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Men suffering from sexual dysfunction can be successful at reversing their problem, by focusing on lifestyle factors and not just relying on medication, according to new research at the University of Adelaide.

In a new paper published in the Journal of Sexual Medicine, researchers highlight the incidence of erectile dysfunction and lack of sexual desire among Australian men aged 35-80 years.

Over a five-year period, 31% of the 810 men involved in the study developed some form of erectile dysfunction.

“Sexual relations are not only an important part of people’s wellbeing. From a clinical point of view, the inability of some men to perform sexually can also be linked to a range of other health problems, many of which can be debilitating or potentially fatal,” says Professor Gary Wittert, Head of the Discipline of Medicine at the University of Adelaide and Director of the University’s Freemasons Foundation Centre for…

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DS-8587 (Daiichi Sankyo (Japan) a new broad-spectrum antibacterial agent, is in phase I clinical trials for the treatment of bacterial infection.

March 28, 2014 7:34 am / Leave a comment

DS-8587

Daiichi Sankyo (Japan)

7-[3a(R)-Amino-6a(S)-fluoroperhydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrol-2-yl]-6-fluoro-1-[(1R,2S)-2-fluorocyclopropyl]-8-methyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid hydrochloride dihydrate

7-[(1S,6S)-1-amino-4-oxa-8-azabicyclo[4.3.0]nonan-8-yl]-6-fluoro-1-[(1R,2S)-2-fluorocyclopropan-1-yl]-1,4-dihydro-8-methoxy-4-oxoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid

C21 H22 F3 N3 O3 . Cl H . 2 H2 O
Mw	493.904

DS-8587, a new broad-spectrum antibacterial agent, is in phase I clinical trials at Daiichi Sankyo for the treatment of bacterial infection.

DS-8587, from Daiichi Sankyo, is a fluoroquinolone with improved activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The compound is especially effective against Acinetobacter baumannii but also has improved activity against streptococci, staphylococci, enterococci, E. coli, and anaerobes . The compound is currently under Phase I of clinical development .

DS-8587, a new generation of fluoroquinolone, against Acinetobacter baumannii. The MICs against clinical isolates and inhibitory activity against target enzymes of DS-8587 was superior to ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of DS-8587 was less affected by adeA/adeB/adeC or abeM efflux pumps and frequency of single-step mutations with DS-8587 was lower as compared to those with ciprofloxacin. DS-8587 might be an effective agent against A. baumanniiinfection.

WO 2008082009 or

http://www.google.com/patents/EP2540715A1?cl=en

[Reference Example 71]

(3S)-3-[3-(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)-1-propyl]-5-oxo-1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

[

(3S)-3-(3-Hydroxy-1-propyl)-5-oxo-1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (46 g) and imidazole (11.9 g) were dissolved in dimethylformamide (600 mL). After addition of tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride (23.2 g) under ice-cooling, the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 59.5 hours. The reaction solution was extracted with a 10% citric acid solution and ethyl acetate. Then, the organic layer was sequentially washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate water and brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and filtered. Thereafter, the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography (hexane:ethyl acetate = 9:1 -> 8:2 -> 2:1) to give 29.7 g of the title compound as a pale yellow oil.
¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.37-7.22 (5H, m), 5.48 (1H, q, J=7.11 Hz), 3.58 (2H, t, J=6.13 Hz), 3.34 (1H, d, J=10.05 Hz), 3.12 (1H, d, J=10.05 Hz), 2.94 (1H, d, J=16.91 Hz), 2.31 (1H, d, J=17.16 Hz), 1.86-1.74 (1H, m), 1.72-1.62 (1H, m), 1.51 (3H, d, J=7.11 Hz), 1.49-1.24 (2H, m), 1.33 (9H, s), 0.88 (9H, s), 0.03 (6H, s).

[Reference Example 72]

(3S)-3-[3-(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)-1-propyl]-4-fluoro-5-oxo-1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

(3S)-3-[3-(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)-1-propyl]-5-oxo-1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (30 g) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (280 mL), and the atmosphere was replaced with argon. Then, lithium hexamethyldisilazide (1.0 M solution in tetrahydrofuran) (78.0 mL) was added dropwise at -15°C, and the mixture was stirred at -5°C for 30 minutes. After cooling to -15°C again, a solution of N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide (26.6 g) in tetrahydrofuran (220 mL) was added dropwise, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 17 hours. The reaction solution was extracted with a 10% citric acid solution and ethyl acetate. Then, the organic layer was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and filtered. Thereafter, the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography (hexane:ethyl acetate = 9:1 -> 8:2) to give 8.15 g of the title compound as a pale yellow solid. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.37-7.23 (5H, m), 5.53-5.44 (1H, m), 5.18 (1H, d, J=51.72 Hz), 3.64-3.52 (2H, m), 3.32-3.19 (2H, m), 1.92-1.65 (2H, m), 1.55 (3H, d, J=4.66 Hz), 1.33 (9H, s), 0.88 (9H, s), 0.03 (6H, s).
MS (FAB) m/z: 480 (M+H)⁺.
IR (ATR) ν: 3421, 2977, 2935, 2877, 1698, 1454, 1369, 1309, 1249, 1153, 1058, 1035, 1006, 842 cm^-1.

[Reference Example 73]

(3S)-4-Fluoro-3-(3-hydroxy-1-propyl)-5-oxo-1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

(3S)-3-[3-(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)-1-propyl]-4-fluoro-5-oxo-1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (8.15 g) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (25.0 mL). Acetic acid (22.0 mL) and tetrabutylammonium fluoride (1.0 M solution in tetrahydrofuran) (25.0 mL) were added under ice-cooling, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 21.5 hours. The reaction solution was extracted with a 10% citric acid solution and ethyl acetate. Then, the organic layer was sequentially washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate water and brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and filtered. Thereafter, the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography (hexane:ethyl acetate = 9:1 -> 8:2 -> 1:1) to give 5.77 g of the title compound as a pale yellow oil.
¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.37-7.22 (5H, m), 5.48 (1H, q, J=7.03 Hz), 5.20 (1H, d, J=51.48 Hz), 3.69-3.59 (2H, m), 3.31-3.21 (2H, m), 1.95-1.72 (2H, m), 1.68-1.43 (2H, m), 1.56 (3H, d, J=7.11 Hz), 1.33 (9H, s).

[Reference Example 74]

(3S)-3-(3-benzenesulfonyloxy-1-propyl)-4-Fluoro-5-oxo-1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

(3S)-4-Fluoro-3-(3-hydroxy-1-propyl)-5-oxo-1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (12.20 g) was dissolved in dichloromethane (400 mL). Benzenesulfonyl chloride (9.06 mL), triethylamine (10.7 mL), and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (2.04 g) were added under ice-cooling, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12.5 hours. Saturated sodium bicarbonate water was added to the reaction solution, and the mixture was stirred for 30 minutes, followed by extraction with dichloromethane. The organic layer was sequentially washed with a 10% citric acid solution and brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and filtered. Thereafter, the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography (hexane:ethyl acetate = 8:2 -> 1:1) to give 11.7 g of the title compound as a pale yellow oil.
¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.94 – 7.87 (2H, m), 7.71-7.63 (1H, m), 7.60-7.53 (2H, m), 7.37-7.23 (5H, m), 5.46 (1H, q, J=7.11 Hz), 5.15 (1H, d, J=51.48 Hz), 4.10-3.98 (2H, m), 3.26-3.15 (2H, m), 1.88-1.50 (4H, m), 1.55 (3H, s), 1.30 (9H, s).

[Reference Example 75]

(1S,5R)-5-Fluoro-4-oxo-3-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-3-azabicyclo[3.3.0]octan-1-ylcarboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

(3S)-3-(3-benzenesulfonyloxy-1-propyl)-4-Fluoro-5-oxo-1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (10.9 g) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (350 mL), and the atmosphere was replaced with argon. Then, potassium hexamethyldisilazide (0.5 M solution in toluene) (86.5 mL) was added dropwise at – 15°C, and the mixture was stirred at 0°C for 1.5 hours. After cooling to -10°C, saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (100 mL) was added dropwise, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. The reaction solution was extracted with a 10% citric acid solution and ethyl acetate. Then, the organic layer was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and filtered. Thereafter, the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography (hexane:ethyl acetate = 9:1 -> 7:1) to give 4.36 g of the title compound as a pale yellow solid.
¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.38-7.25 (5H, m), 5.58-5.49 (1H, m), 3.63 (1H, d, J=10.3 Hz), 2.91 (1H, dd, J=10.3, 3.2 Hz), 2.67-2.56 (1H, m), 2.50-2.38 (1H, m), 2.26-2.09 (1H, m), 2.06-1.94 (1H, m), 1.74-1.66 (1H, m), 1.54 (3H, d, J=7.1 Hz), 1.50-1.40 (1H, m), 1.34 (9H, s).

[Reference Example 76]

(1R,5R)-1-(tert-Butoxycarbonylamino)-5-fluoro-4-oxo-3-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-3-azabicyclo[3.3.0]octane

(1S,5R)-5-Fluoro-4-oxo-3-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-3-azabicyclo[3.3.0]octan-1-ylcarboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (4.36 g, 12.5 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (70 mL). Trifluoroacetic acid (70 mL) was added dropwise, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for six hours. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure, and then the residue was azeotropically distilled with toluene to give carboxylic acid (3.70 g).
The resulting carboxylic acid was dissolved in toluene. Triethylamine (3.51 mL, 25.2 mmol) and diphenylphosphoryl azide (2.98 ml, 13.8 mmol) were added, and the mixture was heated to reflux for five hours. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. Then, 1,4-dioxane (110 ml) and 6N hydrochloric acid (110 mL) were added to the residue, and the mixture was stirred at 60°C for 2.5 hours. After extraction with water and ethyl acetate, the aqueous layer was made alkaline with a saturated sodium hydroxide solution and extracted with chloroform twice. The organic layers were combined, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and filtered, and then the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. Di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (11.05 g) was added to the residue, and the mixture was stirred at 75°C for six hours. The reaction solution was concentrated under reduced pressure, and then the residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography (hexane:ethyl acetate = 9:1 -> 1:1) to give 3.69 g of the title compound as a pale yellow oil.
¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.37-7.23 (5H, m), 5.50 (1H, q, J=7.1 Hz), 5.22 (1H, brs), 3.34 (2H, s), 2.49-2.37 (1H, m), 2.32-2.03 (3H, m), 2.02-1.90 (1H, m), 1.51 (3H, d, J=7.1 Hz), 1.55-1.48 (1H, m), 1.35 (9H, s).

[Reference Example 77]

(1R,5S)-1-(tert-Butoxycarbonylamino)-5-fluoro-3-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-3-azabicyclo[3.3.0]octane

(1R,5R)-1-(tert-Butoxycarbonylamino)-5-fluoro-4-oxo-3-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-3-azabicyclo[3.3.0]octane (3.69 g, 10.2 mmol) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (200 mL). A 1.20 M solution of a borane-tetrahydrofuran complex in tetrahydrofuran (42.4 mL, 50.9 mmol) was added dropwise under ice-cooling, and the mixture was stirred for two hours while gradually heating to room temperature. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. Under ice-cooling, 90% aqueous ethanol (100 mL) and triethylamine (100 mL) were added to the residue, and the mixture was heated to reflux for two hours. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure, and then the residue was extracted with saturated sodium bicarbonate water and dichloromethane. Thereafter, the target substance was extracted from the aqueous layer with dichloromethane. The organic layers were combined, washed with brine, and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After filtration, the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure, and the resulting residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography (hexane:ethyl acetate = 95:5 -> 90:10) to give 3.33 g of the title compound as a pale yellow oil.
¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.32 – 7.18 (5H, m), 5.38 (1H, brs), 3.22 (1H, q, J=6.37 Hz), 2.92-2.57 (4H, m), 2.12-1.86 (4H, m), 1.80-1.67 (1H, m), 1.63-1.52 (3H, m), 1.42 (9H, s), 1.32 (3H, d, J=6.37 Hz)

[Reference Example 78]

(1R,5S)-1-(tert-Butoxycarbonylamino)-5-fluoro-3-azabicyclo[3.3.0]octane

(1R,5S)-1-(tert-Butoxycarbonylamino)-5-fluoro-3-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-3-azabicyclo[3.3.0]octane (700 mg, 2.0 mmol) was dissolved in ethanol (30 mL). 10% palladium-carbon (50% wet) (1.01 g) was added, and the mixture was stirred in a hydrogen atmosphere at 50°C for 15 hours. The catalyst was removed by filtration, and then the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography (dichloromethane:methanol = 98:2 -> 95:5) to give 446 mg of the title compound as a pale yellow solid.
[α]_D ²³-15° (c=0.100, MeOH).
¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 5.29 (1H, brs), 3.47-3.18 (2H, m), 2.93-2.79 (2H, m), 2.15-1.71 (6H, m), 1.45 (9H, s).

[Example 17]

7-[(1R,5S)-1-Amino-5-fluoro-3-azabicyclo[3.3.0]octan-3-yl]-6-fluoro-1-[(1R,2S)-2-fluorocyclopropane]-1,4-dihydro-8-methyl-4-oxoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid

Triethylamine (0.215 mL, 1.54 mmol) and 6,7-difluoro-1-[(1R,2S)-2-fluorocyclopropane]-1,4-dihydro-8-methyl-4-oxoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid-BF₂ chelate (530 mg, 1.53 mmol) were added to a solution of (1R,5S)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-5-fluoro-3-azabicyclo[3.3.0]octane (250 mg, 1.02 mmol) in dimethyl sulfoxide (5.0 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for seven days. Triethylamine (0.215 mL, 1.54 mmol) and 6,7-difluoro-1-[(1R,2S)-2-fluorocyclopropane]-1,4-dihydro-8-methyl-4-oxoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid-BF₂ chelate (530 mg, 1.53 mmol) were further added to the reaction solution, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for seven days. Triethylamine (0.215 mL, 1.54 mmol) and 6,7-difluoro-1-[(1R,2S)-2-fluorocyclopropane]-1,4-dihydro-8-methyl-4-oxoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid-BF₂ chelate (530 mg, 1.53 mmol) were further added to the reaction solution, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for ten days. Ethanol (6.0 mL), water (2.0 mL), and triethylamine (2.0 mL) were added to the reaction solution, and the mixture was stirred at 80°C for one hour. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure, and then the residue was extracted with a 10% citric acid solution and ethyl acetate. Then, the organic layer was washed with water twice and brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and filtered. Thereafter, the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography (dichloromethane:methanol = 98:2), and the resulting fraction was concentrated under reduced pressure. Then, the residue was dissolved in concentrated hydrochloric acid (3.5 mL) under ice-cooling, and the solution was stirred at room temperature for one hour. The reaction solution was washed with chloroform five times, and then the aqueous layer was adjusted to pH 12 with a saturated sodium hydroxide solution. The basic solution was adjusted to pH 7.4 with hydrochloric acid, followed by extraction with chloroform. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered, and then the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was purified by PTLC (developed with the lower layer of chloroform:methanol:water = 7:3:1). The resulting residue was solidified with isopropanol to give 7.1 mg of the title compound as a pale yellow solid.
¹H-NMR (400 MHz, 0.1N NaOD) δ: 8.50 (1H, s), 7.77 (1H, d, J=13.73 Hz), 5.80-4.80 (1H, m), 4.22-4.10 (1H, m), 3.99-3.85 (1H, m), 3.68-3.47 (2H, m), 3.43-3.34 (1H, m), 2.68 (3H, s), 2.21-1.98 (3H, m), 1.97-1.56 (4H, m), 1.42-1.23 (1H, m).
MS (FAB); m/z: 422 (M+H)⁺.
Anal.Calcd C₂₁H₂₂F₃N₃O₃·0.5H₂O·0.25IPA: C, 58.65; H, 5.66; F, 12.80; N, 9.43. Found: C, 58.63; H, 5.35; F, 12.35; N, 9.22.
IR (ATR) ν: 2971, 2856, 1722, 1614, 1450, 1432, 1322, 1132, 1097, 987, 954, 929, 887, 856, 804 cm^-1.

