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TRK 700

August 10, 2021 6:08 am / Leave a comment

1-[4-(Dimethylamino)piperidin-1-yl]-3-(1-methylimidazol-2-yl)propan-1-one.png

TRK-700

CAS 1463432-16-7C₁₄ H₂₄ N₄ O264.371-Propanone, 1-[4-(dimethylamino)-1-piperidinyl]-3-(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-

1-[4-(dimethylamino)piperidin-1-yl]-3-(1-methylimidazol-2-yl)propan-1-one

1-[4-(Dimethylamino)-1-piperidinyl]-3-(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-1-propanone

OriginatorToray Industries
ClassAnalgesics
Mechanism of ActionUndefined mechanism

Phase IIPostherpetic neuralgia
PreclinicalPeripheral nervous system diseases

12 Sep 2018Pharmacodynamics data from a preclinical trial in Peripheral neuropathy presented at the 17^th World Congress on Pain (WCP-2018)
01 Jul 2017Toray Industries completes a phase II trial for Postherpetic neuralgia (In adults, In the elderly) in Japan (PO) (NCT02701374)
21 May 2017Toray Industries completes a phase I drug-drug interaction trial in Healthy volunteers in Japan (PO) (NCT03043248)

developed by Toray for treating neuropathic pain and investigating for fibromyalgia. In August 2021, this drug was reported to be in phase 1 clinical development.

PATENT

WO 2016136944

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2016136944

(Reference Example 22) Synthesis of (E) -methyl 3- (1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl) acrylate:
[Chemical 56]

　1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-carbaldehyde (10.0 g, Methyl (triphenylphosphoranylidene) acetate (33.4 g, 99.9 mmol) was added to a solution of 90.8 mmol) in dichloromethane (240 mL) at room temperature, and the mixture was stirred for 16 hours and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was washed with a mixed solvent of hexane / dichloromethane = 19/1, and the washing liquid was concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane / ethyl acetate) to give (E) -methyl 3- (1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl) acrylate as a white solid (11.9 g, 71. 6 mmol, 79%).
¹ H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl ₃ ) δ: 3.76 (3H, s), 3.81 (3H, s), 6.82 (1H, d, J = 15.6 Hz), 6.98 (1H, brs), 7.16 (1H, brs), 7.53 (1H, d, J = 15.6Hz).
ESI-MS: m / z = 167 (M + H) ⁺ .

(Reference Example 27) Synthesis of 1- (4- (dimethylamino) piperidine-1-yl) -3- (1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl) propan-1-one:
[Chemical 61]

　(E) )-Methyl 3- (1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl) acrylate (0.180 g, 1.08 mmol) in ethanol (4.0 mL) solution of palladium-carbon (10% wet, 15 mg) at room temperature In a hydrogen atmosphere, the mixture was stirred for 4 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered through Celite, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. Methanol (1.0 mL) was added to the obtained residue at room temperature to dissolve it, and the mixture was cooled to 0 ° C. An aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (1.0 N, 1.19 mL, 1.19 mmol) was added to the reaction solution at 0 ° C., the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. Chloroform (10.0 mL) was added to the obtained residue at room temperature to dissolve it. Add diisopropylethylamine (0.568 mL, 3.25 mmol), HBTU (0.616 g, 1.63 mmol) and 4- (dimethylamino) piperidine (0.125 g, 0.975 mmol) to the reaction solution at room temperature, and add the reaction solution. The mixture was stirred at the same temperature for 16 hours. A saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution was added to the reaction mixture, and the mixture was extracted with chloroform. The organic layer was washed with a 10% aqueous sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (NH silica gel, chloroform / methanol) and 1- (4- (dimethylamino) piperidine-1-yl) -3- (1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl) propane. -1-one (0.179 g, 0.68 mmol, 63%) was obtained as a colorless oil.
^{1 1} H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl ₃) δ: 1.29-1.43 (2H, m), 1.80-1.88 (2H, m), 2.27 (6H, s), 2.29-2.38 (1H, m), 2.54-2.63 (1H, m), 2.88-3.04 ( 5H, m), 3.62 (3H, s), 3.98-4.05 (1H, m), 4.57-4.65 (1H, m), 6.79 (1H, d, J = 1.2 Hz), 6.91 (1H, d, J = 1.2 Hz).
ESI-MS: m / z = 265 (M + H) ⁺ .

(Comparative Example 1) Synthesis of 1- (4- (dimethylamino) piperidine-1-yl) -3- (1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl) propan-1-one hydrochloride:
[Chemical 66]

　1- (4- (Dimethylamino) piperidine-1-yl) -3- (1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl) propan-1-one (1.50 g, 5.67 mmol) diethyl ether (60) A dioxane solution of hydrogen chloride (4.0 M, 3.69 mL, 14.8 mmol) was added to the (0.0 mL) solution at 0 ° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at the same temperature for 1 hour and then at room temperature for 30 minutes. The precipitated white solid was collected by filtration, washed with diethyl ether (100 mL), dried at room temperature for 36 hours, and then 1- (4- (dimethylamino) piperidine-1-yl) -3- (1-methyl-1H-). Imidazole-2-yl) propan-1-one hydrochloride (1.41 g, 4.18 mmol, 74%) (hereinafter, the compound of Comparative Example 1) was obtained as a white solid.
^{1 1} H-NMR (400 MHz, D ₂ O) δ: 1.53-1.80 (2H, m), 2.12-2.23 (2H, m), 2.68-2.80 (1H, m), 2.88 (6H, s), 3.01- 3.08 (2H, m), 3.15-3.26 (3H, m), 3.47-3.58 (1H, m), 3.84 (3H, s), 4.08-4.16 (1H, m), 4.50-4.59 (1H, m), 7.29-7.33 (2H, m).
ESI-MS; 1- (4- (dimethylamino) piperidine-1-yl) -3- (1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl) as propan-1-one : m / z = 265 (M + H) ⁺ .

(Comparative Example 2) Synthesis of 1- (4- (dimethylamino) piperidine-1-yl) -3- (1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl) propan-1-one sulfate monohydrate:
[Chemical 67]

　1- (4- (dimethylamino) piperidine-1-yl) -3- (1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl) propan-1-one (6.72 g, 25.4 mmol) Concentrated sulfuric acid (2.49 g, 25.4 mmol), water (1.83 g, 102 mmol) and 1- (4- (dimethylamino) piperidine-1-yl) -3- (1-methyl) in a DMSO (100 mL) solution. Seed crystals (50 mg, 0.13 mmol) of -1H-imidazol-2-yl) propan-1-one sulfate monohydrate were added at 80 ° C. The reaction was stirred at the same temperature for 2.5 hours, at 50 ° C. for 2.5 hours and at room temperature for 15 hours. The precipitated white solid was collected by filtration, washed successively with DMSO (20 mL) and methyl ethyl ketone (40 mL), dried at room temperature, and then 1- (4- (dimethylamino) piperidine-1-yl) -3- (1-methyl). -1H-imidazol-2-yl) propan-1-one sulfate monohydrate (8.42 g, 22.1 mmol, 87%) (hereinafter, the compound of Comparative Example 2) was obtained as white crystals.
^{1 1} H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆₎) δ: 1.36 (1H, m), 1.58 (1H, m), 1.95 (2H, br), 2.44-2.57 (1H, m), 2.65 (6H, s), 2.74-2.88 (4H, m), 3.00 (1H, t, J = 12.0 Hz), 3.22 (1H, m), 3.61 (3H, s), 4.02 (1H, d, J = 14.0 Hz), 4.47 (1H, d, J = 12.8 Hz), 6.87 (1H, d, J = 1.2 Hz), 7.11 (1H, d, J = 1.2 Hz).
ESI-MS; 1- (4- (dimethylamino) piperidine-1-yl) -3- (1-methyl-) As 1H-imidazol-2-yl) propan-1-one: m / z = 265 (M + H) ⁺ .

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PATENT

WO-2021153744

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2021153744&_cid=P10-KS5N4C-23080-1

PATENT

WO-2021153743

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2021153743&tab=FULLTEXT&_cid=P10-KS5MS1-18911-1

Novel crystalline polymorphic form of 1-(4-(dimethylamino) piperidin-1-yl)-3-(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)propan-1-one, useful as an analgesic in treating neuropathic pain and/or fibromyalgia.Pain is an experience with unpleasant sensations and emotions that occurs when or may cause tissue damage. Pain is mainly classified into nociceptive pain, neuropathic pain or psychogenic pain according to its cause. In addition, fibromyalgia is known as pain of unknown cause.
　Neuropathic pain is pathological pain caused by dysfunction of the peripheral or central nervous system itself, and is caused by direct damage or compression of nervous tissue even though nociceptors are not stimulated. It refers to the pain that occurs. As a therapeutic agent for neuropathic pain, an anticonvulsant, an antidepressant, anxiolytic, or an antiepileptic drug such as gabapentin or pregabalin is used.
　Fibromyalgia is a disease in which systemic pain is the main symptom and neuropsychiatric symptoms and autonomic nervous system symptoms are secondary symptoms. Pregabalin approved in the United States and Japan, duloxetine and milnacipran approved in the United States are mainly used as therapeutic agents for fibromyalgia, and non-approved agents for fibromyalgia are not approved. It has also been used for steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, opioid compounds, antidepressants, anticonvulsants and antiepileptic drugs. However, the therapeutic effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioid compounds are generally considered to be low (Non-Patent Document 1).
　On the other hand, Patent Document 1 discloses that certain substituted piperidins have cardiotonic activity, and Patent Document 2 discloses that an imidazole derivative exhibits an FXa inhibitory effect. Patent Document 3 suggests that the substituted piperidins may have a medicinal effect on overweight or obesity, and Patent Documents 4 to 6 and Non-Patent Document 2 indicate that the imidazole derivative has an analgesic effect. It is disclosed.
　In addition, the quality of pharmaceutical products needs to be maintained over a long period of time such as distribution and storage, and the compound as an active ingredient is required to have high chemical and physical stability. Therefore, as the active ingredient of a pharmaceutical product, a crystal that can be expected to have higher stability than an amorphous substance is generally adopted. Further, if crystals are obtained, a purification effect due to recrystallization during production can be expected. Further, it is preferable to have low hygroscopicity from the viewpoint of maintaining stability and handling during manufacturing, storage, formulation and analysis of the drug substance. In addition, since a drug needs to be dissolved in the digestive tract in order to exhibit its medicinal effect, it is preferable that the drug has excellent solubility, which is a physical property contrary to stability.
　In order to obtain crystals of a compound that is an active ingredient of a pharmaceutical product, it is necessary to study various conditions for precipitating crystals from the solution. It is common to carry out crystallization under the condition of being dissolved in.

Patent documents

Patent Document 1: French Patent Invention No. 2567885
Patent Document 2: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2006-0083664
Patent Document 3: International Publication No. 2003/031432
Patent Document 4: International Publication No. 2013/147160
Patent Document 5: International Publication No. 2015/046403
Patent Document 6: International Publication No. 2016/136944

Non-patent literature

Non-Patent Document 1: Okifuji et al., Pain and Therapy, 2013, Volume 2, p. 87-104
Non-Patent Document 2: Takahashi et al., Toxicological Pathology, 2019, Vol. 47. p. 494-503

Compound (I) was synthesized by the method described in the following reference example. For the compounds used in the synthesis of the reference example compounds for which the synthesis method is not described, commercially available compounds were used.
(Reference Example 4) Synthesis of amorphous compound (I):
[Chemical formula 2] 2 of

crude ethyl 3- (1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl) propanol (5.00 g, 27.4 mmol) Aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (1.0N, 30.2 mL, 30.2 mmol) was added to a solution of -propanol (55 mL) at 0 ° C., and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 hours. 2-Propanol (220 mL) was added to the reaction solution at room temperature, and crude 4- (dimethylamino) piperidine (3.17 g, 24.7 mmol) and DMT-MM (8.35 g, 30.2 mmol) were added at room temperature to react. The liquid was stirred at the same temperature for 3 hours. A 10% aqueous sodium chloride solution and a 1.0N aqueous sodium hydroxide solution were added to the reaction mixture, and the mixture was extracted with chloroform. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give compound (I) (6.98 g) as an amorphous substance.
^{1 1} H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl ₃ ) δ: 1.29-1.43 (2H, m), 1.80-1.88 (2H, m), 2.27 (6H, s), 2.29-2.38 (1H, m), 2.54-2.63 (1H, m), 2.88-3.04 (5H, m), 3.62 (3H, s), 3.98-4.05 (1H, m), 4.57-4.65 (1H, m), 6.79 (1H, d, J = 1.2 Hz) ), 6.91 (1H, d, J = 1.2 Hz).
ESI-MS: m / z = 265 (M + H) ⁺ .
(Reference Example 5) Synthesis of crude 4- (dimethylamino) piperidine:
[Chemical

formula 3] 1-benzyloxycarbonyl-4- (dimethylamino) piperidine (20.1 g, 77.0 mmol) in methanol (154.0 mL) Palladium-carbon (10% wet, 2.01 g) was added thereto, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 19 hours under a hydrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was filtered through Celite, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give a crude product of 4- (dimethylamino) piperidine (9.86 g).
(Reference Example 6) Synthesis of crude ethyl 3- (1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl) propanoate:
[Chemical

formula 4] Sodium hydride (55%, 4.36 g, 100 mmol) aqueous solution and tetrahydrofuran (150 mL) To the mixture was added triethylphosphonoacetate (19.1 mL, 95.0 mmol) at 0 ° C. After stirring the reaction solution for 20 minutes, a solution of 1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-carbaldehyde (10.0 g, 91.0 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (150 mL) was added at 0 ° C., and then ethanol (30 mL) was added in the same manner. The mixture was added at temperature and stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. A 10% aqueous sodium chloride solution was added to the reaction mixture, and the mixture was extracted with dichloromethane. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, chloroform / methanol). After adding methanol (310 mL) to the residue, palladium-carbon (10% wet, 1.40 g) was added, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours under a hydrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was filtered through Celite, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain a crude product (14.2 g) of ethyl 3- (1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl) propanoate.
(Reference Example 7) Synthesis of 1-benzyloxycarbonyl-4- (dimethylamino) piperidine:
[Chemical

formula 5] dichloromethane (55.7 mL) of 1-benzyloxycarbonyl-4-oxopiperidine (13.0 g, 55.7 mmol) ) Solution of dimethylamine in tetrahydrofuran (2.0 M, 34.8 mL, 69.7 mmol), acetic acid (0.32 mL, 5.6 mmol) and sodium triacetoxyborohydride (4.8 g, 22.6 mmol). Added at ° C. After stirring the reaction solution at the same temperature for 30 minutes, sodium triacetoxyborohydride (4.8 g, 22.6 mmol) was added at 0 ° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at the same temperature for 30 minutes, sodium triacetoxyborohydride (8.1 g, 38.2 mmol) was added at 0 ° C., and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 hours. The reaction solution was cooled to 0 ° C. A saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution was added to the reaction mixture, and the mixture was extracted with chloroform. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, n-hexane / ethyl acetate) and then again by flash chromatography (silica gel, chloroform / methanol) to obtain 1-benzyloxycarbonyl-4- (dimethylamino) piperidine (dimethylamino) piperidine. 13.6 g, 51.8 mmol, 93%) was obtained as a colorless oil.
^{1 1} H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl ₃) δ: 1.34-1.46 (2H, m), 1.78-1.86 (2H, m), 2.28 (6H, s), 2.29-2.34 (1H, m), 2.75-2.85 (2H, m), 4.14-4.28 ( 2H, m), 5.12 (2H, s), 7.29-7.36 (5H, m).
ESI-MS: m / z = 263 (M + H) ⁺ .
(Reference Example 8) Synthesis of 1-benzyloxycarbonyl-4-oxopiperidine:
[Chemical

formula 6] Hydrochloride (130 mL) and water (130 mL) of 4-piperidinone hydrochloride monohydrate (10.0 g, 65.1 mmol) Sodium carbonate (13.8 g, 130.2 mmol) and benzyl chloroformate (8.79 mL, 61.8 mmol) were added to the mixed solution with and at 0 ° C., and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with 10% aqueous sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, n-hexane / ethyl acetate) to give 1-benzyloxycarbonyl-4-oxopiperidine (13.1 g, 56.2 mmol, 86%) as a colorless oil.
^{1 1} H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl ₃ ) δ: 2.42-2.50 (4H, m), 3.78-3.82 (4H, m), 5.18 (2H, s), 7.32-7.38 (5H, m).
(Example 1) Production of A-type crystal of
compound (I): Amorphous compound (6.98 g) of compound (I) prepared in Reference Example 4 is purified and concentrated with chloroform / methanol by silica gel column chromatography. After that, the wall surface of the flask was rubbed with a spartel and mechanical stimulation was applied to obtain A-type crystals of compound (I) as a powder. For the obtained crystals, measurement of powder X-ray diffraction using a powder X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku Co., Ltd .; 2200 / RINT ultima + PC) and TG-DTA using a TG-DTA device (Rigaku Co., Ltd .; TG8120) Was done. The results of these measurements are shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.
Diffraction angle 2θ: 5.9, 16.5, 17.7, 20.8, 26.7 °
Endothermic peak: 55 ° C

PATENT

WO2013147160

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2013147160&_cid=P10-KS5MZ2-21335-1

Example 1 Synthesis of 1- (4- (dimethylamino) piperidine-1-yl) -3- (1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl) propan-1-one:
[Chemical 27]

(E) )-Methyl 3- (1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl) acrylate (0.180 g, 1.08 mmol) in ethanol (4.0 mL) solution of palladium-carbon (10% wet, 15 mg) at room temperature In a hydrogen atmosphere, the mixture was stirred for 4 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered through Celite, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. Methanol (1.0 mL) was added to the obtained residue at room temperature to dissolve it, and the mixture was cooled to 0 ° C. An aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (1.0 N, 1.19 mL, 1.19 mmol) was added to the reaction solution at 0 ° C., the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. Chloroform (10.0 mL) was added to the obtained residue at room temperature to dissolve it. Add diisopropylethylamine (0.568 mL, 3.25 mmol), HBTU (0.616 g, 1.63 mmol) and 4- (dimethylamino) piperidine (0.125 g, 0.975 mmol) to the reaction solution at room temperature, and add the reaction solution. The mixture was stirred at the same temperature for 16 hours. A saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution was added to the reaction mixture, and the mixture was extracted with chloroform. The organic layer was washed with a 10% aqueous sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (NH silica gel, chloroform / methanol) and 1- (4- (dimethylamino) piperidine-1-yl) -3- (1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl) propan- 1-one (0.179 g, 0.68 mmol, 63%) (hereinafter, the compound of Example 1) was obtained as a colorless oil.
^{1 1} H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl ₃) δ: 1.29-1.43 (2H, m), 1.80-1.88 (2H, m), 2.27 (6H, s), 2.29-2.38 (1H, m), 2.54-2.63 (1H, m), 2.88-3.04 ( 5H, m), 3.62 (3H, s), 3.98-4.05 (1H, m), 4.57-4.65 (1H, m), 6.79 (1H, d, J = 1.2 Hz), 6.91 (1H, d, J = 1.2 Hz).
ESI-MS: m / z = 265 (M + H) ⁺ .

Publication Number	Title	Priority Date
WO-2016136944-A1	Cyclic amine derivative and pharmaceutical use thereof	2015-02-27
JP-WO2013147160-A1	Cyclic amine derivatives and their pharmaceutical use	2012-03-29
TW-201350119-A	Cyclic amine derivatives and their medical uses	2012-03-29
WO-2013147160-A1	Cyclic amine derivative and use thereof for medical purposes	2012-03-29

Publication Number	Title	Priority Date	Grant Date
RU-2667062-C1	Dynamic cyclic amine and pharmaceutical application thereof	2015-02-27	2018-09-14
TW-201639826-A	Cyclic amine derivatives and their medical uses	2015-02-27
TW-I682927-B	Cyclic amine derivatives and their medical uses	2015-02-27	2020-01-21
US-10173999-B2	Cyclic amine derivative and pharmaceutical use thereof	2015-02-27	2019-01-08
US-2018065950-A1	Cyclic amine derivative and pharmaceutical use thereof	2015-02-27

Publication Number	Title	Priority Date	Grant Date
EP-3263565-A1	Cyclic amine derivative and pharmaceutical use thereof	2015-02-27
EP-3263565-B1	Cyclic amine derivative and pharmaceutical use thereof	2015-02-27	2019-06-26
ES-2744785-T3	Cyclic amine derivative and pharmaceutical use thereof	2015-02-27	2020-02-26
JP-6569671-B2	Cyclic amine derivatives and their pharmaceutical use	2015-02-27	2019-09-04
JP-WO2016136944-A1	Cyclic amine derivatives and their pharmaceutical use	2015-02-27

Publication Number	Title	Priority Date	Grant Date
WO-2019189781-A1	Agent for inhibiting rise in intraneuronal calcium concentration	2018-03-30
AU-2016224420-A1	Cyclic amine derivative and pharmaceutical use thereof	2015-02-27
AU-2016224420-B2	Cyclic amine derivative and pharmaceutical use thereof	2015-02-27	2019-08-22
CA-2977614-A1	Cyclic amine derivative and pharmaceutical use thereof	2015-02-27
CN-107250128-B	Cyclic amine derivatives and its medical usage	2015-02-27	2019-07-26

//////////TRK-700, phase 1, neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, toray

O=C(CCc1nccn1C)N1CCC(CC1)N(C)C

PRN 473, SAR 444727

July 18, 2021 2:45 am / Leave a comment

2-[(3R)-3-[4-Amino-3-(2-fluoro-4-phenoxyphenyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl]piperidine-1-carbonyl]-4,4-dimethylpent-2-enenitrile.png

SAR-444727

1414354-91-8C₃₀ H₃₀ F N₇ O_{2 Molecular Weight539.60}1-Piperidinepropanenitrile, 3-[4-amino-3-(2-fluoro-4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl]-α-(2,2-dimethylpropylidene)-β-oxo-, (3R)-

(3R)-3-[4-Amino-3-(2-fluoro-4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl]-α-(2,2-dimethylpropylidene)-β-oxo-1-piperidinepropanenitrile

2-(3-(4-amino~3-(2-fiuoro~4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl)piperidine-1-carbonyl)-4,4-dimethylpent-2-enenitrile

OriginatorPrincipia Biopharma
ClassSmall molecules
Mechanism of ActionAgammaglobulinaemia tyrosine kinase inhibitors

Phase IAutoimmune disorders
DiscontinuedArthritis

28 Sep 2020Principia Biopharma has been acquired by Sanofi
22 Jun 2020Principia Biopharma plans a pharmacokinetic phase I trial (In volunteers) for Hypersensitivity (for Immunoglobulin E-mediated allergies) in Australia (Topical) (ACTRN12620000693921)
10 Mar 2020Phase-I clinical trials in Autoimmune disorders (In volunteers) in Australia (Topical)
US 8957080
US 8673925
WO 2014022569
WO 2013191965
WO 2012158764

Useful for treating pemphigus vulgaris, immune thrombocytopenia, inflammatory bowel disease, Sjogren’s syndrome, multiple sclerosis, chronic lymphocytic leukemia and ankylosing spondylitis. Principia Biopharma is developing a topical formulation PRN-473 (presumed to be SAR-444727), a reversible covalent bruton’s (BTK) tyrosine kinase inhibitor, developed based on Principia’s reversible, tailored covalency platform, for treating immune-mediated diseases [phase I, July 2021]. Principia Biopharma was also investigating BTK inhibitors , developed based on Principia’s reversible, tailored covalency platform, for treating hematologic malignancies [no development reported since July 2019]. At the time of publication, Zhu was also affiliated with Nurix Therapeutics , while By and Phiasivongsa were based at Rain Therapeutics and Kronos Bio , respectively.

PATENT

WO-2021142131

Novel crystalline polymorphic forms (I to V) of PRN-473 and their preparation method.

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2021142131&_cid=P22-KR7EAJ-62766-1

CRYSTALLINE FORMS OF 2- [3- [4- AMINO-3-(2- FLUORO-4-PHENOXY- PHENYL)-1H-PYRAZOLO[3,4-D]PYRIMIDIN-1-YL]PIPERIDINE-1-CARBONYL]- 4,4-DIMETHYLPENT-2-ENENITRILE

This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/958,389, filed January 8, 2020, the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

Disclosed herein are crystalline forms of 2-(3-(4-amino~3-(2-fiuoro~4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl)piperidine-1-carbonyl)-4,4-dimethylpent-2-enenitrile (Compound (I)), methods of using the same, and processes for making Compound (I), including its various crystalline forms. The crystalline forms of Compound (I) are inhibitors of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK). The enzyme BTK is a member of the Tec family non-receptor tyrosine kinases.

BTK is expressed in most hematopoietic cells, including B cells, mast cells, and macrophages. BTK plays a role in the development and activation of B cells and has been implicated in multiple signaling pathways across a wide range of immune-mediated diseases. BTK activity has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several disorders and conditions, such as B cel1-related hematological cancers (e.g,, non-Hodgkin lymphoma and B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia) and autoimmune diseases (e.g, rheumatoid arthritis,

Sjogren’s syndrome, pemphigus, IBD, lupus, and asthma).

Compound (I) and various solid forms thereof may inhibit BTK and be useful in the treatment of disorders and conditions mediated by BTK activity. Compound (I) is disclosed as, e.g., Compound 125A in Table 1 of WO 2012/158764 and has the following structure:

Example 1: Preparation of Crystalline Form (I) of Compound (I)

Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK; 6 mL) was added to amorphous (R)-2-(3-(4-amino-3- (2-fluoro-4-phenoxyphenyJ)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl)piperidine-1-carbonyl)-4,4- dimethylpent-2-enenitrile (1,0 g) and stirred to fonn a solution. After approximately five minutes of agitation, a precipitate began to form. Additional MIBK (10 mL) was charged, and the slurry was stirred. After approximately ten days, the solid was filtered and rinsed with MIBK (10 mL). The solid was dried under vacuum with heating to afford approximately 0.5 g of crystalline Form (I) of Compound (I) as a white solid.

PATENT

WO2012158764 , claiming BTK tyrosine kinase inhibitors, useful for treating cancer.

https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2012158764A1/en

WO 2012/158764 125A

PATENT

US20210205313

PATENT

US20210205312 ,

for concurrently published filings, claiming a gel composition comprising PRN-473 and use of another BTK tyrosine kinase inhibitor ie PRN1008 , respectively.

PATENT

WO2016100914 , claiming use of a BTK inhibitor ie PRN-473, alone or in combination with corticosteroid therapy, for treating pemphigus vulgaris.

PATENT

WO 2014022569

https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2014022569A1/en

//////// PRN-473, PRN 473, SAR 444727, PHASE 1

CC(C)(C)C=C(C#N)C(=O)N1CCC[C@H](C1)n1nc(c2c(N)ncnc21)c1ccc(Oc2ccccc2)cc1F

NEW DRUG APPROVALS

ONE TIME

$10.00

PF-07321332, Nirmatrelvir

April 8, 2021 7:55 am / 1 Comment on PF-07321332, Nirmatrelvir

PF-07321332

Nirmatrelvir

UNII-7R9A5P7H32

7R9A5P7H32

PF07321332

CAS 2628280-40-8

C₂₃H₃₂F₃N₅O₄, 499.5

(1R,2S,5S)-N-[(1S)-1-cyano-2-[(3S)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl]ethyl]-3-[(2S)-3,3-dimethyl-2-[(2,2,2-trifluoroacetyl)amino]butanoyl]-6,6-dimethyl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2-carboxamide

Paxlovid

(1R,2S,5S)-N-((1S)-1-Cyano-2-((3S)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)ethyl)-6,6-dimethyl-3-(3-methyl-N-(trifluoroacetyl)-L-valyl)-3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexane-2-carboxamide

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04756531

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SYN

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34726479/

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abl4784

Science. 2021 Dec 24;374(6575):1586-1593. doi: 10.1126/science.abl4784. Epub 2021 Nov 2.

An oral SARS-CoV-2 M ^pro inhibitor clinical candidate for the treatment of COVID-19

Dafydd R Owen¹,

file:///C:/Users/Inspiron/Downloads/science.abl4784_sm.pdf

The worldwide outbreak of COVID-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a global pandemic. Alongside vaccines, antiviral therapeutics are an important part of the healthcare response to countering the ongoing threat presented by COVID-19. Here, we report the discovery and characterization of PF-07321332, an orally bioavailable SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitor with in vitro pan-human coronavirus antiviral activity and excellent off-target selectivity and in vivo safety profiles. PF-07321332 has demonstrated oral activity in a mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 model and has achieved oral plasma concentrations exceeding the in vitro antiviral cell potency in a phase 1 clinical trial in healthy human participants.

