Lactitol
ラクチトール;
| Formula |
C12H24O11
|
| CAS |
585-86-4
|
| Mol weight |
344.3124
|
To treat chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC) in adults
FDA 2/12/2020, APPROVED, Pizensy
Lactitol, NS-4, Portolac, Importal
Lactitol
CAS Registry Number: 585-86-4
CAS Name: 4-O-b-D-Galactopyranosyl-D-glucitol
Additional Names: b-galactoside sorbitol; lactit; lactit M; lactite; lactobiosit; lactosit; lactositol
Molecular Formula: C12H24O11
Molecular Weight: 344.31
Percent Composition: C 41.86%, H 7.03%, O 51.11%
Literature References: Polyol sweetener; relative sweetness compared to sucrose is 36%. Prepd by hydrogenation of lactose, q.v.: M. J. B. Senderens, Compt. Rend. 170, 47 (1920); M. L. Wolfrom et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 60, 571 (1938). Pharmacology: D. H. Patil et al., Br. J. Nutr. 57, 195 (1987). Crystal structure: J. A. Kanters et al., Acta Crystallogr. C46, 2408 (1990); J. Kivikoski et al., Carbohydr. Res. 223, 45 (1992). Toxicology: E. J. Sinkeldam et al., J. Am. Coll. Toxicol. 11, 165 (1992). Clinical trial in chronic hepatic encephalopathy: O. Riggio et al., Hepatogastroenterology 37, 524 (1990); as a laxative: L. Goovaerts, G. P. Ravelli, Acta Ther. 19, 61 (1993). Review of properties and applications: J. A. van Velthuijsen, J. Agric. Food Chem. 27, 680-686 (1979); of chemistry and use in foods: C. H. den Uyl, Dev. Sweeteners 3, 65-81 (1987).
Properties: Crystals from absolute ethanol, mp 146°. [a]D23 +14° (c = 4 in water). Sol in water, dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N-dimethylformamide; slightly sol in ethanol, ether. Strongly hygroscopic.
Melting point: mp 146°
Optical Rotation: [a]D23 +14° (c = 4 in water)
Derivative Type: Monohydrate
CAS Registry Number: 81025-04-9
Trademarks: Importal (Novartis); Portolac (Zyma)
Properties: White, sweet, odorless, crystalline solid. Non-hygroscopic. mp 94-97° (van Velthuijsen), water of crystallization evaporates 145°-185°; also reported as mp 120° (den Uyl). [a]D22 +12.3°. Soly at 25° (g/100 g solvent): water 206; ethanol 0.75; ether 0.4; DMSO 233; DMF 39; at 50°: water 512; ethanol 0.88; at 75°: water 917.
Melting point: mp 94-97° (van Velthuijsen); mp 120° (den Uyl)
Optical Rotation: [a]D22 +12.3°
Derivative Type: Dihydrate
CAS Registry Number: 81025-03-8
Trademarks: Lacty (CCA Biochem)
Properties: White, sweet, odorless, crystalline powder. Data for food grade, mp 75°. [a]D25 +13.5-15.0°. pH of 10% solution 4.5 – 8.5. 140 g will dissolve in 100 ml water at 25°.
Melting point: mp 75°
Optical Rotation: [a]D25 +13.5-15.0°
Use: Sweetener in food.
Therap-Cat: Laxative. In treatment of hepatic encephalopathy.
Keywords: Laxative/Cathartic
Lactitol is a sugar alcohol used as a replacement bulk sweetener for low calorie foods with approximately 40% of the sweetness of sugar. It is also used medically as a laxative. Lactitol is produced by two manufacturers, Danisco and Purac Biochem.
Applications
MedicalLactitol is used in a variety of low food energy or low fat foods. High stability makes it popular for baking. It is used in sugar-freecandies, cookies (biscuits), chocolate, and ice cream. Lactitol also promotes colon health as a prebiotic. Because of poor absorption, lactitol only has 2.4 kilocalories (9 kilojoules) per gram, compared to 4 kilocalories (17 kJ) per gram for typical saccharides. Hence, lactitol is about 60% as caloric as typical saccharides.