WO 2012018105

http://www.google.st/patents/WO2012018105A1?cl=en

The following structural formula

compound represented by, 7 – [(1R, 5S) -1 – amino-5 – fluoro-3 – azabicyclo [3.3.0] octan-3 – yl] -6 – fluoro -1 – [(1R, . the 2S) -2 – fluoro-cyclopropane-1 – yl] -1,4 – dihydro-8 – methyl-4 – oxo-3-quinoline -) is referred to as carboxylic acid (hereinafter referred to as Compound A multi-agent containing quinolone resistance including resistant Gram-positive cocci resistant pneumococcus, etc., widely against gram-negative bacteria from Gram-positive bacteria, and, in addition to show strong antibacterial activity, convulsions, which is known in the art as a side effect of the antimicrobial agent of the present system potential cardiotoxicity light and toxicity-inducing activity (photosensitivity), has been reported recently in clinical further (QT prolongation), blood sugar abnormalities, and to express the side effects of delayed-type drug 疹等 is excellent safety low, Then, it is excellent oral absorbability and organ migration properties become apparent, is expected as an antimicrobial agent superior (Patent Document 1).

WO 2008/082009 pamphlet

The compound A, was synthesized according to the method described in Patent Document 1.
Preparation 7 1 hydrochloride dihydrate Ratings (1) Compound A crystalline acid addition salt preparation of acid addition salts of (Example 1) Compound A, and Compound A – [(1R, 5S) – 1 – amino-5 – fluoro-3 – azabicyclo [3.3.0] octan-3 – yl] -6 – fluoro -1 – [(1R, 2S) -2 – fluoro-cyclo-1 – yl] -1 , 4 – dihydro-8 – methyl-4 – oxo-3-quinoline – was added 1mol / L hydrochloric acid (74μL) carboxylic acid (Compound A) (31.3mg,, 0.074mmol) in, and dried under reduced pressure at room temperature.10% aqueous 2 the residue – was added to (100μL) propanol was dissolved by heating at 60 ℃, and allowed to stand day out on the room temperature. Collected by filtration the precipitated crystals, and the 1st air dried, 19.9mg (yield: 54%) was obtained.
Elemental analysis: C ₂₁ H ₂₂ F ₃ N ₃ O ₃ · HCl · 2H ₂ O
Theoretical value: C; 51.07, H; 5.51, N; 8.51, F; 11.54, Cl; 7.18
Measured value: C; 50.93, H; 5.40, N; 8.49, F; 11.30, Cl; 7.47

The characteristic diffraction peaks in the powder X-ray diffraction: 2θ = 5.3,7.9,10.6,13.3,21.1,23.0,25.1,27.6 (°)
2 5% aqueous (1001.6mg, 0.746mmol) in the preparation of Compound A one hydrochloride monohydrate (2) Compound A – was added propanol (30mL), was dissolved by heating at 60 ℃. After stirring day out on the room temperature and stirred for 6 hours at 10 ℃. Collected by filtration the precipitated crystals, and the 1st dried air, 839.3 mg (yield: 87%) was obtained.
Elemental analysis: C ₂₁ H ₂₂ F ₃ N ₃ O ₃ · HCl · 1H ₂ O
Theoretical value: C; 53.00, H; 5.30, N; 8.83, F; 11.98, Cl; 7.45
Measured value: C; 53.25, H; 5.43, N; 8.51, F; 11.58, Cl; 7.18
The characteristic diffraction peaks in the powder X-ray diffraction: 2θ = 11.3,14.0,20.1,21.4,22.8,24.0,26.0,26.6 (°)

ref

Higuchi, S.; Onodera, Y.; Chiba, M.; Hoshino, K.; Gotoh, N. Potent in vitro antibacterial activity of DS-8587, a new generation of broad spectrum quinolone, against Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2013, doi:10.1128/AAC.02374-12.
Daiichi Sankyo. Major R&D pipeline as of July, 2013. Available online: http://www.daiichisankyo.com/rd/pipeline/pdf/Pipeline_EN.pdf (accessed on 28 September 2013).

EP0343524A1	May 19, 1989	Nov 29, 1989	Shionogi Seiyaku Kabushiki Kaisha	Pyridonecarboxylic acids and antibacterial agents
JPH0395176A				Title not available
JPH02231475A				Title not available
JPH08225567A				Title not available
JPS6345261A				Title not available
JPS6456673A				Title not available
JPS61282382A				Title not available
US5017708 *	Sep 8, 1989	May 21, 1991	Shionogi & Co., Ltd.	Azabicycloalkanes
WO1994014794A1	Dec 28, 1993	Jul 7, 1994	Hideki Ao	8-methoxyquinolonecarboxylic acid derivative
WO1995021163A1	Feb 2, 1995	Aug 10, 1995	Katsumi Chiba	Pyridonecarboxylic acid derivative substituted by bicyclic amino group, ester thereof, salt thereof, and bicyclic amine as intermediate therefor
WO1996023782A1	Feb 1, 1996	Aug 8, 1996	Daiichi Seiyaku Co	Heterocyclic compounds

1, nemonoxacin; 2, delafloxacin; 3, finafloxacin; 4, zabofloxacin; 5, JNJ-Q2; 6, DS-8587; 7, KPI-10; 8, ozenoxacin; 9, chinfloxacin; 10, ACH-702.

Ozenoxacin in phase 3……topical formulation in the treatment of impetigo

March 28, 2014 4:59 am / 2 Comments on Ozenoxacin in phase 3……topical formulation in the treatment of impetigo

1-cyclopropyl-8-methyl-7-[5-methyl-6-(methylamino)-3-pyridinyl]-4-oxo-1 ,4-dihydro-3- quinolinecarboxylic acid

1-cyclopropyl-8-methyl-⁷-{5-methyl-6-[(methylamino)methyl]-3-pyridyl}-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid.

Ferrer Internacional (Spain), phase 3 Gram-positive

Ferrer Internacional has completed one Phase III clinical trial to evaluate the topical formulation of ozenoxacin in the treatment of impetigo [

Ozenoxacin
CAS Number: 245765-41-7Molecular Formula: C₂₁H₂₁N₃O₃
Molecular Weight: 363.41 g.mol^-1

poster……http://landing.quotientbioresearch.com/blog/bid/50380/Ozenoxacin-Activity-against-Atypical-Bacteria

Ozenoxacin is active against a great number of pathogens, such as Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) including ciprofloxacin-resistant strains, methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus epidermidis (MSSE), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE), Streptococcus pyogenes, Group G Streptococci, penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, Beta-lactamase positive Haemophilus influenzae, non-typeable strains of Haemophilus influenzae, Beta-lactamase positive Moraxella catarrhalis, Neisseria meningitides, Legionella pneumophila, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Streptococcus agalactiae group B, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum Helicobacter pylori, Bacteroides fragilis, Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli, quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., ciprofloxacin-susceptible Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Clostridium difficile, and Listeria monocytogenes.

Ozenoxacin is a novel non-fluorinated quinolone antibacterial agent. It is currently in late stage phase 3 trials for the topical treatment of impetigo. The bacterial action of ozenoxacin is through the dual inhibition of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. Excellent in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity has been demonstrated in pre-clinical and clinical studies against a broad range of bacterial organisms. This includes organisms with emerging resistance to quinolones. Phase I and II clinical trials have also shown that ozenoxacin is a safe and effective antibacterial agent. No evidence of adverse effects as linked to topically formulated halogenated quinolones has been shown.

Ozenoxacin (I) was firstly disclosed in US6335447, and equivalent patents. Its chemical name is 1-cyclopropyl-8-methyl-7-[5-methyl-6-(methylamino)-3-pyridinyl]-4-oxo-1 ,4-dihydro-3- quinolinecarboxylic acid. Its chemical formula is: H

Ozenoxacin (I)

Topical application of antimicrobial agents is a useful tool for therapy of skin and skin structures infections, sexually transmitted diseases and genital tract infections and some systemic infections susceptible to topical treatment. Topical antimicrobial therapy has several potential advantages compared with systemic therapy.

Firstly, it can avoid an unnecessary exposure of the gut flora which may exert selection for resistance. Secondly, it is expected that the high local drug concentration in topical application and the negligible systemic absorption should overwhelm many mutational resistances. Thirdly, topical applications are less likely than systemic therapy to cause side effects. Accordingly, some topical compositions comprising ozenoxacin have been reported in the art.

JP2002356426A discloses ointments and gels for skin. An ointment comprising ozenoxacin 1%, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone 8%, propylene glycol 14.9%, oleic acid 0.9%, diisopropanolamine 2.3%, polyethylene glycol 400 20.2%, polyethylene glycol 4000 50.2%, and water 3.2% is reported in Example 2.

JP2003226643A discloses aqueous solutions comprising ozenoxacin, cyclodextrin, and a viscous agent.

EP1731138A1 discloses fine particle dispersion liquid comprising ozenoxacin to be used in the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions.

WO2007015453A1 discloses lotions comprising ozenoxacin.

JP2007119456A discloses aqueous suspensions containing nanoparticles and solution granules of ozenoxacin to be used in the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions. Ophthalmic solutions are mentioned preferably. A combined use of ozenoxacin, magnesium ions, and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin specially for ophthalmic use is disclosed in Yamakawa, T. et al., Journal of Controlled Release (2003), 86(1 ), 101-103.

Semisolid topical compositions are useful alternatives to liquid compositions, because of their better manipulation and consequent patient preferences. However, in spite of the great diversity of components present in the semisolid compositions disclosed in the art, no quantitative stability studies are available for them.

Thus, there is a need of proved stable semisolid topical compositions comprising ozenoxacin as active ingredient, wherein microbiological and therapeutic activities are warranted because of demonstrated durable and prolonged pharmaceutical stability.

Synthesis

US6335447

http://www.google.co.in/patents/US6335447

EXAMPLE 5

To a solution of 0.80 g of 7-[6-({[(benzyloxy)-carbonyl] (methyl)amino}methyl)-5-methyl-3-pyrdyl]-1-cyclo-propyl-8-methyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-3-quinoline-carboxylic acid in 16 ml of acetic acid was added 0.20 g of 5% (w/w) palladium-carbon and the mixture was stirred at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure for 2 hours under a hydrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was filtered and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The obtained residue was dissolved in a mixed solvent consisting of 3.8 ml of ethanol and 3.8 ml of water. After adding 3.8 ml of an aqueous 1 mol/l sodium hydroxide solution thereto and adjusting the solution to pH 5.5with 1 mol/l hydrochloric acid, 10 ml of chloroform was added thereto. An organic layer was separated and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. Addition of diethyl ether to the obtained residue and filtration of crystals afforded 0.25 g of colorless crystals of 1-cyclopropyl-8-methyl-⁷-{5-methyl-6-[(methylamino)methyl]-3-pyridyl}-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid.

IR (KBr) cm⁻¹: 3322, 1721; NMR(d₁-TFA) δ: 1.2-1.9 (4H, m), 2.94 (3H, s), 3.05 (3H, s), 3.29 (3H, s), 4.6-5.0 (1H, m), 5.12 (2H, s), 7.91 (1H, d, J=8.5 Hz), 8.6-9.0 (2H, m), 9.0-9.3 (1H, brs), 9.75 (1H, s). Melting point: 199° C.

Ferrer Group. Key development projects. Available online: http://www.ferrergrupo.com/Innovation_Innovacion-Pipeline-de-proyectos-ENG (accessed on 15 April 2013).
Yamakawa, T.; Mitsuyama, J.; Hayashi, K. In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity of T-3912, a novel non-fluorinated topical quinolone. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2002, 49, 455–465, doi:10.1093/jac/49.3.455.
Ferrer Internacional. Efficacy and safety of ozenoxacin 1% cream versus placebo in the treatment of patients with impetigo. Available online: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01397461 (accessed on 13 April 2013).

FINAFLOXACIN IN PHASE II for the treatment of ear infections

March 28, 2014 3:42 am / Leave a comment

FINAFLOXACIN

(S-cyano-1-cyclopropyl-ό-fluoro-T-^aS, 7aS)-hexahydropyrrolo [3,4- b]-1,4-oxazin-6(2H)-yl]-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid)

7-[(4aS,7aS)-3,4,4a,5,7,7a-hexahydro-2H-pyrrolo[3,4-b][1,4]oxazin-6-yl]-8-cyano-1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid |

BAY-35-3377
BY-377

CAS Registry Number: 209342-40-5

HYD SALT

(-)-(4aS,7aS)-8-Cyano-1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-(perhydropyrrolo[3,4-b]-1,4-oxazin-6-yl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid hydrochloride

209342-41-6,

C20 H19 F N4 O4 . Cl H
MW	434.849

Synonyms: Finafloxacin, UNII-D26OSN9Q4R,

MerLion Pharmaceuticals (Singapore)…POSTER…….http://www.merlionpharma.com/sites/default/files/file/PPS/F1-2036_Wohlert.pdf

H. pylori, Broad-Spectrum

Finafloxacin is a novel fluoroquinolone being developed by MerLion Pharmaceuticals. Under neutral pH conditions (pH 7.2–7.4), the compound has shown in vitro activity equivalent to that of ciprofloxacin. However, under slightly acidic pH5.8 the compound shows enhanced potency.

Other marketed fluoroquinolones, such as ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin, exhibit reduced activity at slightly acidic pH 5.0–6.5. This feature of finafloxacin makes the compound suitable for use in the treatment of infections in acidic foci of infections such as urinary tract infections

Finafloxacin hydrochloride, a novel highly potent antibiotic, is in phase III clinical trials at Alcon for the treatment of ear infections. MerLion Pharmaceuticals is evaluating the product in phase II clinical trials at for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection and for the treatment of lower uncomplicated urinary tract infections in females.

A quinolone, finafloxacin holds potential for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection and urinary tract infection. Unlike existing antibiotics, finafloxacin demonstrates a unique acid activated activity whereby it becomes increasingly active under acidic conditions.

In 2009, a codevelopment agreement was signed between Chaperone Technologies and MerLion Pharmaceuticals. In 2011, finafloxacin hydrochloride was licensed to Alcon by MerLion Pharmaceuticals in North America for the treatment of ear infections.

MerLion Pharmaceuticals has announced that the FDA has granted a Qualified Infectious Disease Product Designation and Fast Track Status for finafloxacin. The company is currently recruiting patients for the Phase II clinical trial of the compound for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections (cUTI) and/or acute pyelonephritis compared to ciprofloxacin

Finafloxacin and derivatives thereof can be synthesized according to the methods described in U.S. Patent No. 6,133,260 to Matzke et al., the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. The compositions of the invention are particularly directed toward treating mammalian and human subjects having or at risk of having a microbial tissue infection. Microbial tissue infections that may be treated or prevented in accord with the method of the present invention are referred to in J. P. Sanford et al., “The Sanford Guide to Antimicrobial Therapy 2007” 37 Edition (Antimicrobial Therapy, Inc.). Particular microbial tissue infections that may be treatable by embodiments of the present invention include those infections caused by bacteria, protozoa, fungi, yeast, spores, and parasites.

SYNTHESIS

WO1998026779A1

http://www.google.sc/patents/WO1998026779A1 COPY PASTE ON BROWSER

8-cyano-l-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-((lS, 6S)-2-oxa-5 ,8-di-azabicyclo [4.3.0] non-8-yl)-l, 4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid.

The compounds, which are suitable for use in the invention are known already to some extent in EP-A-0350733, EP-A-0550903 as well as from DE-A-4329600 or can be prepared according to the processes described in .