Synthesis of PF-07321332 (Compound 6): Anhydrous, MTBE solvate form

(1R,2S,5S)-N-{(1S)-1-Cyano-2-[(3S)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl]ethyl}-6,6-dimethyl-3-[3-methyl-N- (trifluoroacetyl)-L-valyl]-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2-carboxamide (1 eq tert-butyl methyl ether solvate) (6, MTBE solvate). This experiment was carried out in 2 parallel batches. Methyl N- (triethylammoniosulfonyl)carbamate, inner salt (Burgess reagent; 69.3 g, 276 mmol) was added to a solution of T18 (61 g, 111 mmol) in dichloromethane (550 ml). After the reaction mixture had been stirred at 25 °C for 1 h. The reaction mixture was quenched by a mixture of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (200 ml) and saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution (100 ml). The separated organic phase was concentrated. The resulting residue was dissolved in 50% ethyl acetate/ tert-butyl methyl ether (600 ml), washed by a mixture of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (200 ml) and saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution (100 ml) twice, saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution (200 ml), a mixture of HCl (1 M; 200 ml) and saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution (100 ml) twice. The organic layer was then dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was treated with a mixture of ethyl acetate and tert-butyl methyl ether (1:10, 400 ml) and heated to 50 °C; after stirring for 1 hour at 50 °C, it was cooled to 25 °C and stirred overnight. The solid was collected via filtration, dissolved in dichloromethane (100 ml) and filtered through silica gel (200 g); the silica gel was then washed with ethyl acetate (1 Liter), 10% methanol in ethyl acetate (2 Liters). The combined eluates were concentrated. The 2 batches were combined, taken up in a mixture of ethyl acetate and tert-butyl methyl ether (5:95, 550 ml). This mixture was heated to 50 °C for 1 h, cooled to 25 °C, and stirred overnight. Filtration afforded 6, MTBE solvate, as a white solid. Yield: 104 g, 75 %. 1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.43 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 9.03 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (s, 1H), 4.97 (ddd, J = 10.9, 8.6, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 4.41 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.15 (s, 1H), 3.91 (dd, J = 10.4, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 3.69 (d, J = 10.4 Hz, 1H), 3.17 – 3.11 (m, 1H), 3.07 (s, 3H, MTBE), 3.04 (td, J = 9.4, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 2.40 (tdd, J = 10.4, 8.4, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 2.14 (ddd, J = 13.4, 10.9, 4.4 Hz,

1H), 2.11 – 2.03 (m, 1H), 1.76 – 1.65 (m, 2H), 1.57 (dd, J = 7.6, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 1.32 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 1.10 (s, 9H, MTBE), 1.03 (s, 3H), 0.98 (s, 9H), 0.85 (s, 3H). Anal. Calcd for C23H32F3N5O4 .C5H12O: C, 57.23; H, 7.55; N, 11.92. Found: C, 57.08; H, 7.55; N, 11.85. mp = 118.8 oC

cry

Compound 6 (anhydrous MTBE solvate, 200 g, 332.8 mmol, 83.11 mass%) was charged into a reactor with overhead half-moon stirring at 350 rpm. Heptane (1000 ml) was charged, followed by isopropyl acetate (1000 ml) and the stirring was continued at 20 oC overnight. Additional heptane (1000 ml) was charged over 120 minutes. The reaction vessel was then cooled to 10 oC over 30 min and stirred at that temp for 3 days. The solid was filtered, washing with a mixture of isopropyl acetate (80 ml) and heptane (320 ml). It was then dried under vacuum at 50 °C to provide 6, anhydrous ‘Form 1’, as a white crystalline solid. Yield: 160.93 g, 322 mmol, 97%. 1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.43 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 9.03 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (s, 1H), 4.97 (ddd, J = 10.9, 8.6, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 4.41 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.15 (s, 1H), 3.91 (dd, J = 10.4, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 3.69 (d, J = 10.4 Hz, 1H), 3.17 – 3.11 (m, 1H), 3.04 (td, J = 9.4, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 2.40 (tdd, J = 10.4, 8.4, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 2.14 (ddd, J = 13.4, 10.9, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 2.11 – 2.03 (m, 1H), 1.76 – 1.65 (m, 2H), 1.57 (dd, J = 7.6, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 1.32 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 1.03 (s, 3H), 0.98 (s, 9H), 0.85 (s, 3H). 13C NMR (151 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 177.50, 170.72, 167.45, 156.95 (q, J = 37.0 Hz), 119.65, 115.84 (q, J = 286.9 Hz), 60.08, 58.19, 47.63, 37.77, 36.72, 34.60, 34.15, 30.28, 27.34, 26.86, 26.26, 25.72, 18.86, 12.34. 19F NMR (376 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ -72.94. HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z calcd. for C23H33F3N5O4 [M + H]+ 500.2474, found 500.2472. Anal. Calcd for C23H32F3N5O4: C, 55.30; H, 6.46; N, 14.02. Found: C, 55.30; H, 6.49; N, 13.96. mp = 192.9 oC

SYN

Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters (2021), 50, 128333.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960894X21005606

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34418570/

pecific anti-coronaviral drugs complementing available vaccines are urgently needed to fight the COVID-19 pandemic. Given its high conservation across the betacoronavirus genus and dissimilarity to human proteases, the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (M^pro) is an attractive drug target. SARS-CoV-2 M^pro inhibitors have been developed at unprecedented speed, most of them being substrate-derived peptidomimetics with cysteine-modifying warheads. In this study, M^pro has proven resistant towards the identification of high-affinity short substrate-derived peptides and peptidomimetics without warheads. 20 cyclic and linear substrate analogues bearing natural and unnatural residues, which were predicted by computational modelling to bind with high affinity and designed to establish structure-activity relationships, displayed no inhibitory activity at concentrations as high as 100 μM. Only a long linear peptide covering residues P₆ to P₅‘ displayed moderate inhibition (K_i = 57 µM). Our detailed findings will inform current and future drug discovery campaigns targeting M^pro.

SYN

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34498651/

Chemical communications (Cambridge, England) (2021), 57(72), 9096-9099We present a detailed computational analysis of the binding mode and reactivity of the novel oral inhibitor PF-07321332 developed against the SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease. Alchemical free energy calculations suggest that positions P3 and P4 could be susceptible to improvement in order to get a larger binding strength. QM/MM simulations unveil the reaction mechanism for covalent inhibition, showing that the nitrile warhead facilitates the recruitment of a water molecule for the proton transfer step.

PATENT

WO 2021234668

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2021234668&_cid=P20-KX8D84-32732-1

SYNOral inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease for the treatment of COVID-19Owen, D., 261st Am Chem Soc (ACS) Natl Meet · 2021-04-05 Abst 243Synthesis of intermediate : Aminolysis of methyl N-Boc-3-[2-oxopyrrolidin-3(S)-yl]-L-alaninate in the presence of NH3 and subsequent N-deprotection using HCl leads to 2(S)-amino-3-[2-oxopyrrolidin-3(S)-yl]propenamide hydrochloride

Condensation of Boc-L-tert-leucine with methyl (1R,2S,5S)-6,6-dimethyl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2-carboxylate using HATU gives the corresponding amide, which upon hydrolysis of methyl ester moiety in the presence of LiOH and subsequent N-deprotection by means of HCl affords intermediate,. N-Acylation of amine with ethyl trifluoroacetate yields diamide derivative, which upon condensation with 2(S)-amino-3-[2-oxopyrrolidin-3(S)-yl]propenamide hydrochloride using EDC and HOPO generates compound N-1 STEP. Burgess dehydration of amide derivative furnishes PF-7321332 .

In about November to December 2019 a novel coronavirus was identified as the cause of pneumonia cases in Wuhan (China). It spread, resulting in an epidemic throughout China, and thereafter in other countries throughout the world. In February 2020, the World Health Organization designated the disease COVTD-19, which stands for coronavirus disease 2019. The virus is also known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (1)

COVID-19 is a betacoronavirus in the same subgenus as the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus (as well as several bat coronaviruses), but in a different clade. The structure of the receptor- binding gene region is very similar to that of the SARS coronavirus, and the virus has been shown to use the same receptor, the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), for cell entry (2).

In the situation of rapidly increasing cases, inappropriate management of mild cases could increase the burden of healthcare system and medical costs. Viral clearance is a major standard in the assessment of recovery and discharge from medical care, but early results illustrated that the persistence of viral RNA is heterogeneous despite the rapid remission of symptoms and can last over three weeks even in very mild cases. In addition, long hospitalization stays may increase the risk for hospital-associated mental health problems and unexpected hospital-acquired infections. (9)

At the beginning, the outbreak identified an initial association with a seafood market that sold live animals in Wuhan, China. However, as the outbreak progressed, person-to-person spread became the main mode of transmission.

Person to person transmission is thought to occur mainly via respiratory droplets, resembling the spread of influenza. With droplet transmission, the virus is released in respiratory secretions when an infected person breathes, coughs, sneezes, or talks, and can infect another person if such secretions make direct contact with the mucous membranes. Infection can also occur if a person touches an infected surface and then touches his or her eyes, nose, or mouth. Droplets typically do not travel more than six feet (about two meters) and do not linger in the air. There is still controversy about this topic.

Whether SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted through the airborne route (through particles smaller than droplets that remain in the air over time and distance) under natural conditions has been controversial.

Reflecting the current uncertainty regarding transmission mechanisms, recommendations on airborne precautions in the health care setting vary by location; airborne precautions are universally recommended when aerosol-generating procedures are performed.

It appears that SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted prior to the development of symptoms and throughout the course of illness. However, most data informing this issue is from studies evaluating viral RNA detection from respiratory and other specimens, and detection of viral RNA does not necessarily indicate the presence of infectious virus.

A study suggested infectiousness started 2.3 days prior to symptom onset, peaked 0.7 days before symptom onset, and declined within seven days; however, most patients were isolated following symptom onset, which would reduce the risk of transmission later in illness regardless of infectiousness. These findings raise the possibility that patients might be more infectious in the earlier stage of infection, but additional data is needed to confirm this hypothesis (3).

How long a person remains infectious is also uncertain. The duration of viral shedding is variable; there appears to be a wide range, which may depend on severity of the illness. In one study of 21 patients with mild illness (no hypoxia), 90 percent had repeated negative viral RNA tests on nasopharyngeal swabs by 10 days after the onset of symptoms; tests were positive for longer in patients with more severe illness (4). In contrast, in another study of 56 patients with mild to moderate illness (none required intensive care), the median duration of viral RNA shedding from nasal or oropharyngeal specimens was 24 days, and the longest was 42 days (5). However, as mentioned above, detectable viral RNA does not always correlate with isolation of infectious virus, and there may be a threshold of viral RNA level below which infectivity is unlikely. In the study of nine patients with mild COVID-19 described above, infectious virus was not detected from respiratory specimens when the viral RNA level was <106 copies/mL (6).

Risk of transmission from an individual with SARS-CoV-2 infection varies by the type and duration of exposure, use of preventive measures, and likely individual factors (e.g., the amount of virus in respiratory secretions).

Antibodies against the virus are induced in those who have become infected. Preliminary evidence suggests that some of these antibodies are protective, but this remains to be definitively established. It is unknown whether all infected patients develop a protective immune response and how long any protective effect will last.

Diagnosis of COVID-19 is made by detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Various RT-PCR assays are used around the world; different assays amplify and detect different regions of the SARSCoV-2 genome. Common gene targets include nucleocapsid (N), envelope (E), spike (S), and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), as well as regions in the first open reading frame (7).

Serologic tests detect antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in the blood, and those that have been adequately validated can help identify patients who have had COVID-19. However, sensitivity and specificity are still not well defined. Detectable antibodies generally take several days to weeks to develop, for example, up to 12 days for IgM and 14 days for IgG(Si-

………………………………..

PF-07321332 (or nirmatrelvir) is an antiviral drug developed by Pfizer which acts as an orally active 3CL protease inhibitor. The combination of PF-07321332 with ritonavir has been in phase III trials for the treatment of COVID-19 since September 2021^[2][3][4] and is expected to be sold under the brand name Paxlovid.^[5] After promising results preventing hospitalization and death if given within the first 3 days of symptoms, Pfizer submitted an application to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for emergency authorization for PF-07321332 in combination with ritonavir in November 2021.^[6]

PF-07321332 is an azabicyclohexane that is (1R,5S)-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane substituted by {(1S)-1-cyano-2-[(3S)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl]ethyl}aminoacyl, 3-methyl-N-(trifluoroacetyl)-L-valinamide, methyl and methyl groups at positions 2S, 3, 6 and 6, respectively. It is an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 main protease which is currently under clinical development for the treatment of COVID-19. It has a role as an EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor and an anticoronaviral agent. It is a nitrile, a member of pyrrolidin-2-ones, a secondary carboxamide, a pyrrolidinecarboxamide, a tertiary carboxamide, an organofluorine compound and an azabicyclohexane.

Development

Pharmaceutical

Coronaviral proteases cleave multiple sites in the viral polyprotein, usually after glutamine residues. Early work on related human rhinoviruses showed that the flexible glutamine side chain could be replaced by a rigid pyrrolidone.^[7]^[8] These drugs had been further developed prior to the SARS CoV2 pandemic for other diseases including SARS.^[9] The utility of targeting the 3CL protease in a real world setting was first demonstrated in 2018 when GC376 (a prodrug of GC373) was used to treat the previously 100% lethal cat coronavirus disease, feline infectious peritonitis, caused by Feline coronavirus.^[10]

The Pfizer drug is an analog of GC373, where the aldehyde covalent cysteine acceptor has been replaced by a nitrile.^[11]^[12]

PF-07321332 was developed by modification of an earlier clinical candidate lufotrelvir,^[13]^[14] which is also a covalent inhibitor but its warhead is a phosphate prodrug of a hydroxyketone. However, lufotrelvir needs to be administered intravenously limiting its use to a hospital setting. Stepwise modification of the tripeptide protein mimetic led to PF-0732133, which is suitable for oral administration.^[1] Key changes include a reduction in the number of hydrogen bond donors, and the number of rotatable bonds by introducing the rigid bicyclic non-canonical amino acid, which mimics the leucine residue found in earlier inhibitors. This residue had previously been used in the synthesis of boceprevir.^[15]

Clinical

In April 2021, Pfizer began phase I trials.^[16] In September 2021, Pfizer began a phase II/III trial.^[17] In November 2021, Pfizer announced 89% reduction in hospitalizations of high risk patients studied when given within three days after symptom onset.^[5]

On December 14, Pfizer announced that Paxlovid, when given within three days of symptom onset, reduced risk of hospitalization or death by 89% compared to placebo in 2,246 high risk patients studied.^[18]

Chemistry and pharmacology

Full details of the synthesis of PF-07321332 were first published by scientists from Pfizer.^[1]

In the penultimate step, a synthetic homochiral amino acid is coupled with a homochiral amino amide using the water-soluble carbodiimide EDCI as coupling agent. The resulting intermediate is then treated with Burgess reagent, which dehydrates the amide group to the nitrile of the product.

PF-07321332 is a covalent inhibitor, binding directly to the catalytic cysteine (Cys145) residue of the cysteine protease enzyme.^[19]

In the drug combination, ritonavir serves to slow down metabolism of PF-07321332 by cytochrome enzymes to maintain higher circulating concentrations of the main drug.^[20]

Public health system reactions to development

Despite not being approved yet in any country, the UK placed an order for 250,000 courses after Pfizer´s press release in October 2021,^[21]^[22] and Australia pre-ordered 500,000 courses of the drug.^[23]

As of November 2021, the US government was expected to sign a contract to buy around 10 million courses of the combination treatment.^[24]^[25]

Legal status

In November 2021, Pfizer signed a license agreement with the United Nations–backed Medicines Patent Pool to allow PF-07321332 to be manufactured and sold in 95 countries.^[26] Pfizer stated that the agreement will allow local medicine manufacturers to produce the pill “with the goal of facilitating greater access to the global population”. However, the deal excludes several countries with major COVID-19 outbreaks including Brazil, China, Russia, Argentina, and Thailand.^[27]^[28]

On 16 November 2021, Pfizer submitted an application to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for emergency authorization for PF-07321332 in combination with ritonavir.^[29]^[30]^[31]

Misleading comparison with ivermectin

Conspiracy theorists on the internet have claimed that Paxlovid is merely a “repackaged” version of the antiparasitic drug ivermectin, which has been erroneously promoted as a COVID-19 “miracle cure”. Their claims, sometimes using the nickname “Pfizermectin”,^[32] are based on a narrative that Pfizer is suppressing the true benefits of ivermectin and rely on superficial correspondences between the drugs and a misunderstanding of their respective pharmacokinetics.^[33] Paxlovid is not structurally related or similar to ivermectin, and while both are 3C-like protease inhibitors, Paxlovid is much more potent with an IC₅₀ around 10,000 times lower, allowing for effective oral dosing within the therapeutic margin.^[34]

References

^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c Owen DR, Allerton CM, Anderson AS, Aschenbrenner L, Avery M, Berritt S, et al. (November 2021). “An oral SARS-CoV-2 M^pro inhibitor clinical candidate for the treatment of COVID-19″. Science: eabl4784. doi:10.1126/science.abl4784. PMID 34726479. S2CID 240422219.
^ Vandyck K, Deval J (August 2021). “Considerations for the discovery and development of 3-chymotrypsin-like cysteine protease inhibitors targeting SARS-CoV-2 infection”. Current Opinion in Virology. 49: 36–40. doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2021.04.006. PMC 8075814. PMID 34029993.
^ Şimşek-Yavuz S, Komsuoğlu Çelikyurt FI (August 2021). “Antiviral treatment of COVID-19: An update”. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences. doi:10.3906/sag-2106-250. PMID 34391321. S2CID 237054672.
^ Ahmad B, Batool M, Ain QU, Kim MS, Choi S (August 2021). “Exploring the Binding Mechanism of PF-07321332 SARS-CoV-2 Protease Inhibitor through Molecular Dynamics and Binding Free Energy Simulations”. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 22 (17): 9124. doi:10.3390/ijms22179124. PMC 8430524. PMID 34502033.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b “Pfizer’s Novel COVID-19 Oral Antiviral Treatment Candidate Reduced Risk Of Hospitalization Or Death By 89% In Interim Analysis Of Phase 2/3 EPIC-HR Study”. Pfizer Inc. 5 November 2021.
^ Mahase E (November 2021). “Covid-19: Pfizer’s paxlovid is 89% effective in patients at risk of serious illness, company reports”. BMJ. 375: n2713. doi:10.1136/bmj.n2713. PMID 34750163. S2CID 243834203.
^ Anand K, Ziebuhr J, Wadhwani P, Mesters JR, Hilgenfeld R (June 2003). “Coronavirus Main Proteinase (3CLpro) Structure: Basis for Design of Anti-SARS Drugs”. Science. 300 (5626): 1763–1767. Bibcode:2003Sci…300.1763A. doi:10.1126/science.1085658. PMID 12746549. S2CID 13031405.
^ Dragovich PS, Prins TJ, Zhou R, Webber SE, Marakovits JT, Fuhrman SA, et al. (April 1999). “Structure-based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of irreversible human rhinovirus 3C protease inhibitors. 4. Incorporation of P1 lactam moieties as L-glutamine replacements”. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 42 (7): 1213–1224. doi:10.1021/jm9805384. PMID 10197965.
^ Pillaiyar T, Manickam M, Namasivayam V, Hayashi Y, Jung SH (July 2016). “An Overview of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) 3CL Protease Inhibitors: Peptidomimetics and Small Molecule Chemotherapy”. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 59 (14): 6595–6628. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01461. PMC 7075650. PMID 26878082.
^ Pedersen NC, Kim Y, Liu H, Galasiti Kankanamalage AC, Eckstrand C, Groutas WC, et al. (April 2018). “Efficacy of a 3C-like protease inhibitor in treating various forms of acquired feline infectious peritonitis”. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 20 (4): 378–392. doi:10.1177/1098612X17729626. PMC 5871025. PMID 28901812.
^ Halford B (7 April 2021). “Pfizer unveils its oral SARS-CoV-2 inhibitor”. Chemical & Engineering News. 99 (13): 7. doi:10.47287/cen-09913-scicon3. S2CID 234887434.
^ Vuong W, Khan MB, Fischer C, Arutyunova E, Lamer T, Shields J, et al. (August 2020). “Feline coronavirus drug inhibits the main protease of SARS-CoV-2 and blocks virus replication”. Nature Communications. 11 (1): 4282. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-18096-2. PMC 7453019. PMID 32855413.
^ Clinical trial number NCT04535167 for “First-In-Human Study To Evaluate Safety, Tolerability, And Pharmacokinetics Following Single Ascending And Multiple Ascending Doses of PF-07304814 In Hospitalized Participants With COVID-19 ” at ClinicalTrials.gov
^ Boras B, Jones RM, Anson BJ, Arenson D, Aschenbrenner L, Bakowski MA, et al. (February 2021). “Discovery of a Novel Inhibitor of Coronavirus 3CL Protease for the Potential Treatment of COVID-19”. bioRxiv: 2020.09.12.293498. doi:10.1101/2020.09.12.293498. PMC 7491518. PMID 32935104.
^ Njoroge FG, Chen KX, Shih NY, Piwinski JJ (January 2008). “Challenges in modern drug discovery: a case study of boceprevir, an HCV protease inhibitor for the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection”. Accounts of Chemical Research. 41 (1): 50–59. doi:10.1021/ar700109k. PMID 18193821. S2CID 2629035.
^ Nuki P (26 April 2021). “Pfizer is testing a pill that, if successful, could become first-ever home cure for COVID-19”. National Post. Archived from the original on 27 April 2021.
^ “Pfizer begins dosing in Phase II/III trial of antiviral drug for Covid-19”. Clinical Trials Arena. 2 September 2021.
^ Press release (14 December 2021). “Pfizer Announces Additional Phase 2/3 Study Results Confirming Robust Efficacy of Novel COVID-19 Oral Antiviral Treatment Candidate in Reducing Risk of Hospitalization or Death”.
^ Pavan M, Bolcato G, Bassani D, Sturlese M, Moro S (December 2021). “Supervised Molecular Dynamics (SuMD) Insights into the mechanism of action of SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitor PF-07321332”. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. 36 (1): 1646–1650. doi:10.1080/14756366.2021.1954919. PMC 8300928. PMID 34289752.
^ Woodley M (19 October 2021). “What is Australia’s potential new COVID treatment?”. The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners (RACGP). Retrieved 6 November 2021.
^ “Pfizer Covid pill ‘can cut hospitalisations and deaths by nearly 90%'”. The Guardian. 5 November 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
^ Mahase E (October 2021). “Covid-19: UK stockpiles two unapproved antiviral drugs for treatment at home”. BMJ. 375: n2602. doi:10.1136/bmj.n2602. PMID 34697079. S2CID 239770104.
^ “What are the two new COVID-19 treatments Australia has gained access to?”. ABC News (Australia). 17 October 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
^ “U.S. to Buy Enough of Pfizer’s Covid Antiviral Pills for 10 Million People”. The New York Times. 17 November 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
^ Pager T, McGinley L, Johnson CY, Taylor A, Parker C. “Biden administration to buy Pfizer antiviral pills for 10 million people, hoping to transform pandemic”. The Washington Post. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
^ “Pfizer and The Medicines Patent Pool (MPP) Sign Licensing Agreement for COVID-19 Oral Antiviral Treatment Candidate to Expand Access in Low- and Middle-Income Countries” (Press release). Pfizer. 16 November 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2021 – via Business Wire.
^ “Covid-19: Pfizer to allow developing nations to make its treatment pill”. BBC News. 16 November 2021. Archived from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
^ “Pfizer Will Allow Its Covid Pill to Be Made and Sold Cheaply in Poor Countries”. The New York Times. 16 November 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
^ “Pfizer Seeks Emergency Use Authorization for Novel COVID-19 Oral Antiviral Candidate”. Business Wire (Press release). 16 November 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
^ Kimball S (16 November 2021). “Pfizer submits FDA application for emergency approval of Covid treatment pill”. CNBC. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
^ Robbins R (5 November 2021). “Pfizer Says Its Antiviral Pill Is Highly Effective in Treating Covid”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 8 November 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
^ Bloom J (2 December 2021). “How Does Pfizer’s Pavloxid Compare With Ivermectin?”. American Council on Science and Health. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
^ Gorski D (15 November 2021). “Pfizer’s new COVID-19 protease inhibitor drug is not just ‘repackaged ivermectin'”. Science-Based Medicine.
^ von Csefalvay C (27 November 2021). “Why Paxlovid is not Pfizermectin”. Bits and Bugs. Chris von Csefalvay. Retrieved 28 November 2021.

External links

“PF-07321332”. Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
“Early Data Suggest Pfizer Pill May Prevent Severe COVID-19”. National Institutes of Health. 16 November 2021.

Pfizer to make COVID-19 pill available in low- and middle-income nations

If authorized by global health authorities, the drug promises to reduce deaths and hospitalizations linked to

the novel coronavirus.

By Brian Buntz | November 16, 2021Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Share

In late October, Merck (NYSE:MRK) and its partner Ridgeback Biotherapeutics agreed to make the COVID-19 antiviral molnupiravir available in the developing world.

Now, Pfizer (NYSE:PFE) is taking a similar approach for its investigational antiviral cocktail Paxlovid, which contains PF-07321332 and ritonavir.

Pfizer, like Merck, struck an agreement with the Medicines Patent Pool (MPP) related to Paxlovid.

MPP’s mission is to expand low- and middle-income countries’ access to vital medicines. The United Nations supports the organization.

Pfizer announced earlier this month that Paxlovid was 89% effective in reducing the risk of hospitalization or death in an interim analysis of the Phase 2/3 EPIC-HR trial.

The collaboration with MPP will enable generic drug makers internationally with sub-licenses to produce Paxlovid for use in 95 countries, which comprise more than half of the world’s population.

“This license is so important because, if authorized or approved, this oral drug is particularly well-suited for low- and middle-income countries and could play a critical role in saving lives, contributing to global efforts to fight the current pandemic,” said Charles Gore, executive director of MPP, in a press release. “PF-07321332 is to be taken together with ritonavir, an HIV medicine we know well, as we have had a license on it for many years, and we will be working with generic companies to ensure there is enough supply for both COVID-19 and HIV.”

At present, MPP has signed agreements with ten patient holders for 13 HIV antiretrovirals and several other drugs.

Filed Under: clinical trials, Drug Discovery, Infectious Disease
Tagged With: Medicines Patent Pool, Merck, PF-07321332, Pfizer, Ridgeback Biotherapeutics, ritonavir

PFIZER INITIATES PHASE 1 STUDY OF NOVEL ORAL ANTIVIRAL THERAPEUTIC AGENT AGAINST SARS-COV-2

Tuesday, March 23, 2021 – 11:00am

In-vitro studies conducted to date show that the clinical candidate PF-07321332 is a potent protease inhibitor with potent anti-viral activity against SARS-CoV-2
This is the first orally administered coronavirus-specific investigational protease inhibitor to be evaluated in clinical studies, and follows Pfizer’s intravenously administered investigational protease inhibitor, which is currently being evaluated in a Phase 1b multi-dose study in hospitalized clinical trial participants with COVID-19

NEW YORK–(BUSINESS WIRE)– Pfizer Inc. (NYSE: PFE) announced today that it is progressing to multiple ascending doses after completing the dosing of single ascending doses in a Phase 1 study in healthy adults to evaluate the safety and tolerability of an investigational, novel oral antiviral therapeutic for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. This Phase 1 trial is being conducted in the United States. The oral antiviral clinical candidate PF-07321332, a SARS-CoV2-3CL protease inhibitor, has demonstrated potent in vitro anti-viral activity against SARS-CoV-2, as well as activity against other coronaviruses, suggesting potential for use in the treatment of COVID-19 as well as potential use to address future coronavirus threats.

“Tackling the COVID-19 pandemic requires both prevention via vaccine and targeted treatment for those who contract the virus. Given the way that SARS-CoV-2 is mutating and the continued global impact of COVID-19, it appears likely that it will be critical to have access to therapeutic options both now and beyond the pandemic,” said Mikael Dolsten, MD, PhD., Chief Scientific Officer and President, Worldwide Research, Development and Medical of Pfizer. “We have designed PF-07321332 as a potential oral therapy that could be prescribed at the first sign of infection, without requiring that patients are hospitalized or in critical care. At the same time, Pfizer’s intravenous antiviral candidate is a potential novel treatment option for hospitalized patients. Together, the two have the potential to create an end to end treatment paradigm that complements vaccination in cases where disease still occurs.”

Protease inhibitors bind to a viral enzyme (called a protease), preventing the virus from replicating in the cell. Protease inhibitors have been effective at treating other viral pathogens such as HIV and hepatitis C virus, both alone and in combination with other antivirals. Currently marketed therapeutics that target viral proteases are not generally associated with toxicity and as such, this class of molecules may potentially provide well-tolerated treatments against COVID-19.

The Phase 1 trial is a randomized, double-blind, sponsor-open, placebo-controlled, single- and multiple-dose escalation study in healthy adults evaluating the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of PF-07321332.

Initiation of this study is supported by preclinical studies that demonstrated the antiviral activity of this potential first-in-class SARS-CoV-2 therapeutic designed specifically to inhibit replication of the SARS-CoV2 virus. The structure of PF-07321332, together with the pre-clinical data, will be shared in a COVID-19 session of the Spring American Chemical Society meeting on April 6.

Pfizer is also investigating an intravenously administered investigational protease inhibitor, PF-07304814, which is currently in a Phase 1b multi-dose trial in hospitalized clinical trial participants with COVID-19.

About Pfizer: Breakthroughs That Change Patients’ Lives

At Pfizer, we apply science and our global resources to bring therapies to people that extend and significantly improve their lives. We strive to set the standard for quality, safety and value in the discovery, development and manufacture of health care products, including innovative medicines and vaccines. Every day, Pfizer colleagues work across developed and emerging markets to advance wellness, prevention, treatments and cures that challenge the most feared diseases of our time. Consistent with our responsibility as one of the world’s premier innovative biopharmaceutical companies, we collaborate with health care providers, governments and local communities to support and expand access to reliable, affordable health care around the world. For more than 170 years, we have worked to make a difference for all who rely on us. We routinely post information that may be important to investors on our website at www.Pfizer.com. In addition, to learn more, please visit us on www.Pfizer.com and follow us on Twitter at @Pfizer and @Pfizer News, LinkedIn, YouTube and like us on Facebook at Facebook.com/Pfizer.

.CLIP

https://cen.acs.org/content/cen/articles/99/i13/Pfizer-unveils-oral-SARS-CoV.html

Drugmaker Pfizer revealed its oral COVID-19 antiviral clinical candidate PF-07321332 on Tuesday at the American Chemical Society Spring 2021 meeting. The compound, which is currently in Phase 1 clinical trials, is the first orally administered compound in the clinic that targets the main protease (also called the 3CL protease) of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. By inhibiting the main protease, PF-07321332 prevents the virus from cleaving long protein chains into the parts it needs to reproduce itself. Dafydd Owen, director of medicinal chemistry at Pfizer, presented the compound in a symposium of the Division of Medicinal Chemistry.

Last year, Pfizer reported PF-07304814, a different small molecule inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2’s main protease. The work to develop that compound began during the 2002-2003 outbreak of SARS-CoV, severe acute respiratory syndrome. But that molecule can only be given intravenously, which limits its use to hospital settings.

Because PF-07321332 can be taken orally, as a pill or capsule, it could be given outside of hospitals if it proves to be safe and effective. People who have been exposed to SARS-CoV-2 could take it as a preventative measure, for example.

“For the foreseeable future, we will expect to see continued outbreaks from COVID-19. And therefore, as with all viral pandemics, it’s important we have a full toolbox on how to address it,” Charlotte Allerton, Pfizer’s head of medicine design, told C&EN.