Lactitol is listed as an excipient in some prescription drugs.[1][2]
Lactitol is a laxative and is used to prevent or treat constipation,[3] e.g., under the trade name Importal.[4][5]
In February 2020, Lactitol was approved for use in the United States as an osmotic laxative for the treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC) in adults.[6][7][8]
Lactitol in combination with Ispaghula husk is an approved combination for idiopathic constipation as a laxative and is used to prevent or treat constipation.[medical citation needed]
Safety and health
Lactitol, erythritol, sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, and maltitol are all sugar alcohols.[medical citation needed] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) classifies sugar alcohols as “generally recognized as safe” (GRAS). They are approved as food additives, and are recognized as not contributing to tooth decay or causing increases in blood glucose.Lactitol is also approved for use in foods in most countries around the world.
Like other sugar alcohols, lactitol causes cramping, flatulence, and diarrhea in some individuals who consume it. This is because humans lack a suitable beta-galactosidase in the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and a majority of ingested lactitol reaches the large intestine,[9] where it then becomes fermentable to gut microbes (prebiotic) and can pull water into the gut by osmosis.{[medical citation needed] Those with health conditions should consult their GP or dietician prior to consumption.{[medical citation needed]
History
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Pizensy based on evidence from a clinical trial (Trial 1/ NCT02819297) of 594 patients with CIC conducted in the United States.[8] The FDA also considered other supportive evidence including data from Trial 2 (NCT02481947) which compared Pizensy to previously approved drug (lubiprostone) for CIC, and Trial 3 (NCT02819310) in which patients used Pizensy for one year as well as data from published literature.[8]
The benefit and side effects of Pizensy were evaluated in a clinical trial (Trial 1) of 594 patients with CIC.[8] In this trial, patients received treatment with either Pizensy or placebo once daily for 6 months.[8] Neither the patients nor the health care providers knew which treatment was being given until after the trials were completed.[8]
In the second trial (Trial 2) of three months duration, improvement in CSBMs was used to compare Pizensy to the drug lubiprostonewhich was previously approved for CIC.[8] The third trial (Trial 3) was used to collect the side effects in patients treated with Pizensy for one year.[8]
SYN
Lactitol (CAS NO.: 585-86-4), with its other name of 4-O-beta-D-Galactopyranosyl-D-glucitol, could be produced through many synthetic methods.
Following is one of the synthesis routes: Lactitol is obtained by catalytic hydrogenation of lactose (I) in the presence of either, nickel catalysts such as Raney nickel (1-9), or ruthenium catalysts (10). Alternatively, lactose (I) is reduced by employing NaBH4 (9).
CLIP
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/apj.2275
MORE SYNTHESIS COMING, WATCH THIS SPACE…………………..
SYNTHESIS
References
External links
Media related to Lactitol at Wikimedia Commons- “Lactitol”. Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
CLIP
https://www.drugfuture.com/Pharmacopoeia/USP32/pub/data/v32270/usp32nf27s0_m44100.html
Lactitol
4-
O–
–
D-Galactopyranosyl-
D-glucitol
[
585-86-4].
Monohydrate. 362.34
[
81025-04-9].
Dihydrate. 380.35
[
81025-03-8].
» Lactitol contains not less than 98.0 percent and not more than 101.0 percent of C12H24O11, calculated on the anhydrous basis.
Packaging and storage— Preserve in well-closed containers.
Labeling— Label it to indicate whether it is the monohydrate, the dihydrate, or the anhydrous form.
Water, Method I 
921
— between 4.5% and 5.5% (monohydrate); between 9.5% and 10.5% (dihydrate); and not more than 0.5% for the anhydrous form.