If, for example 9,10-difluoro-3 ,8-dimethyl-7-oxo-2 ,3-dihydro-7H-pyrido [l ,2,3-d, e] [l, 3,4] benzoxadiazine-6 -carboxylic acid and 2-oxa-5 ,8-diazabicyclo [4.3.0] nonane, the reaction can be represented by the following equation:

The 7-halo-quinolonecarboxylic acid derivatives used for preparing the compounds of Fomel (I) of the invention are known or can be prepared by known methods. Thus, the 7-chloro-8-cyano-l-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1 ,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid, or of the 7-chloro-8-cyano-l-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro- l been ,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid ethyl ester described in EP-A-0 276 700th The corresponding 7-fluoro derivatives can be, for example, via the following reaction sequence to build:

An alternative process for preparing the intermediate compound 2,4-dichloro-3-cyano-5-fluoro-benzoyl chloride as the starting material for the preparation of 7-chloro-

8-cyano-1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1 ,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid is used (EP-A-0276700) and in the 3-cyano-2 ,4,5-trifluoro- benzoyl can be converted, is based on 5-fluoro-l ,3-xylene, 5-fluoro-l ,3-xylene, in the presence of a catalyst under ionic conditions in the nucleus disubstituted to 2,4-dichloro-5-fluoro-l ,3-dimethylbenzene, and this is subsequently chlorinated chlorinated under free radical conditions in the side chains of 2,4-dichloro-5-fluoro-3-dichloromethyl-l-trichloro-methylbenzene. This is the 2,4-dichloro-5-fluoro-3-dichloromethyl-benzoic acid to give 2,4-dichloro-5-fluoro-3-formyl-benzoic acid, and then hydrolyzed to 2,4-dichloro-5-fluoro-3 N-hydroxyiminomethyl acid implemented. By treatment with thionyl chloride, 2,4-dichloro-3-cyano-5-fluoro-benzoyl chloride is obtained, which can still be ,4,5-trifluoro-ben-zoylfluorid converted by a chlorine / fluorine exchange on-3-cyano-2 .

The amines used for the preparation of compounds of formula (I) according to the invention are known from EP-A-0550903, EP-A-0551653 as well as from DE-A-4 309 964th

An alternative to the synthesis of lS, 6S-2-oxa-5 ,8-diazabicyclo [4.3.0] nonane-dihydro-drobromid or the free base 1 S, 6S-2-oxa-5 ,8-diazabicyclo [4.3.0 ] nonane and the corresponding IR, 6R enantiomer provides the following path represents:

Starting material for this synthesis is the cis-l ,4-dihydroxy-2-butene, which is converted to the bis-mesylate with mesylation tosylamide for 1-tosylpyrrolidine. This is converted into the epoxide m-chloroperbenzoic. The ring opening of the epoxide by heating in isopropanol with ethanolamine to trans-3-hydroxy-4 – (2-hydroxy-ethylamino)-l-(toluene-4-sulfonyl)-pyrrolidine in 80% yield. Tetrahydrofuran is then in pyridine / reacted with tosyl chloride, with cooling to Tris-tosylate, which as a crude product in a mixture with some tetra-tosyl derivative with basichen reaction conditions to give the racemic trans-5 ,8-bis-tosyl-2-oxa-5, 6 – diazabicyclo [4.3.0] nonane is cylisiert. At this stage occurs with high selectivity of a chromatographic resolution kieselgelgebundenem poly (N-methacryloyl-L-leucine-d menthylamide) as the stationary phase. The desired enantiomer, (lS, 6S) -5,8-bis-tosyl-2-oxa-5 ,6-diazabicyclo [4.3.0] nonane, is of a purity of

> 99% ee. Cleavage of the p-tosyl protecting groups is carried out with HBr-acetic acid to the lS, 6S-2-Oxa-5 ,8-diazabicyclo [4.3.0] nonane dihydrobromide, the one with a base such as sodium or potassium hydroxide or with the aid of ion exchanger can be converted into the free base. The analogous sequence may be used for the preparation of lR, 6R-2-Oxa-5 ,8-diazabicyclo [4.3.0] nonane dihydrobromide.

HBr / AcOH

Synthesis of lS, 6S-2-oxa-5 ,8-diazabicyclo [4.3.0] nonane

Examples of compounds of the invention are mentioned in addition to the compounds listed in the preparation examples, the compounds listed in Table 1 below, which can be used both in racemic form as well as enantiomerically pure or diastereomerically pure compounds. Table 1:

Example 1 Z

8-cyano-1-cyclopropyl-6 ,7-difluoro-1 ,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinoline-carboxylic acid ethyl ester

a 3-bromo-2 ,4,5-trifluoro-benzoate

To a mixture of 1460 ml of methanol and 340 g of triethylamine, 772 g of 3-bromo-2 ,4,5-trifluoro-benzoyl fluoride was added dropwise under ice cooling. There is one

Stirred for an hour at room temperature. The Reaktionsgemsich is concentrated, the residue dissolved in water and methylene chloride, and the aqueous phase was extracted with methylene chloride. After drying the organic phase over sodium sulfate, concentrated, and the residue was distilled in vacuum. This gives 752.4 g of 3-bromo-2 ,4,5-trifluoro-benzoic acid methyl ester of boiling point 122 ° C/20 mbar.

b. 3-Cyano-2 ,4,5-trifluoro-benzoic acid methyl ester:

269 g of 3-bromo-2 ,4,5-trifluoro-benzoic acid methyl ester and 108 g of copper cyanide are heated to reflux in 400 ml of dimethylformamide for 5 hours. , All volatile components of the reaction mixture are then distilled off in vacuo. The distillate was then fractionated on a column. This gives 133 g of 3-cyano-2 ,4,5-trifluoro-benzoate of boiling point 88-89 ° C / 0.01 mbar.

c. 3-Cyano-2 ,4,5-trifluoro-benzoic acid

A solution of 156 g of 3-cyano-2 ,4,5-trifluoro-benzoate in 960 ml of glacial acetic acid, 140 ml of water and 69 ml concentrated sulfuric acid is heated for 8 hours under reflux. Then the acetic acid is distilled off under vacuum and the residue treated with water. Of failed-ne solid is filtered off, washed with water and dried. Obtained

118.6 g of 3-cyano-2 ,4,5-trifluoro-benzoic acid as a white solid, mp 187-190 ° C.

d 3-cyano-2 ,4,5-trifluoro-benzoyl chloride:

111 g of 3-cyano-2 ,4,5-trifluoro-benzoic acid and 84 g of oxalyl chloride are stirred in 930 ml of dry methylene chloride with the addition of a few drops of dimethylformamide for 5 hours at room temperature. The methylene chloride is evaporated and the residue distilled in vacuo. This gives 117.6 g of 3-cyano-2 ,4,5-trifluoro-benzoyl chloride as a yellow oil.

e 2 – (3-cyano-2 ,4,5-trifluoro-benzoyl)-3-dimethylamino-acrylic acid ethyl ester:

To a solution of 36.5 g of 3-dimethylamino-acrylate and 26.5 g of triethylamine in 140 ml toluene, a solution of 55 g 3-cyano-2, 4,5 – trifluoro-benzoyl chloride are added dropwise in 50 ml of toluene so that the temperature 50-55 ° C remains. Then stirred for 2 hours at 50 ° C.

The reaction mixture is concentrated in vacuo and used without further

Processing used in the next step. f 2 – (3-cyano-2 ,4,5-trifluoro-benzoyl)-3-cyclopropylamino-acrylic acid ethyl ester:

To the reaction product of step e 30 g of glacial acetic acid are added dropwise at 20 ° C. A solution of 15.75 g of cyclopropyl amine in 30 ml of toluene is added dropwise. The mixture is stirred at 30 ° C for 1 hour. Are then added 200 ml of water, stirred 15 minutes, the organic phase is separated off and shakes it again with 100 ml of water. The organic phase is dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product thus obtained is a set-without further purification in the next step.

g 8-cyano-l-cyclopropyl-6 ,7-difluoro-l ,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid ethyl ester:

The reaction product from stage f and 27.6 g of potassium carbonate are stirred in 80 ml dimethylformamide for 16 hours at room temperature. The reaction mixture is then poured into 750 ml ice water, the solid filtered off with suction and washed with 80 ml cold methanol. After drying, 47 g of 8 – cyano-l-cyclopropyl-6 ,7-difluoro-l ,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinoline carboxylic acid ethyl ester, mp 209-211 ° C.

Example 2 Z

2,4-dichloro-5-fluoro-l ,3-dimethylbenzene

a solvent-free

In 124 g of 3,5-dimethyl-fluorobenzene 1 g of anhydrous iron (III) chloride are pre-loaded and launched with the speed of chlorine (about 4 h), with which the reaction. This is initially slightly exothermic (temperature increase from 24 to 32 ° C) and is maintained by cooling below 30 ° C. After addition of 120 g of chlorine, the mixture is determined. According to GC analysis are 33.4% monochloro compound, formed 58.4% desired product and 5%> overchlorinated connections. The hydrogen chloride is removed and the reaction mixture is then distilled in a column in a water jet vacuum:

In the run 49 g of 2-chloro-5-fluoro-l ,3-dimethylbenzene obtained at 72-74 ° C/22 mbar. After 5 g of an intermediate fraction proceed at 105 ° C/22 mbar 75 g of 2,4 – dichloro-5-fluoro-l ,3-dimethylbenzene via, Melting range: 64 – 65 ° C.

b in 1,2-dichloroethane

1 kg of 3,5-dimethyl-fluorobenzene and 15 g of anhydrous iron (III) chloride are placed in 1 1 1 ,2-dichloroethane and chlorine is introduced in the same extent as the reaction proceeds (about 4 h). The reaction is initially exothermic (temperature rise from 24 to 32 ° C) and is kept below 30 ° C by cooling. After the introduction of 1200 g of chlorine are according to GC analysis 4% monochloro compound, 81.1% and 13.3% desired product overchlorinated connections emerged. After distilling off the solvent and the hydrogen chloride is distilled in a column in a water jet vacuum:

In the run 40 g of 2-chloro-5-fluoro-l ,3-dimethylbenzene receive. After some intermediate run going at 127-128 ° C/50 mbar 1115 g of 2,4-dichloro-5-fTuor-l ,3-dimethyl-ethylbenzene over.

Example 3 Z

2,4-dichloro-5-fluoro-3-dichloromethyl-l-trichloromethylbenzene

In a photochlorination using chlorine inlet and outlet for the hydrogen chloride to a scrubber and a light source in the vicinity of the chlorine inlet tube, 1890 g of 2,4-dichloro-5-fluoro-l ,3-dimethylbenzene pre-loaded and at 140 to 150 ° C. Chlorine metered. Within 30 hours 3850 g of chlorine are introduced. The content of the desired product according to GC analysis is 71.1% and the proportion of connections minderchlorierten 27.7%. The DestiUaton a 60 cm column with Wilson spirals provides a flow of 1142 g, which can be reused in the chlorination. The main fraction at 160-168 ° C / 0.2 mbar gives 2200 g of 2,4-dichloro-5-fluoro-3-dichloromethyl-l-trichloro-methyl benzene having a melting range of 74-76 ° C. After one recrystallization

Sample from methanol, the melting point 81-82 ° C.

Example Z 4

2,4-dichloro-5-fluoro-3-formyl-benzoic acid

In a 2500 ml stirred apparatus with gas discharge are presented 95% sulfuric acid at 70 ° C. and under stirring, 500 g of molten added dropwise 2,4-dichloro-5-fluoro-3-dichloromethyl-1 trichloromethylbenzene. It is after a short while hydrochloric development. Is metered during a 2 h and stirred until the evolution of gas after. After cooling to 20 ° C., the mixture is discharged ice to 4 kg and the precipitated solid is filtered off with suction. The product is after-washed with water and dried.

Yield: 310 g, melting range: 172-174 ° C

Example Z 5

2,4-dichloro-5-fluoro-3-N-hydroxyiminomethyl-benzoic acid

In a stirred reactor 80 g of hydroxylamine hydrochloride in 500 ml of ethanol are charged and added dropwise 200 ml of 45% strength sodium hydroxide solution and then with 40 – 200 g of 2,4-dichloro-5-fluoro-3-formyl-benzoic acid added 45.degree.The reaction is slightly exothermic and it is stirred for 5 h at 60 ° C. After cooling to

Room temperature is provided by the dropwise addition of hydrochloric acid to pH <3, the product taken up in tert-butyl methyl ether, the organic phase separated and the solvent distilled off. The residue obtained 185 g of 2,4-dichloro-5-fluoro-3-N-hydroxyiminomethyl benzoic acid, melting range: 190 – 194 ° C.

Example No. 6

2,4-dichloro-3-cyano-5-benzoyl-fιuor

In a stirred vessel with metering and gas outlet via a reflux condenser to a scrubber 600 ml of thionyl chloride are introduced and registered at 20 ° C. 210 g of 2,4-dichloro-5-fluoro-3-N-hydroxyiminomethyl benzoic acid in the proportion as hydrochloric developed and sulfur dioxide. After the addition the mixture is heated until the gas evolution under reflux. Mixture is then distilled, and boiling in the range of 142-145 ° C/10 mbar, 149 g of 2,4-dichloro-3-cyano-5-fluoro-benzoyl chloride (98.1% purity by GC) Melting range: 73-75 ° C.

Example No. 7

3-Cyano-2 ,4,5-trifluoro-benzoyl

50 g of potassium fluoride are suspended in 120 ml of tetramethylene sulfone and at 15 mbar for drying distilled (ca. 20 mL).Then, 50.4 g of 2,4 – dichloro-3-cyano-5-fluoro-benzoyl chloride was added and stirred at an internal temperature with exclusion of moisture for 12 hours at 180 ° C. Are removed by vacuum distillation to 32.9 g of 3-cyano-2 ,4,5-trifluoro-benzoyl fluoride in the boiling range of 98 –

Obtain 100 ° C/12 mbar.

Example No. 8

3-Cyano-2 ,4,5-trifluoro-benzoyl chloride

76.6 g of 3-cyano-2 ,4,5-trifluoro-benzoyl fluoride together with 1 g of anhydrous

Aluminum chloride introduced at 60-65 ° C and then added dropwise 25 g of silicon tetrachloride gas in the course of development. After the evolution of gas at 65 ° C is distilled in a vacuum. Boiling range 120-122 ° C/14 mbar, 73.2 g of 3 – cyano-2 ,4,5-trifluoro-benzoyl chloride over.

Example No. 9

1 – (toluene-4-sulfonyl-pyrroline

In a 20 1 HC4-HWS boilers are 2.016 kg (17.6 mol)

Submitted methanesulfonyl chloride in dichloromethane and 12 1 at -10 ° C internal temperature under strong cooling (-34 ° C) solution of 705 g (8.0 mol) of 2-butene-l ,4-diol in 1.944 kg (2.68 1 , 19.2 mol) of triethylamine was added dropwise over 30 minutes. A yellow suspension stirred for 1 hour at -10 ° C and then treated with 4 1 of water, the temperature rises to 0 ° C.The suspension is warmed to room temperature, stirred for 10 minutes at room temperature and then fed in a 30 1 separating funnel. The phases are stirred separately (good phase separation) and the aqueous phase extracted with 2 1 of dichloromethane. The combined dichloromethane phases are presented in a pre-cooled 20 1 HC4 vessel and kept at 0 ° C.