PF-07321332 was developed from scratch during the current pandemic. It’s a reversible covalent inhibitor that reacts with one of the main protease’s cysteine residues. Owen also discussed the chemistry involved in scaling up the compound. The first 7 mg of the compound were synthesized in late July 2020. Encouraged by the early biological data, the Pfizer team aimed to scale up the synthesis. By late October, they’d made 100 g of the compound. Just two weeks later, the chemists had scaled up the synthesis to more than 1 kg. Owen said 210 researchers had worked on the project. Ana Martinez, who studies COVID-19 treatments at the Spanish National Research Council CSIC and also presented during the symposium, told C&EN that having a COVID-19 antiviral is of critical importance. She eagerly anticipates the safety and efficacy data from the trials of PF-07321332. “Hopefully we will have a new drug to fight against COVID-19,” Martinez said. And because the molecule targets the main protease, she said that it might be useful for fighting other coronaviruses and preventing future pandemics.Chemical & Engineering News

Clinical data

ATC code	None
Identifiers
show IUPAC name
CAS Number	2628280-40-8
PubChem CID	155903259
UNII	7R9A5P7H32
KEGG	D12244
ChEBI	CHEBI:170007
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C₂₃H₃₂F₃N₅O₄
Molar mass	499.535 g·mol⁻¹
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
Melting point	192.9^[1] °C (379.2 °F)
show SMILES
show InChI

Xray crystal structure (PDB:7SI9 and 7VH8) of the SARS-CoV-2 protease inhibitor PF-07321332 bound to the viral 3CLpro (Mpro) protease enzyme. Ribbon diagram of the protein with the drug shown as sticks. The catalytic residues (His41, Cys145) are shown as yellow sticks.

./////////////////PF-07321332, PF 07321332, COVID 19, CORONA VIRUS, SARS-CoV-2 inhibitor, PHASE 1, nirmatrelvir, PAXLOVID, CORONA VIRUS, COVID 19

C1N(C([C@@H]2C1[C@]2(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC3C(NCC3)=O)C#N)C(C([C@@](C)(C)C)NC(=O)C(F)(F)F)=O

C1N(C(C2C1C2(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC3C(NCC3)=O)C#N)C(C([C@@](C)(C)C)NC(=O)C(F)(F)F)=O

NEW DRUG APPROVALS

ONE TIME

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ABBV 744

March 11, 2020 11:32 am / Leave a comment

ABBV-744 Chemical Structure

ABBV 744

N-Ethyl-4-[2-(4-fluoro-2,6-dimethylphenoxy)-5-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)phenyl]-6,7-dihydro-6-methyl-7-oxo-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridine-2-carboxamide

1H-Pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridine-2-carboxamide, N-ethyl-4-[2-(4-fluoro-2,6-dimethylphenoxy)-5-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)phenyl]-6,7-dihydro-6-methyl-7-oxo-

Molecular Weight	491.55
Formula	C₂₈H₃₀FN₃O₄
CAS No.	2138861-99-9

ABBV-744 is a highly BDII-selective BET bromodomain inhibitor, used in the research of inflammatory diseases, cancer, and AIDS.

Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)

Phase I, AbbVie is evaluating oral agent ABBV-744 in early clinical trials for the treatment of metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and for the treatment of relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

PATENT

WO 2017177955

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2017177955&tab=FULLTEXT

Bromodomains refer to conserved protein structural folds which bind to N-acetylated lysine residues that are found in some proteins. The BET family of bromodomain containing proteins comprises four members (BRD2, BRD3, BRD4 and BRDt) . Each member of the BET family employs two bromodomains to recognize N-acetylated lysine residues typically, but not exclusively those found on transcription factors (Shi, J., et al. Cancer Cell 25 (2) : 210-225 (2014) ) or on the amino-terminal tails of histone proteins. Numbering from the N-terminal end of each BET protein the tandem bromodomains are typically labelled Binding Domain I (BDI) and Binding Domain II (BDII) . These interactions modulate gene expression by recruiting transcription factors to specific genome locations within chromatin. For example, histone-bound BRD4 recruits the transcription factor P-TEFb to promoters, resulting in the expression of a subset of genes involved in cell cycle progression (Yang et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 28: 967-976 (2008) ) . BRD2 and BRD3 also function as transcriptional regulators of growth promoting genes (LeRoy et al., Mol. Cell 30: 51-60 (2008) ) . BET family members were recently established as being important for the maintenance of several cancer types (Zuber et al., Nature 478: 524-528 (2011) ； Mertz et al； Proc. Nat’l. Acad. Sci. 108: 16669-16674 (2011) ； Delmore et al., Cell 146: 1-14, (2011) ； Dawson et al., Nature 478: 529-533 (2011) ) . BET family members have also been implicated in mediating acute inflammatory responses through the canonical NF-KB pathway (Huang et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 29: 1375-1387 (2009) ) resulting in the upregulation of genes associated with the production of cytokines (Nicodeme et al., Nature 468: 1119-1123, (2010) ) . Suppression of cytokine induction by BET bromodomain inhibitors has been shown to be an effective approach to treat inflammation-mediated kidney disease in an animal model (Zhang, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 287: 28840-28851 (2012) ) . BRD2 function has been linked to pre-disposition for dyslipidemia or improper regulation of adipogenesis, elevated inflammatory profiles and increased susceptibility to autoimmune diseases (Denis, Discovery Medicine 10: 489-499 (2010) ) . The human immunodeficiency virus utilizes BRD4 to initiate transcription of viral RNA from stably integrated viral DNA (Jang et al., Mol. Cell, 19: 523-534 (2005) ) . BET bromodomain inhibitors have also been shown to reactivate HIV transcription in models of latent T cell infection and latent monocyte infection (Banerjee, et al, J. Leukocyte Biol. doi: 10.1189/jlb. 0312165) . BRDt has an important role in spermatogenesis that is blocked by BET bromodomain inhibitors (Matzuk, et al., Cell 150: 673-684 (2012) ) . Thus, compounds that inhibit the binding of BET family bromodomains to their cognate acetylated lysine proteins are being pursued for the treatment of cancer, inflammatory diseases, kidney diseases, diseases involving metabolism or fat accumulation, and some viral infections, as well as for providing a method for male contraception. Accordingly, there is an ongoing medical need to develop new drugs to treat these indications.

FIDANZE, Steven D., et al. BROMODOMAIN INHIBITORS. WO 2017177955 A1.

////////////ABBV 744, Acute Myeloid Leukemia, AML, Phase 1 , AbbVie

CC(O)(C)C1=CC(C(C2=C3NC(C(NCC)=O)=C2)=CN(C)C3=O)=C(OC4=C(C)C=C(F)C=C4C)C=C1

CC-90010

February 11, 2020 8:52 am / Leave a comment

CC-90010

C₂₁ H₂₁ N O₄ S, 383.46

CAS 1706738-98-8

1(2H)-Isoquinolinone, 4-[2-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-5-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]-2-methyl-

4-[2-(Cyclopropylmethoxy)-5-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]-2-methyl-1(2H)-isoquinolinone
4-[2-(Cyclopropylmethoxy)-5-(methanesulfonyl)phenyl]-2-methylisoquinolin-1(2H)-one
4-[2-(Cyclopropylmethoxy)-5-methylsulfonylphenyl]-2-methylisoquinolin-1-one

Quanticel Pharmaceuticals Inc, Michael John Bennett Juan Manuel Betancort Amogh Boloor Stephen W. Kaldor Jeffrey Alan Stafford James Marvin Veal

Celgene (now a wholly owned subsidiary of Bristol-Myers Squibb ) , following its acquisition of Quanticel , is developing CC-90010, an oral inhibitor of BET (bromodomain and extraterminal) proteins, for the potential treatment of solid tumors and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. In August 2019, a phase I trial for diffuse astrocytoma, grade III anaplastic astrocytoma and recurrent glioblastoma was planned

PATENT

WO2018075796 claiming solid composition comprising a bromodomain inhibitor, preferably 4-[2-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-5-methylsulfonylphenyl]-2-methylisoquinolin-1-one in crystalline form A.

PATENT

WO2015058160 (compound 89, page 103).

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf;jsessionid=9B64008287A0D105A68DDF31141C7419.wapp1nA?docId=WO2015058160&tab=PCTDESCRIPTION

Example 89: 4-[2-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-5-methylsulfonylphenyl]-2-methylisoquinolin-l-one

Step 1 : 2-methyl-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)isoquinolin-l-one

[00344] A suspension of 4-bromo-2-methylisoquinolin-l-one (100 mg, 0.42 mmol), bis(pinacolato)diboron (214 mg, 0.84 mmol), Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (31 mg, 0.04 mmol) and potassium acetate (104 mg, 1.05 mmol) in dioxane (2 mL) under nitrogen was warmed up to 90 °C for 135 minutes. It was then cooled down to room temperature and diluted with ethyl acetate (8 mL). The mixture was washed with aqueous saturated solution of NaHC0₃ (8 mL) and brine (8 mL). The organic phase was separated, dried over Na₂S0₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purifed by normal phase column chromatography (10-90% EtOAc/Hexanes) to give the title compound (44 mg, 37%). 1H NMR (CDC1₃, 400 MHz) δ 8.43 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1 H), 8.40 (dd, J = 8.2 Hz, 0.9 Hz, 1 H), 7.68 (s, 1 H), 7.65 (ddd, J = 8.2, 8.2, 1.1 Hz, 1 H), 7.46 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1 H), 3.63 (s, 3H), 1.38 (s, 12H). LCMS (M+H)⁺ 286. Step 2: 4-[2-(cyclopropylmethox -5-methylsulfonylphenyl]-2-methylisoquinolin-l-one

[00345] The title compound was prepared in a manner similar to Example 18, step 3, substituting 2-bromo-l-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-4-methylsulfonylbenzene for 4-bromo-2-methylisoquinolin-l(2H)-one and 2-methyl-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)isoquinolin-l-one for N-benzyl-2-methoxy-5-(tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzamide. 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, 400 MHz) δ 0.09 (m, 2 H), 0.29 (m, 1H), 0.35 (m, 1H),

0.94 (m, 1H), 3.22 (s, 3H), 3.57 (s, 3H), 3.95 (m, 2H), 7.16 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (d, J =

8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (m, 2H), 7.65 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.81 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.97 (dd, J = 8.8,

2.4 Hz, 1H), 8.30 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H). LCMS (M+H)⁺ 384.

[00346] Alternatively, 4-[2-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-5-methylsulfonylphenyl]-2-methylisoquinolin-l-one can be prepared as described below.

Step 1 : 2-methyl-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)isoquinolin-l-one

[00347] A mixture of 4-bromo-2-methylisoquinolin-l-one (8.0 g, 33.6 mmol),

bis(pinacolato)diboron (17.1 g, 67.2 mmol), KOAc (6.6 g, 67.2 mmol), Pd₂(dba)3 (3.1 g, 3.36 mmol) and X-Phos (1.6 g, 3.36 mmol) in anhydrous dioxane (200 mL) was stirred at 60 °C for 12 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (PE : EA = 15 : 1) to give the title compound (6.0 g, 62 %) as a solid.

Step 2: 4-[2-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-5-methylsulfonylphenyl]-2-methylisoquinolin-l-one

[00348] The title compound from Step 1 (5.0 g, 17.5 mmol), 2-bromo-l-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-4-methylsulfonylbenzene (6.4 g, 21 mmol), K₃PO₄ (9.3 g, 43.9 mmol) and Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (1.4 g, 1.75 mmol) in a dioxane/water (100 mL / 10 mL) mixture were stirred at 60 °C for 12 hrs. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (EA : DCM = 1 : 4).

Appropriate fractions were combined and concentrated under reduce pressure. The resultant solid was recrystallized from DCM / MTBE (1 : 1, 50 mL) to give the title compound (4.0 g, 60 %) as a white solid. 1H NMR: (CDC1₃, 400 MHz) δ 8.51 (dd, Ji = 8.0 Hz, J₂ = 0.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.98 (dd, Ji = 8.4 Hz, J₂ = 2.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.86 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.53 (m, 2 H), 7.16 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 7.10 (m, 2 H), 3.88 (m, 2 H), 3.66 (s, 3 H), 3.09 (s, 3 H), 1.02-0.98 (m, 1 H), 0.44-0.38 (m, 2 H), 0.11-0.09 (m, 2 H). LCMS: 384.1 (M+H)⁺

Patent

WO-2020023438

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2020023438&tab=PCTDESCRIPTION&_cid=P10-K6HCMJ-20465-1

A process for preparing bromodomain inhibitor, particularly 4-[2(cyclopropylmethoxy)-5-methylsulfonylphenyl]-2-methylisoquinolin-1-one (having HPLC purity of 99%; compound 1; (hereafter referred to as C-90010)) and its hydrates, solvates, prodrugs and salts comprising the reaction of a substituted 4-(methylsulfonyl)phenol compound with a quinoline derivative, followed by purification is claimed. Also claimed are novel intermediates of CC-90010 and their processes for preparation. Further claimed are novel crystalline form of CC-90010. CC-90010 is known and disclosed to be a bromodomain containing protein inhibitor, useful for treating cancer.

Scheme 10: Synthesis of Compound 1

[0090] Acetonitrile (1.6L) was charged to a mixture of Compound 2 (156.7g, 460 mmol), Compound 3 (lOOg, 420 mmol) and potassium phosphate tribasic (223g, l.OSmol). Agitation

was begun and water (400mL) charged to the batch. The system was vacuum purged three times with nitrogen and charged with Pd(PPh3)2Cl2 (2.9g, 4 mmol) and the system vacuum purged three times with nitrogen. The batch was heated to about 65 to about 75 °C (or any temperature in between and including these two values) and contents stirred for at least about 16 hours until reaction was complete by HPLC analysis. The batch was cooled to about 60 to about 70 °C (or any temperature in between and including these two values), agitation halted and the mixture allowed to settle. The bottom aqueous layer was removed. Water (150mL) and acetonitrile (700mL) were charged at about 60 to about 70°C (or any temperature in between and including these two values). Ecosorb C-941 (15g) and Celite (lOg) were charged to the reaction vessel at about 60 to about 70°C (or any temperature in between and including these two values). After lh, the mixture was filtered to remove solids. The solids were washed twice each with 18% water in acetonitrile (500 mL) at about 60 to about 70°C (or any temperature in between and including these two values). The filtrates were combined and concentrated under atmospheric pressure to a final volume of 1.5L. The batch was cooled to about 60 to about 65°C (or any temperature in between and including these two values) and seeded with Compound 1 (1 g). After lh, water (500 mL) was charged over at least 1 hour at about 60 to about 65°C (or any temperature in between and including these two values). The slurry was cooled to about 15 to about 25°C (or any temperature in between and including these two values) over 4 hours. The product was collected by suction filtration. The wet cake was washed with 45% water in acetonitrile (500mL) twice. The product was dried under vacuum at about 40°C with nitrogen purge. Yield: 139g of 1.

[0091] The above procedure for coupling Compound 3 and Compound 2 to produce

Crystallization: Different amounts of water, including 5 volumes to 50 volumes can be used.

The crystallization can also proceed without the addition of seeds. Different water addition times and final hold times can be used. Different wash procedures can be used. Drying: A temperature range of 10 to 60 °C could be used for drying. Catalysts: Different metal and ligand combination could be used. Examples of metal/ligand combinations can be found in Maluenda, Irene; Navarro, Oscar, Molecules, 2015, 20, 7528. Various catalysts can be including: XPhos-3G (cas# 1445085-55-1); cataCXium® A Pd 3G (CAS# 1651823-59-4); PdCk(DtBPF) (CAS# 95408-45-0); SPhos 3G (Cas# 1445085-82-4); AmPhos 3G (Cas# 1820817-64-8); PCy₃ 3G (Cas# 1445086-12-3); Pd PEPPSI IPent Cas#l 158652-41-5);

Pd(PPh₃)2Cb (Cas# 13965-03-2). Examples of catalyst systems that have been demonstrated to afford Compound 1 are listed below in Table 4 using boronic esters 2 or 7 in coupling to 3.

Table 4: Catalyst screen summary

VI. Purification of Compound 1 fCC-900101 bv crystallization from formic acid and water

[0092] Described herein are methods of purifying Compound 1 by crystallization from formic acid and water. Also described are methods for obtaining three different polymorphs of Compound 1, including the most stable form, Form 1 and two metastable forms, Form 4

The crystallization can also proceed without the addition of seeds. Different water addition times and final hold times can be used. Different wash procedures can be used. Drying: A temperature range of 10 to 60 °C could be used for drying. Catalysts: Different metal and ligand combination could be used. Examples of metal/ligand combinations can be found in Maluenda, Irene; Navarro, Oscar, Molecules, 2015, 20, 7528. Various catalysts can be including: XPhos-3G (cas# 1445085-55-1); cataCXium® A Pd 3G (CAS# 1651823-59-4); PdCh(DtBPF) (CAS# 95408-45-0); SPhos 3G (Cas# 1445085-82-4); AmPhos 3G (Cas# 1820817-64-8); PCy₃ 3G (Cas# 1445086-12-3); Pd PEPPSI IPent Cas#l 158652-41-5);

Pd(PPh3)2Cl2 (Cas# 13965-03-2). Examples of catalyst systems that have been demonstrated to afford Compound 1 are listed below in Table 4 using boronic esters 2 or 7 in coupling to 3.

Table 4: Catalyst screen summary

VI. Purification of Compound 1 (CC-90010! bv crystallization from formic acid and water

33 -a

and Form 5. Supporting data (XRPD, DSC, photomicroscopy) for all three forms is provided in the examples below.

[0093] The stmcture of Compound 1 (CC-90010) is shown below:

Example 1: Synthesis of Compound 1

[0217] Synthesis of compound 1 was accomplished according to Scheme 1 below. Referring to Scheme 1, synthesis commenced with bromination of starting material 4-(methylsulfonyl)phenol 4, to produce compound 5. Compound 5 was O-alkylated with (bromomethyl)cyclopropane to produce compound 6. Boronate Compound 2 was then formed by borylation of Compound 6 with Pd catalyst and bis(pinacolato)diboron to produce transient Compound 7, which was subsequenctly treated with diethanolamine (DBA) to afford cross-coupling partner Compound 2. Cross-coupling partner Compound 3 was formed in one pot starting from commercially available Compound 8. Compound 8 was N-methylated and brominated to afford Compound 3. Compounds 2 and 3 were cross-coupled (Norio, M. and Suzuki, A., Chem. Rev., 95(7), 2457-2483 (1995)) to afford the target compound 1.

Scheme 1: Synthesis of compound 1

1.1: Bromination of 4

[0218] The bromination of Compound 4 to produce Compound 5 itself is simple, however stopping at the mono-brominated Compound 5 was challenging. The bis-brominated Compound 5-a (see Scheme 2 below) is a particularly pernicious impurity as it couples downstream to form a di ffi cult-to-purge impurity.

Scheme 2: Bromination of Compound 4

[0219] The key to high purity with reasonable yield was to exploit the solubility differences of the starting material Compound 4 (46 mg/ml at 20 °C) and the product Compound 5 (8 mg/ml) in CH₂CI2. These solubility differences are summarized in Table 3 below.

[0220] This solubility difference is exploited by performing the reaction at a high

concentration to drive Compound 5 out of solution once formed, thereby minimizing its ability to react further with the brominating reagent to form Compound 5-a diBr. The reaction is seeded with Compound 5 to initiate its crystallization.

[0221] In Fig. 22 (Conversion of Compound 4 to Compound 5: Effect of Sulfuric Acid) it can be seen that in the absence of acid the initial reaction to Compound 5 is rapid, however the conversion plateaus at about 30% Compound 5. The main side product was found to be the impurity Compound 5-a diBr (see Fig. 23: Conversion of Compound 5 and Compound 5-a diBr: No H2SO4). Addition of increasing amounts of sulfuric acid leads to a higher conversion to desired Compound 5.

[0222] Fig. 24 (Compound 4 to Compound 5 Reaction Profile: Portion-wise Addition of NBS, Seeding) depicts further reaction control. The portion-wise addition ofNBS after addition of catalytic sulfuric acid minimizes the temperature rise, and the addition of Compound 5 after an initial NBS charge promotes the reactive crystallization of Compound 5. After about 6 to 7 hours of reaction it can be seen that the major product is Compound 5, with only a small (<5%) of the di-brominated impurity formed. In contrast, in a reaction where Compound 4 and all of the NBS were charged followed by the addition of 4 volumes of methylene chloride, a rapid exotherm resulted and undesired Compound 5-a diBr was found to be the major product.

[0223] Thus, the reaction was run under a high concentration in CH₂CI2 with a portion-wise solid addition of NBS (to control both availability of the electrophile and the exotherm). An end of reaction slurry sample typically showed not more than 5% of the starting material Compound 4 remaining. After filtration the crude cake was washed with cold CH₂CI2 and the OkCk-washed filter cake contained not more than 0.5% by weight dibrominated Compound 5-a. It also contained a large amount of HPLC-silent succinimide.

[0224] The following procedure was carried out: Compound 4 (25g, 145mmol) followed by CH₂CI2 (lOOmL) were added to a reaction vessel and agitated. The batch was adjusted to 17 °C to 23 °C. Sulfuric acid was charged (2.7mL, Slmmol) to the batch maintaining 17 °C to 23°C. The batch was stirred at 17 °C to 23 °C for 10 minutes to 20 minutes. The first portion of A-bromosuccimide (NBS) was charged (6.5g, 36.5 mmol) to the batch at 17 °C to 23°C and stirred for at least 30 min. The second portion of NBS was charged (6.5g, 36.5 mmol) to the batch at 17 °C to 23°C and stirred for at least 30 min. The batch was seeded with

Compound 5 (0.02wt) and stirred for ca. 30 min at 17 °C to 23 °C to induce crystallization.

[0225] The third portion of NBS was charged (6.5g, 36.5 mmol) to the batch at 17 °C to 23 °C and stirred for at least 30 min. NBS (6.5g, 36.5 mmol) was charged to the batch at 17 °C to 23 °C and stirred for at least 30 min. Additional CH₂CI2 was charged (50mL) to the batch while maintaining 17 °C to 23 °C to aid in agitation and transfer for filtration. The batch was stirred at 17 °C to 23 °C until complete by HPLC analysis (~20 – 40 h). The product was collected by suction filtration. The filter cake was slurry washed with CH₂CI2 (3 x 50mL) at 17 °C to 23 °C (target 20 °C). The filter cake was slurry washed with purified water (3.0vol) at 65 °C to 75 °C for 2 to 3 hours. Then, the filter cake was slurry washed with purified water (3 x 1.0 vol, 3 x 1.0 wt) at 17 °C to 23°C. The wet cake was dried under vacuum with nitrogen bleed at 60 °C. Yield: 27g 5 (74% molar) >97% by weight. ¾ NMR (500 MHz, de-DMSO) 8.01 (1H, d, ⁴J = 2.1 Hz, RO-Ar meta- H ), 7.76 (1H, dd, J = 8.6 and ⁴J = 2.1 Hz, RO-Ar meta-H ), 7.14 (1H, d, J = 8.6 Hz, RO-Ar ortho- H), 3.38 (1H, br s, OH), 3.20 (3H, s,

CHJ); MS (ES-) calc. 249/251; found 249/251. Melting point (MP): (DSC) 188 °C.

[0226] The above procedure allowed for the following modifications. Solvents: Alternative solvents could be used. Examples include chlorinated solvents, such as chloroform or 1,2 dichloroethane, and non-chlorinated solvents such as acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, or 2- methyltetrahydrofuran. Reaction concentration: The reaction concentration can be varied from about 2X vol to about 20 X vol (with respect to Compound 4). Brominating agents: Additional brominating reagents include bromine and l,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin. Bromination reagent stoichiometry: Different amounts of the brominating reagent can be used, from about 0.8 equiv to about 1.9 equiv. Bromination reagent addition: The brominating reagent can be added all at once, portion wise in about 2 to about 20 portions, or continuously. The addition times can vary from about 0 to about 72 hours. Temperature: Reaction temperatures from about 0 °C to about 40 °C could be used. Acids: Different acids can be envisioned, including benzenesulfonic acid, para-toluenesulfonic acid, triflic acid, hydrobromic acid, and trifluoroacetic acid. Isolation: Instead of directly filtering the product and washing with methylene chloride and water, at the end of reaction an organic solvent capable of dissolving Compound 5 could be charged, followed by an aqueous workup to remove succinimide, and addition of an antisolvent or solvent exchange to an appropriate solvent to crystallize Compound 4. Drying: A temperature range of about 10 to about 60 °C could be used for drying.

[0227] An alternative process to Compound 5 has also been developed. This process is advantageous in that it does not use a chlorinated solvent, and provides additional controls over the formation of the Compound 5-a dibromo impurity. See Oberhauser, T. J Org. Chem 1997, 62, 4504-4506. The process is as follows. Compound 4 (10 g, 58 mmol) and acetonitrile (100 ml) were charged to the reactor and agitated. The batch was cooled to -20 °C. Triflic acid (CF3SO3H or TfOH, 5.5 mL, 62 mmol) was charged while maintaining a batch temperature of -10 to -25 °C. N-bromosuccinimide was charged (NBS, 11.4 g, 64 mmol), stirred at -10 to -25 °C for 30 minutes, then warmed to 20 °C over 3 to 4 hours. Agitation was continued at 15 °C to 25 °C until reaction completion. If the reaction conversion plateaued before completion, the reaction was cooled to -5 to -15 °C, and additional NBS was added, the amount based off of unreacted starting material, followed by warming to 15 °C to 25 °C and reacting until complete.

[0228] After reaction completion, the batch was warmed to 40 °C to 50 °C and concentrated under reduced pressure to 40 mL. The batch was cooled to -5 °C to -15 °C and the resulting product solids were filtered off. The solids were slurry washed three times, each with 20 mL water, for at least 15 minutes. The final cake was dried at 50 °C to 60 °C under reduced pressure to furnish 10 g of 5 containing less than 0.1% MeCN, 0.07% water, and 0.1% triflic acid (TfOH) by weight.

[0229] Alternatives to the above procedure employing MeCN and TfOH are as follows. Brominating agents: Additional brominating reagents include bromine and l,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin. Bromination Reagent Stoichiometry: Different amounts of the brominating reagent can be used, from about 0.8 equiv to about 2 equiv. Drying: A temperature range of about 10 °C to about 60 °C could be used for drying.

[0230] The impurity 5-a is was prepared and characterized as follows. 10 g of Compound 4 and sulfuric acid (35 mol%) were dissolved in MeOH (10 vol). The mixture was set to stir at 20 °C to 25 °C for 5-10 min and 2.0 equivalents of NBS were charged in one portion. The resulting yellow mixture was stirred for three days at 20-25 °C. The batch was concentrated under reduced pressure and the resulting solid was slurried in water at 95-100 °C for 3 hours. After a second overnight slurry in CH₂CI2 at room temperature, the batch was filtered and dried to give a white solid 5-a (15.0 g, 78%). ¾ NMR (500 MHz, de-DMSO), 8.05 (2H, s, ArH), 3.40 (1H, br s, HO-Ar), 3.28 (3H, s, CH₃); MS (ES^‘) calc. 327/329/331; found

327/329/331; MP (DSC): 226 °C (onset 221 °C, 102 J/g); lit. 224-226 °C.

1.2: O-alkylation of 5 to produce 6

[0231] Compound 6 was prepared according to Scheme 7 below.

Scheme 7: O-alkylation of 5 to produce 6

[0232] Compound 5 (100 g, 398 mmol) and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK, 700 mL) were charged to the reaction vessel and agitated. Potassium carbonate (K2CO3, 325 mesh 82.56 g, 597 mmol) was then charged to the stirred reaction vessel at 15 °C to 25 °C.

Bromomethylcyclopropane (64.4 mL, 664 mmol) was charged to the reaction vessel over at least 1 hour, maintaining the temperature between 15 °C to 25 °C. MEK (200 mL) was added into the reactor and the reactor heated to 65 to 75 °C. The contents of the reaction vessel were stirred at 65 to 75°C for approximately 10 hours until reaction was complete by HPLC analysis. Water (3.0 vol, 3.0wt) was charged to the vessel maintaining the temperature at 65 to 75 °C. The batch was stirred at 65 to 75 °C. The phases were allowed to separate at 65°C to 75 °C and the lower aqueous phase was removed. Water (300 mL) was charged to the vessel maintaining the temperature at 65 °C to 75 °C. The batch was agitated for at least 10 minutes at 65 to 75 °C. The phases were allowed to separate at 65 °C to 75 °C and the lower aqueous phase was removed. The water wash was repeated once. The temperature was adjusted to 40 to 50°C. The mixture was concentrated to car. 500 mL under reduced pressure. The mixture was distilled under reduced pressure at up to 50 °C with MEK until the water content was <1.0% w/w. n-heptane (500mL) was charged to the vessel maintaining the temperature at 40 to 50 °C. The mixture was continuously distilled under vacuum with n-heptane (300mL), maintaining a 1L volume in the reaction vessel. Compound 6 seeds (0.0 lwt) were added at 40 to 50 °C. The mixture was continuously distilled under reduced pressure at up to 50 °C with n-heptane (300mL) while maintaining 1L volume in the reactor. The batch was cooled to 15 to 25 °C and aged for 2 hours. The product was collected by suction filtration. The filter cake was washed with a solution of 10% MEK in n-heptane (5vol) at 15 to 25°C. The filter cake was dried under reduced pressure at up to 40 °C under vacuum with nitrogen flow to afford 95g of 6. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, de-DMSO) 8.07 (1H, d, ⁴J = 2.2 Hz, ArH), 7.86 (1H, d, J = 8.7 Hz, meta-ArH), 7.29 (1H, d, J = 8.8 Hz, ortho-AiK),

4.04 (2H, d, J = 6.9 Hz, OCH₂CH), 3.21 (3H, s, CH₃), 1.31-1.24 (1H, m, OCH), 0.62- 0.58 (2H, m, 2 x CHCHaHb), 0.40-0.37 (2H, m, 2 x CHC¾Hb); MS (ES⁺) calc. 305/307; found 305/307; MP: (DSC) 93 °C.

[0233] The following modifications of the above reaction, synthesis of 6 from 5, may be employed as well. Solvent: Different solvents could be used, for example acetone, methyl isobutyl ketone, ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, acetonitrile, or 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran. Reaction volume: Reaction volumes of 3 to 30 volumes with respect to 3 could be used. Base: Different inorganic bases, such as cesium carbonate or phosphate bases (sodium, potassium, or cesium) could be used. Also, organic bases, such as trimethylamine or diisopropyldiimide could be used. Base particle size: Different particle sizes of potassium carbonate from 325 mesh could be used. Reaction temperature: A lower temperature, such

as 50 °C could be used. A higher temperature, such as about 100 °C could be used. Any temperature above the boiling point of the solvent could be run in a pressure vessel.

Isolation: Different solvent ratios of MEK to n-heptane could be used. Different amounts of residual water can be left. Different amounts of seeds, from 0 to 50% could be used.

Seeding could take place later in the process and/or at a lower temperature. An un-seeded crystallization can be employed. A different isolation temperature, from 0 °C to 50 °C could be used. A different wash could be used, for example a different ratio of MEK to n-heptane. A different antisolvent from n-heptane could be used, such as hexane, pentane, or methyl tert-butyl ether. Alternatively, the batch could be solvent exchanged into a solvent where Compound 3 has a solubility of less than 100 mg/ml and isolated from this system. Drying: A temperature range of 10 to 60 °C could be used for drying.