Heavy metals 231— Dissolve 4 g of it in 25 mL of water: the limit is 5 µg per g.
Reducing sugars— Dissolve 500 mg of it in 2.0 mL of water in a 10-mL conical flask. Into a similar flask, pipet 2 mL of a dextrose solution containing 0.5 mg per mL. Concomitantly add 1 mL of
alkaline cupric tartrate TS to each solution, heat to boiling, and cool: the lactitol solution shows no more turbidity than that produced in the dextrose solution, in which a reddish brown precipitate forms (0.2%, as dextrose).
Related compounds—
Standard solution— Dissolve an accurately weighed quantity of
USP Lactitol RS in water to obtain a solution having a known concentration of about 0.3 mg per mL.
Chromatographic system— Proceed as directed in the Assay, except to chromatograph the Standard solution instead of the Standard preparation.
Test solution— Use the Assay preparation, prepared as directed in the Assay.
Procedure— Separately inject equal volumes (about 25 µL) of the Standard solution and the Test solution into the chromatograph, record the chromatograms, and measure the peak responses. The relative retention times are about 0.53 for lactose, 0.58 for glucose, 0.67 for galactose, 0.72 for lactulitol, 1.0 for lactitol, 1.55 for galactitol, and 1.68 for sorbitol. Calculate the percentages of galactitol, sorbitol, lactulitol, lactose, glucose, and galactose in the portion of Lactitol taken by the formula:
100(CV/W)(rU / rS)
in which C is the concentration, in mg per mL, of USP Lactitol RS in the Standard solution; V is the volume, in mL, of the Test solution; W is the weight, in mg, of Lactitol in the Test solution; rU is the peak response of the relevant related compound, if observed, obtained from the Test solution; and rS is the lactitol peak response obtained from the Standard solution. The total of the percentages of all related compounds is not more than 1.5%.
Assay—
Mobile phase— Use water.
Standard preparation— Dissolve an accurately weighed quantity of
USP Lactitol RS in water to obtain a solution having a known concentration of about 10.0 mg per mL.
Assay preparation— Transfer about 1000 mg of Lactitol, accurately weighed, to a 100-mL volumetric flask, dissolve in and dilute with water to volume, and mix.
Chromatographic system (see
Chromatography 621)—The liquid chromatograph is equipped with a refractive index detector and a 7.8-mm × 30-cm column that contains packing L34. The column is maintained at 85
, and the flow rate is about 0.7 mL per minute. Chromatograph the
Standard preparation, and record the peak responses as directed for
Procedure: the relative standard deviation for replicate injections is not more than 1.0% for lactitol.
Procedure— Separately inject equal volumes (about 25 µL) of the Standard preparation and the Assay preparation into the chromatograph, record the chromatograms, and measure the peak responses. Calculate the quantity, in mg, of C12H24O11 in the portion of Lactitol taken by the formula:
100C(rU / rS)
in which C is the concentration, in mg per mL, of USP Lactitol RS in the Standard preparation, and rU and rS are the lactitol peak responses obtained from the Assay preparation and the Standard preparation, respectively.
Auxiliary Information— Please check for your question in the FAQs before contacting USP.
| Topic/Question |
Contact |
Expert Committee |
| Monograph |
Elena Gonikberg, Ph.D.
Senior Scientist
1-301-816-8251 |
(MDGRE05) Monograph Development-Gastrointestinal Renal and Endocrine |
| Reference Standards |
Lili Wang, Technical Services Scientist
1-301-816-8129
RSTech@usp.org |
|
USP32–NF27 Page 1263
Pharmacopeial Forum: Volume No. 31(4) Page 1143
Chromatographic Column—
Chromatographic columns text is not derived from, and not part of, USP 32 or NF 27.
//////////////////Lactitol, ラクチトール , APPROVALS 2020, FDA 2020, NS-4, Portolac, Importal
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/appletter/2020/211281Orig1s000ltr.pdf
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