In another 20-1 HC4 boiler distillation 1.37 kg (8.0 mol) toluenesulfonamide be submitted in 6 1 toluene. It is mixed with 3.2 kg of 45% sodium hydroxide solution, 0.8 1 of water and 130.5 g Tetrabutylammomiimhydrogensulfat, heated to 40 ° C maximum temperature inside and creates a vacuum. Then, the previously obtained

Dichloromethane (15.2 1) was added dropwise over 1.5 hours while the dichloromethane was removed by distillation at 450 mbar (bath temperature: 60 ° C). During the distillation is foaming. In the end, a solution is available at an internal temperature of 33-40 ° C. After the addition of dichloromethane is distilled off, until barely distillate is (duration: about 85 minutes; internal temperature 40 ° C at 60 ° C bath temperature at the end). The vessel contents will be warm transferred to a separating funnel and rinsed the tank with water and 5 1 2 1 toluene at 50 ° C. Before phase separation, the solids are extracted in the intermediate phase and washed with 0.5 1 of toluene. The organic phase is extracted with 2.4 1 of water, separated and evaporated to dryness on a rotary evaporator. The solid residue (1758 g) is suspended in 50 ° C bath temperature in 1.6 1 of methanol, the suspension is transferred into a 10 1-flanged flask and the flask rinsed with diisopropyl 2,4 1. The mixture is heated to reflux temperature (59 ° C) and stirred for 30 minutes under reflux. The suspension is cooled to 0 ° C., stirred at 0 ° C for 1 hour and extracted with 0.8 1 of a cold mixture of ether Methanol/Diisopropyl-: washed (1 1.5). The crystals are dried under a nitrogen atmosphere at 50 ° C/400 mbar.

Yield: 1456 g (81.5% of theory)

Example Z 10

3 – (toluene-4-sulfonylV6-oxa-3-aza-bicvclo [3.1.0] hexane

^{o “|” h “CH3}

334.5 g (1.5 mol) of l-(toluene-4-sulphonyl)-pyrroline are dissolved in 1.5 1 of dichloromethane at room temperature and over 15 minutes with a suspension of 408 g (approx. 1.65 to 1, 77 mol) of 70-75% m-chloroperbenzoic acid in 900 ml of dichloromethane (cools added in manufacturing from). The mixture is heated under reflux for 16 hr (test for

Peroxide with KI / starch paper shows yet to peroxide), the suspension was cooled to 5 ° C, sucks the precipitated m-chlorobenzoic acid and washed with 300 ml of dichloromethane (peroxide with Precipitation: negative; precipitate was discarded). The filtrate is to destroy excess peroxide with 300 ml of 10% sodium sulfite solution, washed twice (test for peroxide runs now negative), extracted with 300 ml of saturated sodium bicarbonate solution, washed with water, dried with sodium sulfate and about a quarter of the volume evaporated. Again on test peroxide: negative. The mixture is concentrated and the solid residue is stirred with ice cooling, 400 ml of isopropanol, the precipitate filtered off and dried at 70 ° C in vacuum.

Yield: 295 g (82.3%),

Mp: 136-139 ° C,

TLC (dichloromethane methanol 98:2): 1 HK (Jodkammer)

Example CLOSED

^{trans-3-Hydroxy-4-(2-hydroxy-ethylamino-l-(‘toluene-4-sulfonyl’)} pyrrolidine

643.7 g (2.65 mol) 3 – (Toluoι-4-sulfonyl)-6-oxa-3-aza-bicyclo [3.1.0] hexane to 318.5 ml with ethanolamine in 4 1 of isopropanol at reflux for 16 hours cooked. After TLC monitoring, further 35.1 ml (total 5.86 mol) of ethanolamine added to the mixture and boiled again until the next morning. The mixture is filtered hot with suction and the filtrate concentrated on a rotary evaporator to 3.5 ltr. After seeding and stirring at room temperature for 3.5 1 diisopropyl ether are added, and stirred at 0 ° C for 6 hours. The precipitated crystals are filtered off, with 250 ml of a mixture of isopropanol / diisopropyl ether (1: 1) and washed 2 times with 300 ml of diisopropyl ether and dried overnight under high vacuum.

Yield: 663.7 g (83% of theory), content: 96.1% (area% by HPLC). Example Z 12

trans-toluene-4-sulfonic acid {2 – [[4-hydroxy-l-(toluene-4-sulfonyl)-pyrrolidin-3-yl] – ftoluol-4-sulfonyl)-amino]-ethyl ester)

552 g (1.837 mol) of trans-3-hydroxy-4-(2-hydroxy-ethylamino)-l-(toluene-4-sulfonyl) – pyrrolidine are dissolved under argon in 1.65 1 tetrahydrofuran and 0.8 1 of pyridine dissolved and at -10 ° C in portions 700 g (3.675 mol) p-toluenesulfonyl chloride are added thereto. The mixture is then stirred at this temperature for 16 hours. The work is done by adding 4.3 18.5 1% aqueous hydrochloric acid, extraction twice with dichloromethane (3 1, 2 1), washing the combined organic phases with saturated Natriurnhydrogencarbonatlösung (3 1, 2 1), drying over sodium sulfate, extracting and distilling off the solvent in vacuo. The residue is dried overnight at the oil pump and crude in the next reaction. There were 1093 g as a hard foam (content [area% by HPLC]: 80% Tris-tosyl-product and 13% tetra-tosyl-product, yield see next step). Example Z 13

rac. trans-5 ,8-bis-tosyl-2-oxa-5 .6-diazabicyclor4 .3.01 nonane

1092 g of crude trans-toluene-4-sulfonic acid {2 – [[4-hydroxy-l-(toluene-4-sulfonyl) – pyrrolidin-3-yl] – (toluene-4-sulfonyl)-amino]-ethyl} were dissolved in tetrahydrofuran and 9.4 1 at 0-3 ° C with 1.4 1 of a 1.43 molar solution of sodium hydroxide in

Methanol reacted. After half an hour at this temperature, 2.1 1 of water and 430 ml of diluted (2:1) was added to the mixture and acetic acid with previously isolated crystals of trans-toluene-4-sulfonic acid {2 – [[4-hydroxy-l – (toluene-4-sulfo-phenyl)-pyrrolidin-3-yl] – (toluene-4-sulfonyl)-amino] ethyl}-seeded. The suspension is stirred overnight at 0 to -4 ° C. The next morning, the crystals are filtered off, washed twice with 400 ml of cold mixture of tetrahydrofuran / water (4:1) and dried at 3 mbar at 50 ° C overnight.

Yield: 503 g of white crystals (62.7%> of theory over 2 steps), content: 99.7% (area% by HPLC). Example Z 14

Preparative chromatographic resolution of racemic rac. trans-5.8-bis-tosyl-2-oxa-5.6-diazabicyclor4.3.0] nonane

The chromatography of the racemate at room temperature in a column (inner diameter 75 mm), which with 870 g of a chiral stationary phase (kie-selgelgebundenes poly (N-methacryloyl-L-leucine-d menthylamide) based on the mer captomodifizierten silica Polygosil 100 , 10 microns; see EP-A 0 379 917) is filled (bed height: 38 cm). Detection is carried out using a UV detector at 254 nm

For the sample application using a solution of a concentration of 100 g of rac. trans-5 ,8-bis-tosyl-2-oxa-5 ,6-diazabicyclo [4.3.0] nonane in 3000 ml of tetrahydrofuran. A Trenncyclus is carried out under the following conditions: with the aid of a pump is required for 2 min at a flow of 50 ml / min, a part of the sample solution and the same time at a flow rate of 50 ml / min, pure n-heptane to the column.

Thereafter eluted at a flow rate of 100 ml / min 18 minutes with a mixture of n-Heptan/Tetrahydrofuran (3/2 vol / vol). This is followed for 3 minutes at a flow of 100 ml / min elution with pure tetrahydrofuran. Thereafter, further eluted with n-Heptan/Tetrahydro-furan (3/2 vol / vol). This cycle is repeated several times.

The first eluted enantiomer is the (lS, 6R) -5,8-bis-tosyl-2-oxa-5 ,6-diazabicyclo-[4.3.0] nonane, which is isolated by concentration. The eluate of the more retarding enantiomers is largely evaporated in vacuo, and the precipitated crystals are filtered off with suction and dried. From the separation of 179 g of racemate in this

As 86.1 g (96.2% of theory) of the enantiomer (lS, 6S) -5,8-bis-tosyl-2-oxa-5, 6 – diazabicyclo [4.3.0] nonane having a purity of> 99 % ee. Example Z 15

(LR, 6R-2-oxa-5.6-diazabicvclo [4.3.0] nonane dihydrobromide

38.3 g (87 mmol) of (lS, 6R) -5,8-bis-tosyl-2-oxa-5 ,6-diazabicyclo [4.3.0] nonane in 500 ml of 33 -% HBr / glacial acetic acid 10 g added anisole and heated for 4 hours at 60 ° C (bath). After standing overnight, the suspension is cooled, the precipitate filtered, with

100 ml of abs. Ethanol and dried at 70 ° C under high vacuum.

Yield: 23.5 g (93%) of white solid product, mp 309-310 ° C (dec.), DC (dichloromethane/methanol/17% aq ammonia 30:8:1.): 1 HK

[Α] _D: + 0.6 ° (c = 0.53, H ₂ O) (fluctuating).

Example Z 16

(LS.6S-2-oxa-5.6-diazabicvclor4.3.01nonan-Dihvdrobromid

Z is analogous to Example 15 from (lS, 6S) -5,8-bis-tosyl-2-oxa-5 ,6-diazabicyclo [4.3.0] no-nan (1S, 6S)-2-oxa-5, 6-diazabicyclo [4.3.0] nonane dihydrobromide receive. Example Z 17

(1 R.6R-2-oxa-5.8-diazabicvclo [4.3.Olnonan

1 Method: 5,8 g (20 mmol) of (lS, 6R)-2-oxa-5 ,8-diazabicyclo [4.3.0] nonane dihydro-drobromid are suspended in 100 ml of isopropanol at room temperature with 2.4 g ( 42.9 mmol) and powdered potassium hydroxide while leaving about 1 hour in an ultrasonic bath. The suspension is cooled in an ice bath, filtered, washed with isopropanol and the undissolved salt, the filtrate was concentrated and distilled in a Kugelrohr oven at 150-230 ° C oven temperature and 0.7 mbar. Obtained 2.25 g (87.9% of theory) of a viscous oil which crystallizes. [Α] _D -21.3 ° (c = 0.92, CHC1 ₃₎ Accordingly, this reaction can be carried out in ethanol.

2 Method: A homosexual genie catalyzed mixture of (lR, 6R)-2-oxa-5 ,8-diazabicyclo [4.3.0] nonane dihydrobromide and 620 mg (11 mmol) of powdered potassium hydroxide is dry in a Kugelrohr apparatus at 0.2 mbar and increasing oven temperature to 250 ° C distilled. Obtained 490 mg (76.6% of theory) of (lR, 6R) -2 – oxa-5 ,8-diazabicyclo [4.3.0] nonane as a viscous oil which slowly crystallized.

3 Method: 100 g of moist, pretreated cation exchanger (Dowex 50WX, H ⁺ – form, 100-200 mesh, capacity: 5.1 meq / g of dry or 1.7 meq / mL) are charged into a column with about 200 ml 1 N HC1 activated and washed neutral with water 3 1. A solution of 2.9 g (10 mmol) of (lS, 6R)-2-oxa-5 ,8-diazabicyclo [4.3.0] nonane

Dihydrobromide in 15 ml of water is added to the ion exchanger, and then washed with 2 1 water, and eluted with approximately 1 1 1 N ammonia solution. The eluate is evaporated. concentrated. Yield: 1.3 g of a viscous oil (quantitative), DC (dichloromethane/methanol/17% NH ₃ 30:8:1): 1 HK, GC: 99.6% (area).

Example Z 18

(LS.6SV2-oxa-5.8-diazabicvclor4.3.01nonan

Z is analogous to Example 17 from (lS, 6S)-2-oxa-5 ,8-diazabicyclo [4.3.0] nonane-di-hydrobromide the free base (lS, 6S)-2-oxa-5 ,8-diazabicyclo [ 4.3.0] nonane made.

Example Z 19

2 – (2,4-dichloro-3-cyano-5-fluoro-benzoyl)-3-dimethylamino-acrylic acid ethyl ester

To a solution of 626 g (4.372 mol) of 3-dimethylamino-acrylate and 591 g (4.572 mol) of ethyl-diisopropyl-amine (Hunigs base) in 1060 ml of dichloromethane, a solution of 1075 g starting at room temperature 2,4-dichloro -3-cyano-5-fluoro-benzoyl chloride (94% pure, corresponding to 1010.5 g = 4.00 mol) was dropped in 850 ml of dichloromethane. The temperature rises to 50-55 ° C (dropwise addition about 90 minutes). Then stirred for 2 hours at 50 ° C and the reaction mixture was used without further purification in the next step.

Example Z 20

2 – (2,4-dichloro-3-Cyano-5-fluoro-benzoyl-3-cvclopropylamino-acrylate

To the reaction mixture from the above step 306 g (5.1 mol) of glacial acetic acid are added dropwise under cooling at about 15 ° C. Then, with further cooling at 10-15 ° C. 267.3 g (4.68 mol) of cyclopropyl amine is added dropwise. Immediately after which the reaction mixture is mixed with 1300 ml of water under ice-cooling and 15 minutes stirred well. The dichloromethane layer was separated and used in the next step.

Example 21 Z

7-chloro-8-cyano-1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1.4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-chinolincarbonsäureethyl ester

To a heated to 60-70 ° C suspension of 353 g (2.554 mol) of potassium carbonate in 850 ml of N-methylpyrrolidone, the dichloromethane phase is dropped from the precursor (about 90 minutes). During the addition of the dichloromethane at the same time

Reaction mixture was distilled off. Then the reaction mixture for 5 Vz hours at 60-70 ° C is well stirred. The mixture is cooled to about 50 ° C. and distilled under a vacuum of about 250 mbar residual dichloromethane from. At room temperature is added dropwise 107 ml 30% hydrochloric acid under ice cooling, then to obtain a pH of 5-6 is set. Then, 2,200 ml of water are added under ice cooling. The reaction mixture is thoroughly stirred for 15 minutes, the solid was then filtered off and washed on the filter twice with 1000 ml of water and extracted three times with 1000 ml of ethanol and then dried in a vacuum oven at 60 ° C.

Yield: 1200 g (89.6% of theory).

This product can be purified, if desired by, the solid is stirred in 2000 ml of ethanol for 30 minutes at reflux. You filtered hot with suction, washed with 500 ml of ethanol and dried at 60 ° C in vacuum. Melting point: 180-182 ° C.

Η-NMR (400 MHz, CDC1 _3): d = 1.2 to 1.27 (m, 2H), 1.41 (t, 3H), 1.5-1.56 (m, 2H), 4, 1 to 4.8 (m, 1H), 4.40 (q, 2H), 8.44 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, H), 8.64 (s, 1H) ppm.

Example Z 22

7-chloro-8-cyano-1-cvclopropyl-6-fluoro-1 ,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid

33.8 g (0.1 mol) of 7-chloro-8-cyano-l-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-l ,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylate dissolved in a mixture of 100 ml of acetic acid, 20 ml water and 10 ml concentrated sulfuric acid was heated for 3 hours under reflux. After cooling, the mixture is poured onto 100 ml of ice water, the precipitate filtered off, washed with water and ethanol and dried at 60 ° C in vacuum.