[0234] Compound 10, shown below may also be formed as a result of O-alkylation of unreacted 4 present in product 5, or alternatively from or via a palladium mediated proteodesbromination or proteodesborylation in subsequent chemistry discussed in Example 1.3 below.

[0235] Preparation of methylsulfonylphenyl(cyclopropylmethyl) ether 10: Compound 4 (0.86 g, 5.0 mmol) and K2CO3 (1.04 g, 7.5 mmol) were slurried in acetone (17 mL, 20 vols). Cyclopropylmethyl bromide (0.73 mL, 7.5 mmol) was added in several small portions over ~1 minute and the reaction mixture heated to 50 °C for 48 hours, then cooled to 25 °C. Water (5.0 mL) was added with stirring and the acetone was evaporated on a rotary evaporator from which a fine white solid formed which was filtered off and returned to a vessel as a damp paste. A 1 : 1 mixture of MeOH/ water (8 mL) was added and heated to 40 °C with stirring. After 1 hour, the white solid was filtered off. Some residual solid was washed out with fresh water that was also rinsed through the cake, which was then isolated and left to air dry over the two days to give a dense white solid 10 (1.00 g, 88%). ¾ NMR (500 MHz, CDCb) 7.85

(2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz, RO-Ar ortho-H), 7.00 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz, RO-Ar meta- H), 3.87 (2H, d, J = 7.0 Hz, OCH₂CH), 3.02 (3H, s, CHs), 1.34-1.23 (1H, m, OCH₂CH), 0.72-0.60 (2H, m, 2 x CHCH_flHb), 0.42-0.31 (2H, m, 2 x CHCH^.

1.3: Synthesis and Isolation Coupling Partner Boronic Ester 2

[0236] The final bond forming step to Compound 1 is a Suzuki-Miyaura coupling between Compounds 2 and 3, as shown in Scheme 3 below (Norio, M. and Suzuki, A., Chem. Rev., 95(7), 2457-2483 (1995)). Early studies demonstrated that the boronic ester of the isoquinolinone Compound 3-a had poor physical attributes and solid phase stability (Kaila, N. et al., J. Med Chem., 57: 1299-1322 (2014)). The pinacolatoboronate of the O-alkyl phenol, Compound 7, had acceptable solid phase stability and could be isolated via crystallization.

Scheme 3: Suzuki-Miyaura coupling between 2 and 3

[0237] Process robustness studies for the isolation of Compound 7, however, indicated that Compound 7 has poor solution stability, decomposing primarily to the proteodeborylated compound 10, as shown in Scheme 4 below. This was particularly problematic as the isolation process involved a solvent exchange from 2-MeTHF (2-methyl tetrahydrofuran) to iPrOAc (isopropyl acetate), which is not a fast unit operation on scale.

Scheme 4: Modification of 7

[0238] A search for a more stable boronic ester was undertaken. Early attempts targeted making N-methyliminodiacetic acid (MID A) boronate Compound 2-a (E. Gilis and M. Burke,“Multi step Synthesis of Complex Boronic Acids from Simple MIDA Boronates,” J Am. Chem. Soc., 750(43): 14084-14085 (2008)), however, all attempts resulted in product decomposition. Applicant then turned to a relatively obscure boronate formed by the addition of diethanolamine to Compound 7 (Bonin et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 52: 1132-1135 (2011)). Addition of diethanolamine to a solution of Compound 7 led to rapid ester formation and concomitant crystallization of Compound 2.

[0239] The discovery of boronic ester Compound 2 allowed for a simple, fast, high-yielding, high-purity process comprising the following procedure. Tetrahydrofuran (THF, 1500mL) was charged to a flask containing Compound 6 (100g, 328 mmol), bis(pinacolato)diboron (90.7g, 357 mmol) and cesium acetate (CsOAc, 158g, 822 mmol). The system was vacuum purged three times with nitrogen. Pd(PPh3)2Cl2 (13.8g, 20 mmol) was charged to the reaction and the system was vacuum purged three times with nitrogen. The reaction was then heated to 55 to 65°C.

[0240] The batch was stirred for approximately 8 hours until reaction was complete by HPLC analysis. The batch was cooled to 15 to 25 °C (target 20 °C ) and charged with silica gel (20g) and Ecosorb C-941 (20g). After lh, the mixture was filtered to remove solid. The residual solids were washed twice, each with THF (300mL). The filtrate and washes were combined. In a separate vessel, diethanolamine (34.5mL, 360 mmol) was dissolved in THF (250 mL). The diethanolamine solution in THF (25mL) was then charged to the batch. After 10 minutes, the batch was seeded with 2 (1 g) and aged for 1 to 2 hours. The remaining of the diethanolamine solution in THF was charged to the batch over at least 2 hours and the slurry was stirred for at least 2 hours. The product 2 was collected by suction filtration. The wet cake was washed thrice with THF (200mL). The material was dried under vacuum at 40 °C with nitrogen purge yielding 94.6g of 2.

[0241] The reaction to synthesize Compound 2 from Compound 6 described above may be modified as follows. Solvent: Different solvents from THF could be used, such as 1,4 dioxane or 2-methyltetrahydrofuran. Reaction volume: The reaction volume can be varied from 4 to 50 volumes with respect to compound 2. Catalyst and base: Different palladium catalyst and bases can be used for the borylation. Examples can be found in Chow et al., RSC Adv., 3 : 12518-12539 (2013). Borylation reaction temperature: Reaction temperatures from room temperature (20 °C) to solvent reflux can be used. Carbon/ Silica treatment:

The treatment can be performed without silica gel. The process can be performed without a carbon treatment. Different carbon sources from Ecosorb C-941 can be used. Different amounts of silica, from 0.01X to IX weight equivalents, can be used. Different amounts of Ecosorb C-941, from 0.01X to IX weight equivalents, can be used. Crystallization: A different addition rate of diethanolamine can be used. Different amounts of diethanolamine, from 1.0 to 3.0 molar equivalents can be used. A different cake wash with more or less THF can be used. Different amount of seeds from 0.0001X wt to 50X wt can be used.

Alternatively, the process can be unseeded. Drying: A temperature range of 10 °C to 60 °C could be used for drying.

[0242] The subsequent Suzuki-Miyaura coupling between Compounds 2 and 3 also proceeded well, providing over 20 kg of crude compound 1 with an average molar yield of 80% and LCAP of 99.7%.

1.4: Synthesis of Coupling Partner 3

[0243] Cross-coupling partner 3 was prepared by two different processes corresponding to Schemes 8 and 9 shown below.

Scheme 8: Process A for preparation of 3

[0244] According to Process A, Compound 9 (100g, 628 mmol) was dissolved in acetonitrile (450 mL) at room temperature. In a separate vessel, N-bromosuccinimide (NBS, 112g, 628 mmol) was suspended in acetonitrile (1 L). Compound 9 in acetonitrile was charged to the NBS slurry over at least 45 minutes. The contents of the reaction vessel were warmed to 45 °C to 55 °C and the batch stirred until the reaction was complete by HPLC analysis. The batch was cooled to 35 °C to 45 °C and ensured dissolution. Norit SX plus carbon (lOg) was charged to the mixture and the reaction mixture adjusted to 55 °C to 60 °C. The mixture was stirred at 55 °C to 60 °C for about lh and the mixture filtered at 55 °C to 60 °C to remove solids. The solids were washed with acetonitrile (500mL) at 55 °C to 60 °C. The volume of the combined filtrate was reduced to 900 mL by distilling off acetonitrile under reduced pressure. The batch with Compound 3 (lg) and stirred at 35 °C to 45 °C for at least 60 minutes. The contents of the reaction vessel were cooled to 15 °C to 25 °C over at least 1 hour. Water (2000 mL) was charged to the reaction vessel over at least 90 minutes and the slurry aged for at least 60 minutes. The product was collected by suction filtration. The cake was washed with a premixed 5% solution of acetonitrile in water (300mL). The wet cake was dried under vacuum at 40 °C with nitrogen purge. Yield: 120g of 3.

[0245] The above procedure, Process A for this synthesis of 3, may be practiced with alternative reagents and conditions as follows. Solvents: Alternative solvents could be used. Examples include chlorinated solvents, such as methylene chloride, chloroform or 1,2 dichloroethane, and non-chlorinated solvents such as tetrahydrofuran, or 2-methyltetrahydrofuran. Reaction concentration: The reaction concentration can be varied from 2X vol to 40 X vol (with respect to Compound 9). Brominating agents: Additional brominating reagents include bromine and l,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin. Bromination reagent Stoichiometry: Different amounts of the brominating reagent can be used, from 0.8 equiv to 2 equiv. Crystallization: Different amounts of water, including 5 volumes to 50 volumes can be used. The crystallization can also proceed without the addition of seeds. Different water addition times and final hold times can be used. Different wash procedures can be used. Drying: A temperature range of 10 °C to 60 °C could be used for drying.

Scheme 9: Process B for preparation of 3

[0246] According to Process B, Compound 3 can be formed starting from 8 via non-isolated compound 9 as follows. Compound 8 (80 g, 55 mmol), cesium carbonate (CS2CO3, 215 g, 66 mmol), and acetonitrile (800 mL) were charged to the reactor. The temperature was adjusted from 15 to 25 °C and iodomethane charged to the reactor (Mel, 86 g, 0.61 mol) while maintaining a batch temperature below 25 °C. The batch was heated to 40 °C and agitated for 10 hours to form Compound 9. The batch was cooled to 25 °C, filtered into a fresh reactor to remove solids, and the solids washed twice with acetonitrile. The combined organic layers were concentrated via atmospheric distillation to about 320 mL.

[0247] In a separate reactor N-bromosuccinimide (NBS, 98.1 g, 0.55 mol) was charged to acetonitrile (800 mL) and agitated. The batch containing Compound 9 was transferred to the NBS solution while maintaining a batch temperature of 15 to 25 °C. The batch was heated to 45 to 55 °C and agitated for at least 4 hours to allow for reaction completion to Compound 3. Upon reaction completion, Norit SX Plus activated carbon (8 g) was charged, and agitated at 45 to 55 °C for one hour. The batch was filtered into a fresh vessel, the Norit SX plus cake was washed with 400 ml of 45 to 55 °C acetonitrile. The acetonitrile layers were combined, cooled to 35 to 45 °C, and distilled under reduced pressure to 720 mL. The batch was adjusted to a temperature of 40 °C, charged with Compound 3 seeds (0.8 g), agitated for one hour, cooled to 15 to 25 °C over at least on hour, then charged with water (1600 mL) over at least two hours. The mixture was agitated for an additional one to two hours, filtered, the cake washed with a premixed 5% solution of acetonitrile in water (240 mL). The wet cake was dried under vacuum at 40°C with nitrogen purge. Yield: 52 g of 3.

[0248] Process B to synthesize Compound 3, described above, may be modified as follows. Solvents: Alternative solvents could be used. Examples include chlorinated solvents, such as methylene chloride, chloroform or 1,2 dichloroethane, and non-chlorinated solvents such as tetrahydrofuran, or 2-methyltetrahydrofuran. Reaction concentration: The reaction concentration can be varied from 2X vol to 40 X vol (with respect to Compound 8).

Alkylating reagent: Alternative methylating reagents to methyl iodide can be used such as dimethylsulfate. Alkylating reagent stoichiometry: 1 to 10 molar equivalents of methyl iodide may be used. Base: Different inorganic bases, such as potassium carbonate or phosphate bases (sodium, potassium, or cesium) could be used. Brominating agents:

Additional brominating reagents include bromine and l,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin. Bromination reagent stoichiometry: Different amounts of the brominating reagent can be used, from 0.8 equiv to 2 equiv. Crystallization: Different amounts of water, including 5 volumes to 50 volumes can be used. Seeding levels from 0.0001% to 50% can be used. The crystallization can also proceed without the addition of seeds. Different water addition times and final hold times can be used. Different wash procedures can be used. Drying: A temperature range of 10 to 60 °C could be used for drying.

1.5: Cross-coupling of 2 and 3 to Produce Target Compound 1

[0249] 1 is synthesized by Suzuki cross-coupling of 3 and 2 according to Scheme 10 and as described below.

Scheme 10: Synthesis of 1

[0250] Acetonitrile (1.6L) was charged to a mixture of Compound 2 (156.7g, 460 mmol), Compovmd 3 (lOOg, 420 mmol) and potassium phosphate tribasic (223 g, l.OSmol). Agitation was begun and water (400mL) charged to the batch. The system was vacuum purged three times with nitrogen and charged with Pd(PPh3)2Cl2 (2.9g, 4 mmol) and the system vacuum

purged three times with nitrogen. The batch was heated to 65 to 75°C and contents stirred for at least 16 hours until reaction was complete by HPLC analysis. The batch was cooled to 60 to 70°C, agitation halted and the mixture allowed to settle. The bottom aqueous layer was removed. Water (150mL) and acetonitrile (700mL) were charged at 60 to 70°C. Ecosorb C-941 (15g) and Celite (lOg) were charged to the reaction vessel at 60 to 70°C. After lh, the mixture was filtered to remove solids. The solids were washed twice each with 18% water in acetonitrile (500 mL) at 60 to 70°C. The filtrates were combined and concentrated under atmospheric pressure to a final volume of 1.5L. The batch was cooled to 60 to 65°C and seeded with Compound 1 (1 g). After lh, water (500 mL) was charged over at least 1 hour at 60 to 65°C. The slurry was cooled to 15 to 25°C over 4 hours. The product was collected by suction filtration. The wet cake was washed with 45% water in acetonitrile (500mL) twice. The product was dried under vacuum at 40°C with nitrogen purge. Yield: 139g of 1.

[0251] The above procedure for coupling Compound 3 and Compound 2 to produce

Compound 1 may be modified in any of the ways that follow. Reaction solvents: Different reaction solvents from acetonitrile can be used, including tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran, toluene, and isopropanol. Boronic ester: Different boronic esters from Compound 2 can be used, including pinacolato ester compound 7, and the free boronic acid of Compound 2. Examples of boronic esters can be found in Lennox, Alister, J.J., Lloyd-Jones, Guy C. Chem. Soc. Rev., 2014, 43, 412. Carbon treatment: Different carbon treatments from Ecosorb C-941 could be used. Different amounts of carbon, from 0.01 to 0.5X weight can be used. The carbon can be eliminated. Different amounts of Celite, from 0.01 to 0.5X weight can be used. Crystallization: Different amounts of water, including 5 volumes to 50 volumes can be used. The crystallization can also proceed without the addition of seeds. Different water addition times and final hold times can be used. Different wash procedures can be used. Drying: A temperature range of 10 to 60 °C could be used for drying. Catalysts: Different metal and ligand combination could be used. Examples of metal/ligand combinations can be found in Maluenda, Irene; Navarro, Oscar, Molecules, 2015, 20, 7528. Various catalysts can be including: XPhos-3G (cas# 1445085-55-1);

cataCXium® A Pd 3G (CAS# 1651823-59-4); PdCk(DtBPF) (CAS# 95408-45-0); SPhos 3G (Cas# 1445085-82-4); AmPhos 3G (Cas# 1820817-64-8); PCy₃ 3G (Cas# 1445086-12-3); Pd PEPPSI IPent Cas#l 158652-41-5); Pd(PPh₃)2Cl2 (Cas# 13965-03-2). Examples of

catalyst systems that have been demonstrated to afford Compound 1 are listed below in Table 4 using boronic esters 2 or 7 in coupling to 3.

Table 4: Catalyst screen summary

1.6: Crystallization of 1

[0252] The final isolation of Compound 1 requires a polish filtration. For this, the batch must be completely soluble. Unfortunately, Compound 1 has low solubility in almost all

International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) Class 3 and common Class 2 (e.g. THF, MeCN) solvents (ICH

Harmonized Guideline“Impurities: Guideline for Residual Solvents Q3C(R6)” October 20, 2016). A reasonable solubility was obtained in a warm MeCN-water mix, but this is not an optimal system (requires a heated filtration, MeCN has a residual solvent limit of only 410 ppm). Additional solvents with reasonable solubility (>50 mg/ml) include N-methyl-2- pyrrolidone (NMP) and dimethylacetamide (DMAc); but the development of isolations from these solvents required large volumes and raised residual solvent limit concerns (530 ppm or less for NMT and 1090 ppm or less for DMAc).

catalyst systems that have been demonstrated to afford Compound 1 are listed below in Table 4 using boronic esters 2 or 7 in coupling to 3.

Table 4: Catalyst screen summary

1.6: Crystallization of 1

[0252] The final isolation of Compoxmd 1 requires a polish filtration. For this, the batch must be completely soluble. Unfortunately, Compound 1 has low solubility in almost all

International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) Class 3 and common Class 2 (e.g. THF, MeCN) solvents (ICH

[0253] Formic acid is one ICH Class 3 solvent in which Compound 1 is highly soluble, having a solubility greater than 250 mg/ml at 20 °C. The solubility curve of Compound 1 in formic acid-Water is quite steep (see Figure 7), which enables a volumetrically efficient process.

[0254] Initial attempts to recrystallize crude Compound 1 involved dissolving in formic acid, polish filtering, and charging polish filtered water to about 20% supersaturation, followed by seeding with the thermodynamically most stable form (Form 1), followed by slow addition of water to the final solvent ratio, filtration, washing, and drying. Applicant observed that during the initial water charge, if the batch self-seeded it formed a thick slurry. X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and photomicroscopy demonstrated that a metastable form was produced. Once seeded with Form 1, the batch converted to the desired form (Form 1) prior to the addition of the remaining water. This process worked well during multiple lab runs, consistently delivering the desired form and purity with about 85% yield.

[0255] Unfortunately, upon scale-up, the batch did not convert to Form 1 after seeding. Additional water was charged and the batch began to convert to the desired form (mix of Form 1 and the metastable form by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD)). When additional water was charged, the XRPD indicated only the metastable form. After a few hours with no change, Applicant continued the water charge to the final solvent ratio, during which time the batch eventually converted to Form 1. This process is summarized in Figure 8.

[0256] It was subsequently found by closer analysis of the plant and laboratory retains that a new metastable form was formed during scale up, with a similar, but different XRPD pattern. This form (metastable B) could be reproduced in the laboratory, but only when the batch has a high formic acid:water ratio and is seeded with Form 1. Without Form 1 seeds, metastable A is the kinetic form. Both metastable forms converted to Form 1 with additional water and/or upon drying, leading Applicant to believe that the metastable forms are formic acid solvates. These findings are summarized in Figure 9.

[0257] While there is little risk in not being able to control the final form, there is a risk of forming a difficult-to-stir slurry which can lead to processing issues. The crystallization procedure was therefore modified to keep a constant formic acid-water ratio. This was performed by charging 2.4X wt. formic acid and 1.75X wt. water (final solvent composition)

to the crystallizer with 0.03X wt. Form 1 seeds, and performing a simultaneous addition of Compound 1 in 6. IX wt. formic acid and 4.4X wt. water. The batch filtered easily and was washed with formic acid/water, then water, and dried under reduced pressure to yield 8.9 kg of Compound 1 (92% yield) with 99.85% LCAP and N.D. formic acid.

Example 2: Exemplary high throughput experimentation reaction

[0258] The following procedure is an exemplary high throughput experimentation reaction.

[0259] An overview of the reaction is shown below in Scheme 5:

Scheme 5: Reaction conditions tested for cross-coupling reaction of 2 and 3

[0260] Pd catalysts were dosed into the 24-well reactor vial as solutions (100 pL of 0.01 M solution in tetrahydrofuran (THF) or dichloroethane (DCE) depending upon the solubility of the ligand). Plates of these ligands are typically dosed in advance of the reaction, the solvent is removed by evacuation in an evaporative centrifuge and plates are stored in the glovebox. The catalysts screened in the coupling are the following: XPhos, SPhos, CataCXium A, APhos, P(Cy)3, PEPPSI-IPent. For the first five ligands, these were initially screened as the Buchwald Pd G2/G3 precatalysts.

[0261] To the plates was then added a stock solution of Compound 3 (10 pmol) and Compound 2 (12 pmol) dissolved in the following solvents: dimethylformamide (DMF),

tetrahydrofuran (THF), butanol (/r-BuOH), and toluene. The base was then added as a stock solution (30 mmol) in 20 mL of water.

[0262] A heatmap summarizing catalyst performance is shown in Figs. 10A and 10B. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) yields for this screening span from <5% up to -85%. Larger circles indicate higher yield. Lighter circles indicate higher cleanliness.

[0263] A similarly designed screening of base and solvent also indicate that a range of alcoholic solvents (methanol, ethanol, propanol, 2-butanol, 2-propanol, and /-amyl alcohol) are also all viable in this coupling chemistry. Bases such as potassium phosphate, potassium carbonate, potassium acetate, and potassium hydroxide were all successful in achieving the coupling. Fig. 10B shows a heatmap with HPLC yields ranging from -50 – 95%. Larger, darker circles indicate higher yield.

[0264] This chemistry from microvial screening has been scaled to a laboratory process. To a 3 -necked jacketed 250 mL flask equipped with overhead stirring, nitrogen inlet, and thermocouple was added Compound 3 (1.0 eq, 4.00 grams), Compound 2 (1.2 eq, 1.71 x wt), potassium carbonate (3.0 eq, 1.74 x wt). The reactor was inerted three times and then degassed 2-propanol (24 x vol.) followed by degassed water (6 x vol) was then added.

Stirring was then initiated at 300 rpms. The reactor was then stirred and blanketed with nitrogen for 1 hour. The catalyst was then added (0.01 eq, 0.028 x wt) and stirring continued (300 rpms) and the reactor was heated into the Tj = 65 °C.

[0265] After 2 hours, with full conversion confirmed analytically, trioctylphosphine (0.1 eq, 0.16 x wt) dosed, and reaction mixture allowed to cool slowly to room temperature hours.

The reaction mixture was then filtered, washed with 2-propanol (4 x vol), 2-propanol: water (4: 1, 4 x vol), and then with water (4 x vol). Note: If 2 is dimer present in cake, an additional ethyl acetate (EtOAc) wash (4 x vol) can be added for purging. The cake was then transferred to a vacuum oven to dry overnight at 40 °C, -40 cm Hg, under nitrogen flow. After transfer to a bottle, 6.03 grams of 1 were isolated, 98.6% assay, 91% overall yield.

Scheme 6: Alternative reagents and solvents for cross-coupling

[0266] Based on the previously delineated results, it was expected that a variety of monodentate (PPI13 [triphenylphosphine], PBu3 [tributylphosphine], etc) and bidentate phosphines (dppf [1,1 ‘-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene], BINAP [2,2 -bis(diphenylphosphino)- 1 , 1 -binaphthyl], Xantphos [4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-9,9-dimethylxanthene], dppe [l,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane], etc) ligated to any number of Pd sources (Pd halides, Pd(H) precatalyts, Pd(0) sources) could reasonably be employed to arrive at the Compound 1 crude material. A range of organic solvents ranging from non-polar (heptane, benzene), protic (alcohols), polar aprotic (dimethylsulfoxide, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, acetonitrile) as well as a variety of esters and ketones (acetone, 2-butanone, ethylacetate) should also serve as effective solvents for this reactivity. Finally, inorganic bases of varying strength (phosphates, carbonates, acetates, etc) along with organic variants such as triethylamine, l,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undec-7-ene, and others in a wide pKa range are viable as stoichiometric basic additives.

Example 3: Exemplary Compound 5 process

[0267] The purpose of this example was to describe an exemplary process for making Compound 5.

[0268] Charge 4 (lOg, 58mmol) and acetonitrile (lOOmL) to a reaction vessel and start the stirrer. Adjust the batch to -18 °C to -22 °C (target -20 °C). Charge triflic acid (5.5mL, 62mmol) to the batch maintaining -10 °C to -25 °C (target -20 °C). Stir the batch at -10 °C to -25 °C (target -20 °C) for 10 to 20 minutes. Charge NBS (11.38g, 64mmol) to the batch at -10 °C to -25 °C (target -20 °C) and stir for ca. 30 min at -10 °C to -25 °C (target -20 °C). Warm the batch to 20 °C over 3-4 hours (reaction will occur when internal temp is between 5 °C and 15 °C). Stir the batch at 15 °C to 25 °C (target 20 °C) for approximately 1 hour and sample for reaction completion.

[0269] If Compound 4 relative to Compound 5 is more than 5%:

[0270] Cool the bath to -5 °C to -15 °C (target -10 °C) (cooling below 0 °C to ensure selectivity). Charge NBS to the batch according to the follow formula: Mass of NBS = (% Compound 4 x lOg). Warm the batch to 20 °C over 1-2 hours. Stir the batch at 15 °C to 25 °C (target 20 °C) for approximately 1 hour and check reaction for completion. Proceed to next line.

[0271] If Compound 4 relative to Compound 5 is less than 5%:

[0272] Warm the batch to 40 °C to 50 °C (target 48 °C). Concentrate the batch under reduced pressure to a final volume of ~40mL. Cool the batch to -15 °C to -5 °C (target -10 °C) and stir for ca. lh. Filter the batch by suction filtration. Slurry wash the filter cake with purified water (3 x 20mL) at 15 °C to 25 °C (target 20 °C) for 10 to 15 minutes each wash. Remove a sample of the filter cake for analysis by ¾ NMR. Continue washing cake until the residual succimide is below 1.0%mol% relative to 5. Dry the filter cake at up to 60°C under vacuum and nitrogen purge. Analyse the 5 by HPLC analysis (97%w/w to 99%w/w). Expected yield: 60-85% theory (90-110% w/w).

Example 4: Purification of Compound 1 (CC-90010) by crystallization from formic acid and water.

[0273] This example describes a method for the purification of Compound 1 by

crystallization from formic acid and water. Also detailed are methods for obtaining three different polymorphs of Compound 1, including the most stable form, Form 1.

[0274] Figure 11 shows ^XH NMR of Compound 1 (CC-90010). Solvent: d6DMSO; and Figure 12 shows microscopy of Compound 1 (CC-90010) Form I. Figure 13 shows XRPD of Compound 1 (CC-90010) Form I, with peak information detailed in Table 6:

PATENT

US 20190008852

WO 2018081475

US 20180042914

WO 2016172618

WO 2015058160

/////////CC-90010, solid tumors , non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, PHASE 1, CANCER, QUANTICEL

CS(=O)(=O)c4cc(C1=CN(C)C(=O)c2ccccc12)c(OCC3CC3)cc4

IIIM-290

January 29, 2020 9:21 am / 1 Comment on IIIM-290

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IIIM-290

4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one, 2-[2-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)ethenyl]-5,7-dihydroxy-8-[(3S,4R)-3-hydroxy-1-methyl-4-piperidinyl]-

Molecular Weight	462.32
Formula	C₂₃H₂₁Cl₂NO₅
CAS No.	2213468-64-3

CSIR-IIIM Jammu has filed an IND Application of “IIIM-290” to Drug Controller General of India for conducting Phase I/Phase II clinical trial of its capsule formulation in patients with locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer. This IND candidate has emerged from the eight years of medicinal chemistry/ preclinical efforts of IIIM Jammu in the area of small molecule kinase inhibitors. IIIM-290 (NCE) is an orally bioavailable CDK inhibitor, obtained via semisynthetic modification of a natural product rohitukine. Institute has already secured a patent on this small molecule as well as on its oral capsule formulation.

IIIM-290 is a potent and oral CDK inhibitor with IC₅₀s of 90 and 94 nM for CDK2/A and CDK9/T1.

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PAPER

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01765

Discovery and Preclinical Development of IIIM-290, an Orally Active Potent Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor

View Author Information

Cite this: J. Med. Chem. 2018, 61, 4, 1664-1687

Abstract

Rohitukine (1), a chromone alkaloid isolated from Indian medicinal plant Dysoxylum binectariferum, has inspired the discovery of flavopiridol and riviciclib, both of which are bioavailable only via intravenous route. With the objective to address the oral bioavailability issue of this scaffold, four series of rohitukine derivatives were prepared and screened for Cdk inhibition and cellular antiproliferative activity. The 2,6-dichloro-styryl derivative IIIM-290 (11d) showed strong inhibition of Cdk-9/T1 (IC₅₀ 1.9 nM) kinase and Molt-4/MIAPaCa-2 cell growth (GI₅₀ < 1.0 μM) and was found to be highly selective for cancer cells over normal fibroblast cells. It inhibited the cell growth of MIAPaCa-2 cells via caspase-dependent apoptosis. It achieved 71% oral bioavailability with in vivo efficacy in pancreatic, colon, and leukemia xenografts at 50 mg/kg, po. It did not have CYP/efflux-pump liability, was not mutagenic/genotoxic or cardiotoxic, and was metabolically stable. The preclinical data presented herein indicates the potential of 11d for advancement in clinical studies.

Patent

IN201811026240

Patent

InventorRam A. Vishwakarma Sandip B. Bharate Shashi Bhushan Dilip M. Mondhe Shreyans K. Jain Samdarshi Meena Santosh K. Guru Anup S. Pathania Suresh Kumar Akanksha Behl Mubashir J. Mintoo Sonali S. Bharate Prashant Joshi Current Assignee Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)

https://patents.google.com/patent/US9932327B2/en

The disruption of any internal and external regulation of cellular growth leads to tumorogenesis by uncontrolled proliferation. This loss of control occurs at multiple levels in most of the cancer cases. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) have been recognized as key regulators of cell cycle progression. Alteration and deregulation of CDK activity have pathogenic link to the cancer. Number of cancers are associated with hyper-activation of CDKs as a result of mutation of the CDK genes or CDK inhibitor genes. Therefore, CDK inhibitors or modulators are of great interest to explore as novel therapeutic agents against cancer (Senderowicz, A. M. Leukemia 2001, 15, 1). Several classes of chemical inhibitors of CDK activity have been described (Zhang, J. et. al. Nat Rev Cancer. 2009, 9, 28) and some of them have reached to clinical pipeline for cancer.

Because CDK inhibitors are ATP competitive ligands; hence earlier they were typically described as purine class of compounds for example dimethylaminopurine, a first substance to be known as a CDK inhibitor (Neant, I. et al. Exp. Cell Res. 1988, 176, 68), olomoucine (Vesely, J. et al. Eur. J. Biochem. 1994, 224, 771) and roscovitine (Meijer, L. et al. Eur. J. Biochem. 1997, 243, 527). The IC₅₀values of these purine class of compounds for CDK1/cyclin B are 120, 7 and 0.2-0.8 μM respectively (Gray, N. et al. Curr. Med. Chem. 1999, 6, 859). Some of the more potent members of this series have been prepared by the Schultz group using combinatorial approaches (Gray, N. S. et al. Science 1998, 281, 533). Number of synthetic flavoalkaloids having potent CDK inhibitory activity has been reviewed recently (Jain, S. K. et al. Mini–Rev. Med. Chem. 2012, 12, 632).

