospasm or for the treatment of asthma in any of the regulatory applications.

The FDA Advisory Committee provides non-binding recommendations for consideration by the FDA, with the final decision on approval made by the FDA. The Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA) goal date for UMEC/VI is 18 December 2013.

UMEC/VI is an investigational medicine and is not currently approved anywhere in the world.

Safety Information

Across the four pivotal COPD studies for UMEC/VI, the most frequently reported adverse events across all treatment arms, including placebo, were headache, nasopharyngitis, cough, upper respiratory tract infection, and back pain. COPD exacerbation was the most common serious adverse event reported. In addition, in the four pivotal COPD studies, a small imbalance was observed in cardiac ischemia which was not observed in the long term safety study.

The UMEC/VI clinical development programme involved over 6,000 COPD patients.

About COPD

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a term referring to two lung diseases, chronic bronchitis and emphysema, that are characterized by obstruction to airflow that interferes with normal breathing. COPD is the third most common cause of death in the US and The National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) estimates that nearly 15 million US adults have COPD and another 12 million are undiagnosed or developing COPD(1).

According to the NHLI, long-term exposure to lung irritants that damage the lungs and the airways are usually the cause of COPD and in the United States, the most common irritant that causes COPD is cigarette smoke. Breathing in second hand smoke, air pollution, or chemical fumes or dust from the environment or workplace also can contribute to COPD. Most people who have COPD are at least 40 years old when symptoms begin.

EC Approves Second Sanofi MS Drug

September 21, 2013 1:07 am / Leave a comment

Wed, 09/18/2013 – 9:50am

Source: Genzyme
http://www.dddmag.com/news/2013/09/ec-approves-second-sanofi-ms-drug
Sanofi and its subsidiary Genzyme announced that the European Commission has granted marketing authorization for Lemtrada. This follows the Aug. 30 approval of Aubagio. The company intends to begin launching both products in the EU soon.

Alemtuzumab (marketed as Campath, MabCampath or Campath-1H and currently under further development as Lemtrada) is a monoclonal antibody used in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) and T-cell lymphoma. It is also used in some conditioning regimens for bone marrow transplantation, kidney transplantation and Islet cell transplantation.

Alemtuzumab binds to CD52, a protein present on the surface of mature lymphocytes, but not on the stem cells from which these lymphocytes are derived. After treatment with alemtuzumab, these CD52-bearing lymphocytes are targeted for destruction.

Alemtuzumab is used as second-line therapy for CLL. It was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for CLL patients who have been treated with alkylating agents and who have failed fludarabine therapy. It has been approved by Health Canadafor the same indication, and additionally for CLL patients who have not had any previous therapies.

It is also used under clinical trial protocols for treatment of some autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, in which it shows promise. Alemtuzumab was withdrawn from the markets in the US and Europe in 2012 to prepare for a higher-priced relaunch aimed at multiple sclerosis.

A complication of therapy with alemtuzumab is that it significantly increases the risk for opportunistic infections, in particular, reactivation of cytomegalovirus.

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The Madagascar Periwinkle

Vinblastine and Vincristine

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Isolation, purification and characterization of vinblastine and vincristine from the endophytic fungus Fusarium oxysporum

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and is marketed as the free acid under the name DIOVAN. DIOVAN is prescribed as oral tablets in dosages of 40 mg, 80 mg, 160 mg and 320 mg of valsartan.

DOSE Oral tablets, containing 40 mg (scored), 80 mg, 160 mg, or 320 mg of valsartan. Usual dosage ranges from 40–320 mg daily.

Valsartan

Structural formula

UV – Spectrum

IR – spectrum

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An Improved Synthesis of Valsartan

Abstract

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DOSE
Oral tablets, containing 40 mg (scored), 80 mg, 160 mg, or 320 mg of valsartan. Usual dosage ranges from 40–320 mg daily.