Yield: 29.6 g (96% of theory),

Mp 216-21 C. (with decomposition)

Example 1

A 8-Cyano-l-cvclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-((lS.6S-2-oxa-5.8-diazabicvclo [4.3.0] non-8-yl – 1 ,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3 -quinoline carboxylic acid

1.00 g (3.26 mmol) of 7-chloro-8-cyano-l-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-l ,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid are heated with 501 mg (3.91 mmol) of ( lS, 6S)-2-oxa-5 ,8-diazabicyclo [4.3.0] nonane and 0.9 ml of triethylamine in 30 ml of acetonitrile was stirred at 40-45 ° C under argon for 25 hours. All volatile components in vacuo. removed and the residue recrystallized from ethanol. Yield: 1.22 g (94%)

Melting point: 294 ° C. (with decomposition)

B) ^{8-Cyano-l-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-(‘(lS.6S-2-oxa-5} ,8-diazabicvclo [4.3.01nonan-8-YLV 1.4-dihydro-4-oxo-3- quinoline carboxylic acid Hvdrochlorid

200 mg (0.63 mmol) of 8-cyano-l-cyclopropyl-6 ,7-difluoro-l ,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid ethyl ester to be 97 mg (0.75 mmol) of (lS, 6S)-2-oxa-5, 8 – diazabicyclo [4.3.0] nonane and 0.17 ml of triethylamine in 3 ml of acetonitrile was stirred at 40-45 ° C for 2 hours under argon. All volatile components in vacuo. removed, the residue treated with water, insolubles filtered off and the filtrate was extracted with dichloromethane. The organic phase is dried over sodium sulfate and then concentrated under reduced pressure. a. The resulting residue is dissolved in 6 ml of tetrahydrofuran and 2 ml of water and 30 mg (0.72 mmol) of lithium hydroxide monohydrate was added. After 16 hours of stirring at room temperature, acidified with dilute hydrochloric acid and the resulting precipitate was filtered off with suction and dried. Yield: 155 mg (57%) Melting point:> 300 ° C

C) 8-Cyano-l-cvclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-((lS, 6S-2-oxa-5.8-diazabicvclo [4.3.01non-8 yiyi.4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid hydrochloride

1 g (2.5 mmol) of 8-cyano-l-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-((lS, 6S)-2-oxa-5 ,8-diazabicyclo [4.3.0] non-8-yl )-l ,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid is suspended in 20 ml of water was added to the suspension, 10 ml hydrochloric acid and stirred for In at room temperature for 3 hours. The resulting precipitate is filtered off, washed with ethanol and dried at 80 ° C under high vacuum.

Yield: 987 mg (90.6% of theory), Melting point: 314-316 ° C. (with decomposition).

D) 8-Cyano-l-cvclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-(iS, 6S)-2-oxa-5.8-diazabicyclo [4.3.0] non-8-YLV 1 ,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3 -quinoline carboxylic acid hydrochloride

86.4 g (217 mmol) of 8-cyano-l-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-((lS, 6S)-2-oxa-5, 8 – diazabicyclo [4.3.0] non-8-yl) – l ,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid are dissolved at room temperature in 963 ml of water and 239 ml of 1 N aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. After filtration and washing with 200 ml of water is added to 477 ml in aqueous hydrochloric acid and the precipitated crystals placed at 95 ° C to 100 ° C in solution. The solution is cooled overnight, the precipitated crystals are filtered off with suction and washed three times with 500 ml of water and dried in vacuum.

Yield 90 g (94.7% of theory), content:> 99% (area% by HPLC) 99.6% ee. [] _D ^23: -112 ° (c = 0.29, N NaOH).

……………….

Tetrahedron Lett 2009, 50(21): 2525

A novel approach to Finafloxacin hydrochloride (BAY35-3377)

Pages 2525-2528
Jian Hong, Zonghua Zhang, Huoxing Lei, Haiying Cheng, Yufang Hu, Wanliang Yang, Yinglin Liang, Debasis Das, Shu-Hui Chen, Ge Li

Graphical abstract

Finafloxacin hydrochloride, an important clinical compound was synthesized by a novel synthetic approach. An active intermediate ethyl 7-chloro-8-cyano-1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylate 19 was prepared by a new route. The chiral (S,S′)-N-Boc 10 was derived from protected pyrrolidine and the absolute stereochemistry was established by X-ray analysis.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040403909005875

……………….

Durata Therapeutics, Inc. Finafloxacin for the treatment of cUTI and/or acute pyelonephritis. Available online: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01928433 (accessed on 28 September 2013).
Merlion Pharma. A multi-dose, double-blind, double-dummy, active control, randomized clinical (Phase II) study of two dosing regimens of finafloxacin for the treatment of cUTI and/or acute pyelonephritis.Available online: http://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2011–006041–14/PL/ (accessed on 14 April 2013).
Pharma, M. FDA Grants Qualified Infectious Disease Product Designation and Fast Track Status for MerLion Pharma’s Lead Antibacterial Candidate Finafloxacin; Merlion Pharma: Singapore, 2013; Volume 2013.
Lemaire, S.; van Bambeke, F.; Tulkens, P.M. Activity of finafloxacin, a novel fluoroquinolone with increased activity at acid pH, towards extracellular and intracellular Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes and Legionella pneumophila. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 2011, 38, 52–59, doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2011.03.002.
Finafloxacin hydrochlorideDrugs Fut 2009, 34(6): 451
A novel approach to finafloxacin hydrochloride (BAY35-3377)Tetrahedron Lett 2009, 50(21): 2525
New fluoroquinolone finafloxacin HCI (FIN): Route of synthesis, physicochemical characteristics and activity under neutral and acid conditions48th Annu Intersci Conf Antimicrob Agents Chemother (ICAAC) Infect Dis Soc Am (IDSA) Annu Meet (October 25-28, Washington DC) 2008, Abst F1-2036

WO2011003091A1 *	2 Jul 2010	6 Jan 2011	Alcon Research, Ltd.	Compositions comprising finafloxacin and methods for treating ophthalmic, otic, or nasal infections
US7723524	29 Sep 2004	25 May 2010	Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.	8-cyanoquinolonecarboxylic acid derivative
US8536167	2 Jul 2010	17 Sep 2013	Alcon Research, Ltd.	Methods for treating ophthalmic, otic, or nasal infections

DE4329600A1 *	2 Sep 1993	9 Mar 1995	Bayer Ag	Pyrido [1,2,3-d,e] [1,3,4] benzoxadiazinderivate
EP0276700A1 *	15 Jan 1988	3 Aug 1988	Bayer Ag	8-Cyano-1-cyclopropyl-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acids, process for their preparation, and antibacterial agents containing them
EP0350733A2 *	30 Jun 1989	17 Jan 1990	Bayer Ag	7-(1-Pyrrolidinyl)-3-quinolone- and -naphthyridone-carboxylic-acid derivatives, method for their preparation and for substituted mono- and bi-cyclic pyrrolidine intermediates, and their antibacterial and feed additive compositions
EP0550903A1 *	28 Dec 1992	14 Jul 1993	Bayer Ag	Quinolone- and naphthyridone carboxylic acid derivatives as antibacterial agents
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GB2289674A *				Title not available

SUROTOMYCIN for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea

March 27, 2014 7:40 am / Leave a comment

Surotomycin

Click to access surotomycin.pdf

N-[(2E)-3-(4-Pentylphenyl)-2-butenoyl]-D-tryptophyl-D-asparaginyl-N-[(3S,6S,9R,15S,18R,21S,24S,30S,31R)-3-[2-(2-aminophenyl)-2-oxoethyl]-24-(3-aminopropyl)-15,21-bis(carboxymethyl)-6-[(2R)-1-carboxy-2 -propanyl]-9-(hydroxymethyl)-18,31-dimethyl-2,5,8,11,14,17,20,23,26,29-decaoxo-1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28-nonaazacyclohentriacontan-30-yl]-L-α-asparagine

MOLECULAR FORMULA C77H101N17O26

MOLECULAR WEIGHT 1680.7

SPONSOR Cubist Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

CODE DESIGNATION CB-183,315

CB-315, CB-183315, CB-183,315

CAS REGISTRY NUMBER 1233389-51-9

U.S. – Fast Track (Treat Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD));
U.S. – Qualified Infectious Disease Program (Treat Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD))

Company	Cubist Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Description	Oral antibacterial lipopeptide
Therapeutic Modality	Macrocycle

Latest Stage of Development	Phase III
Standard Indication	Diarrhea (infectious)
Indication Details	Treat Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD)

EMEA……..

Name
P/0096/2013: EMA decision of 29 April 2013 on the agreement of apaediatric investigation plan and on the granting of a deferral for surotomycin (EMEA-001226-PIP01-11)

Surotomycin is an investigational oral antibiotic. This antibiotic is under investigation for the treatment of life-threatening Diarrhea, commonly caused by the bacteria Clostridium difficile.^[1]

CB-183315 is an investigational antibacterial drug candidate in phase III clinical trials at Cubist for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. It is a potent, oral, cidal lipopeptide. In 2012, Qualified Infectious Disease Product Designation was assigned in the U.S. for the treatment of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD).

Surotomycin (CB-315)

Surotomycin Overview

Surotomycin Fact Sheet

Surotomycin is an antibacterial lipopeptide discovered by Cubist scientists in our research laboratories in Lexington, Massachusetts. Surotomycin is both bactericidal against Clostridium difficile and more potent than vancomycin in vitro. Surotomycin stays at the site of infection in the bowel, with minimal systemic absorption and it does not interfere with normal bowel flora. Based on its features and its preclinical safety profile, Cubist filed an Investigational New Drug (IND) Application for surotomycin in December 2008.

Following safety and pharmacokinetic studies in healthy human volunteers, Cubist began a Phase 2 study in April 2010 to assess the safety and efficacy of surotomycin in patients with CDAD, in particular to assess its ability to reduce relapse rates. In this trial of 209 patients, two different doses of surotomycin were studied and compared with oral vancomycin. The higher dose demonstrated a high clinical cure rate as evidenced by resolution of diarrhea, comparable to oral vancomycin. The most interesting results in this study, however, relate to recurrence rates. The percent of patients who had an initial response to treatment but who subsequently had a recurrence or relapse was 36 percent in the oral vancomycin arm and was 17 percent in the surotomycin 250mg treatment group — about a 50% reduction in relapse rate, which was statistically significant. In this trial, 32% of patients were infected with the hypervirulent NAP-1 strain of C. difficile. The clinical response rate in the subset of patients infected with the NAP-1 strain was comparable across the surotomycin and oral vancomycin groups. Though not statistically significant, there was a modest reduction in the relapse rates in the subset of surotomycin patients infected with NAP-1 strains.

The ability to reduce relapses is important to both patients and health care providers. In the Phase 2 study we assessed the impact of surotomycin and oral vancomycin on normal bowel flora. Treatment with surotomycin had a very minimal impact on levels of Bacteroides, a key normal bowel bacterial species, compared to oral vancomycin which resulted in a marked depletion of stool levels of these bacteria during treatment. Why does this matter? The reason is — bowel flora like Bacteroides are critical in providing a competitive environment in the bowel that prevents C. difficile overgrowth. We believe that it is this difference in impact on normal bowel flora that helps explain the differences seen in recurrence rates following treatment with Surotomycin versus oral vancomycin.

Surotomycin’s Phase 3 program includes two identical global, randomized, double-blind, active-controlled, multi-center trials. The primary objective is to demonstrate non-inferiority of surotomycin versus the comparator, oral vancomycin, in clinical response at the end of treatment in adult subjects with CDAD, using a non-inferiority margin of 10%. We also have designed this trial to allow us to demonstrate that sustained clinical response to surotomycin at the end of the study is superior to oral vancomycin. Also, we will fully evaluate the safety of surotomycin in the study subjects.

In late 2012 Cubist received from the FDA a Qualified Infectious Disease Product (QIDP) designation for surotomycin. Additionally, in early 2013 Cubist was granted Fast track status for surotomycin. The QIDP designation and subsequent granting of Fast Track status was made possible by the GAIN Act, Title VIII (Sections 801 through 806) of the Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act. The GAIN Act provides pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies with incentives to develop new antibacterial and antifungal drugs for the treatment of life-threatening infectious diseases caused by drug resistant pathogens. Qualifying pathogens are defined by the GAIN Act to include multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacteria, including Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Klebsiella, and Escherichia coli species; resistant Gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus; multi-drug resistant tuberculosis; and Clostridium difficile.

About CDAD

CDAD is a disease caused by an overgrowth of, and subsequent toxin production by, C. difficile, a resident anaerobic spore-forming Gram-positive bacterium of the lower gastrointestinal tract. This overgrowth is caused by the use of antibiotics for the treatment of common community and hospital acquired infections (HAIs). Although they treat the underlying infection, many antibiotics disrupt the natural gut flora and allow C. difficile to proliferate. C. difficile produces enterotoxin and cytotoxin, which can lead to severe diarrhea, sepsis and even death. While most types of HAIs are declining, the infection caused by C. difficile remains at historically high levels. According to the latest data from the Centers for Disease Control, C. difficile continues to be the leading cause of death associated with gastroenteritis in the US. For CDAD alone, there was more than a five-fold increase in deaths between 1999 and 2007. C. difficile causes diarrhea linked to 14,000 American deaths each year. About 25% of C. difficile infections first show symptoms in hospital patients; 75% first show in nursing home patients or in people recently cared for in doctors’ offices and clinics. C. difficile infections cost at least $1 billion in extra health care costs annually.

ChemSpider 2D Image | Surotomycin | C77H101N17O26 SUROTOMYCIN

CB-183,315 is a cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic currently in Phase III clinical trials for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated disease (CDAD). As disclosed in International Patent Application WO 2010/075215, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety, CB-183,315 has antibacterial activity against a broad spectrum of bacteria, including drug-resistant bacteria and C. difficile. Further, the CB-183,315 exhibits bacteriacidal activity.

CB-183,315 (Figure 1) can be made by the deacylation of BOC-protected daptomycin, followed by acylation and deprotection as described in International Patent Application WO 2010/075215.

During the preparation and storage of CB-183,315, the CB-183,315 molecule can convert to structurally similar compounds as shown in Figures 2-4, leading to the formation of anhydro-CB-183,315 (Figure 3) and beta-isomer of CB-183,315 (“B- isomer CB183,315” in Figure 2). Accordingly, one measure of the chemical stability of CB- 183 ,315 is the amount of CB- 183 ,315 (Figure 1 ) present in the CB- 183 ,315 composition relative to the amount of structurally similar compounds including anhydro-CB-183,315 (Figure 3) and beta-isomer of CB-1 83,315 (Figure 2). The amount of CB-183,315 relative to the amount of these structurally similar compounds can be measured by high performance liquid chromatography (FIPLC) after reconstitution in an aqueous diluent (e.g., as described in Example 10). In particular, the purity of CB-183,315 and amounts of structurally similar compounds (e.g., Figures 2, 3 and 4) can be determined from peak areas obtained from HPLC (e.g., according to Example 10 herein), and measuring the rate of change in the amounts of CB-183,315 over time can provide a measure of CB-183,315 chemical stability in a solid form.

There is a need for solid CB-183,315 compositions with improved chemical stability in the solid form (i.e., higher total percent CB-183,315 purity over time), providing advantages of longer shelf life, increased tolerance for more varied storage conditions (e.g., higher temperature or humidity) and increased chemical stability.

……………..

WO2010075215A1

http://www.google.com/patents/WO2010075215A1?cl=en ………… copy paste link

Example 1

Preparation of N-{1 -[(E)-3-(4-pentylphenyl)but-2-enoyl]}-L-tryptophyl-D- asparaginyl-L-α-aspartyl-L-threonylglycyl-L-ornithyl-L-α-aspartyl-D-alanyl-L-α- aspartylglycyl-D-seryl-(3R)-3-methyl-L-α-glutamyl-(αS)-α,2-diamino-γ- oxobenzenebutanoic acid (13→4)-lactone (49).

1003 1004

Step 1 : Preparation of (E)-ethyl 3-(4-pentylphenyl) but-2-enoate (1002).

A mixture of commercially available 1-(4-pentylphenyl)ethanone (5 g, 26.3 mmol) and (ethoxycarbonylmethylene)-triphenylphosphorane (18.3 g, 52.5 mmol) was stirred at 150 ⁰C for 48 hours under a nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was cooled to ambient temperature and diluted with ethyl acetate (50 ml_) and petroleum ether (200 ml_). The suspension was filtered through a fritted funnel. The concentrated filtrate was purified by flash column chromatography with silica gel (petroleum ether : ethyl acetate = 80:1 ) to give the title compound (1.6 g) having the following physical data: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, δ, CDCI₃) 0.90 (br, 3H), 1.36 (br, 7), 1.63 (br, 2H), 2.58 (s, 3H), 2.63 (br, 2H), 4.22 (q, 2H), 6.15 (s, 1 H), 7.20 (d, 2H), 7.41 (d, 2H).