Specific CDKs operate in distinct phases of the cell cycle. CDK complexes with their respective type cyclin partners such as, complex of CDK2 and cyclin A is responsible for the cell’s progression from G1 phase to S phase (Sherr, C. J. Science 1996, 274, 1672). DNA synthesis (S phase) begins with the CDK mediated phosphorylation of Rb (retinoblastoma) protein. Phosphorylated Rb is released from its complex with E2F. The released E2F then promotes the transcription of numerous genes required for the cell to progress through S phase, including thymidylate synthase and dihydrofolate reductase which are required for cell progression (Hatakeyama, M. et. al, Cell Cycle Res. 1995, 1, 9; Zhang, H. S. et. al. Cell 1999, 97, 53). Majority of human cancers have abnormalities in some component of the Rb pathway because of hyper-activation of CDKs resulting from the over-expression of positive cofactors (cyclins/CDKs) or a decrease in negative factors (endogenous CDK inhibitors) or Rb gene mutations (Sausville, E. A. et. al, Pharmacol. Ther. 1999, 82, 285).

The CDK-9 is a member of the Cdc2-like family of kinases. Its cyclin partners are members of the family of cyclin T (T1, T2a and T2b) and cyclin K. The CDK-9/cyclin T complexes appear to be involved in regulating several physiological processes. CDK9/cyclin T1 belongs to the P-TEFb complex, and is responsible for the phosphorylation of carboxyl terminal domain of the RNA Polymerase II, thus promoting general elongation. CDK-9 has also been described as the kinase of the TAK complex, which is homologous to the P-TEFb complex and is involved in HIV replication. CDK9 also appears to be involved in the differentiation program of several cell types, such as muscle cells, monocytes and neurons, suggesting that it may have a function in controlling specific differentiative pathways. In addition, CDK-9 seems to have an anti-apoptotic function in monocytes, that may be related to its control over differentiation of monocytes. This suggests the involvement of CDK-9 in several physiological processes in the cell, the deregulation of which may be related to the genesis of transforming events that may in turn lead to the onset of cancer. In addition, since the complex CDK-9/cyclin T1 is able to bind to the HIV-1 product Tat, the study of the functions of CDK-9/cyclin T may be of interest in understanding the basal mechanisms that regulate HIV replication (Falco, G. D. and Giordano A. Cancer Biol. Therapy 2002, 1, 337).

Rohitukine belongs to a class of chromone alkaloids and it was isolated by chemists at Hoechst India Ltd. in the early 1990’s from Dysoxylum binectariferum Hook. which is phylogenetically related to the Ayurvedic plant, D. malabaricum Bedd., used for rheumatoid arthritis. Rohitukine was isolated as the constituent responsible for anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity (Naik, R. G. et. al. Tetrahedron 1988, 44, 2081; U.S. Pat. No. 4,900,727, 1990). Medicinal chemistry efforts around this nature-derived flavone alkaloid led to discovery of two promising clinical candidates for treatment of cancer viz. flavopiridol of Sanofi-Aventis and P-276-00 of Piramal life sciences. Recently FDA has granted the orphan drug status to flavopiridol for treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).

The molecular formula of rohitukine is C₁₆H₁₉NO₅and the structure has a molecular weight of 305.32 g/mol. The chemical structure of rohitukine (1) is shown below. The present invention reports new semi-synthetic analogs of rohitukine as promising inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases such as CDK-2 and CDK-9.

Synthesis of styryl analog 2-(2,6-dichlorostyryl)-5,7-dihydroxy-8-(3-hydroxy-1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-4H-chromen-4-one (33)

This compound was synthesized using the procedure as described in example 4. Yellow solid; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz): δ 7.68 (m, 2H), 7.61 (d, J=16 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (t, J=8 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (d, J=16 Hz, 1H), 6.41 (s, 1H), 5.85 (s, 1H), 4.53 (brs, 1H), 3.10-2.50 (m, 6H of piperidine), 2.65 (s, 3H), 1.62 (m, 1H); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆, 125 MHz): δ 179.68. 171.27, 159.20, 158.02, 154.03, 133.12, 131.49, 129.75, 128.35 (2C), 128.20, 127.90, 108.81, 106.79, 100.88, 100.52, 66.35, 59.82, 54.45, 43.15, 35.79, 22.01, 20.33, ESI-MS: m/z 462.01 [M+H]⁺; IR (CHCl₃): ν_max3400, 2921, 1652, 1577, 1550, 1417, 1380, 1191, 1085 cm⁻¹.

///////////IIIM-290, nda, india, phase 1, dcgi, CSIR, ROHITUKINE

[1]. Bharate SB, et al. Discovery and Preclinical Development of IIIM-290, an Orally Active Potent Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor. J Med Chem. 2018 Feb 22;61(4):1664-1687.

OC1=C2C(OC(/C=C/C3=C(Cl)C=CC=C3Cl)=CC2=O)=C([C@]4([H])[C@H](O)CN(C)CC4)C(O)=C1

J-147

September 6, 2019 6:51 am / Leave a comment

ChemSpider 2D Image | N-(2,4-Dimethylphenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoro-N'-[(E)-(3-methoxyphenyl)methylene]acetohydrazide | C18H17F3N2O2

J-147

N-(2,4-Dimethylphenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoro-N’-[(E)-(3-methoxyphenyl)methylene]acetohydrazide

Molecular FormulaC₁₈H₁₇F₃N₂O₂
Average mass350.335 Da

2,2,2-trifluoroacetic acid-1-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-2-[(3-methoxyphenyl)methylene]hydrazide

Acetic acid, 2,2,2-trifluoro-, 1-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-2-[(1E)-(3-methoxyphenyl)methylene]hydrazide

N-(2,4-Dimethylphenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoro-N’-[(E)-(3-methoxyphenyl)methylene]acetohydrazide

[1146963-51-0]

1-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-2-[(3-methoxyphenyl)methylene]hydrazide, 2,2,2-trifluoro-acetic acid

1146963-51-0 [RN] DOUBLE BOND GEOMETRY UNSPECIFIED

1807913-16-1 [RN] AS PER https://chem.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/sid/1807913161 E FORM

FDA UNII Z41H3C5BT9

Abrexa Pharmaceuticals, Dementia, Alzheimer’s type, PHASE1
Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosci Inst (Originator)
Salk Institute for Biological Studies (Originator)

Abrexa Pharmaceuticals is developing the oral curcumin derivative J-147 for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. A phase I clinical trial is under way in healthy young and older adults.

The Salk Institute for Biological Studies and Abrexa Pharmaceuticals are developing J-147, a curcumin derivative CNB-001 , and a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, for the oral treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), aging and acute ischemic stroke; in January 2019, a phase I trial for AD was initiated.

J147 is an experimental drug with reported effects against both Alzheimer’s disease and ageing in mouse models of accelerated aging.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

The approach that lead to development of the J147 drug was to screen candidate molecules for anti-aging effects, instead of targeting the amyloid plaques. It is contrary to most other approaches to developing drugs against Alzheimer’s disease that target the plaque deposits in the brain.^[5]

The J147 drug is also reported to address other biological aging factors, such as preventing the leakage of blood from microvessels in mice brains.^[5] The development of J147 follows the chemical pharmacological way, contrary to biological ways that exploit e.g. use of bacteriophages.^[6]^[7]

Enhanced neurogenic activity over J147 in human neural precursor cells has its derivative called CAD-31. CAD-31 is enhancing the use of free fatty acids for energy production by shifting of the metabolic profile of fatty acids toward the production of ketone bodies, a potent source of energy in the brain when glucose levels are low.^[8]

The target molecule is a protein called ATP synthase, which is found in the mitochondria.^[9]

Image result for J-147

PAPER

Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry (2015), 13(37), 9564-9569

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2015/OB/C5OB01463H#!divAbstract

A series of novel J147 derivatives were synthesized, and their inhibitory activities against β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation and toxicity were evaluated by using the oligomer-specific antibody assay, the thioflavin-T fluorescence assay, and a cell viability assay in the transformed SH-SY5Y cell culture. Among the synthesized J147 derivatives, 3j with a 2,2-dicyanovinyl substituent showed the most potent inhibitory activity against Aβ₄₂oligomerization (IC₅₀ = 17.3 μM) and Aβ₄₂ fibrillization (IC₅₀ = 10.5 μM), and disassembled the preformed Aβ₄₂ fibrils with an EC₅₀ of 10.2 μM. Finally, we confirmed that 3j is also effective at preventing neurotoxicity induced by Aβ₄₂-oligomers as well as Aβ₄₂-fibrils.

Graphical abstract: Dicyanovinyl-substituted J147 analogue inhibits oligomerization and fibrillation of β-amyloid peptides and protects neuronal cells from β-amyloid-induced cytotoxicity

http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/c5/ob/c5ob01463h/c5ob01463h1.pdf

Synthesis of (E)-N-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoro-N’-(3-methoxybenzylidene)- 32 acetohydrazide (3a). To a solution of 3-methoxybenzaldehyde (1a) (0.10 g, 0.7 mmol) in EtOH (10 33 mL) was added (2,4-dimethylphenyl)hydrazine hydrochloride (0.13 g, 0.7 mmol), and the resulting 34 mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature (RT). After the reaction, the mixture was concentrated 35 under reduced pressure to yield the corresponding benzylidenehydrazine, which was used for the next 36 step without further purification. The intermediate benzylidenehydrazine was dissolved in CH2Cl2, 37 and the resulting solution was treated with Et3N (0.3 mL, 2.2 mmol). Trifluoroacetic anhydride (0.1 38 mL, 1.1 mmol) was added to this solution in drops at 0 °C. After stirring for 1 h, the mixture was 39 concentrated under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified by column chromatography on 40 silica gel (8:1 = hexanes:ether) to yield 3a (0.12 g, 0.3 mmol, 47% yield) as a yellow solid:

1H NMR 41 (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.29-7.24 (m, 4H), 7.20 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.04 (d, J 42 = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 6.94 (ddd, J = 8.1, 2.2,0.8 Hz, 1H), 3.81 (s, 1H), 2.41 (s, 3H), 2.08 (s, 3H);

13C NMR 43 (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 160.7, 158.9 (q, J = 36.4 Hz), 155.0, 143.4, 143.1, 142.3, 137.7, 134.4, 130.9, 44 130.8, 130.6, 129.9, 123.5, 123.0, 118.4 (q, J = 287.3 Hz), 113.8, 57.4, 23.5, 19.1;

LC-MS (ESI) m/z found 373.2 [M + Na]+ , calcd for C18H17F3N2O2Na 373.1.

PAPER

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960894X12014746

Figure 1. Chemical structures of previously developed [¹¹C]PIB, [¹⁸F]Amyvid and [¹⁸F]-T808, and newly developed [¹¹C]J147.

Scheme 1. Synthesis of the reference standard J147 (2).

PRODUCT PATENT

WO2009052116

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2009052116&tab=PCTDESCRIPTION

PATENT

WO-2019164997

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2019164997&tab=PCTDESCRIPTION&_cid=P20-K07KTW-29673-1

A process for preparing crystalline Form II of 2,2,2-trifluoroacetic acid-1-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-2-[(3-methoxyphenyl)methylene]hydrazide (J-147; 98% of purity) comprising the steps of providing a slurry containing saturated amorphous or crystalline Form I of J-147 and mixing the slurry to obtain the crystalline Form II of J147. Also claimed are processes for preparing the crystalline Form I of 2,2,2-trifluoroacetic acid-1-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-2-[(3-methoxyphenyl)methylene]hydrazide. Further claimed are isolation of the crystalline Form II and I of 2,2,2-trifluoroacetic acid-1-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-2-[(3-methoxyphenyl)methylene]hydrazide. The compound is disclosed to be a neurotrophic agent and known to be a Trkb receptor agonist, useful for treating neurodegenerative disease, such as aging and motor neurone disease.

The present disclosure relates to polymorph forms of a pharmaceutical active agent. In particular, the present disclosure relates to polymorph forms of neuroprotective agent 2,2,2-trifluoroacetic acid l-(2,4-Dimethylphenyl)-2-[(3-methoxyphenyl)methylene] hydrazide (J147).

[0002] 2,2,2 -trifluoroacetic acid l-(2,4-Dimethylphenyl)-2-[(3-methoxyphenyl)methylene] hydrazide (J147) is a potent orally active neurotrophic agent discovered during screening for efficacy in cellular models of age-associated pathologies and has a structure given by Formula I:

[0003] J147 is broadly neuroprotective, and exhibited activity in assays indicating distinct neurotoxicity pathways related to aging and neurodegenerative diseases, with EC50 between 10 and 200 nM. It has been indicated to improve memory in normal rodents, and prevent the loss of synaptic proteins and cognitive decline in a transgenic AD mouse model.

Furthermore, it has displayed neuroprotective, neuroanti-inflammatory, and LTP-enhancing activity.

[0004] The neurotrophic and nootropic effects have been associated with increases in BDNF levels and BDNF responsive proteins. Interestingly, despite this mechanism of action, Jl47’s neuroprotective effects have been observed to be independent of TrkB receptor activation.

J147 has been indicated to reduce soluble Ab40 and Ab42 levels, and it is currently being researched for potential applications in treating ALS.

The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum is shown in Figure 4. Based on visual inspection the spectrum is consistent with structure. The Raman spectrum is in agreement with the FTIR spectrum and is shown in Figure 5. The proton NMR data is consistent with the structure of J147 and is shown in Figure 6. The proton NMR data is also shown in tabulated form in Table B below.

Table B

EXAMPLE OF PREPARATION OF FORM II OF J 147

Batch Process: About 100 kg of crude J147 from its synthetic preparation was evaporated twice from about 80 kg of ethanol. The crude product was taken up in about 48 kg of ethanol and the batch temperature was adjusted to 28 °C. About 37 kg of water was added gradually to the batch. The batch was held at about 30 °C for about 1.7 hours. A sample of the batch was pulled from the reactor and solids precipitated by addition of 45 mL of water. The solids obtained were added back to the batch as seed crystals and the mixture stirred for 40 minutes at 30 °C. An additional about 34 kg of water was added. The batch was held at about 18 °C for about 58 hours and then cooled to about 10 °C for another about 5.5 hours. Analysis of the resultant solids indicated the presence of Form I. Form I was converted to Form II by heating the slurry to about 45 °C for about 16 hours and then cooling back to about 10 °C and holding the batch at this temperature for about 3 hours about 17.7 kg of solid Form II of J147 were recovered by filtration after washing and drying.

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https://cen.acs.org/articles/90/i31/Tumeric-Derived-Compound-Curcumin-Treat.html

Turmeric-Derived Compound Curcumin May Treat Alzheimer’s

Curry chemical shows promise for treating the memory-robbing disease

By Lauren K. Wolf

Tumeric roots sit on a pile of powered turmeric, both are an intense, warm yellow.

CURRY WONDER

Curcumin, derived from the rootstalk of the turmeric plant, not only gives Indian dishes their color but might treat Alzheimer’s.

Credit: Shutterstock

More than 5 million people in the U.S. currently live with Alzheimer’s disease. And according to the Alzheimer’s Association, the situation is only going to get worse.

By 2050, the nonprofit estimates, up to 16 million Americans will have the memory-robbing disease. It will cost the U.S. $1.1 trillion annually to care for them unless a successful therapy is found.

Pharmaceutical companies have invested heavily in developing Alzheimer’s drugs, many of which target amyloid-β, a peptide that misfolds and clumps in the brains of patients. But so far, no amyloid-β-targeted medications have been successful. Expectation for the most advanced drugs—bapineuzumab from Pfizer and Johnson & Johnson and solanezumab from Eli Lilly & Co.—are low on the basis of lackluster data from midstage clinical trials. That sentiment was reinforced last week when bapineuzumab was reported to have failed the first of four Phase III studies.

Even if these late-stage hopefuls do somehow work, they won’t come cheap, says Gregory M. Cole, a neuroscientist at the University of California, Los Angeles. These drugs “would cost patients tens of thousands of dollars per year,” he estimates. That hefty price tag stems from bapineuzumab and solanezumab being costly-to-manufacture monoclonal antibodies against amyloid-β.

“There’s a great need for inexpensive Alzheimer’s treatments,” as well as a backup plan if pharma fails, says Larry W. Baum, a professor in the School of Pharmacy at the Chinese University of Hong Kong. As a result, he says, a great many researchers have turned their attention to less pricy alternatives, such as compounds from plants and other natural sources.

Curcumin, a spice compound derived from the rootstalk of the turmeric plant (Curcuma longa), has stood out among some of the more promising naturally derived candidates.

When administered to mice that develop Alzheimer’s symptoms, curcumin decreases inflammation and reactive oxygen species in the rodents’ brains, researchers have found. The compound also inhibits the aggregation of troublesome amyloid-β strands among the animals’ nerve cells. But the development of curcumin as an Alzheimer’s drug has been stymied, scientists say, both by its low uptake in the body and a lack of funds for effective clinical trials—obstacles researchers are now trying to overcome.

In addition to contributing to curry dishes’ yellow color and pungent flavor, curcumin has been a medicine in India for thousands of years. Doctors practicing traditional Hindu medicine admire turmeric’s active ingredient for its anti-inflammatory properties and have used it to treat patients for ailments including digestive disorders and joint pain.

Only in the 1970s did Western researchers catch up with Eastern practices and confirm curcumin’s anti-inflammatory properties in the laboratory. Scientists also eventually determined that the polyphenolic compound is an antioxidant and has chemotherapeutic activity.

Molecular structures of Curcumin and J147.

Bharat B. Aggarwal, a professor at the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, says curcumin is an example of a pleiotropic agent: It has a number of different effects and interacts with many targets and biochemical pathways in the body. He and his group have discovered that one important molecule targeted and subsequently suppressed by curcumin is NF-κB, a transcription factor that switches on the body’s inflammatory response when activated (J. Biol. Chem.,DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.42.24995).

Aside from NF-κB, curcumin seems to interact with several other molecules in the inflammatory pathway, a biological activity that Aggarwal thinks is advantageous. “All chronic diseases are caused by dysregulation of multiple targets,” he says. “Chemists don’t yet know how to design a drug that hits multiple targets.” With curcumin, “Mother Nature has already provided a compound that does so.”

Curcumin’s pleiotropy also brought it to the attention of UCLA’s Cole during the early 1990s while he was searching for possible Alzheimer’s therapeutics. “That was before we knew about amyloid-β” and its full role in Alzheimer’s, he says. “We were working on the disease from an oxidative damage and inflammation point of view—two processes implicated in aging.”

When Cole and his wife, Sally A. Frautschy, also at UCLA, searched the literature for compounds that could tackle both of these age-related processes, curcumin jumped out at them. It also didn’t hurt that the incidence of Alzheimer’s in India, where large amounts of curcumin are consumed regularly, is lower than in other parts of the developing world (Lancet Neurol., DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(08)70169-8).

In 2001, Cole, Frautschy, and colleagues published the first papers that demonstrated curcumin’s potential to treat neurodegenerative disease (Neurobiol. Aging, DOI: 10.1016/s0197-4580(01)00300-1; J. Neurosci.2001, 8370). The researchers studied the effects of curcumin on rats that had amyloid-β injected into their brains, as well as mice engineered to develop amyloid brain plaques. In both cases, curcumin suppressed oxidative tissue damage and reduced amyloid-β deposits.

Those results, Cole says, “turned us into curcumin-ologists.”

Although the UCLA team observed that curcumin decreased amyloid plaques in animal models, at the time, the researchers weren’t sure of the molecular mechanism involved.

Soon after the team’s first results were published, Cole recalls, a colleague brought to his attention the structural similarity between curcumin and the dyes used to stain amyloid plaques in diseased brain tissue. When Cole and Frautschy tested the spice compound, they saw that it, too, could stick to aggregated amyloid-β. “We thought, ‘Wow, not only is curcumin an antioxidant and an anti-inflammatory, but it also might be an anti-amyloid drug,’ ” he says.

In 2004, a group in Japan demonstrated that submicromolar concentrations of curcumin in solution could inhibit aggregation of amyloid-β and break up preformed fibrils of the stuff (J. Neurosci. Res., DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20025). Shortly after that, the UCLA team demonstrated the same (J. Biol. Chem., DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m404751200).

As an Alzheimer’s drug, however, it’s unclear how important it is that the spice compound inhibits amyloid-β aggregation, Cole says. “When you have something that’s so pleiotropic,” he adds, “it’s hard to know” which of its modes of action is most effective.

Having multiple targets may be what helps curcumin have such beneficial, neuroprotective effects, says David R. Schubert, a neurobiologist at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, in La Jolla, Calif. But its pleiotropy can also be a detriment, he contends.

The pharmaceutical world, Schubert says, focuses on designing drugs aimed at hitting single-target molecules with high affinity. “But we don’t really know what ‘the’ target for curcumin is,” he says, “and we get knocked for it on grant requests.”

Another problem with curcumin is poor bioavailability. When ingested, UCLA’s Cole says, the compound gets converted into other molecular forms, such as curcumin glucuronide or curcumin sulfate. It also gets hydrolyzed at the alkaline and neutral pHs present in many areas of the body. Not much of the curcumin gets into the bloodstream, let alone past the blood-brain barrier, in its pure, active form, he adds.

Unfortunately, neither Cole nor Baum at the Chinese University of Hong Kong realized the poor bioavailability until they had each launched a clinical trial of curcumin. So the studies showed no significant difference between Alzheimer’s patients taking the spice compound and those taking a placebo (J. Clin. Psychopharmacol., DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0b013e318160862c).

“But we did show curcumin was safe for patients,” Baum says, finding a silver lining to the blunder. “We didn’t see any adverse effects even at high doses.”

Some researchers, such as Salk’s Schubert, are tackling curcumin’s low bioavailability by modifying the compound to improve its properties. Schubert and his group have come up with a molecule, called J147, that’s a hybrid of curcumin and cyclohexyl-bisphenol A. Like Cole and coworkers, they also came upon the compound not by initially screening for the ability to interact with amyloid-β, but by screening for the ability to alleviate age-related symptoms.

The researchers hit upon J147 by exposing cultured Alzheimer’s nerve cells to a library of compounds and then measuring changes to levels of biomarkers for oxidative stress, inflammation, and nerve growth. J147 performed well in all categories. And when given to mice engineered to accumulate amyloid-β clumps in their brains, the hybrid molecule prevented memory loss and reduced formation of amyloid plaques over time (PLoS One, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027865).

Other researchers have tackled curcumin’s poor bioavailability by reformulating it. Both Baum and Cole have encapsulated curcumin in nanospheres coated with either polymers or lipids to protect the compound from modification after ingestion. Cole tells C&EN that by packaging the curcumin in this way, he and his group have gotten micromolar quantities of it into the bloodstream of humans. The researchers are now preparing for a small clinical trial to test the formulation on patients with mild cognitive impairment, who are at an increased risk of developing Alzheimer’s.

An early-intervention human study such as this one comes with its own set of challenges, Cole says. People with mild cognitive impairment “have good days and bad days,” he says. A large trial over a long period would be the best way to get any meaningful data, he adds.

Such a trial can cost up to $100 million, a budget big pharma might be able to scrape together but that is far out of reach for academics funded by grants, Cole says. “If you’re down at the level of what an individual investigator can do, you’re running a small trial,” he says, “and even if the result is positive, it might be inconclusive” because of its small size or short duration. That’s one of the reasons the curcumin work is slow-going, Cole contends.

The lack of hard clinical evidence isn’t stopping people from trying curcumin anyway. Various companies are selling the spice compound as a dietary supplement, both in its powdered form and in nanoformulations such as the ones Cole and Baum are working with. Indiana-based Verdure Sciences, for instance, licensed a curcumin nanoformulation from UCLA and sells it under the name Longvida (about $1.00 to $2.00 per capsule, depending on the distributor).

“There’s no proof that it works,” Cole says. “If you want to take it, you’re experimenting on yourself.” And he cautions that correct dosing for this more bioavailable form of curcumin hasn’t yet been established, so there could be safety concerns.

But on the basis of positive e-mails he’s received from caregivers and Alzheimer’s patients who are desperate for options and trying supplements, “I have some hope,” Cole says. “Maybe there’s something to curcumin after all.”

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J 147 powder

Raw J 147 powder basic Characters

Name:	J 147 powder
CAS:	1146963-51-0
Molecular Formula:	C18H17F3N2O2
Molecular Weight:	350.3349896
Melt Point:	177-178°C
Storage Temp:	4°C
Color:	White or off white powder

Raw J 147 powder in enhance brain function and an extra boost cycle

Names

J 147 powder

J 147 (1146963-51-0) Usage dosage

Using a drug discovery scheme for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) that is based upon multiple pathologies of old age, we identified a potent compound with efficacy in rodent memory and AD animal models. Since this compound, J-147 powder, is a phenyl hydrazide, there was concern that it can be metabolized to aromatic amines/hydrazines that are potentially carcinogenic. To explore this possibility, we examined the metabolites of J 147 powder in human and mouse microsomes and mouse plasma. It is shown that J-147(1146963-51-0) powder is not metabolized to aromatic amines or hydrazines, that the scaffold is exceptionally stable, and that the oxidative metabolites are also neuroprotective. It is concluded that the major metabolites of J 147(1146963-51-0) powder may contribute to its biological activity in animals.
J 147 , derived from the curry spice component curcumin, has low toxicity and actually reverses damage in neurons associated with Alzheimer’s.

J 147 (1146963-51-0) was the mitochondrial protein known as ATP synthase, specifically ATP5A, a subunit of that protein. ATP synthase is involved in the mitochondrial generation of ATP, which cells use for energy.

The researchers demonstrated that by reducing the activity of ATP synthase, they were able to protect neuronal cells from a number of toxicities associated with the aging of the brain. One reason for this neuroprotective effect is thought to be the role of excitotoxicity in neuronal cell damage.

Excitotoxicity is the pathological process by which neurons are damaged and killed by the overactivation of receptors for the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. Think of it being a bit like a light switch being turned on and off so rapidly that it ends up causing the light bulb to blow.

Recently, the role of ATP synthase inhibition for neuroprotection against excitotoxic damage was demonstrated in a mouse study[4]. The second study showed that mouse models expressing the human form of mutant ATPase inhibitory factor 1 (hIF1), which causes a sustained inhibition of ATP synthase, were more resilient to neuronal death after excitotoxic damage. This data is consistent with this new J 147 powder study, in which an increase in IF1 in the mice reduced the activity of ATP synthase (specifically ATP5A) and was neuroprotective.

Warning on Raw J 147 powder

Data presented here demonstrate that J-147 powder has the ability to rescue cognitive deficits when administered at a late stage in the disease. The ability of J-147 powder to improve memory in aged AD mice is correlated with its induction of the neurotrophic factors NGF (nerve growth factor) and BDNF (brain derived neurotrophic factor) as well as several BDNF-responsive proteins which are important for learning and memory. The comparison between J-147(1146963-51-0) powder and donepezil in the scopolamine model showed that while both compounds were comparable at rescuing short term memory, J-147 powder was superior at rescuing spatial memory and a combination of the two worked best for contextual and cued memory.

Further instructions

Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive brain disorder, recently ranked as the third leading cause of death in the United States and affecting more than five million Americans. It is also the most common cause of dementia in older adults, according to the National Institutes of Health. While most drugs developed in the past 20 years target the amyloid plaque deposits in the brain (which are a hallmark of the disease), few have proven effective in the clinic.

“While most drugs developed in the past 20 years target the amyloid plaque deposits in the brain (which are a hallmark of the disease), none have proven effective in the clinic,” says Schubert, senior author of the study.

Several years ago, Schubert and his colleagues began to approach the treatment of the disease from a new angle. Rather than target amyloid, the lab decided to zero in on the major risk factor for the disease–old age. Using cell-based screens against old age-associated brain toxicities, they synthesized J 147(1146963-51-0) powder.

Previously, the team found that J-147 powder could prevent and even reverse memory loss and Alzheimer’s pathology in mice that have a version of the inherited form of Alzheimer’s, the most commonly used mouse model. However, this form of the disease comprises only about 1 percent of Alzheimer’s cases. For everyone else, old age is the primary risk factor, says Schubert. The team wanted to explore the effects of the drug candidate on a breed of mice that age rapidly and experience a version of dementia that more closely resembles the age-related human disorder.

Raw J-147 powder (1146963-51-0) hplcâ¥98% | AASraw SARMS powder

References

^ “Experimental drug targeting Alzheimer’s disease shows anti-aging effects” (Press release). Salk Institute. 12 November 2015. Retrieved November 13, 2015.
^ Chen Q, Prior M, Dargusch R, Roberts A, Riek R, Eichmann C, Chiruta C, Akaishi T, Abe K, Maher P, Schubert D (14 December 2011). “A novel neurotrophic drug for cognitive enhancement and Alzheimer’s disease”. PLoS One. 6 (12): e27865. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0027865. PMC 3237323. PMID 22194796.
^ Currais A, Goldberg J, Farrokhi C, Chang M, Prior M, Dargusch R, Daugherty D, Armando A, Quehenberger O, Maher P, Schubert D (11 November 2015). “A comprehensive multiomics approach toward understanding the relationship between aging and dementia” (PDF). Aging. 7 (11): 937–55. doi:10.18632/aging.100838. PMC 4694064. PMID 26564964.
^ Prior M, Dargusch R, Ehren JL, Chiruta C, Schubert D (May 2013). “The neurotrophic compound J147 reverses cognitive impairment in aged Alzheimer’s disease mice”. Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy. 5 (3): 25. doi:10.1186/alzrt179. PMC 3706879. PMID 23673233.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Brian L. Wang (13 November 2015). “Experimental drug targeting Alzheimer’s disease shows anti-aging effects in animal tests”. nextbigfuture.com. Retrieved November 16, 2015.
^ Krishnan R, Tsubery H, Proschitsky MY, Asp E, Lulu M, Gilead S, Gartner M, Waltho JP, Davis PJ, Hounslow AM, Kirschner DA, Inouye H, Myszka DG, Wright J, Solomon B, Fisher RA (2014). “A bacteriophage capsid protein provides a general amyloid interaction motif (GAIM) that binds and remodels misfolded protein assemblies”. Journal of Molecular Biology. 426: 2500–19. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2014.04.015. PMID 24768993.
^ Solomon B (October 2008). “Filamentous bacteriophage as a novel therapeutic tool for Alzheimer’s disease treatment”. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease. 15 (2): 193–8. PMID 18953108.
^ Daugherty, D., Goldberg, J., Fischer, W., Dargusch, R., Maher, P., & Schubert, D. (2017). A novel Alzheimer’s disease drug candidate targeting inflammation and fatty acid metabolism. Alzheimer’s research & therapy, 9(1), 50. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-017-0277-3
^ “Researchers identify the molecular target of J147, which is nearing clinical trials to treat Alzheimer’s disease”. Retrieved 2018-01-30.