Step 2: Preparation of (E)-3-(4-pentylphenyl) but-2-enoic acid (1003).

A solution of compound 1002 (1.5 g, 5.77 mmol) in ethanol (50 ml_) and 3N potassium hydroxide (25 ml_) was stirred at 45 ⁰C for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the resulting residue was diluted with water (50 ml_). The aqueous solution was acidified to pH 2 with 1 N hydrochloric acid and extracted with EtOAc (2 * 30 ml_). The combined organic layers were dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (silica gel, petroleum ether : ethyl acetate = 10:1) to afford the title compound (0.95 g) having the following physical data: 1 H NMR (300 MHz, δ, CDCI3) 0.90 (br, 3H), 1.33 (br, 4H), 1.62 (br, 2H), 2.60 (br, 5H), 6.18 (s, 1 H), 7.18 (d, 2H), 7.42 (d, 2H).

Step 3: Preparation of (E)-3-(4-pentylphenyl)but-2-enoyl chloride (1004).

Oxalyl chloride (3.2 mL, 36.60 mmol) and DMF (50 μl_) were added drop wise to a solution of compound 1003 (5.0 g, 21.52 mmol) in dichloromethane (100 mL) at 0 ⁰C. The reaction solution was warmed up to room temperature and stirred for 4 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuum and the residue was dried under hi-vacuum for 3 hours. The crude product was used in the next step without further purification.

Step 4: Preparation of N-{1 -[(E)-3-(4-pentylphenyl)but-2-enoyl]}-L-tryptophyl-D- asparaginyl-L-α-aspartyl-L-threonylglycyl-L-[(N-tert-butoxycarbonyl)-ornithyl]-L-α- aspartyl-D-alanyl-L-α-aspartylglycyl-D-seryl-(3R)-3-methyl-L-α-glutamyl-(αS)-α,2- diamino-γ-oxobenzenebutanoic acid (13-→4)-lactone (1005).

Deacylated BOC-protected daptomycin (3.5Og, 2.23 mmol) and sodium bicarbonate (1.13 g, 61.0 mmol) were dissolved in THF (130 mL) and water (50 mL). The deacylated BOC-protected daptomycin sodium bicarbonate solution was cooled to 0 ⁰C. and a solution of compound 1004 (1.96 g, 7.82 mmol) in THF (20 mL) was then introduced. The reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 4 hours. The mixture was concentrated in vacuum to remove THF. The remaining aqueous solution was loaded on a C18 flash chromatography column (35mηn^χ 300mm, Bondesil HF C18 resin purchased from Varian). The column was first washed with water to remove salt and then with methanol to wash out product. Crude compound 1005 (3.46 g) was afforded as a white solid after removal of methanol. MS m/z 1780.8 (M + H)⁺.

Steps 5-6: Preparation of N-{1-[(E)-3-(4-pentylphenyl)but-2-enoyl]}-L-tryptophyl- D-asparaginyl-L-α-aspartyl-L-threonylglycyl-L-ornithyl-L-α-aspartyl-D-alanyl-L-α- aspartylglycyl-D-seryl-(3R)-3-methyl-L-α-glutamyl-(αS)-α,2-diamino-γ- oxobenzenebutanoic acid (13→4)-lactone (49).

TFA (10 ml_) was added to a solution of compound 1005 (3.46 g) in DCM (50 mL) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred vigorously for 45 minutes and added slowly to vigorously stirring diethyl ether (100 mL). The resulting yellow precipitation was collected by filtration. The crude product was purified by Preparative HPLC to afford the TFA salt of compound 6 (0.75 g). MP carbonate resin (purchased from Biotage) was added to the solution of compound 6 TFA salt (0.70 g, 0.39 mmol) in anhydrous methanol (30.0 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 hours. The resins were removed by filtration and rinsed with methanol. The methanol solution was concentrated under vacuum to give product as off-white solid (408 mg). MS m/z 1680.7 (M + H)⁺.

Example 1 b

Alternative preparation of N-{1-[(E)-3-(4-pentylphenyl)but-2-enoyl]}- L-tryptophyl-D-asparaginyl-L-α-aspartyl-L-threonylglycyl-L-ornithyl-L-α-aspartyl-D- alanyl-L-α-aspartylglycyl-D-seryl-(3R)-3-methyl-L-α-glutamyl-(αS)-α,2-diamino-γ- oxobenzenebutanoic acid (13→4)-lactone (49).

daptomycin,

1003

A solution of (E)-3-(4-pentylphenyl)but-2-enoic acid (1 100 g, 4.73 mol), Λ/-Ethyl-Λ/’-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (907 g, 4.73 mol), HOBT (640 g, 4.73 mol) and 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (22 g, 0.18 mol) in DMF (11 L) was stirred at room temperature for 4 hours at which point the activation of the (E)-3-(4-pentylphenyl)but-2-enoic acid was deemed complete by HPLC.

This reaction mixture was added to a suspension of Deacylated BOC- protected daptomycin (2600 g, 1.66 mol), sodium bicarbonate (804 g, 9.57 mol) in water (11.25 L) and 1 ,4-dioxane (33.75 L). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2.5 hours at which time HPLC indicated complete consumption of Deacylated BOC-protected daptomycin. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (22.5 L) and cooled with an ice bath. Concentrated hydrochloric acid (5.25 L) was added while maintaining the internal temperature below 30 ⁰C. After the addition, the solution was stirred at room temperature for 5 days at which time HPLC indicated complete consumption of the Boc protected intermediate.

The reaction mixture was washed with methyl terf-butyl ether (90 L then approximately 60 L then approximately 45 L then approximately 45 L) to remove 1 ,4-dioxane. The remaining solution (approximately 44 L) was adjusted to pH 2.69 with 2N sodium hydroxide (11.3 L) and water (53.4 L). This material was processed by Tangential Flow Filtration (TTF) with a 1 K membrane until the total volume was reduced to 54 L.Water (120 L) was added in two portions and the solution was concentrated to 52 L by continued TTF. The aqueous solution (30 L of 52 L) was purified by chromatography using the following protocol: The aqueous solution was brought to three times of its volume (30 L→90l_) with 20% IPA in aqueous ammonium acetate solution (50 mM). The diluted solution was applied to a 38 L HP20SS resin column at 1.5 L/min. The column was eluted with IPA solution in aqueous 50 mM ammonium acetate (25%→30%→35%, 60 L each concentration).

Fractions (approximately 11 L) were collected and analyzed by HPLC. The fractions with HPLC purity less than 80% were combined and purified again using the same method. The key fractions from both chromatographic separations (with HPLC purity >80%) were combined and acidified with concentrated HCI to pH 2-3. The resulting solution was desalted on an ion exchange column (HP20SS resin, 16 L) which was eluted with WFI (until conductivity = 4.8 μS) followed by IPA in WFI (36 L 10%→ 40 L 60%). The yellow band which was eluted with 60% IPA (approximately 19L) was collected, adjusted to pH 2-3 with concentrated HCI and lyophilized to yield 636.5 g of Compound 49 (HPLC purity of 87.0%). MS m/z 1680.7 (M + H)⁺.

……………………………..

see formulation

WO2012162567A1	May 24, 2012	Nov 29, 2012	Cubist Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	Cb-183,315 compositions and related methods

References

http://www.cubist.com/downloads/Surotomycin-Fact-Sheet-13013.pdf
1. Cubist Pharmaceuticals. Cubist products and pipeline. Available online: http://www.cubist.com/products/(accessed on 15 April 2013).
2. Cubist Pharmaceuticals. Study of CB-183,315 in patients with Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea.Available online: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01597505 (accessed on 15 April 2013).
3. Cubist Pharmaceuticals. A study of CB-183,315 in patients with Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea.Available online: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01598311 (accessed on 15 April 2013).
4. Mascio, C.T.M.; Mortin, L.I.; Howland, K.T.; van, P.A.D.G.; Zhang, S.; Arya, A.; Chuong, C.L.; Kang, C.; Li, T.; Silverman, J.A. In vitro and in vivo characterization of CB-183,315, a novel lipopeptide antibiotic for treatment of Clostridium difficile. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2012, 56, 5023–5030, doi:10.1128/AAC.00057-12.
5. WO2012162567A1 May 24, 2012 Nov 29, 2012 Cubist Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Cb-183,315 compositions and related methods

WO2001097851A2 *	Jun 18, 2001	Dec 27, 2001	Cubist Pharm Inc	Compositions and methods to improve the oral absorption of antimicrobial agents
WO2010075215A1	Dec 18, 2009	Jul 1, 2010	Cubist Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	Novel antibacterial agents for the treatment of gram positive infections
WO2011063419A2 *	Nov 23, 2010	May 26, 2011	Cubist Pharmaceuticals Inc.	Lipopeptide compositions and related methods

This Little Known Chinese Herb Kills 12,000 Cancer Cells For Every Healthy Cell

March 27, 2014 5:13 am / 5 Comments on This Little Known Chinese Herb Kills 12,000 Cancer Cells For Every Healthy Cell

WORMWOOD PLANT

This Little Known Chinese Herb Kills 12,000 Cancer Cells For Every Healthy Cell

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Today, odds are that you have had/have cancer, or know somebody who does. In Canada, approximately one million Canadians that were alive at…

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A little known Chinese herb might be eligible for the growing list of cancer killers via alternative methods of treatment. According to studies published in Life Sciences, Cancer Letters and Anticancer Drugs, artemesinin, a derivative of the wormwood plant commonly used in Chinese medicine, can kill off cancer cells, and do it at a rate of 12,000 cancer cells for every healthy cell.

Artemisinin is currently FDA approved for the treatment of malaria, it’s very safe and easy to use. It’s inexpensive and works on all cancers but has yet to find it’s way into the mainstream. It’s really time to move beyond just radiation, surgery and chemotherapy for the treatment of cancer.

artemisinin

“Artemisinin reacts with iron to form free radicals that kill cells. Since cancer cells uptake relatively larger amounts of iron than normal cells, they are more susceptible to the toxic effect of artemisinin. In previous research, we have shown that artemisinin is more drawn to cancer cells than to normal cells. In the present research, we covalently attached artemisinin to the iron-carying plasma glycoprotein transferrin.Transferrin is transported into the cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis and cancer cells express significantly more transferrin receptors on their cell surface and endocytose more transferrin than normal cells. Thus, we hypothesize that by tagging artemisinin to transferrin, both iron and artemisinin would be transported into cancer cells in one package. Once inside a cell, iron is released and can readily react with artemisinin close by tagged to the transferrin. This would enhance the toxicity and selectivity of artemisinin towards cancer cells. We found that holotransferrin-tagged artemisinin, when compared with artemisinin, was very potent and selective in killing cancer cells. Thus, this ‘tagged-compound’ could potentially be developed into an effective chemotherapeutic agent for cancer treatment.”

Wormwood

Other common name(s): absinthium, absinth wormwood

Scientific/medical name(s): Artemisia absinthium

Description

Wormwood is a shrubby perennial plant whose upper shoots, flowers, and leaves are used in herbal remedies and as a bitter flavoring for alcoholic drinks. It is native to Europe, northern Africa, and western Asia, and now also grows in North America.

Overview

Available scientific evidence does not support claims that wormwood is effective in treating cancer, the side effects of cancer treatment, or any other conditions. The plant contains a volatile oil with a high level of thujone (see Thuja). There are reports that taking large doses of wormwood internally can cause serious problems with the liver and kidneys. It can also cause nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, headache, dizziness, seizures, numbness of the legs and arms, delirium, and paralysis.

Wormwood, or Artemisia absinthium, should not be confused with sweet wormwood, or Artemisia annua. Although wormwood is related to sweet wormwood, they are used in different ways. Extracts of sweet wormwood have been used in traditional herbal medicine, and an active ingredient, artemisinin, is now used in conventional medical treatment of malaria.

How is it promoted for use?

Wormwood is promoted as a sedative and anti-inflammatory. There are also claims that it can treat loss of appetite, stomach disorders, and liver and gallbladder complaints. In folk medicine it is used for a wide range of stomach disorders, fever, and irregular menstruation. It is also used to fight intestinal worms. Externally, it is applied to poorly healing wounds, ulcers, skin blotches, and insect bites. It is used in Moxibustion treatments for cancer (seeMoxibustion). Available scientific evidence does not support these claims.

What does it involve?

Wormwood is taken in small doses for a short period of time, usually a maximum of 4 weeks. It is available as a capsule and as a liquid that can be added to water to make a tincture. The whole herb is sometimes brewed as a tea. Wormwood oil, washes, or poultices can also be used on the skin. Although pure wormwood is not available, “thujone-free” wormwood extract has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in foods and as a flavoring in alcoholic drinks such as vermouth.

What is the history behind it?

Artemisia absinthium was used by Hippocrates, and the earliest references to wormwood in Western civilization can be found in the Bible. Extract of wormwood was also used in ancient Egypt. The herb is mentioned often in first-century Greek and Roman writings and reportedly was placed in the sandals of Roman soldiers to help soothe their sore feet. It was taken as a treatment for tapeworms as far back as the Middle Ages.

In 1797, Henri Pernod developed absinthe, an alcoholic drink containing distilled spirits of wormwood, fennel, anise and sometimes other herbs. Absinthe became very popular in Europe and the United States in the nineteenth century. It was eventually banned in several countries in the early twentieth century due to its purported ill effects and addictive qualities. More recent analysis has suggested that, when properly prepared and distilled, the thujone content in these drinks was very low. It appears more likely that the addictiveness and other ill effects of absinthe were due to its alcohol content, which is around 60% to 85%. Varying additives or impurities from different distillers may have also produced some of these effects. Even though absinthe is illegal in some countries, various types can be found in some European countries. However, their thujone content is strictly limited. Wormwood is also an ingredient in vermouth and other drinks.

What is the evidence?

Available scientific studies do not support the use of wormwood for the treatment of cancer or the side effects of conventional cancer treatment. There is not enough evidence available to support its use for other conditions. Wormwood oil has been tested in laboratory studies and appears to inhibit the growth of some fungi. However, human tests have not been completed.

Some derivatives of Artemisia annua, or sweet wormwood, a relative of wormwood, have been shown to be effective in the treatment of malaria. In fact, the World Health Organization approved artemisinin for use against malaria in Africa in 2004. These extracts also show some promise in laboratory studies as cancer treatment drugs. Further studies are required to find out whether the anti-cancer results apply to people. It is important to remember that extracted compounds are not the same as the whole herb, and study results are not likely to show the same effects.

Are there any possible problems or complications?

This product is sold as a dietary supplement in the United States. Unlike companies that produce drugs (which must be tested before being sold), the companies that make supplements are not required to prove to the Food and Drug Administration that their supplements are safe or effective, as long as they don’t claim the supplements can prevent, treat, or cure any specific disease.

Some such products may not contain the amount of the herb or substance that is on the label, and some may include other substances (contaminants). Actual amounts per dose may vary between brands or even between different batches of the same brand. In 2007, the FDA wrote new rules to improve the quality of manufacturing for dietary supplements and the proper listing of supplement ingredients. But these rules do not address the safety of the ingredients or their effects on health.

Most such supplements have not been tested to find out if they interact with medicines, foods, or other herbs and supplements. Even though some reports of interactions and harmful effects may be published, full studies of interactions and effects are not often available. Because of these limitations, any information on ill effects and interactions below should be considered incomplete.

Wormwood should be avoided, especially by women who are pregnant or breast-feeding, by people who have had seizures, and by those with ulcers or stomach irritation. Thujone, a component of wormwood, is known to cause muscle spasms, seizures, and hallucinations if taken internally. In high doses it is known to damage the liver and the kidneys.

Because of its thujone content, large doses of wormwood taken internally can lead to vomiting, stomach and intestinal cramps, headaches, dizziness, nervous system problems, and seizures. Wormwood can also lead to liver failure. The New England Journal of Medicine reported that a man who ordered essential oil of wormwood over the Internet, thinking he had purchased absinthe, suffered liver failure shortly after drinking the oil. Wormwood may also make seizures more likely and may interfere with the anti-convulsant effects of medicines such as phenobarbital.

The plant is a relative of ragweed and daisies. Those with allergies to these types of plants may also be allergic to wormwood. Contact with wormwood can cause rash in some people.

Relying on this type of treatment alone and avoiding or delaying conventional medical care for cancer may have serious health consequences.

Aldoxorubicin…….Treatment of cancer …HIV-derived Kaposi’s Sarcoma, pancreatic cancer and for the treatment of soft tissue sarcoma.

March 27, 2014 4:23 am / 4 Comments on Aldoxorubicin…….Treatment of cancer …HIV-derived Kaposi’s Sarcoma, pancreatic cancer and for the treatment of soft tissue sarcoma.

Aldoxorubicin-INNO206 structure

Aldoxorubicin

Click to access aldoxorubicin.pdf

in phase 3

(E)-N’-(1-((2S,4S)-4-(((2R,4S,5S,6S)-4-amino-5-hydroxy-6-methyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)-2,5,12-trihydroxy-7-methoxy-6,11-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydrotetracen-2-yl)-2-hydroxyethylidene)-6-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanehydrazide hydrochloride

1H-Pyrrole-1-hexanoic acid, 2,5-dihydro-2,5-dioxo-, (2E)-2-[1-[(2S,4S)-4-[(3-amino-
2,3,6-trideoxy-α-L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl)oxy]-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydro-2,5,12-trihydroxy-
7-methoxy-6,11-dioxo-2-naphthacenyl]-2-hydroxyethylidene]hydrazide

N’-[(1E)-1-{(2S,4S)-4-[(3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-α-L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl)oxy]-2,5,12-
trihydroxy-7-methoxy-6,11-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydrotetracen-2-yl}-2-
hydroxyethylidene]-6-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanohydrazide
MOLECULAR FORMULA C37H42N4O13

MOLECULAR WEIGHT 750.7

SPONSOR CytRx Corp.

CODE DESIGNATION INNO-206

CAS REGISTRY NUMBER 1361644-26-9

CAS: 151038-96-9 (INNO-206); 480998-12-7 (INNO-206 HCl salt), 1361644-26-9

hydrochloride

CAS: 151038-96-9

Chemical Formula: C37H42N4O13

Exact Mass: 750.27484

Molecular Weight: 750.75

Certificate of Analysis:	View current batch of CoA
QC data:	View NMR, View HPLC, View MS
Safety Data Sheet (MSDS):	View Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)

In vitro protocol:

Clin Cancer Res. 2012 Jul 15;18(14):3856-67

In vivo protocol:

Clin Cancer Res. 2012 Jul 15;18(14):3856-67.

Invest New Drugs. 2010 Feb;28(1):14-9.

Invest New Drugs. 2012 Aug;30(4):1743-9.

Int J Cancer. 2007 Feb 15;120(4):927-34.

Clinical study:

Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2007 Jun;16(6):855-66.

Aldoxorubicin (INNO-206): Aldoxorubicin, also known as INNO-206, is the 6-maleimidocaproyl hydrazone derivative prodrug of the anthracycline antibiotic doxorubicin (DOXO-EMCH) with antineoplastic activity. Following intravenous administration, doxorubicin prodrug INNO-206 binds selectively to the cysteine-34 position of albumin via its maleimide moiety. Doxorubicin is released from the albumin carrier after cleavage of the acid-sensitive hydrazone linker within the acidic environment of tumors and, once located intracellularly, intercalates DNA, inhibits DNA synthesis, and induces apoptosis. Albumin tends to accumulate in solid tumors as a result of high metabolic turnover, rapid angiogenesis, hyervasculature, and impaired lymphatic drainage. Because of passive accumulation within tumors, this agent may improve the therapeutic effects of doxorubicin while minimizing systemic toxicity.

“Aldoxorubicin has demonstrated effectiveness against a range of tumors in both human and animal studies, thus we are optimistic in regard to a potential treatment for Kaposi’s sarcoma. The current standard-of-care for severe dermatological and systemic KS is liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil®). However, many patients exhibit minimal to no clinical response to this agent, and that drug has significant toxicity and manufacturing issues,” said CytRx President and CEO Steven A. Kriegsman. “In addition to obtaining valuable information related to Kaposi’s sarcoma, this trial represents another opportunity to validate the value and viability of our linker technology platform.” The company expects to announce Phase-2 study results in the second quarter of 2015.

Kaposi’s sarcoma is an orphan indication, meaning that only a small portion of the population has been diagnosed with the disease (fewer than 200,000 individuals in the country), and in turn, little research and drug development is being conducted to treat and cure it. The FDA’s Orphan Drug Act may grant orphan drug designation to a drug such as aldoxorubicin that treats a rare disease like Kaposi’s sarcoma, offering market exclusivity for seven years, fast-track status in some cases, tax credits, and grant monies to accelerate research

INNO-206 is an anthracycline in early clinical trials at CytRx Oncology for the treatment of breast cancer, HIV-related Kaposi’s sarcoma, glioblastoma multiforme, stomach cancer and pancreatic cancer. In 2014, a pivotal global phase 3 clinical trial was initiated as second-line treatment in patients with metastatic, locally advanced or unresectable soft tissue sarcomas. The drug candidate was originally developed at Bristol-Myers Squibb, and was subsequently licensed to KTB Tumorforschungs. In August 2006, Innovive Pharmaceuticals (acquired by CytRx in 2008) licensed the patent rights from KTB for the worldwide development and commercialization of the drug candidate. No recent development has been reported for research that had been ongoing for the treatment of small cell lung cancer (SCLC).

INNO-206 is a doxorubicin prodrug. Specifically, it is the 6-maleimidocaproyl hydrazone of doxorubicin. After administration, the drug candidate rapidly binds endogenous circulating albumin through the acid sensitive EMCH linker. Circulating albumin preferentially accumulates in tumors, bypassing uptake by other non-specific sites including the heart, bone marrow and the gastrointestinal tract. Once inside the acidic environment of the tumor cell, the EMCH linker is cleaved and free doxorubicin is released at the tumor site. Like other anthracyclines, doxorubicin inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis by intercalating between base pairs of the DNA/RNA strand, thus preventing the replication of rapidly-growing cancer cells. It also creates iron-mediated free oxygen radicals that damage the DNA and cell membranes. In 2011, orphan drug designation was assigned in the U.S. for the treatment of pancreatic cancer and for the treatment of soft tissue sarcoma.

CytRx Corporation (NASDAQ:CYTR) has announced it has initiated a pivotal global Phase 3 clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of aldoxorubicin as a second-line treatment for patients with soft tissue sarcoma (STS) under a Special Protocol Assessment with the FDA. Aldoxorubicin combines the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin with a novel linker-molecule that binds specifically to albumin in the blood to allow for delivery of higher amounts of doxorubicin (3.5 to 4 times) without several of the major treatment-limiting toxicities seen with administration of doxorubicin alone.

According to a news from Medicalnewstoday.com; CytRx holds the exclusive worldwide rights to INNO-206. The Company has previously announced plans to initiate Phase 2 proof-of-concept clinical trials in patients with pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer and soft tissue sarcomas, upon the completion of optimizing the formulation of INNO-206. Based on the multiple myeloma interim results, the Company is exploring the possibility of rapidly including multiple myeloma in its INNO-206 clinical development plans.

According to CytRx’s website, In preclinical models, INNO-206 was superior to doxorubicin with regard to ability to increase dosing, antitumor efficacy and safety. A Phase I study of INNO-206 that demonstrated safety and objective clinical responses in a variety of tumor types was completed in the beginning of 2006 and presented at the March 2006 Krebskongress meeting in Berlin. In this study, doses were administered at up to 4 times the standard dosing of doxorubicin without an increase in observed side effects over historically seen levels. Objective clinical responses were seen in patients with sarcoma, breast, and lung cancers.

INNO-206 – Mechanism of action:

According to CytRx’s website, the proposed mechanism of action is as the follow steps: (1) after administration, INNO-206 rapidly binds endogenous circulating albumin through the EMCH linker. (2) circulating albumin preferentially accumulates in tumors, bypassing uptake by other non-specific sites including heart, bone marrow and gastrointestinal tract; (3) once albumin-bound INNO-206 reaches the tumor, the acidic environment of the tumor causes cleavage of the acid sensitive linker; (4) free doxorubicin is released at the site of the tumor.

INNO-206 – status of clinical trials:

CytRx has announced that, in December 2011, CytRx initiated its international Phase 2b clinical trial to evaluate the preliminary efficacy and safety of INNO-206 as a first-line therapy in patients with soft tissue sarcoma who are ineligible for surgery. The Phase 2b clinical trial will provide the first direct clinical trial comparison of INNO-206 with native doxorubicin, which is dose-limited due to toxicity, as a first-line therapy. (source:http://cytrx.com/inno_206, accessed date: 02/01/2012).

Results of Phase I study:

In a phase I study a starting dose of 20 mg/m2 doxorubicin equivalents was chosen and 41 patients with advanced cancer disease were treated at dose levels of 20–340 mg/m2 doxorubicin equivalents . Treatment with INNO-206 was well tolerated up to 200 mg/m2 without manifestation of drug-related side effects which is a ~3-fold increase over the standard dose for doxorubicin (60 mg/kg). Myelosuppression and mucositis were the predominant adverse effects at dose levels of 260 mg/m2 and became dose-limiting at 340 mg/m2. 30 of 41 patients were assessable for analysis of response. Partial responses were observed in 3 patients (10%, small cell lung cancer, liposacoma and breast carcinoma). 15 patients (50%) showed a stable disease at different dose levels and 12 patients (40%) had evidence of tumor progression. (source: Invest New Drugs (2010) 28:14–19)

References

1: Kratz F, Azab S, Zeisig R, Fichtner I, Warnecke A. Evaluation of combination therapy schedules of doxorubicin and an acid-sensitive albumin-binding prodrug of doxorubicin in the MIA PaCa-2 pancreatic xenograft model. Int J Pharm. 2013 Jan 30;441(1-2):499-506. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.11.003. Epub 2012 Nov 10. PubMed PMID: 23149257.

2: Walker L, Perkins E, Kratz F, Raucher D. Cell penetrating peptides fused to a thermally targeted biopolymer drug carrier improve the delivery and antitumor efficacy of an acid-sensitive doxorubicin derivative. Int J Pharm. 2012 Oct 15;436(1-2):825-32. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.07.043. Epub 2012 Jul 28. PubMed PMID: 22850291; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3465682.

3: Kratz F, Warnecke A. Finding the optimal balance: challenges of improving conventional cancer chemotherapy using suitable combinations with nano-sized drug delivery systems. J Control Release. 2012 Dec 10;164(2):221-35. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.05.045. Epub 2012 Jun 13. PubMed PMID: 22705248.

4: Sanchez E, Li M, Wang C, Nichols CM, Li J, Chen H, Berenson JR. Anti-myeloma effects of the novel anthracycline derivative INNO-206. Clin Cancer Res. 2012 Jul 15;18(14):3856-67. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-3130. Epub 2012 May 22. PubMed PMID: 22619306.

5: Kratz F, Elsadek B. Clinical impact of serum proteins on drug delivery. J Control Release. 2012 Jul 20;161(2):429-45. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.11.028. Epub 2011 Dec 1. Review. PubMed PMID: 22155554.

6: Elsadek B, Kratz F. Impact of albumin on drug delivery–new applications on the horizon. J Control Release. 2012 Jan 10;157(1):4-28. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.09.069. Epub 2011 Sep 16. Review. PubMed PMID: 21959118.

7: Kratz F, Fichtner I, Graeser R. Combination therapy with the albumin-binding prodrug of doxorubicin (INNO-206) and doxorubicin achieves complete remissions and improves tolerability in an ovarian A2780 xenograft model. Invest New Drugs. 2012 Aug;30(4):1743-9. doi: 10.1007/s10637-011-9686-5. Epub 2011 May 18. PubMed PMID: 21590366.

8: Boga C, Fiume L, Baglioni M, Bertucci C, Farina C, Kratz F, Manerba M, Naldi M, Di Stefano G. Characterisation of the conjugate of the (6-maleimidocaproyl)hydrazone derivative of doxorubicin with lactosaminated human albumin by 13C NMR spectroscopy. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2009 Oct 8;38(3):262-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ejps.2009.08.001. Epub 2009 Aug 18. PubMed PMID: 19695327.

9: Graeser R, Esser N, Unger H, Fichtner I, Zhu A, Unger C, Kratz F. INNO-206, the (6-maleimidocaproyl hydrazone derivative of doxorubicin), shows superior antitumor efficacy compared to doxorubicin in different tumor xenograft models and in an orthotopic pancreas carcinoma model. Invest New Drugs. 2010 Feb;28(1):14-9. doi: 10.1007/s10637-008-9208-2. Epub 2009 Jan 8. PubMed PMID: 19148580.

10: Kratz F. Albumin as a drug carrier: design of prodrugs, drug conjugates and nanoparticles. J Control Release. 2008 Dec 18;132(3):171-83. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.05.010. Epub 2008 May 17. Review. PubMed PMID: 18582981.

11: Unger C, Häring B, Medinger M, Drevs J, Steinbild S, Kratz F, Mross K. Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of the (6-maleimidocaproyl)hydrazone derivative of doxorubicin. Clin Cancer Res. 2007 Aug 15;13(16):4858-66. PubMed PMID: 17699865.

12: Lebrecht D, Walker UA. Role of mtDNA lesions in anthracycline cardiotoxicity. Cardiovasc Toxicol. 2007;7(2):108-13. Review. PubMed PMID: 17652814.

13: Kratz F. DOXO-EMCH (INNO-206): the first albumin-binding prodrug of doxorubicin to enter clinical trials. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2007 Jun;16(6):855-66. Review. PubMed PMID: 17501697.

14: Kratz F, Ehling G, Kauffmann HM, Unger C. Acute and repeat-dose toxicity studies of the (6-maleimidocaproyl)hydrazone derivative of doxorubicin (DOXO-EMCH), an albumin-binding prodrug of the anticancer agent doxorubicin. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2007 Jan;26(1):19-35. PubMed PMID: 17334177.

15: Lebrecht D, Geist A, Ketelsen UP, Haberstroh J, Setzer B, Kratz F, Walker UA. The 6-maleimidocaproyl hydrazone derivative of doxorubicin (DOXO-EMCH) is superior to free doxorubicin with respect to cardiotoxicity and mitochondrial damage. Int J Cancer. 2007 Feb 15;120(4):927-34. PubMed PMID: 17131338.

16: Di Stefano G, Lanza M, Kratz F, Merina L, Fiume L. A novel method for coupling doxorubicin to lactosaminated human albumin by an acid sensitive hydrazone bond: synthesis, characterization and preliminary biological properties of the conjugate. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2004 Dec;23(4-5):393-7. PubMed PMID: 15567293.