J147
Legal status

Legal status	US: Investigational New Drug
Identifiers
IUPAC name [show]
CAS Number	1146963-51-0
PubChem CID	25229652
ChemSpider	29341612
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C₁₈H₁₇F₃N₂O₂
Molar mass	350.341 g·mol⁻¹
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
SMILES [hide] CC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C)N(C(C(F)(F)F)=O)\N=C\C2=CC(=CC=C2)OC
InChI [hide] InChI=1S/C18H17F3N2O2/c1-12-7-8-16(13(2)9-12)23(17(24)18(19,20)21)22-11-14-5-4-6-15(10-14)25-3/h4-11H,1-3H3/b22-11+ Key:HYMZAYGFKNNHDN-SSDVNMTOSA-N

////////////J-147, J 147, J147, Alzheimer’s disease, neurotrophic agent, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Abrexa Pharmaceuticals, PHASE 1, CURCUMIN

CAS 1417911-00-2

Acetic acid, 2,2,2-trifluoro-, 1-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-2-[[3-(methoxy-¹¹C)phenyl]methylene]hydrazide

AK 3280

August 16, 2019 10:07 am / 1 Comment on AK 3280

AK-3280

AK 3280; GDC3280; RG 6069

C₁₉ H₁₅ F₃ N₄ O_2, 388.34

CAS 1799412-33-1

4H-Benzimidazol-4-one, 1,5-dihydro-1-methyl-7-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-5-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-

Ci8Hi₄N50₂F₃, mass 389.3 g/mol),

ROCHE,

Ark Biosciences , under license from Roche , is developing AK-3280, an antifibrotic agent, for the potential oral treatment of IPF. In July 2018, Ark intended to further clinical development of the drug, for IPF. In June 2019, a phase I trial was planned in Sweden.

Originator Genentech
Mechanism of Action Undefined mechanism

Phase I Interstitial lung diseases

19 Jun 2019Ark Biosciences plans a phase I trial for Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (In volunteers) in Sweden (PO, Tablet), in August 2019 , (NCT03990688)
28 Sep 2018GDC 3280 is still in phase I trials for Interstitial lung diseases (Genentech pipeline, September 2018)
28 Jun 2018No recent reports of development identified for phase-I development in Fibrosis(In volunteers) in United Kingdom (PO)

Introduction

GDC 3280 (also known as RG 6069), an orally administered drug, is being developed by Genentech, for the treatment of interstitial lung diseases. Early stage clinical development is underway in the UK.

Company Agreements

In September 2018, Genentech licensed exclusive worldwide development and commercialisation rights of GDC 3280 to Ark Biosciences, for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Key Development Milestones

As at September 2018, GDC 3280 is still in phase I development for interstitial lung disease (Genentech pipeline, September 2018).

In December 2015, Genentech completed a phase I trial that evaluated the safety, pharmacokinetics and tolerability of GDC 3280 in healthy volunteers, compared with placebo (GB29751; EudraCT2015-000560-33; NCT02471859). The randomised, double-blind, single and multiple oral dose trial was initiated in June 2015 and enrolled eight volunteers in the UK.

PATENT

WO-2019152863

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2019152863&tab=PCTDESCRIPTION&_cid=P12-JZDLP2-41289-1

Novel crystalline salt forms of 1-methyl-7-(1-methyl-lH-pyrazol-4-yl)-5-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)-1,5-dihydro-4H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-4-one (compound I; presumed to be AK-3280 ), processes for their preparation and compositions comprising them are claimed.

Compound I is an orally available small molecule having the structure:

[0004] Compound I has therapeutic value in several different indications that display fibrotic pathophysiology, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).

[0005] Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a disease of unknown etiology that occurs mainly in middle-aged and elderly patients, which is characterized by progressive fibrosis of the lung, leading to pulmonary insufficiency and death. Because fibrosis has long been considered to be a clinically irreversible process, treatments have traditionally been focused on managing the symptoms and complications, with little hope of significantly slowing progression of the condition. For many years, mainstay treatments have been typically anti inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and anti-oxidant agents. The effectiveness of these therapies in the treatment of IPF and other fibrotic conditions appears to be minimal and variable, and their side effects are often poorly tolerated by patients.

[0006] New treatment options have only recently become available. Both pirfenidone and nintedanib have been approved for use in the treatment of IPF. Current research efforts to develop new anti-fibrotic agents are targeting multiple mechanisms proposed to be linked to the underlying molecular pathogenic processes. This changing landscape has raised hopes and expectations for what might be achievable with new single agents or combination therapies targeting additional pathways.

Preparation of Compound I and its salts

[0045] A synthesis of Compound I and its tosylate salt is shown in the scheme below:

[0046] l-methyl-5-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)-l,5-dihydro-4H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-4-one (5) was synthesized in 4 steps, including a copper-catalyzed coupling reaction e.g., a Goldberg-Ullmann coupling reaction. In another aspect of the invention, intermediate (5) is synthesized using any transition metal-catalyzed coupling reaction. The skilled chemist would know that intermediate (5) could be synthesized from intermediate (4) and compounds

of the general formula: OCF3 , wherein the leaving group“LG” includes but is not limited to halogen, tosylate, mesylate, triflate, etc.

[0047] Compound I was synthesized in 6 steps, using a transition metal cross-coupling reaction, e.g., a Suzuki reaction. In another aspect of the invention, Compound I is synthesized using any cross -coupling reaction. Compound I is synthesized from intermediate 6 containing any leaving group. For example, the skilled chemist would use compounds of

the general formula:
, wherein the leaving group“LG” includes but is not limited to halogen, tosylate, mesylate, triflate, etc.

An alternative synthesis of Compound I and its salts is shown in the scheme below:

Example 13 – Synthesis of Compound I Tosylate Salt

[00183] A process for the formation of mono- and di-tosylate salts of Compound I was developed and a batch was performed to successfully produce the mono-tosylate salt.

Step 1 : Synthesis of2-chloro-N-methyl-3-nitropyridin-4-amine

[00184] A reactor was charged with 2,4-dichloro-3-nitropyridine and 3.0 volumes of DMF. The solution was stirred at 20-25 °C until a clear solution was obtained. The solution was then cooled to 0-5 °C, and 2.1 equivalents of 40% methylamine in water were slowly added over at least 2 hours at 0-5 °C. The reaction mixture was stirred for at least 2 hours at 0-5 °C until conversion to the product was 95% (as measured by HPLC). The reaction mixture was diluted by slowly adding 10 volumes of water over at least 30 minutes at 0-5 °C. The obtained suspension was stirred for at least 60 minutes at 0-5 °C. The precipitate was collected by filtration, and the filter cake was rinsed via the reactor with 10 volumes of water at 0-5 °C. The damp filter cake was then dried in a flow of dry nitrogen to yield 2-chloro-A-methyl-3-nitropyridin-4-amine in 78% yield.

Step 2: Synthesis of 2-chloro-N⁴ -methylpyridine-3, 4-diamine

[00185] A reactor was charged with catalyst [2% Pt on charcoal, 59 %wt. water] (0.0004 equivalents Pt), damp 2-chloro-/V-methyl-3-nitropyridin-4-amine from step 1 and 9.4 volumes of THF. The solution was stirred, and then the suspension was transferred from the glass-reactor to an autoclave. The line was rinsed with 1.2 volumes of THF into the autoclave, and the autoclave was purged with nitrogen for 15 minutes at 50 rpm, followed by hydrogen for 15 minutes at 150 rpm. The autoclave was closed, and the hydrogen pressure was adjusted to 2 bar at 20-30 °C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 4-8 hours at 2 bar and 20-30 °C.

[00186] Next, the autoclave was released to atmospheric pressure and purged with nitrogen for at least 15 minutes. Conversion to the product was verified by HPLC, and then the catalyst was removed by filtration. The filtered catalyst was rinsed with 1.3 volumes of THF and the filtrates were combined. The combined filtrates were charged to a second reactor via a particle filter, and the line was rinsed with 0.5 volumes of THF. The solution was concentrated to a final volume of 2.5 volumes by distillation under reduced pressure at 40-45 °C.

[00187] The solution was then diluted with 10 volumes of THF in portions while concentrating the solution to a final volume of 2.5 volumes by distillation under reduced pressure at 45-50 °C. The reactor was purged with nitrogen to atmospheric pressure, and 5.0 volumes of heptane were added to the residue at 40-50 °C. The reaction mixture was cooled over 2 hours to 20-25 °C, and stirring was continued for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was then further cooled to 0-5 °C over 1 hour, and stirring was continued for 1 hour. The precipitated product was collected by filtration, rinsed via the reactor with 5.0 volumes of heptane, and the damp filter cake was dried in a vacuum drying oven at max. 40 °C until loss on drying was < 2 % weight, giving 2-chloro-/V⁴-methylpyridine-3, 4-diamine in 85% yield.

Step 3 : Synthesis of -inelhyl- 1 ,5-dihvdro-4H-iinidazoi4,5-c h yridin-4-one

[00188] A reactor was charged with 2-chloro-/V⁴-methylpyridine-3, 4-diamine and 4 volumes of formic acid. The reaction mixture was heated to smooth reflux within one hour, and reflux was maintained for 6 hours. The reaction mixture was then cooled to

approximately 60 °C, and conversion to the product was verified by HPLC.

[00189] The reaction mixture was then concentrated by distillation under reduced pressure at 60-80 °C to a final volume of 2 volumes. The temperature of the solution was adjusted to 60 °C, maintaining the temperature above 50 °C to avoid precipitation.

[00190] Next, a second reactor was charged with 10 volumes of acetone, and heated to gentle reflux. The product solution from the first reactor was slowly transferred to the acetone in the second reactor over 20 minutes, and the line was rinsed with approximately 0.05 volumes of formic acid. Reflux of the obtained suspension was maintained for 15 minutes. The slurry was cooled to 0 °C within 1 hour, and stirring was continued for 1 hour at that temperature. The precipitate was collected by filtration, and the filter cake was rinsed via the reactor with 3.7 volumes of cold acetone at 0-10 °C. The filter cake was dried in a flow of dry nitrogen or in a vacuum drying oven at 50 °C until loss on drying was < 2% of weight, giving 1 -methyl- 1 ,5-dihydiO-4/7-imidazo[4,5-c]pyndin-4-onc in 95% yield.

Step 4: Synthesis of l-methyl-5-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)-J5-dihvdro-4H-imidaz.o[4,5-c]pyridin-4-one

[00191] A first reactor (Reactor A) was charged with 1 -methyl- 1 ,5-dihydro-4/7-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-4-one (1.0 mol equivalent), Cu(0Ac)₂ H₂0 (0.1 mol equivalents), and K₂C0₃ (1.1 mol equivalents). The reactor was closed and the atmosphere replaced with nitrogen.

[00192] Next, l-bromo-4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzene (1.5 mol equivalents) and N-methylpyrrolidinone (5.4 volume equivalents) were added, whereupon a suspension was formed. The suspension was stirred until the temperature had fallen again to approximately 20-25 °C and gas evolution had slowed. The reaction mixture was heated to approximately 130-150 °C at which time a blue/green color was observed, changing to dark brown after some time. The reaction was stirred at 130-150 °C for at least 40 hours. Stirring times of 40 hours up to 72 hours were required to reach an acceptable level of conversion. In general, higher reaction temperatures supported faster conversion.

[00193] Next, the reaction mixture was cooled to approximately 20-30 °C, and 25% aqueous NH₃ (0.7 volume equivalents) was added, followed by water (3.5 volume equivalents). The resulting suspension was transferred into a second reactor (Reactor B). Additional water was added (18.1 volume equivalents) to the reaction mixture via Reactor A, followed by n-heptane (3.2 volume equivalents). The resulting suspension was cooled to approximately 0-5 °C, and stirred for approximately 2 hours.

[00194] The suspension was filtered, and the filter cake was washed with water (9.7 volume equivalents). The filter cake was then dissolved in dichloromethane (14.1 volume equivalents) and transferred back into reactor B. To this solution was added water (5.7 volume equivalents) via the filter, followed by 25% aq. NH₃(1.6 volume equivalents). The mixture was stirred for approximately 1 hour at approximately 15-25 °C.

[00195] Next, the layers were separated, and dichloromethane was added (3.6 volume equivalents) to the aqueous layer. The biphasic mixture was stirred at approximately 15-25 °C for approximately 20-30 minutes. The layers were separated over a period of at least 1 hour, and to the combined organic layers was added a solution of NH₄Cl (2.5 mol equivalents) in water (7.0 volume equivalents). The biphasic mixture was stirred at approximately 15-25 °C for about 20-30 minutes, then the layers were separated over the course of 1 hour.

[00196] The lower organic layer was filtered through a particle filter and diluted with toluene (7.1 volume equivalents) via the filter. The organic layer was concentrated under ambient pressure at approximately 80 °C, until no further liquid was seen to evaporate and a precipitate began to form. Toluene was added (16.6 volume equivalents), then concentrated in vacuo, followed by addition of more toluene (7.1 volume equivalents) and again concentrated in vacuo. The suspension was cooled to approximately 0-5 °C, stirred for approximately 2 hours, and filtered. The filter cake was washed with toluene (2.9 volume equivalents), and dried in vacuo at approximately 50 °C until the loss on drying was 0.5% of the weight to give l-methyl-5-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)-l,5-dihydro-47/-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-4-one as a beige-colored solid in 83.1% yield.

Step 5 : Synthesis of 7-bromo- 1 -methyl-5-(4-( trifluoromethoxy Iphenyl )- l,5- 4H-

imidaz.o[4,5-clpyridin-4-one

[00197] A first reactor (Reactor A) was charged with water (1.8 volume equivalents) and cooled to approximately 0-5 °C, to which was slowly added 96% sulfuric acid (14 mol. equivalents) at approximately 0-20 °C. The temperature of the solution was adjusted to approximately 0-5 °C, and l -mcthyl-5-(4-(tnfluoromcthoxy)phcnyl)-l ,5-dihydro-4/7-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-4-one (1.0 mol equivalent) was added in 3-4 portions at approximately 0-5 °C. The temperature of the mixture was adjusted to approximately 0-5 °C, and N-bromosuccinimide (1.0 mol equivalents) was slowly added in 3-4 portions, while maintaining the temperature at approximately 0-5 °C.

[00198] The reaction mixture was stirred for about 1 hour at approximately 0-5 °C, and then for an additional 4-16 hours at approximately 0-22 °C. Conversion to the product was confirmed by HPLC, then the reaction mixture was cooled to approximately 0-5 °C.

[00199] A second reactor (Reactor B) was charged with water (42.7 volume equivalents) and cooled to approximately 0-5 °C. The reaction mixture from Reactor A was transferred into the pre-cooled water in Reactor B at a temperature below 30 °C over 2 hours. The reaction was rinsed with water (1.6 volume equivalents), and 50% aqueous sodium hydroxide (25 mol. equivalents) was carefully added at approximately 0-30 °C over about 2 hours until the pH reached 2-5.

[00200] Next, MTBE (6.5 volume equivalents) was added at approximately 0-20 °C, and the mixture was stirred for about 5 minutes. Additional 50% aqueous sodium hydroxide (2 mol. equivalents) was added at approximately 0-30 °C until the pH of the solution was in the range of 10-14. The reaction was stirred for at least 1.5 hours at approximately 15-25 °C, and then the layers were allowed to separate over a period of at least 1 hour. The suspension was filtered, taking care to capture the product, which accumulated at the interface of the aqueous and organic layers. The filter cake was washed with MTBE (1.7 volume equivalents), water (3.0 volume equivalents), and then MTBE again (3.0 volume equivalents). The product was dried in vacuo at below 50 °C until the loss on drying was < 1% of the weight, giving 7-bromo-l-methyl-5-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)-l,5-dihydro-47/-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-4-one as a pale beige-colored solid in 97.6% yield.

Step 6: Synthesis of 1 -methyl-7 -( 1 -methyl-lH-pyraz.ol-4-yl )-5-(4-( trifluoromethoxy )pheml )-J5-dihvdro-4H-imidaz.o[4,5-c]pyridin-4-one (Compound /)

[00201] A reactor was charged with 7-bromo-l-methyl-5-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)-l,5-dihydro-4//-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-4-one (1.0 mol equivalents), ( 1 -methyl- 1 //-pyrazol-4-yl)boronic acid pinacol ester (l-methyl-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-l//-pyrazole, 1.6 mol equivalents), Pd[Ph₃]₄ (0.025 mol equivalents, and K₂C0₃ (2.0 mol equivalents), to which were added acetonitrile (10.0 volume equivalents) and water (3.0 volume equivalents). The reaction mixture was stirred for approximately 10-20 minutes at about 20-25 °C to form a suspension.

[00202] The mixture was heated to slight reflux, whereupon a biphasic, yellow solution formed. The mixture was stirred at slight reflux for at least 10 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to between 30-50 °C, then passed through a particle filter. The filter was washed with acetonitrile (2.6 volume equivalents), the filtrates were combined, and the solution was concentrated to a final volume of approximately 120 mL (4.8 volume equivalents) under reduced pressure at below 60 °C.

[00203] To the resulting suspension was added water (1.9 volume equivalents), methanol (26 mL, 1.0 volume equivalents), and dichloromethane (14.8 volume equivalents). The mixture was warmed to about 30-35 °C and stirred until two clear layers were observed. The layers were allowed to separate without stirring at about 30-35 °C, and additional dichloromethane (3.7 volume equivalents) was added to the aqueous layer. The mixture was warmed to approximately 30-35 °C and stirred for about 5 minutes, and then the layers were allowed to separate at approximately 30-35 °C.

[00204] To the combined organic layers was added water (1.9 volume equivalents), and the mixture was warmed to approximately 30-35 °C and stirred for about 5 minutes. The layers were separated at approximately 30-35 °C. Charcoal was added to the combined organic layers and stirred for 30-60 minutes at approximately 30-35 °C. The charcoal was removed by filtration, and the filter was washed with dichloromethane (39 mL, 1.6 volume equivalents).

[00205] The solution was concentrated to approximately 4.0 volume equivalents at ambient pressure and at below 50 °C, then diluted with methanol (5.0 volume equivalents). The solution was again concentrated to approximately 4.0 volume equivalents at ambient pressure and below 60 °C, diluted with methanol (5.0 volume equivalents), and concentrated to a final volume of approximately 3.0 volume equivalents under reduced pressure below 60 °C.

[00206] To the resulting suspension was added methanol (2.9 volume equivalents), and the suspension was warmed to approximately 45-55 °C and stirred for about 1 hour. The suspension was cooled to approximately 0-5 °C within approximately 1 hour, stirred for 1 hour at approximately 0-5 °C, and then filtered. The filter cake was washed with cold methanol (pre-cooled to approximately 0-10 °C, 2.9 volume equivalents), and the product was dried under a stream of nitrogen and in vacuo at below 60 °C until the loss on drying was < 1% by weight, giving Compound I (l-methyl-7-(l-methyl-l -pyrazol-4-yl)-5-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)-l,5-dihydro-4//-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-4-one) as a white solid in 88.5% yield.

Step 7: Recrystallization of 1 -methyl-7 -(1 -methyl- lH-pyraz.ol-4-yl)-5-( 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)-J5-dihvdro-4H-imidaz.o[4,5-c]pyridin-4-one (Compound /)

[00207] A reactor was charged with crude l-methyl-7-(l -methyl- l//-pyrazol-4-yl)-5-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)-l,5-dihydro-47/-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-4-one from step 6, and to this was added glacial acetic acid (1.5 volume equivalents). The suspension was warmed to approximately 50-60 °C and stirred until a clear solution was obtained, approximately 10-20 minutes. The warm solution was passed through a particle filter into a second reactor.

[00208] To this solution was added ethanol (10.0 volume equivalents) at approximately 45-55 °C over 2 hours. The suspension was stirred for approximately 30 minutes at approximately 45-55 °C, then cooled to approximately 0-5 °C over about 4 hours. The suspension was then stirred for approximately 4-16 hours at about 0-5 °C.

[00209] Next, the suspension was filtered and the filter cake was washed with cold isopropanol (4.2 volume equivalents) at approximately 0-20 °C. The product was dried under a nitrogen stream and in vacuo at below 60 °C until the loss on drying was < 1% by weight, giving Compound I ( 1 – mcthyl-7-( 1 -methyl- 1 /7-pyrazol-4-yl)-5-(4-(tnfluoromcthoxy)phcnyl)-l,5-dihydro-47/-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-4-one) as a white solid in 93.0% yield.

Step 8 : Synthesis of 1 -methyl-7 -( 1 -methyl- 1 H-pyrazol-4-yl )-5-(4-( trifluoromethoxy )phenyl )- 1 ,5-dihvdro-4H-imidaz.oi 4,5-clpyridin-4-one, mono – mono -tosylate

salt)

[00210] A reactor was charged with Compound I ( 1 -mcthyl-7-( 1 -methyl- 1 /7-pyrazol-4-yl)-5-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)-l,5-dihydro-4//-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-4-one, 1.00 mol equivalent), para-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (1.05 mol equivalents), acetone (6.75 volume equivalents), and water (0.75 volume equivalents). The mixture was stirred at 15-25 °C until a clear solution formed, and then this solution was filtered through a particle filter into a second reactor.

[00211] The filter was washed with acetone (2.5 volume equivalents), and to the combined filtrates was added MTBE (7.5 volume equivalents) at 15-25 °C and Compound I mono-tosylate seeding crystals (0.001 mol equivalents).

[00212] The resulting suspension was stirred at 15-25 °C for approximately 30-60 minutes, and MTBE was added (22.5 volume equivalents) at 15-25 °C during a period of

approximately 30 minutes. Stirring was continued at 15-25 °C for approximately 30-60 minutes, and then the suspension was filtered. The filter was washed with MTBE (2.5 volume equivalents), and the material was dried in vacuo at below 55 °C to give Compound I mono-tosylate salt (l-methyl-7-(l-methyl-l//-pyrazol-4-yl)-5-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)-l,5-dihydro-47/-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-4-one, mono-tosylate salt) as a white, crystalline solid in 93% yield.

PATENT

WO2018102323 ,

claiming use of a specific compound, orally administered, in combination with food (eg low, medium or high fat meal) for treating fibrotic, inflammatory or autoimmune disorders eg idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis IPF, assigned to Genentech Inc ,

References

Roche licenses IPF candidate to Ark Biosciences. Internet-Doc 2019;.

Available from: URL: https://scrip.pharmaintelligence.informa.com/deals/201820364
Roche Q3 2018. Internet-Doc 2018;.

Available from: URL: https://www.roche.com/dam/jcr:f9cad8fc-8655-4692-9a85-efbe1cf7a59b/en/irp181017.pdf
A Phase 1, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Ascending, Single- and Multiple-Oral-Dose, Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetic Study of GDC-3280 in Healthy Subjects

ctiprofile

// AK-3280, AK 3280, AK3280, GDC 3280, RG 6069, PHASE 1, Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

SY-008

July 29, 2019 10:09 am / Leave a comment

Acetic acid;(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[[4-[[4-[(E)-4-(2,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecan-2-yl)but-1-enyl]-2-methylphenyl]methyl]-5-propan-2-yl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]oxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol.png

SY-008

CAS 1878218-66-6

FREE FORM 1480443-32-0

SGLT1 inhibitor (type 2 diabetes),

β-D-Glucopyranoside, 4-[[4-[(1E)-4-(2,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undec-2-yl)-1-buten-1-yl]-2-methylphenyl]methyl]-5-(1-methylethyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl, acetate (1:1)

acetic acid;(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[[4-[[4-[(E)-4-(2,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecan-2-yl)but-1-enyl]-2-methylphenyl]methyl]-5-propan-2-yl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]oxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol

4-{4-[(1E)-4-(2,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undec-2-yl)but-1-en-1-yl]-2-methylbenzyl}-5-(propan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl beta-D-glucopyranoside acetate

MF H₅₀ N₄ O₆ . C₂ H₄ O₂

MW 58.8 g/mol,C₃₅H₅₄N₄O₈

Originator Eli Lilly

Developer Eli Lilly; Yabao Pharmaceutical Group
Class Antihyperglycaemics; Small molecules
Mechanism of Action Sodium-glucose transporter 1 inhibitors

Phase I Diabetes mellitus

28 Aug 2018 No recent reports of development identified for phase-I development in Diabetes-mellitus in Singapore (PO)
24 Jun 2018 Biomarkers information updated
12 Mar 2018 Phase-I clinical trials in Diabetes mellitus (In volunteers) in China (PO) (NCT03462589)
Eli Lilly is developing SY 008, a sodium glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1) inhibitor, for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The approach of inhibiting SGLT1 could be promising because it acts independently of the beta cell and could be effective in both early and advanced stages of diabetes. Reducing both glucose and insulin may improve the metabolic state and potentially the health of beta cells, without causing weight gain or hypoglycaemia. Clinical development is underway in Singapore and China.

As at August 2018, no recent reports of development had been identified for phase-I development in Diabetes-mellitus in Singapore (PO).

Suzhou Yabao , under license from Eli Lilly , is developing SY-008 , an SGLT1 inhibitor, for the potential oral capsule treatment of type 2 diabetes in China. By April 2019, a phase Ia trial was completed

PATENT

WO 2013169546

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2013169546&recNum=43&docAn=US2013039164&queryString=EN_ALL:nmr%20AND%20PA:(ELI%20LILLY%20AND%20COMPANY)%20&maxRec=4416

The present invention is in the field of treatment of diabetes and other diseases and disorders associated with hyperglycemia. Diabetes is a group of diseases that is characterized by high levels of blood glucose. It affects approximately 25 million people in the United States and is also the 7^th leading cause of death in U.S. according to the 201 1 National Diabetes Fact Sheet (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Sodium-coupled glucose cotransporters (SGLT’s) are one of the transporters known to be responsible for the absorption of carbohydrates, such as glucose. More specifically, SGLTl is responsible for transport of glucose across the brush border membrane of the small intestine. Inhibition of SGLTl may result in reduced absorption of glucose in the small intestine, thus providing a useful approach to treating diabetes.

U.S. Patent No. 7,655,632 discloses certain pyrazole derivatives with human SGLTl inhibitory activity which are further disclosed as useful for the prevention or treatment of a disease associated with hyperglycemia, such as diabetes. In addition, WO 201 1/039338 discloses certain pyrazole derivatives with SGLT1/SGLT2 inhibitor activity which are further disclosed as being useful for treatment of bone diseases, such as osteoporosis.

There is a need for alternative drugs and treatment for diabetes. The present invention provides certain novel inhibitors of SGLTl which may be suitable for the treatment of diabetes.

Accordingly, the present invention provides a compound of Formula II:

Preparation 1

Synthesis of (4-bromo-2-methyl-phenyl)methanol.

Scheme 1, step A: Add borane-tetrahydrofuran complex (0.2 mol, 200 mL, 1.0 M solution) to a solution of 4-bromo-2-methylbenzoic acid (39 g, 0.18 mol) in

tetrahydrofuran (200 mL). After 18 hours at room temperature, remove the solvent under the reduced pressure to give a solid. Purify by flash chromatography to yield the title compound as a white solid (32.9 g, 0.16 mol). 1H NMR (CDCI3): δ 1.55 (s, 1H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 4.61 (s, 2H), 7.18-7.29 (m, 3H).

Alternative synthesis of (4-bromo-2-methyl-phenyl)methanol.

Borane-dimethyl sulfide complex (2M in THF; 1 16 mL, 0.232 mol) is added slowly to a solution of 4-bromo-2-methylbenzoic acid (24.3 g, 0.1 13 mol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (THF, 146 mL) at 3 °C. After stirring cold for 10 min the cooling bath is removed and the reaction is allowed to warm slowly to ambient temperature. After 1 hour, the solution is cooled to 5°C, and water (100 mL) is added slowly. Ethyl acetate (100 mL) is added and the phases are separated. The organic layer is washed with saturated aqueous NaHC0₃ solution (200 mL) and dried over Na₂S0₄. Filtration and concentration under reduced pressure gives a residue which is purified by filtration through a short pad of silica eluting with 15% ethyl acetate/iso-hexane to give the title compound (20.7 g, 91.2% yield). MS (m/z): 183/185 (M+l-18).

Preparation 2

Synthesis of 4-bromo- l-2-methyl-benzene.

Scheme 1, step B: Add thionyl chloride (14.31 mL, 0.2 mol,) to a solution of (4-bromo-2-methyl-phenyl)methanol (32.9 g, 0.16 mol) in dichloromethane (200 mL) and

-Cl-

dimethylformamide (0.025 mol, 2.0 mL) at 0°C. After 1 hour at room temperature pour the mixture into ice-water (100 g), extract with dichloromethane (300 mL), wash extract with 5% aq. sodium bicarbonate (30 mL) and brine (200 mL), dry over sodium sulfate, and concentrate under reduced pressure to give the crude title compound as a white solid (35.0 g, 0.16 mol). The material is used for the next step of reaction without further purification. ^XH NMR (CDC1₃): δ 2.38 (s, 3H), 4.52 (s, 2H), 7.13-7.35 (m, 3H).

Alternative synthesis of 4-bromo- 1 -chloromethyl-2-methyl-benzene. Methanesulfonyl chloride (6.83 mL, 88.3 mmol) is added slowly to a solution of (4-bromo-2-methyl-phenyl)methanol (16.14 g, 80.27 mmol) and triethylamine (16.78 mL; 120.4 mmol) in dichloromethane (80.7 mL) cooled in ice/water. The mixture is allowed to slowly warm to ambient temperature and is stirred for 16 hours. Further

methanesulfonyl chloride (1.24 mL; 16.1 mmol) is added and the mixture is stirred at ambient temperature for 2 hours. Water (80mL) is added and the phases are separated. The organic layer is washed with hydrochloric acid (IN; 80 mL) then saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution (80 mL), then water (80 mL), and is dried over Na₂S0_4. Filtration and concentration under reduced pressure gives a residue which is purified by flash chromatography (eluting with hexane) to give the title compound (14.2 g; 80.5% yield). ^XH NMR (300.1 1 MHz, CDC1₃): δ 7.36-7.30 (m, 2H), 7.18 (d, J= 8.1 Hz, 1H), 4.55 (s, 2H), 2.41 (s, 3H).

Preparation 3

Synthesis of 4-[(4-bromo-2-methyl-phenyl)methyl]-5-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-3-ol.

Extract with ethyl acetate (200 mL), wash extract with water (200 rnL) and brine (200 mL), dry over a₂S04, filter and concentrate under reduced pressure. Dissolve the resulting residue in toluene (200 mL) and add hydrazine monohydrate (23.3 mL, 0.48 mol). Heat the mixture at 120 °C for 2 hours with a Dean-Stark apparatus to remove water. Cool and remove the solvent under the reduced pressure, dissolve the residue with dichloromethane (50 mL) and methanol (50 mL). Pour this solution slowly to a beaker with water (250 mL). Collect the resulting precipitated product by vacuum filtration. Dry in vacuo in an oven overnight at 40 °C to yield the title compound as a solid (48.0 g, 0.16 mol). MS (m/z): 311.0 (M+l), 309.0 (M-l).

Alternative synthesis of 4-r(4-bromo-2-methyl-phenyl)methyl1-5-isopropyl- !H-pyrazol- 3-oL

A solution of 4-bromo- 1 -chloromethyl-2-methyl-benzene (13.16 g, 59.95 mmoles) in acetonitrile (65.8 mL) is prepared. Potassium carbonate (24.86 g, 179.9 mmol), potassium iodide (1 1.94 g, 71.94 mmol) and methyl 4-methyl-3-oxo valerate (8.96 mL; 62.95 mmol) are added. The resulting mixture is stirred at ambient temperature for 20 hours. Hydrochloric acid (2N) is added to give pH 3. The solution is extracted with ethyl acetate (100 ml), the organic phase is washed with brine (100 ml) and dried over Na₂S0₄. The mixture is filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue is dissolved in toluene (65.8 mL) and hydrazine monohydrate (13.7 mL, 0.180 mol) is added. The resulting mixture is heated to reflux and water is removed using a Dean and Stark apparatus. After 3 hours the mixture is cooled to 90 °C and additional hydrazine monohydrate (13.7 mL; 0.180 mol) is added and the mixture is heated to reflux for 1 hour. The mixture is cooled and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting solid is triturated with water (200 mL), filtered and dried in a vacuum oven over P2O5 at 60°C. The solid is triturated in iso-hexane (200 mL) and filtered to give the title compound (14.3 g; 77.1% yield). MS (m/z): 309/31 1 (M+l).

Preparation 4

Synthesis of 4-(4-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)-5-(propan-2-yl)-lH-pyrazol-3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra- O-benzoyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside.

Scheme 1, step D: To a 1L flask, add 4-[(4-bromo-2-methyl-phenyl)methyl]-5-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-3-ol (20 g, 64.7 mmol), alpha-D-glucopyranosyl bromide tetrabenzoate (50 g, 76 mmol), benzyltributylammonium chloride (6 g, 19.4 mmol), dichloromethane (500 mL), potassium carbonate (44.7 g, 323 mmol) and water (100 mL). Stir the reaction mixture overnight at room temperature. Extract with dichloromethane (500mL). Wash extract with water (300 mL) and brine (500 mL). Dry organic phase over sodium sulfate, filter, and concentrate under reduced pressure. Purify the residue by flash chromatography to yield the title compound (37 g, 64 mmol). MS (ml 2): 889.2 (M+l), 887.2 (M-l).

Preparation 5

Synthesis of 4- {4-[( lis)-4-hydroxybut- 1 -en- 1 -yl]-2-methylbenzyl} -5-(propan-2-yl)- 1H- pyrazol-3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzoyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside.

Scheme 1, step E: Add 3-buten-l-ol (0.58 mL, 6.8 mmol) to a solution of 4-(4-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)-5-(propan-2-yl)-lH-pyrazol-3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzoyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (3 g, 3.4 mmol) in acetonitrile (30 mL) and triethylamine (20 mL). Degas the solution with nitrogen over 10 minutes. Add tri-o-tolylphosphine (205 mg, 0.67 mmol) and palladium acetate (76 mg, 0.34 mmol). Reflux at 90 °C for 2 hours. Cool to room temperature and concentrate to remove the solvent under the reduced pressure. Purify the residue by flash chromatography to yield the title compound (2.1 g, 2.4 mmol). MS (m/z): 878.4 (M+l).

Preparation 6

Synthesis of 4-{4-[(l£)-4-oxybut-l-en-l-yl]-2-methylbenzyl}-5-(propan-2-yl)-lH- pyrazol-3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzoyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside.

Scheme 1, step F: Add 3,3,3-triacetoxy-3-iodophthalide (134 mg, 0.96 mmol) to a solution of 4-{4-[(l£)-4-hydroxybut-l-en-l-yl]-2-methylbenzyl}-5-(propan-2-yl)-lH-pyrazol-3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzoyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (280 mg, 0.32 mmol) and sodium bicarbonate (133.8 mg, 1.6 mmol) in dichloromethane (20 mL) at 0 °C. After 15 minutes at room temperature, quench the reaction with saturated aqueous sodium thiosulfate (10 mL). Extract with dichloromethane (30 mL). Wash extract with water (30 mL) and brine (40 mL). Dry organic phase over sodium sulfate, filter, and concentrate under reduced pressure. Purify the resulting residue by flash chromatography to yield the title compound (270 mg, 0.31 mmol). MS (m/z): 876.5 (M+l), 874.5 (M-l).

Preparation 7

Synthesis of tert-butyl 2- {(3_JE)-4-[3-methyl-4-({5-(propan-2-yl)-3-[(2,3,4,6-tetra-0-benzoyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-lH-pyrazol-4-yl}methyl)phenyl]but-3-en-l-yl}-2,9- diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate.

Scheme 1, step G: Add sodium triacetoxyborohydride (98 mg, 0.46 mmol) to a solution of 4- {4-[(lis)-4-oxybut- 1 -en-1 -yl]-2-methylbenzyl} -5-(propan-2-yl)- lH-pyrazol-3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzoyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (270 mg, 0.31 mmol) and tert-butyl 2,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate hydrochloride (179 mg, 0.62 mmol) in 1,2-dichloroethane (5 mL). After 30 minutes at room temperature, quench the reaction with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (10 mL). Extract with dichloromethane (30 mL). Wash extract with water (30 mL) and brine (40 mL), dry organic phase over sodium sulfate, filter and concentrate under reduced pressure. Purify the resulting residue by flash chromatography to yield the title compound (275 mg, 0.25 mmol).

MS (m/z): 1115.6 (M+1).

Preparation 8

Synthesis of 4-{4-[(l£)-4-(2,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undec-2-yl)but-l-en-l-yl]-2- methylbenzyl}-5-(propan-2-yl)-lH-pyrazol-3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzoyl-beta-D- glucopyranoside dihydrochloride.

Scheme 1, step H: Add hydrogen chloride (4.0 M solution in 1,4-dioxane, 0.6 mL, 2.4 mmol) to a solution of tert-butyl 2-{(3is)-4-[3-methyl-4-({5-(propan-2-yl)-3-[(2,3,4,6-tetra-0-benzoyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-lH-pyrazol-4-yl}methyl)phenyl]but-3-en-l-yl}-2,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate (275 mg, 0.25 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 mL). After overnight (18 hours) at room temperature, concentrate to remove the solvent under reduced pressure to yield the title compound as a solid (258 mg, 0.24 mmol). MS (m/z): 1015.6 (M+l).

Example 1

Synthesis of 4-{4-[(l£)-4-(2,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undec-2-yl)but-l-en-l-yl]-2- methylbenzyl} -5-(propan-2-yl)- lH-pyrazol-3-yl beta-D-glucopyranoside.

Scheme 1, step I: Add sodium hydroxide (0.5 mL, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 M solution) to a solution of 4-{4-[(l£)-4-(2,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undec-2-yl)but-l-en-l-yl]-2-methylbenzyl}-5-(propan-2-yl)-lH-pyrazol-3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzoyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside dihydrochloride (258 mg, 0.24 mmol) in methanol (2 mL). After 2 hours at 40 °C, concentrate to remove the solvent under reduced pressure to give a residue, which is purified by preparative HPLC method: high pH, 25% B for 4 min, 25-40 B % for 4 min @ 85 mL/min using a 30 x 75 mm, 5 um C18XBridge ODB column, solvent A – 1¾0 w NH₄HCO₃ @ pH 10, solvent B – MeCN to yield the title compound as a solid (46 mg, 0.08 mmol). MS (m/z): 598.8 (M+l), 596.8 (M-l).

Preparation 9

Synthesis of 4-(4-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)-5-(propan-2-yl)-lH-pyrazol-3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra- O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside.

Scheme 2, step A: To a 1 L flask, add 4-[(4-bromo-2-methyl-phenyl)methyl]-5-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-3-ol (24 g, 77.6 mmol), 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl bromide (50.4 g, 116 mmol), benzyltributylammomum chloride (5 g, 15.5 mmol), dichloromethane (250 mL), potassium carbonate (32 g, 323 mmol) and water (120 mL). Stir the reaction mixture overnight at room temperature. Extract with dichloromethane (450 mL). Wash extract with water (300 mL) and brine (500 mL). Dry organic phase over sodium sulfate, filter, and concentrate under reduced pressure. Purify the resulting residue by flash chromatography to yield the title compound (36.5 g, 57 mmol). MS (m/z): 638.5 (M+l), 636.5 (M-l).

Alternative synthesis of 4-(4-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)-5-(propan-2-yl)-lH-pyrazol-3-yl

2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside.

(32.18 g, 232.9 mmol), dichloromethane (250 mL) and water (120 mL) are combined and the mixture is stirred at ambient temperature for 18 hours. The mixture is partitioned between dichloromethane (250 mL) and water (250 mL). The organic phase is washed with brine (250 mL), dried over Na₂S0₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting residue is purified by flash chromatography (eluting with 10% ethyl acetate in dichloromethane to 70% ethyl acetate in dichloromethane) to give the title compound (36.5 g, 74% yield). MS (m/z): 639/641 (M+l).

Preparation 10

Synthesis of 4- {4-[( lis)-4-hydroxybut- 1 -en- 1 -yl]-2-methylbenzyl} -5-(propan-2-yl)- 1H- pyrazol-3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside.

Scheme 2, step B: Add 3-buten-l-ol (6.1 mL, 70 mmol) to a solution of 4-(4-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)-5-(propan-2-yl)-lH-pyrazol-3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (15 g, 23.5 mmol) in acetonitrile (200 mL) and triethylamine (50 mL). Degas the solution with nitrogen over 10 minutes. Add tri-o-tolylphosphine (1.43 g, 4.7 mmol) and palladium acetate (526 mg, 2.35 mmol). After refluxing at 90 °C for 2 hours, cool, and concentrate to remove the solvent under the reduced pressure. Purify the resulting residue by flash chromatography to yield the title compound (7.5 g, 11.9 mmol). MS (m/z): 631.2 (M+l), 629.2 (M-l).

Preparation 11

Synthesis of 4-{4-[(l£)-4-oxybut-l-en-l-yl]-2-methylbenzyl}-5-(propan-2-yl)-lH- pyrazol-3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside.

Scheme 2, step C: Add 3,3,3-triacetoxy-3-iodophthalide (2.1g, 4.76 mmol) to a solution of 4-{4-[(l£)-4-hydroxybut-l-en-l-yl]-2-methylbenzyl}-5-(propan-2-yl)-lH-pyrazol-3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside ( 1.5 g, 2.38 mmol) and sodium bicarbonate (2 g, 23.8 mmol) in dichloromethane (50 mL) at 0 °C. After 15 minutes at room temperature, quench the reaction with saturated aqueous sodium thiosulfate (10 mL). Extract with dichloromethane (30 mL), wash extract with water (30 mL) and brine (40 mL). Dry organic phase over sodium sulfate, filter, and concentrate under reduced pressure. Purify the resulting residue by flash chromatography to yield the title compound (0.95 g, 1.51 mmol). MS (m/z): 628.8(M+1), 626.8 (M-l).

Preparation 12

Synthesis of tert-butyl 2-{(3_JE)-4-[3-methyl-4-({5-(propan-2-yl)-3-[(2,3,4,6-tetra-0- acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-lH-pyrazol-4-yl}methyl)phenyl]but-3-en-l-yl}-2,9- diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate.

Scheme 2, Step D: Add sodium triacetoxyborohydride (303 mg, 1.4 mmol) to a solution of 4- {4-[(lis)-4-oxybut- 1 -en-1 -yl]-2-methylbenzyl} -5-(propan-2-yl)- lH-pyrazol-3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (600 mg, 0.95 mmol) and tert-butyl 2,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate hydrochloride (333 mg, 1.2 mmol) in 1,2-dichloroethane (30 mL). After 30 minutes at room temperature, quench the reaction with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (15 mL). Extract with dichloromethane (60 mL). Wash extract with water (30 mL) and brine (60 mL). Dry organic phase over sodium sulfate, filter, and concentrate under reduced pressure. Purify the resulting residue by flash chromatography to yield the title compound (500 mg, 0.58 mmol).

MS (m/z): 866.8, 867.8 (M+l), 864.8, 865.8 (M-l).

Preparation 13

Synthesis oftert-butyl 2-{(3E)-4-[3-methyl-4-({5-(propan-2-yl)-3-[(2,3,4,6-tetra-0-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-lH-pyrazol-4-yl}methyl)phenyl]but-3-en-l-yl}-2,8- diazaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate.

The title compound is prepared essentially by the method of Preparation 12. S (m/z): 852.8, 853.6 (M+l), 850.8, 851.6 (M-l).

Preparation 14

Synthesis oftert-butyl 9-{(3E)-4-[3-methyl-4-({5-(propan-2-yl)-3-[(2,3,4,6-tetra-0-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-lH-pyrazol-4-yl}methyl)phenyl]but-3-en-l-yl}-3,9- diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-3-carboxylate.

The title compound is prepared essentially by the method of Preparation 12. S (m/z): 866.8, 867.6 (M+l), 864.8, 865.6 (M-l).

Preparation 15

Synthesis of 4-{4-[(l£)-4-(2,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undec-2-yl)but-l-en-l-yl]-2- methylbenzyl}-5-(propan-2-yl)-lH-pyrazol-3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D- glucopyranoside dihydrochloride.

Scheme 2, step E: Add hydrogen chloride (4.0 M solution in 1,4-dioxane, 1.5 mL, 5.8 mmol) to a solution of tert-butyl 2-{(3£)-4-[3-methyl-4-({5-(propan-2-yl)-3-[(2,3,4,6-tetra-0-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]- lH-pyrazol-4-yl} methyl)phenyl]but-3 -en- 1 -yl}-2,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate (500 mg, 0.58 mmol) in dichloromethane (20 mL). After 2 hours at room temperature, concentrate to remove the solvent under reduced pressure to yield the title compound as a solid (480 mg, 0.57 mmol).

MS (m/z): 767.4 (M+l).

Preparation 16

Synthesis of 4-{4-[(lE)-4-(2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]dec-2-yl)but-l-en-l-yl]-2-methylbenzyl}-5- (propan-2-yl)-lH-pyrazol-3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside

dihydrochloride.

The title compound is prepared essentially by the method of Preparation 15. MS (m/z): 752.8, 753.8 (M+1), 750.8 (M-1).

First alternative synthesis of Example 1

First alternative synthesis of 4-{4-[(l£)-4-(2,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undec-2-yl)but-l-en- 2-methylbenzyl}-5-(propan-2-yl)-lH-pyrazol-3-yl beta-D-glucopyranoside.

Scheme 2, step F: Add methanol (5 mL), triethylamine (3 mL), and water (3 mL) to 4-{4-[(l£)-4-(2,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undec-2-yl)but-l-en-l-yl]-2-methylbenzyl}-5-(propan-2-yl)-lH-pyrazol-3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside dihydrochloride (480 mg, 0.24 mmol). After 18 hours (overnight) at room temperature, concentrate to dryness under reduced pressure. Purify the resulting residue by preparative HPLC method: high pH, 25% B for 4 min, 25-40 B % for 4 min @ 85 mL/min using a 30 x 75 mm, 5 urn C18XBridge ODB column, solvent A – H₂0 w NH₄HCO₃ @ pH 10, solvent B – MeCN to yield the title compound as a solid (50 mg, 0.08 mmol).

MS (m/z): 598.8 (M+1), 596.8 (M-1). 1H MR (400.31 MHz, CD3OD): δ 7.11 (d, J=1.3

Hz, 1H), 7.04 (dd, J=1.3,8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.87 (d, J= 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.36 (d, J= 15.8 Hz, 1H), 6.16 (dt, J= 15.8, 6.3 Hz, 1H), 5.02 (m, 1H), 3.81 (d, J= 11.7 Hz, 1H), 3.72 (d, J= 16.8 Hz, 1H), 3.68 (d, J= 16.8 Hz, 1H) , 3.64 (m, 1H), 3.37-3.29 (m, 4H), 2.79 (m, 1H), 2.72 (t, J= 5.8 Hz, 4H), 2.44-2.33 (m, 6H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.26 ( broad s, 2H), 1.59 (m, 2H), 1.50 (m, 2H), 1.43 (m, 2H), 1.36 (m, 2H), 1.1 1 (d, J= 7.0 Hz, 3H), 1.10 (d, J= 7.0 Hz, 3H).

Example 2

Synthesis of 4- {4-[(lE)-4-(2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]dec-2-yl)but-l-en-l-yl]-2-methylbi

(propan-2-yl)-lH-pyrazol-3-yl beta-D-glucopyranoside.

O H

The title compound is prepared essentially by the method of the first alternative synthesis of Example 1. MS (m/z): 584.7 (M+l), 582.8 (M-l).

Example 3

Synthesis of 4- {4-[( 1 E)-4-(3 ,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undec-3 -yl)but- 1 -en- 1 -yl]-2- methylbenzyl} -5-(propan-2-yl)- lH-pyrazol-3-yl beta-D-glucopyranoside.

The title compound is prepared essentially by first treating the compound of Prearation 14 with HC1 as discussed in Preparation 15 then treating the resulting hydrochloride salt with triethyl amine as discussed in the first alternative synthesis of Example 1. MS (m/z): 598.8, 599.8 (M+l), 596.8, 597.8 (M-l).

Example 1 Preparation 17

Synthesis of tert-butyl 4-but-3- nyl-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate.

Scheme 3, step A: Cesium carbonate (46.66 g, 143.21 mmol) is added to a suspension of tert-butyl 4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate hydrochloride (16.66 g, 57.28 mmoles) in acetonitrile (167 mL). The mixture is stirred for 10 minutes at ambient temperature then 4-bromobutyne (6.45 mL, 68.74 mmol) is added. The reaction is heated to reflux and stirred for 18 hours. The mixture is cooled and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue is partitioned between water (200 mL) and ethyl acetate (150 mL). The phases are separated and the aqueous layer is extracted with ethyl acetate (100 mL). The combined organic layers are washed with water (200 mL), then brine (150 mL), dried over MgSC^, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the title compound (17.2 g, 98% yield). iH MR (300.11 MHz, CDC1₃): δ 3.43-3.31 (m, 4H),

2.53-2.48 (m, 2H), 2.37-2.29 (m, 4H), 2.20 (s, 2H), 1.94 (t, J= 2.6 Hz, 1H), 1.44 (s, 17H).

Preparation 18

Synthesis of tert-butyl 4-[(£)-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)but-3-enyl]- 4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate.

Scheme 3, step B: Triethylamine (5.62 mmoles; 0.783 mL), 4,4,5, 5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (8.56 mL, 59.0 mmol) and zirconocene chloride (1.45 g, 5.62 mmoles) are added to tert-butyl 4-but-3-ynyl-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate (17.21 g, 56.16 mmoles). The resulting mixture is heated to 65 °C for 3.5 hours. The mixture is cooled and dissolved in dichloromethane (150 mL). The resulting solution is passed through a ~4cm thick pad of silica gel, eluting with dichloromethane (2 x 200 mL). The filtrate is concentrated under reduced pressure to give the title compound (21.2 g, 87% yield), !H NMR (300.1 1 MHz, CDC1₃): δ 6.65-6.55 (m, 1H), 5.49-5.43 (m, 1H),

3.42-3.29 (m, 4H), 2.40-2.27 (m, 6H), 2.25-2.08 (m, 2H), 1.70 – 1.13 (m, 29H).

Preparation 19

Synthesis of tert-butyl 2-{(3_JE)-4-[3-methyl-4-({5-(propan-2-yl)-3-beta-D- glucopyranosyl)oxy]- lH-pyrazol-4-yl} methyl)phenyl]but-3 -en- 1 -yl} -2,9- diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate.

Scheme 3, step C: A solution of 4-(4-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)-5-(propan-2-yl)-lH-pyrazol-3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (20 g, 31.3 mmol), tert-butyl 4-[(£)-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)but-3-enyl]-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate (16.3 g, 37.5 mmol) and potassium carbonate (12.97 g, 93.82 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (200 mL) and water (40 mL) is degassed for 15 min by bubbling nitrogen gas through it. Pd(OAc)2 (140 mg, 625 μιηοΐ) and 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,4′,6′-tri-i-propyl-l, r-biphenyl (0.596 g, 1.25 mmol) are added and the reaction is heated to reflux for 16 h. The solution is cooled to ambient temperature and methanol (200 mL) is added. After 30 minutes the solvent is removed under reduced pressure. The mixture is partitioned between ethyl acetate (500 mL) and brine (500 ml) adding aqueous MgS0₄ (1M; 500 ml) to aid the phase separation. The layers are separated and the organic layer is dried over MgS0₄ and filtered through a 10 cm pad of silica gel, eluting with ethyl acetate (-1.5 L). The filtrate is discarded and the silica pad is flushed with 5% MeOH in THF (2 L). The methanolic filtrate is concentrated under reduced pressure to give the title compound (20. lg, 92%).

MS (m/z): 699 (M+l).

Second alternative Synthesis of Example 1

Second alternative synthesis of 4- {4-[(l£)-4-(2,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undec-2-yl)but-l-en-l- yl]-2-methylbenzyl}-5-(propan-2-yl)-lH-pyrazol-3-yl beta-D-glucopyranoside.

Scheme 3, step D: Trifluoroacetic acid (32.2 mL; 0.426 mol) is added to a solution of tert-butyl 2- {(3_JE)-4-[3-methyl-4-({5-(propan-2-yl)-3-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-lH-pyrazol-4-yl}methyl)phenyl]but-3-en-l-yl}-2,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate (14.87 g; 21.28 mmol) in dichloromethane (149 mL) cooled in iced water. The solution is allowed to warm to room temperature. After 30 minutes, the mixture is slowly added to ammonia in MeOH (2M; 300 mL), applying cooling as necessary to maintain a constant temperature. The solution is stirred at room temperature for 15 min. The mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue is purified using SCX-2 resin. The basic filtrate is concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue is triturated/sonicated in ethyl acetate, filtered and dried. The resulting solid is dissolved in MeOH (200ml) and concentrated in vacuo. This is repeated several times give the title compound (12.22 g, yield 96%). MS (m/z): 599 (M+l). [a]_D²⁰ = -12 ° (C=0.2, MeOH).

PATENT

WO 2015069541

https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2015069541A1

4-{4-[(1 E)-4-(2,9-DIAZASPIRO[5.5]UNDEC-2-YL)BUT-1 -EN-1

-YL]-2-METHYLBENZYL}-5-(PROPAN-2-YL)-1 H-PYRAZOL-3-YL

BETA-D- GLUCOPYRANOSIDE ACETATE

The present invention relates to a novel SGLT1 inhibitor which is an acetate salt of a pyrazole compound, to pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compound, to methods of using the compound to treat physiological disorders, and to intermediates and processes useful in the synthesis of the compound.

The present invention is in the field of treatment of diabetes and other diseases and disorders associated with hyperglycemia. Diabetes is a group of diseases that is characterized by high levels of blood glucose. It affects approximately 25 million people in the United States and is also the 7^th leading cause of death in U.S. according to the 2011 National Diabetes Fact Sheet (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Sodium-coupled glucose cotransporters (SGLT’s) are one of the transporters known to be responsible for the absorption of carbohydrates, such as glucose. More specifically, SGLT1 is responsible for transport of glucose across the brush border membrane of the small intestine. Inhibition of SGLT1 may result in reduced absorption of glucose in the small intestine, thus providing a useful approach to treating diabetes.

U.S. Patent No. 7,655,632 discloses certain pyrazole derivatives with human SGLT1 inhibitory activity which are further disclosed as useful for the prevention or treatment of a disease associated with hyperglycemia, such as diabetes. In addition, WO 2011/039338 discloses certain pyrazole derivatives with SGLT1/SGLT2 inhibitor activity which are further disclosed as being useful for treatment of bone diseases, such as osteoporosis.

There is a need for alternative drugs and treatment for diabetes. The present invention provides an acetate salt of a pyrazole compound, which is an SGLT1 inhibitor, and as such, may be suitable for the treatment of certain disorders, such as diabetes. Accordingly, the present invention provides a compound of Formula I:

or hydrate thereof.

Preparation 1

(4-bromo-2-methyl-phenyl)methanol

Scheme 1, step A: Add borane-tetrahydrofuran complex (0.2 mol, 200 mL, 1.0 M solution) to a solution of 4-bromo-2-methylbenzoic acid (39 g, 0.18 mol) in

tetrahydrofuran (200 mL). After 18 hours at room temperature, remove the solvent under the reduced pressure to give a solid. Purify by flash chromatography to yield the title compound as a white solid (32.9 g, 0.16 mol). !H NMR (CDCI3): δ 1.55 (s, 1H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 4.61 (s, 2H), 7.18-7.29 (m, 3H).

Alternative synthesis of (4-bromo-2-methyl-phenyl)mefhanol.

Borane-dimethyl sulfide complex (2M in THF; 116 mL, 0.232 mol) is added slowly to a solution of 4-bromo-2-methylbenzoic acid (24.3 g, 0.113 mol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (THF, 146 mL) at 3 °C. After stirring cold for 10 min the cooling bath is removed and the reaction is allowed to warm slowly to ambient temperature. After 1 hour, the solution is cooled to 5°C, and water (100 mL) is added slowly. Ethyl acetate (100 mL) is added and the phases are separated. The organic layer is washed with saturated aqueous NaHC0₃ solution (200 mL) and dried over Na₂S0₄. Filtration and concentration under reduced pressure gives a residue which is purified by filtration through a short pad of silica eluting with 15% ethyl acetate/iso-hexane to give the title compound (20.7 g, 91.2% yield). MS (m/z): 183/185 (M+l-18).

Preparation 2

4-bromo- 1 -chloromethyl -2 -methyl -benzene

Scheme 1, step B: Add thionyl chloride (14.31 mL, 0.2 mol,) to a solution of (4- bromo-2 -methyl -phenyl)methanol (32.9 g, 0.16 mol) in dichloromethane (200 mL) and dimethylformamide (0.025 mol, 2.0 mL) at 0°C. After 1 hour at room temperature pour the mixture into ice-water (100 g), extract with dichloromethane (300 mL), wash extract with 5% aq. sodium bicarbonate (30 mL) and brine (200 mL), dry over sodium sulfate, and concentrate under reduced pressure to give the crude title compound as a white solid (35.0 g, 0.16 mol). The material is used for the next step of reaction without further purification. ^!H NMR (CDC1₃): δ 2.38 (s, 3H), 4.52 (s, 2H), 7.13-7.35 (m, 3H).

Alternative synthesis of 4-bromo-l-chloromethyl-2-methyl -benzene. Methanesulfonyl chloride (6.83 mL, 88.3 mmol) is added slowly to a solution of (4-bromo-2-methyl-phenyl)methanol (16.14 g, 80.27 mmol) and triethylamine (16.78 mL; 120.4 mmol) in dichloromethane (80.7 mL) cooled in ice/water. The mixture is allowed to slowly warm to ambient temperature and is stirred for 16 hours. Further

methanesulfonyl chloride (1.24 mL; 16.1 mmol) is added and the mixture is stirred at ambient temperature for 2 hours. Water (80mL) is added and the phases are separated. The organic layer is washed with hydrochloric acid (IN; 80 mL) then saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution (80 mL), then water (80 mL), and is dried over Na₂S0₄. Filtration and concentration under reduced pressure gives a residue which is purified by flash chromatography (eluting with hexane) to give the title compound (14.2 g; 80.5% yield). ^!H NMR (300.11 MHz, CDC1₃): δ 7.36-7.30 (m, 2H), 7.18 (d, J= 8.1 Hz, 1H), 4.55 (s, 2H), 2.41 (s, 3H).

Preparation 3

4- [(4-bromo-2-methyl-phenyl)methyl] -5 -isopropyl- lH-pyrazol-3 -ol

Scheme 1, step C: Add sodium hydride (8.29 g, 0.21 mol, 60% dispersion in oil) to a solution of methyl 4-methyl-3-oxovalerate (27.1 mL, 0.19 mol) in tetrahydrofuran at 0°C. After 30 min at room temperature, add a solution of 4-bromo-l-chloromethyl-2- methyl-benzene (35.0 g, 0.16 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (50 mL). Heat the resulting mixture at 70 °C overnight (18 hours). Add 1.0 M HC1 (20 mL) to quench the reaction. Extract with ethyl acetate (200 mL), wash extract with water (200 mL) and brine (200 mL), dry over Na₂S0₄, filter and concentrate under reduced pressure. Dissolve the resulting residue in toluene (200 mL) and add hydrazine monohydrate (23.3 mL, 0.48 mol). Heat the mixture at 120 °C for 2 hours with a Dean-Stark apparatus to remove water. Cool and remove the solvent under the reduced pressure, dissolve the residue with dichloromethane (50 mL) and methanol (50 mL). Pour this solution slowly to a beaker with water (250 mL). Collect the resulting precipitated product by vacuum filtration. Dry in vacuo in an oven overnight at 40 °C to yield the title compound as a solid (48.0 g, 0.16 mol). MS (m/z): 311.0 (M+l), 309.0 (M-l). Alternative synthesis of 4-[(4-bromo-2-methyl-phenyl)methyl] -5 -isopropyl- lH-pyrazol-

3-ol.