EP0169111A1 *	Jun 18, 1985	Jan 22, 1986	Sanofi	Cytotoxic conjugates useful in therapy, and process for obtaining them
EP0269188A2 *	Jun 18, 1985	Jun 1, 1988	Elf Sanofi	Cytotoxic conjugates useful in therapy, and process for obtaining them
EP0306943A2 *	Sep 8, 1988	Mar 15, 1989	Neorx Corporation	Immunconjugates joined by thioether bonds having reduced toxicity and improved selectivity
EP0328147A2 *	Feb 10, 1989	Aug 16, 1989	Bristol-Myers Squibb Company	Anthracycline immunoconjugates having a novel linker and methods for their production
EP0398305A2 *	May 16, 1990	Nov 22, 1990	Bristol-Myers Squibb Company	Anthracycline conjugates having a novel linker and methods for their production
EP0457250A2 *	May 13, 1991	Nov 21, 1991	Bristol-Myers Squibb Company	Novel bifunctional linking compounds, conjugates and methods for their production

Replacing insulin though stem cell-derived pancreatic cells under the skin

March 27, 2014 3:54 am / Leave a comment

Islet of Langerhans

Microscopic view of Islet of Langerhans in the pancreas. Beta cells in the Islets are responsible for producing insulin

Sanford-Burnham and UC San Diego School of Medicine scientists have shown that by encapsulating immature pancreatic cells derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESC), and implanting them under the skin in animal models of diabetes, sufficient insulin is produced to maintain glucose levels without unwanted potential trade-offs of the technology. The research suggests that encapsulated hESC-derived insulin-producing cells hold great promise as an effective and safe cell-replacement therapy for insulin-dependent diabetes. “Our study critically evaluates some of the potential pitfalls of using stem cells to treat insulin-dependent diabetes,” said Pamela Itkin-Ansari, Ph.D., adjunct assistant professor in the Development, Aging, and Regenerative Program at Sanford-Burnham, with a joint appointment at UC San Diego. – See more at: http://beaker.sanfordburnham.org/2014/03/replacing-insulin-though-stem-cell-derived-pancreatic-cells-under-the-skin/#sthash.GDnpkm3h.dpuf

See more at: http://beaker.sanfordburnham.org/2014/03/replacing-insulin-though-stem-cell-derived-pancreatic-cells-under-the-skin/

Licorice मुलेठी, 甘草, شیرین بیان Inhibits 92% of Breast Cancer Cells & Slows Growth by 83% in Vivo:

March 27, 2014 3:34 am / 1 Comment on Licorice मुलेठी, 甘草, شیرین بیان Inhibits 92% of Breast Cancer Cells & Slows Growth by 83% in Vivo:

Licorice Inhibits 92% of Breast Cancer Cells & Slows Growth by 83% in Vivo:

Isoliquiritigenin

Isoliquiritigenin, a natural licorice compound, inhibited 92% of human breast cancer cells (both ER+ and triple-negative) in vitro after 48 hours of treatment in this new study. When given to mice, it resulted in breast tumors 83% smaller than untreated mice after 25 days.

Researchers discovered this licorice compound was not only cytotoxic to the breast cancer cells but also profoundly reduced the key angiogenesis factor VEGF by up to 85%, thus disabling the cancer from connecting new blood supplies to feed the tumors. Licorice is a powerful herb which has already shown strong activity against prostate cancer, colon cancer, cervical cancer, leukemia and others in lab studies.

Although used as a candy in the West, licorice root has been used as a medicinal herb for centuries in traditional Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine for treating asthma, allergies, stomach ache, insomnia, inflammation, viral infection and many other conditions. Licorice is also a proven adrenal booster, which makes it a great alternative to caffeine in fighting fatigue and boosting energy levels.

Bottom line: this super-herb could be a great addition to a healthy diet centered on organic vegetables, fruit and whole foods. And if you want to limit your sugar intake, it’s simple to make as a tea. read all this at

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23861918

Liquorice or licorice (/ˈlɪk(ə)rɪʃ/ lik-(ə-)rish or /ˈlɪk(ə)rɪs/ lik-(ə-)ris)^[2] is the root of Glycyrrhiza glabra from which a somewhat sweet flavor can be extracted. The liquorice plant is a legume that is native to southern Europe and parts of Asia. It is not botanically related to anise, star anise, or fennel, which are sources of similar flavouring compounds. The word ‘liquorice’/’licorice’ is derived (via the Old French licoresse), from the Greek γλυκύρριζα (glukurrhiza), meaning “sweet root”,^[3] from γλυκύς (glukus), “sweet”^[4] + ῥίζα (rhiza), “root”,^[5]^[6] the name provided by Dioscorides.^[7]

Description

It is a herbaceous perennial, growing to 1 m in height, with pinnate leaves about 7–15 cm (3–6 in) long, with 9–17 leaflets. The flowers are 0.8–1.2 cm (⅓–½ in) long, purple to pale whitish blue, produced in a loose inflorescence. The fruit is an oblong pod, 2–3 cm (1 in) long, containing several seeds.^[8]The roots are stoloniferous.^[9]

Chemistry

The scent of liquorice root comes from a complex and variable combination of compounds, of which anethole is the most minor component (0-3% of total volatiles). Much of the sweetness in liquorice comes from glycyrrhizin, which has a sweet taste, 30–50 times the sweetness of sugar. The sweetness is very different from sugar, being less instant and lasting longer.

The isoflavene glabrene and the isoflavane glabridin, found in the roots of liquorice, are xenoestrogens.^[10]^[11]

A, phase I metabolites of ILG formed during incubation with rat liver microsomes and NADPH. Based on accurate mass measurements, HPLC retention times, MS/MS analyses, and comparison with data reported by Guo et al. (18), the structures of metabolites M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6, and M7 were assigned as liquiritigenin, 7,8,4′-trihydroxychalcone, sulfuretin, 7,3′,4′-trihydroxychalcone, davidigenin, trans-6,4′-dihydroxyaurone, and cis-6,4′-dihydroxyaurone, respectively. B, structures of ILG glucuronide conjugates formed by rat liver microsomes in the presence of UDPGA.

Cultivation and uses

Liquorice grows best in deep valleys, well-drained soils, with full sun, and is harvested in the autumn, two to three years after planting.^[8] Countries producing liquorice include Iran, Afghanistan, the People’s Republic of China, Pakistan, Iraq, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Turkey.^[12]

The world’s leading manufacturer of liquorice products is M&F Worldwide, which manufactures more than 70% of the worldwide liquorice flavors sold to end-users.^[13]

Tobacco

Most liquorice is used as a flavoring agent for tobacco. For example, M&F Worldwide reported in 2011 that approximately 63% of its liquorice product sales are to the worldwide tobacco industry for use as tobacco flavor enhancing and moistening agents in the manufacture of American blend cigarettes, moist snuff, chewing tobacco and pipe tobacco.^[12] American blend cigarettes made up a larger portion of worldwide tobacco consumption in earlier years,^[14] and the percentage of liquorice products used by the tobacco industry was higher in the past. M&F Worldwide sold approximately 73% of its liquorice products to the tobacco industry in 2005,^[15] and a consultant to M&F Worldwide’s predecessor company stated in 1975 that it was believed that well over 90% of the total production of liquorice extract and its derivatives found its way into tobacco products.^[16]

Liquorice provides tobacco products with a natural sweetness and a distinctive flavor that blends readily with the natural and imitation flavoring components employed in the tobacco industry, represses harshness, and is not detectable as liquorice by the consumer.^[16] Tobacco flavorings such as liquorice also make it easier to inhale the smoke by creating bronchodilators, which open up the lungs.^[17] Chewing tobacco requires substantially higher levels of liquorice extract as emphasis on the sweet flavor appears highly desirable.^[16]

Food and candy

Medicine

Foliage

Glycyrrhiza glabra from Koehler’sMedicinal-Plants

References

“Glycyrrhiza glabra information from NPGS/GRIN”. http://www.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 6 March 2008.
γλυκύρριζα, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
γλυκύς, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
ῥίζα, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus<
liquorice, on Oxford Dictionaries
google books Maud Grieve, Manya Marshall – A modern herbal: the medicinal, culinary, cosmetic and economic properties, cultivation and folk-lore of herbs, grasses, fungi, shrubs, & trees with all their modern scientific uses, Volume 2 Dover Publications, 1982 & Pharmacist’s Guide to Medicinal Herbs Arthur M. Presser Smart Publications, 1 Apr 2001 2012-05-19
Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. ISBN 0-333-47494-5
Brown, D., ed. (1995). “The RHS encyclopedia of herbs and their uses”. ISBN 1-4053-0059-0
Somjen, D.; Katzburg, S.; Vaya, J.; Kaye, A. M.; Hendel, D.; Posner, G. H.; Tamir, S. (2004). “Estrogenic activity of glabridin and glabrene from licorice roots on human osteoblasts and prepubertal rat skeletal tissues”. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 91(4–5): 241–246. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2004.04.008. PMID 15336701.
Tamir, S.; Eizenberg, M.; Somjen, D.; Izrael, S.; Vaya, J. (2001). “Estrogen-like activity of glabrene and other constituents isolated from licorice root”. The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology78 (3): 291–298. doi:10.1016/S0960-0760(01)00093-0.PMID 11595510.
M & F Worldwide Corp., Annual Report on Form 10-K for the Year Ended December 31, 2010.
M & F Worldwide Corp., Annual Report on Form 10-K for the Year Ended December 31, 2001.
Erik Assadourian, Cigarette Production Drops, Vital Signs 2005, at 70.
M & F Worldwide Corp., Annual Report on Form 10-K for the Year Ended December 31, 2005.
Marvin K. Cook, The Use of Licorice and Other Flavoring Material in Tobacco (Apr. 10, 1975).
Boeken v. Phillip Morris Inc., 127 Cal. App. 4th 1640, 1673, 26 Cal. Rptr. 3d 638, 664 (2005).
[1] the online Dutch food composition database]
“Right good food from the Ridings”. AboutFood.com. 25 October 2007.
“Where Liquorice Roots Go Deep”. Northern Echo. Retrieved 9 December 2008.
Licorice Calories
Liu Q, Garner P, Wang Y, Huang B, Smith H (2008). “Drugs and herbs given to prevent hepatotoxicity of tuberculosis therapy: systematic review of ingredients and evaluation studies”. BMC Public Health (Systematic review) 8: 365. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-8-365. PMC 2576232.PMID 18939987.
Sato, H; Goto, W; Yamamura, J; Kurokawa, M; Kageyama, S; Takahara, T; Watanabe, A; Shiraki, K (May 1996). “Therapeutic basis of glycyrrhizin on chronic hepatitis B.”. Antiviral Research 30 (2-3): 171–7.doi:10.1016/0166-3542(96)00942-4. PMID 8783808.
van Rossum, TG; Vulto, AG; de Man, RA; Brouwer, JT; Schalm, SW (March 1998). “Review article: glycyrrhizin as a potential treatment for chronic hepatitis C.” (PDF). Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics12 (3): 199–205. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2036.1998.00309.x.PMID 9570253.
Chien, CF; Wu, YT; Tsai, TH (January 2011). “Biological analysis of herbal medicines used for the treatment of liver diseases.”. Biomedical Chromatography 25 (1-2): 21–38. doi:10.1002/bmc.1568.PMID 21204110.
Yasui, S; Fujiwara, K; Tawada, A; Fukuda, Y; Nakano, M; Yokosuka, O (December 2011). “Efficacy of intravenous glycyrrhizin in the early stage of acute onset autoimmune hepatitis.”. Digestive Diseases and Sciences56 (12): 3638–47. doi:10.1007/s10620-011-1789-5.PMID 21681505.
Reuter, J; Merfort, I; Schempp, CM (2010). “Botanicals in dermatology: an evidence-based review.”. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology11 (4): 247–67. doi:10.2165/11533220-000000000-00000.PMID 20509719.
Hasani-Ranjbar, S; Nayebi, N; Moradi, L; Mehri, A; Larijani, B; Abdollahi, M (2010). “The efficacy and safety of herbal medicines used in the treatment of hyperlipidemia; a systematic review.”. Current pharmaceutical design 16 (26): 2935–47. PMID 20858178.
Callender, VD; St Surin-Lord, S; Davis, EC; Maclin, M (April 2011). “Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation: etiologic and therapeutic considerations.”. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology 12 (2): 87–99. doi:10.2165/11536930-000000000-00000. PMID 21348540.
Leyden, JJ; Shergill, B; Micali, G; Downie, J; Wallo, W (October 2011). “Natural options for the management of hyperpigmentation.”. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 25 (10): 1140–5. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2011.04130.x. PMID 21623927.
Kannappan, R; Gupta, SC; Kim, JH; Reuter, S; Aggarwal, BB (October 2011). “Neuroprotection by spice-derived nutraceuticals: you are what you eat!” (PDF). Molecular Neurobiology 44 (2): 142–59.doi:10.1007/s12035-011-8168-2. PMC 3183139.PMID 21360003.
Gazzani, G; Daglia, M; Papetti, A (April 2012). “Food components with anticaries activity.”. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 23 (2): 153–9.doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2011.09.003. PMID 22030309.
Messier, C; Epifano, F; Genovese, S; Grenier, D (January 2012). “Licorice and its potential beneficial effects in common oro-dental diseases.”. Oral Diseases 18 (1): 32–9. doi:10.1111/j.1601-0825.2011.01842.x. PMID 21851508.
Shibata, S (October 2000). “A drug over the millennia: pharmacognosy, chemistry, and pharmacology of licorice.”. Yakugaku Zasshi 120 (10): 849–62. PMID 11082698.
Fiore, C; Eisenhut, M; Ragazzi, E; Zanchin, G; Armanini, D (July 2005). “A history of the therapeutic use of liquorice in Europe.”. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 99 (3): 317–24. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2005.04.015.PMID 15978760.
Ming, LJ; Yin, AC (March 2013). “Therapeutic effects of glycyrrhizic acid.”. Natural Product Communications 8 (3): 415–8.PMID 23678825.
Bensky, Dan; et al. (2004). Chinese Herbal Medicine: Materia Medica, Third Edition. Eastland Press. ISBN 0-939616-42-4.
Das, S. K.; Das, V.; Gulati, A. K.; Singh, V. P. (1989). “Deglycyrrhizinated liquorice in aphthous ulcers”. The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India 37 (10): 647. PMID 2632514.
Krausse, R.; Bielenberg, J.; Blaschek, W.; Ullmann, U. (2004). “In vitro anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of Extractum liquiritiae, glycyrrhizin and its metabolites”. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 54 (1): 243–246.doi:10.1093/jac/dkh287. PMID 15190039.
Olukoga, A; Donaldson, D (June 2000). “Liquorice and its health implications.”. The Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health 120 (2): 83–9. doi:10.1177/146642400012000203.PMID 10944880.
Armanini, D; Fiore, C; Mattarello, MJ; Bielenberg, J; Palermo, M (September 2002). “History of the endocrine effects of licorice.”.Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & diabetes 110 (6): 257–61.doi:10.1055/s-2002-34587. PMID 12373628.

National Institute of Health – Medline
PDRhealth.com – Profile of Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice (DGL)
Chemical & Engineering News article on Licorice
Non-profit site on the health aspects of licorice/liquorice
Medical use of irritation on chest

Benefits of ginger in prostate cancer

March 27, 2014 3:34 am / Leave a comment

Ayurvedic Herbal Teas

Regular consumption of fruits, vegetables and Herbs & Spices are linked with some anti-cancer benefits.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is also coming under increasing scrutiny and is known to be an source of several bioactive phenolics (gingerols, paradols, shogaols and gingerones).

On these pages recently we have seen how Ginger has been studied and can display anti-inflammatory & antioxidant activities.

In this study, Karna et al investigated ginger extract and its growth-inhibitory and death-inductory effects in a spectrum of prostate cancer cells.

Comprehensive studies have confirmed that ginger extracts disturbed cell-cycle progression, impaired reproductive capacity, modulated cell-cycle and apoptosis regulatory molecules and induced apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells.

Tumour tissue from an animal model showed reduced proliferation index and widespread apoptosis compared with controls and did not exert any detectable toxicity in normal, rapidly dividing tissues such as gut and bone marrow.

The authors add that to the best of their knowledge…

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