A solution of 4-bromo-l-chloromethyl-2-methyl-benzene (13.16 g, 59.95 mmoles) in acetonitrile (65.8 mL) is prepared. Potassium carbonate (24.86 g, 179.9 mmol), potassium iodide (11.94 g, 71.94 mmol) and methyl 4-methyl-3-oxovalerate (8.96 mL; 62.95 mmol) are added. The resulting mixture is stirred at ambient temperature for 20 hours. Hydrochloric acid (2N) is added to give pH 3. The solution is extracted with ethyl acetate (100 ml), the organic phase is washed with brine (100 ml) and dried over Na₂S0₄. The mixture is filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue is dissolved in toluene (65.8 mL) and hydrazine monohydrate (13.7 mL, 0.180 mol) is added. The resulting mixture is heated to reflux and water is removed using a Dean and Stark apparatus. After 3 hours the mixture is cooled to 90 °C and additional hydrazine monohydrate (13.7 mL; 0.180 mol) is added and the mixture is heated to reflux for 1 hour. The mixture is cooled and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting solid is triturated with water (200 mL), filtered and dried in a vacuum oven over P₂Os at 60°C. The solid is triturated in iso-hexane (200 mL) and filtered to give the title compound (14.3 g; 77.1% yield). MS (m/z): 309/311 (M+l).

Preparation 4

4-(4-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)-5-(propan-2-yl)-lH-pyrazol-3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzoyl- beta-D-glucopyranoside

Scheme 1, step D: To a 1L flask, add 4-[(4-bromo-2-methyl-phenyl)methyl]-5- isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-3-ol (20 g, 64.7 mmol), alpha-D-glucopyranosyl bromide tetrabenzoate (50 g, 76 mmol), benzyltributylammonium chloride (6 g, 19.4 mmol), dichloromethane (500 mL), potassium carbonate (44.7 g, 323 mmol) and water (100 mL). Stir the reaction mixture overnight at room temperature. Extract with dichloromethane (500mL). Wash extract with water (300 mL) and brine (500 mL). Dry organic phase over sodium sulfate, filter, and concentrate under reduced pressure. Purify the residue by flash chromatography to yield the title compound (37 g, 64 mmol). MS (m/z): 889.2 (M+l), 887.2 (M-l).

Preparation 5

4- {4- [(lis)-4-hydroxybut- 1 -en- 1 -yl] -2-methylbenzyl } -5 -(propan-2-yl)- lH-pyrazol-3-yl

2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzoyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside

Scheme 1, step E: Add 3-buten-l-ol (0.58 mL, 6.8 mmol) to a solution of 4-(4- bromo-2-methylbenzyl)-5 -(propan-2-yl)- lH-pyrazol-3 -yl 2,3 ,4,6-tetra-O-benzoyl-beta-D- glucopyranoside (3 g, 3.4 mmol) in acetonitrile (30 mL) and triethylamine (20 mL). Degas the solution with nitrogen over 10 minutes. Add tri-o-tolylphosphine (205 mg, 0.67 mmol) and palladium acetate (76 mg, 0.34 mmol). Reflux at 90 °C for 2 hours. Cool to room temperature and concentrate to remove the solvent under the reduced pressure. Purify the residue by flash chromatography to yield the title compound (2.1 g, 2.4 mmol). MS (m/z): 878.4 (M+l).

Preparation 6

4-{4-[(l£)-4-oxybut-l-en-l-yl]-2-methylbenzyl}-5-(propan-2-yl)-lH-pyrazol-3-yl

2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzoyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside

Scheme 1, step F: Add 3,3,3-triacetoxy-3-iodophthalide (134 mg, 0.96 mmol) to a solution of 4-{4-[(l£)-4-hydroxybut-l-en-l-yl]-2-methylbenzyl}-5-(propan-2-yl)-lH- pyrazol-3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzoyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (280 mg, 0.32 mmol) and sodium bicarbonate (133.8 mg, 1.6 mmol) in dichloromethane (20 mL) at 0 °C. After 15 minutes at room temperature, quench the reaction with saturated aqueous sodium thiosulfate (10 mL). Extract with dichloromethane (30 mL). Wash extract with water (30 mL) and brine (40 mL). Dry organic phase over sodium sulfate, filter, and concentrate under reduced pressure. Purify the resulting residue by flash chromatography to yield the title compound (270 mg, 0.31 mmol). MS (m/z): 876.5 (M+l), 874.5 (M-l).

Preparation 7

tert-butyl 2-{(3_JE)-4-[3-methyl-4-({5-(propan-2-yl)-3-[(2,3,4,6-tetra-0-benzoyl-beta-D- glucopyranosyl)oxy]-lH-pyrazol-4-yl}methyl)phenyl]but-3-en-l-yl} -2,9- diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate

Scheme 1, step G: Add sodium triacetoxyborohydride (98 mg, 0.46 mmol) to a solution of 4-{4-[(l£)-4-oxybut-l-en-l-yl]-2-methylbenzyl}-5-(propan-2-yl)-lH-pyrazol- 3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzoyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (270 mg, 0.31 mmol) and tert-butyl 2,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate hydrochloride (179 mg, 0.62 mmol) in 1,2- dichloroethane (5 mL). After 30 minutes at room temperature, quench the reaction with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (10 mL). Extract with dichloromethane (30 mL). Wash extract with water (30 mL) and brine (40 mL), dry organic phase over sodium sulfate, filter and concentrate under reduced pressure. Purify the resulting residue by flash chromatography to yield the title compound (275 mg, 0.25 mmol).

MS (m/z): 1115.6 (M+l).

Preparation 8

4- {4- [( l£)-4-(2,9-diazaspiro [5.5]undec-2-yl)but- 1 -en- 1 -yl] -2-methylbenzyl} -5-(propan- 2-yl)-lH-pyrazol-3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzoyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside dihydrochloride

Scheme 1, step H: Add hydrogen chloride (4.0 M solution in 1,4-dioxane, 0.6 mL, 2.4 mmol) to a solution of tert-butyl 2-{(3£)-4-[3-methyl-4-({5-(propan-2-yl)-3- [(2,3,4,6-tetra-0-benzoyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-lH-pyrazol-4- yl}methyl)phenyl]but-3-en-l-yl}-2,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate (275 mg, 0.25 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 mL). After overnight (18 hours) at room temperature, concentrate to remove the solvent under reduced pressure to yield the title compound as a solid (258 mg, 0.24 mmol). MS (m/z): 1015.6 (M+l).

Preparation 9

4-(4-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)-5-(propan-2-yl)-lH-pyrazol-3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl- beta-D-glucopyranoside.

Scheme 2, step A: To a 1 L flask, add 4-[(4-bromo-2-methyl-phenyl)mefhyl]-5- isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-3-ol (24 g, 77.6 mmol), 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-alpha-D- glucopyranosyl bromide (50.4 g, 116 mmol), benzyltributylammonium chloride (5 g, 15.5 mmol), dichloromethane (250 mL), potassium carbonate (32 g, 323 mmol) and water (120 mL). Stir the reaction mixture overnight at room temperature. Extract with dichloromethane (450 mL). Wash extract with water (300 mL) and brine (500 mL). Dry organic phase over sodium sulfate, filter, and concentrate under reduced pressure. Purify the resulting residue by flash chromatography to yield the title compound (36.5 g, 57 mmol). MS (m/z): 638.5 (M+l), 636.5 (M-l).

Alternative synthesis of 4-(4-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)-5-(propan-2-yl)-lH-pyrazol-3-yl

2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside.

Reagents 4-[(4-bromo-2-methyl-phenyl)methyl]-5-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-3-ol (24.0 g, 77.6 mmol), 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl bromide (50.4 g, 116 mmol), benzyltributylammonium chloride (4.94 g, 15.52 mmol), potassium carbonate (32.18 g, 232.9 mmol), dichloromethane (250 mL) and water (120 mL) are combined and the mixture is stirred at ambient temperature for 18 hours. The mixture is partitioned between dichloromethane (250 mL) and water (250 mL). The organic phase is washed with brine (250 mL), dried over Na₂S0₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting residue is purified by flash chromatography (eluting with 10% ethyl acetate in dichloromethane to 70% ethyl acetate in dichloromethane) to give the title compound (36.5 g, 74% yield). MS (m/z): 639/641 (M+l). Preparation 10

4- {4- [(lis)-4-hydroxybut- 1 -en- 1 -yl] -2-methylbenzyl } -5 -(propan-2-yl)- lH-pyrazol-3-yl

2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside

Scheme 2, step B: Add 3-buten-l-ol (6.1 mL, 70 mmol) to a solution of 4-(4- bromo-2-methylbenzyl)-5 -(propan-2-yl)- 1 H-pyrazol-3 -yl 2,3 ,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D- glucopyranoside (15 g, 23.5 mmol) in acetonitrile (200 mL) and triethylamine (50 mL). Degas the solution with nitrogen over 10 minutes. Add tri-o-tolylphosphine (1.43 g, 4.7 mmol) and palladium acetate (526 mg, 2.35 mmol). After refluxing at 90 °C for 2 hours, cool, and concentrate to remove the solvent under the reduced pressure. Purify the resulting residue by flash chromatography to yield the title compound (7.5 g, 11.9 mmol) MS (m/z): 631.2 (M+l), 629.2 (M-l).

Preparation 11

4-{4-[(l£)-4-oxybut-l-en-l-yl]-2-methylbenzyl}-5-(propan-2-yl)-lH-pyrazol-3-yl

2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside

Scheme 2, step C: Add 3,3,3-triacetoxy-3-iodophthalide (2.1g, 4.76 mmol) to a solution of 4-{4-[(l£)-4-hydroxybut-l-en-l-yl]-2-methylbenzyl}-5-(propan-2-yl)-lH- pyrazol-3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside ( 1.5 g, 2.38 mmol) and sodium bicarbonate (2 g, 23.8 mmol) in dichloromethane (50 mL) at 0 °C. After 15 minutes at room temperature, quench the reaction with saturated aqueous sodium thiosulfate (10 mL). Extract with dichloromethane (30 mL), wash extract with water (30 mL) and brine (40 mL). Dry organic phase over sodium sulfate, filter, and concentrate under reduced pressure. Purify the resulting residue by flash chromatography to yield the title compound (0.95 g, 1.51 mmol). MS (m/z): 628.8(M+1), 626.8 (M-l).

Preparation 12a

tert-butyl 2-{(3_JE)-4-[3-methyl-4-({5-(propan-2-yl)-3-[(2,3,4,6-tetra-0-acetyl-beta-D- glucopyranosyl)oxy] -lH-pyrazol-4-yl}methyl)phenyl]but-3-en- 1 -yl} -2,9- diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate

Scheme 2, Step D: Add sodium triacetoxyborohydride (303 mg, 1.4 mmol) to a solution of 4-{4-[(l£)-4-oxybut-l-en-l-yl]-2-methylbenzyl}-5-(propan-2-yl)-lH-pyrazol- 3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (600 mg, 0.95 mmol) and tert-butyl 2,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate hydrochloride (333 mg, 1.2 mmol) in 1,2- dichloroethane (30 mL). After 30 minutes at room temperature, quench the reaction with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (15 mL). Extract with dichloromethane (60 mL). Wash extract with water (30 mL) and brine (60 mL). Dry organic phase over sodium sulfate, filter, and concentrate under reduced pressure. Purify the resulting residue by flash chromatography to yield the title compound (500 mg, 0.58 mmol).

MS (m/z): 866.8, 867.8 (M+l), 864.8, 865.8 (M-l).

Preparation 13

4- {4- [( l£)-4-(2,9-diazaspiro [5.5]undec-2-yl)but- 1 -en- 1 -yl] -2-methylbenzyl} -5-(propan- 2-yl)- lH-pyrazol-3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside dihydrochloride

Scheme 2, step E: Add hydrogen chloride (4.0 M solution in 1,4-dioxane, 1.5 mL, 5.8 mmol) to a solution of tert-butyl 2-{(3£)-4-[3-methyl-4-({5-(propan-2-yl)-3-[(2,3,4,6- tetra-0-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy] – lH-pyrazol-4-yl} methyl)phenyl]but-3 -en- 1 – yl}-2,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate (500 mg, 0.58 mmol) in dichloromethane (20 mL). After 2 hours at room temperature, concentrate to remove the solvent under reduced pressure to yield the title compound as a solid (480 mg, 0.57 mmol).

MS (m/z): 767.4 (M+l).

Scheme 3

Preparation 14

tert-butyl 4-but-3-ynyl-4,9-diazas iro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate

Scheme 3, step A: Cesium carbonate (46.66 g, 143.21 mmol) is added to a suspension of tert-butyl 4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate hydrochloride (16.66 g, 57.28 mmoles) in acetonitrile (167 mL). The mixture is stirred for 10 minutes at ambient temperature then 4-bromobutyne (6.45 mL, 68.74 mmol) is added. The reaction is heated to reflux and stirred for 18 hours. The mixture is cooled and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue is partitioned between water (200 mL) and ethyl acetate (150 mL). The phases are separated and the aqueous layer is extracted with ethyl acetate (100 mL). The combined organic layers are washed with water (200 mL), then brine (150 mL), dried over MgS0₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the title compound (17.2 g, 98% yield). ^lH NMR (300.11 MHz, CDC1₃): δ 3.43-3.31 (m, 4H), 2.53-2.48 (m, 2H), 2.37-2.29 (m, 4H), 2.20 (s, 2H), 1.94 (t, J= 2.6 Hz, 1H), 1.44 (s, 17H).

Preparation 15

tert-butyl 4-[(£)-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)but-3-enyl]-4,9- diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate

Scheme 3, step B: Triethylamine (5.62 mmoles; 0.783 mL), 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl- 1,3,2-dioxaborolane (8.56 mL, 59.0 mmol) and zirconocene chloride (1.45 g, 5.62 mmoles) are added to tert-butyl 4-but-3-ynyl-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate (17.21 g, 56.16 mmoles). The resulting mixture is heated to 65 °C for 3.5 hours. The mixture is cooled and dissolved in dichloromethane (150 mL). The resulting solution is passed through a ~4cm thick pad of silica gel, eluting with dichloromethane (2 x 200 mL). The filtrate is concentrated under reduced pressure to give the title compound (21.2 g, 87% yield). 1H NMR (300.11 MHz, CDCI3): δ 6.65-6.55 (m, 1H), 5.49-5.43 (m, 1H), 3.42-3.29 (m, 4H), 2.40-2.27 (m, 6H), 2.25-2.08 (m, 2H), 1.70 – 1.13 (m, 29H).

Preparation 16

tert-butyl 2-{(3£’)-4-[3-methyl-4-({5-(propan-2-yl)-3-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-lH- pyrazol-4-yl} methyl)phenyl]but-3 -en- 1 -yl} -2,9-diazaspiro [5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate

Scheme 3, step C: A solution of 4-(4-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)-5-(propan-2-yl)- lH-pyrazol-3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (20 g, 31.3 mmol), tert- butyl 4-[(£)-4-(4,4,5 ,5 -tetramethyl- 1 ,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)but-3 -enyl] -4,9- diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate (16.3 g, 37.5 mmol) and potassium carbonate (12.97 g, 93.82 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (200 mL) and water (40 mL) is degassed for 15 min by bubbling nitrogen gas through it. Pd(OAc)₂ (140 mg, 625 μιηοΐ) and 2- dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,4′,6′-tri-i -propyl- Ι, -biphenyl (0.596 g, 1.25 mmol) are added and the reaction is heated to reflux for 16 h. The solution is cooled to ambient temperature and methanol (200 mL) is added. After 30 minutes the solvent is removed under reduced pressure. The mixture is partitioned between ethyl acetate (500 mL) and brine (500 ml) adding aqueous MgS0₄ (1M; 500 ml) to aid the phase separation. The layers are separated and the organic layer is dried over MgS0₄ and filtered through a 10 cm pad of silica gel, eluting with ethyl acetate (-1.5 L). The filtrate is discarded and the silica pad is flushed with 5% MeOH in THF (2 L). The methanolic filtrate is concentrated under reduced pressure to give the title compound (20. lg, 92%).

MS (m/z): 699 (M+l).

Preparation 17

tert-butyl 4- [(E)-4- [4- [(3 -hydroxy-5-isopropyl- 1 H-pyrazol-4-yl)methyl] -3 -methyl- phenyl]but-3-enyl]-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate

Scheme 4, step A: Add tert-butyl 4-[(£)-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l,3,2- dioxaborolan-2-yl)but-3-enyl]-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate (35.8 kg, 82.4 mol) in methanol (130 L) to a solution of (4-[(4-bromo-2-methyl-phenyl)methyl]-5- isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-3-ol (23.9 kg, 77.3 mol) in methanol (440 L) at room temperature. Add water (590 L) and tripotassium phosphate (100 kg, 471.7 mol) and place the reaction under nitrogen atmosphere. To the stirring solution, add a suspension of

tris(dibenzylideneacetone) dipalladium (1.42 kg, 1.55 mol) and di-tert- butylmethylphosphonium tetrafluoroborate (775 g, 3.12 mol) in methanol (15 L). The resulting mixture is heated at 75 °C for 2 hours. Cool the mixture and filter over diatomaceous earth. Rinse the the filter cake with methanol (60 L), and concentrate the filtrate under reduced pressure. Add ethyl acetate (300 L), separate the layers, and wash the organic layer with 15% brine (3 x 120 L). Concentrate the organic layer under reduced pressure, add ethyl acetate (300 L), and stir the mixture for 18 to 20 hours. Add heptane (300 L), cool the mixture to 10 °C, and stir the mixture for an additional 18 to 20 hours. Collect the resulting solids by filtration, rinse the cake with ethyl acetate/heptane (2:3, 2 x 90 L), and dry under vacuum at 40°C to give the title compound (29.3 kg, 70.6% yield) as a white solid. ^lH NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 7.14 (s, 1H), 7.07 (d, J= 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.92 (d, J= 7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.39 (d, J= 16.0 Hz, 1H), 6.25-6.12 (m, 1H), 3.63 (s, 2H), 3.45-3.38 (bs, 3H), 3.34 (s, 3 H), 3.33 (s, 3H), 2.85-2.75 (m, 1H), 2.49-2.40 (m, 5 H), 2.33 (s, 3H), 1.68-1.62 (m, 2H), 1.60-1.36 (m, 15H), 1.11 (s, 3H), 1.10 (s, 3H).

Preparation 12b

Alterternative preparation of tert-butyl 2-{(3£)-4-[3-methyl-4-({5-(propan-2-yl)-3- [(2,3,4,6-tetra-0-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-lH-pyrazol-4-yl}methyl)phenyl]but- 3-en-l-yl}-2,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate.

Scheme 4, step B: Combine tert-butyl 4-[(E)-4-[4-[(3-hydroxy-5-isopropyl-lH- pyrazol-4-yl)methyl] -3-methyl-phenyl]but-3 -enyl] -4,9-diazaspiro [5.5]undecane-9- carboxylate (17.83 kg, 33.2 moles), acetonitrile (180 L), and benzyltributylammonium chloride (1.52 kg, 4.87 moles) at room temperature. Slowly add potassium carbonate (27.6 kg, 199.7 moles) and stir the mixture for 2 hours. Add 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-alpha- D-glucopyranosyl bromide (24.9 kg, 60.55 mol), warm the reaction mixture to 30°C and stir for 18 hours. Concentrate the mixture under reduced pressure and add ethyl acetate (180 L), followed by water (90 L). Separate the layers, wash the organic phase with 15% brine (3 x 90 L), concentrate the mixture, and purify using column chromatography over silica gel (63 kg, ethyl acetate/heptanes as eluent (1 :2→1 :0)) to provide the title compound (19.8 kg, 94% purity, 68.8% yield) as a yellow foam, !H NMR (400 MHz, CDC1₃): δ 7.13 (s, 1H), 7.03 (d, J= 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.78 (d, J= 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.36 (d, J= 16.0,

1H), 6.25-6.13 (m, 1H), 5.64 (d, J= 8.0 Hz, 1H), 5.45-5.25 (m, 2H), 5.13-4.95 (m, 2H), 4.84-4.76 (m, 1H), 4.25-4.13 (m, 2H), 4.10-4.00 (m, 2H), 3.90-3.86 (m, 1H), 3.58-3.50 (m, 2H), 3.40-3.22 (m, 4H), 2.89-2.79 (m, 1H), 2.10-1.90 (m, 18 H), 1.82 (s, 3H), 1.62- 0.82 (m, 22H).

Preparation 18

2-{(3_JE)-4-[3-methyl-4-({5-(propan-2-yl)-3-[(2,3,4,6-tetra-0-acetyl-beta-D- glucopyranosyl)oxy]-lH-pyrazol-4-yl}methyl)phenyl]but-3-en-l-yl} -2,9- diazaspiro[5.5]undecane

Scheme 4, step C: Combine tert-butyl 2-{(3_JE)-4-[3-methyl-4-({5-(propan-2-yl)- 3-[(2,3,4,6-tetra-0-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-lH-pyrazol-4- yl}methyl)phenyl]but-3-en-l-yl}-2,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate (19.6 kg, 22.6 moles) with dichloromethane (120 L) and cool to 0°C. Slowly add trifluoroacetic acid (34.6 L, 51.6 kg, 452 moles) and stir for 9 hours. Quench the reaction with ice water (80 L), and add ammonium hydroxide (85-90 L) to adjust the reaction mixture to pH (8- 9). Add dichloromethane (120 L), warm the reaction mixture to room temperature, and separate the layers. Wash the organic layer with water (75 L), brine, and concentrate under reduced pressure to provide the title compound (16.2 kg, 95.0% purity, 93% yield) as a yellow solid. ^lH NMR (400 MHz, CDC1₃): δ 7.08 (s, IH), 6.99 (d, J= 8.0 Hz, IH),

6.76 (d, J= 7.6 Hz, IH), 6.38 (d, J=15.6 Hz, IH), 6.00-5.83 (m, IH), 5.31 (d, J= 7.6 Hz, IH), 5.25-5.13 (m, 4H), 4.32 (dd, J= 12.8, 9.2 Hz, IH), 4.14 (d, J= 11.2 Hz, IH), 3.90 (d, J= 10.0 Hz, IH), 3.75-3.50 (m, 3H), 3.30-3.00 (m, 5 H), 2.85-2.75 (m, IH), 2.70-2.48 (m, 3H), 2.25 (s, IH), 2.13-1.63 (m, 19H), 1.32-1.21 (m, IH), 1.14 (s, 3H), 1.13 (s, 3H), 1.12 (s, 3H), 1.10 (s, 3H).

Example 1

Hydrated crystalline 4- {4-[(l£)-4-(2,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undec-2-yl)but- 1 -en- 1 -yl]-2- methylbenzyl} -5-(propan-2-yl)-lH-pyrazol-3-yl beta-D-glucopyranoside acetate

First alternative preparation of 4-{4-[(l£’)-4-(2.9-diazaspiro[5.5]undec-2-yl)but-l-en-l- yl]-2-methylbenzyl| -5-(propan-2-yl)-lH-pyrazol-3-yl beta-D-glucopyranoside (free base).

Scheme 1, step I: Add sodium hydroxide (0.5 mL, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 M solution) to a solution of 4- {4-[( l£)-4-(2,9-diazaspiro [5.5]undec-2-yl)but- 1 -en- 1 -yl] -2-methylbenzyl} – 5-(propan-2-yl)-lH-pyrazol-3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzoyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside dihydrochloride (258 mg, 0.24 mmol) in methanol (2 mL). After 2 hours at 40°C, concentrate to remove the solvent under reduced pressure to give a residue, which is purified by preparative HPLC method: high pH, 25% B for 4 min, 25-40 B % for 4 min @ 85 mL/min using a 30 x 75 mm, 5 μιη C18XBridge ODB column, solvent A – H.0 with NH₄HCO₃ @ pH 10, solvent B – MeCN to yield the title compound (free base) as a solid (46 mg, 0.08 mmol). MS (m/z): 598.8 (M+l), 596.8 (M-l).

Second alternative preparation of 4-{4-r(l-£’)-4-(2.9-diazaspiror5.51undec-2-yl)but-l-en- 1 -yl] -2-methylbenzyl I -5 -(propan-2-yl)- lH-pyrazol-3 -yl beta-D-glucopyranoside (free base^“).

Scheme 2, step F: Add methanol (5 mL), triethylamine (3 mL), and water (3 mL) to 4- {4-[( l_JE)-4-(2,9-diazaspiro [5.5]undec-2-yl)but- 1 -en- 1 -yl] -2-methylbenzyl } -5 – (propan-2-yl)-lH-pyrazol-3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside dihydrochloride (480 mg, 0.24 mmol). After 18 hours (overnight) at room temperature, concentrate to dryness under reduced pressure. Purify the resulting residue by preparative HPLC method: high pH, 25% B for 4 min, 25-40 B % for 4 min @ 85 mL/min using a 30 x 75 mm, 5 μιη C18XBridge ODB column, solvent A – H₂0 with NH₄HCO₃ @ pH 10, solvent B – MeCN to yield the title compound (free base) as a solid (50 mg, 0.08 mmol).

MS (m/z): 598.8 (M+l), 596.8 (M-l). 1H NMR (400.31 MHz, CD3OD): δ 7.11 (d, J=1.3

Hz, 1H), 7.04 (dd, J=l .3,8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.87 (d, J= 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.36 (d, J= 15.8 Hz, 1H), 6.16 (dt, J= 15.8, 6.3 Hz, 1H), 5.02 (m, 1H), 3.81 (d, J= 11.7 Hz, 1H), 3.72 (d, J= 16.8 Hz, 1H), 3.68 (d, J= 16.8 Hz, 1H) , 3.64 (m, 1H), 3.37-3.29 (m, 4H), 2.79 (m, 1H), 2.72 (t, J= 5.8 Hz, 4H), 2.44-2.33 (m, 6H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.26 ( broad s, 2H), 1.59 (m, 2H), 1.50 (m, 2H), 1.43 (m, 2H), 1.36 (m, 2H), 1.11 (d, J= 7.0 Hz, 3H), 1.10 (d, J= 7.0 Hz, 3H).

Third alternative preparation of 4-{4-[(l£^,)-4-(2,9-diazaspiro[5.51undec-2-yl)but-l-en-l- yll-2-methylbenzyl|-5-(propan-2-yl)-lH-pyrazol-3-yl beta-D-glucopyranoside.

Scheme 3, step D: Trifluoroacetic acid (32.2 mL; 0.426 mol) is added to a solution of tert-butyl 2-{(3_JE)-4-[3-methyl-4-({5-(propan-2-yl)-3-beta-D- glucopyranosyl)oxy]-lH-pyrazol-4-yl}methyl)phenyl]but-3-en-l-yl}-2,9- diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate (14.87 g; 21.28 mmol) in dichloromethane (149 mL) cooled in iced water. The solution is allowed to warm to room temperature. After 30 minutes, the mixture is slowly added to ammonia in MeOH (2M; 300 mL), applying cooling as necessary to maintain a constant temperature. The solution is stirred at room temperature for 15 min. The mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue is purified using SCX-2 resin. The basic filtrate is concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue is triturated/sonicated in ethyl acetate, filtered and dried. The resulting solid is dissolved in MeOH (200mL) and concentrated in vacuo. This is repeated several times to give the title compound (free base) (12.22 g, yield 96%). MS (m/z): 599 (M+l); [a]_D ²0 = -12 ° (C=0.2, MeOH).

Preparation of final title compound, hydrated crystalline 4-{4-|YlE)-4-(2.9- diazaspiro [5.5^“|undec-2-yl)but- 1 -en- 1 -yl] -2-methylbenzyl I -5-(propan-2-vD- 1 H-pyrazol-3 – yl beta-D-glucopyranoside acetate.

4- {4- [(1 E)-4-(2,9-diazaspiro [5.5]undec-2-yl)but- 1 -en- 1 -yl] -2-methylbenzyl } -5 – (propan-2-yl)-lH-pyrazol-3-yl beta-D-glucopyranoside (902 mg) is placed in a round bottom flask (100 mL) and treated with wet ethyl acetate (18 mL). [Note – wet ethyl acetate is prepared by mixing ethyl acetate (100 mL) and dionized water (100 mL). After mixing, the layers are allowed to separate, and the top wet ethyl acetate layer is removed for use. Acetic acid is a hydrolysis product of ethyl acetate and is present in wet ethyl acetate.] The compound dissolves, although not completely as wet ethyl acetate is added. After several minutes, a white precipitate forms. An additional amount of wet ethyl acetate (2 mL) is added to dissolve remaining compound. The solution is allowed to stir uncovered overnight at room temperature during which time the solvent partially evaporates. The remaining solvent from the product slurry is removed under vacuum, and the resulting solid is dried under a stream of nitrogen to provide the final title compound as a crystalline solid. A small amount of amorphous material is identified in the product by solid-state NMR. This crystalline final title compound may be used as seed crystals to prepare additional crystalline final title compound.

Alternative preparation of final title compound, hvdrated crystalline 4-{4-[(lE)-4-(2.,9- diazaspiro [5.5]undec-2-yl)but- 1 -en- 1 -yl] -2-methylbenzyl I -5-(propan-2-yl)- 1 H-pyrazol-3 – yl beta-D-glucopyranoside acetate.

Under a nitrogen atmosphere combine of 4-{4-[(lE)-4-(2,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undec- 2-yl)but- 1 -en- 1 -yl] -2-methylbenzyl} -5-(propan-2-yl)- 1 H-pyrazol-3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O- acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (2.1 kg, 2.74 mol), methanol (4.4 L), tetrahydrofuran (4.2 L), and water (210 mL). Add potassium carbonate (460 g, 3.33 moles) and stir for four to six hours, then filter the reaction mixture to remove the solids. Concentrate the filtrate under reduced pressure, then add ethanol (9.0 L) followed by acetic acid (237 mL, 4.13 mol) and stir at room temperature for one hour. To the stirring solution add wet ethyl acetate (10 L, containing approx. 3 w/w% water) slowly over five hours, followed by water (500 mL). Stir the suspension for twelve hours and add wet ethyl acetate (4.95 L, containing approx. 3 w/w% water) over a period of eight hours. Stir the suspension for twelve hours and add additional wet ethyl acetate (11.5 L, containing approx. 3 w/w% water) slowly over sixteen hours. Stir the suspension for twelve hours, collect the solids by filtration and rinse the solids with wet ethyl acetate (3.3 L, containing approx. 3 w/w% water). Dry in an oven under reduced pressure below 30°C to give the title compound as an off-white crystalline solid (1.55 kg, 2.35 mol, 96.7% purity, 72.4 w/w% potency, 68.0% yield based on potency). HRMS (m/z): 599.3798 (M+l).

PATENT

CN105705509

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=CN175101669&tab=PCTDESCRIPTION

The present invention is in the field of treatment of diabetes and other diseases and conditions associated with hyperglycemia. Diabetes is a group of diseases characterized by high blood sugar levels. It affects approximately 25 million people in the United States, and according to the 2011 National Diabetes Bulletin, it is also the seventh leading cause of death in the United States (US Department of Health and Human Resources Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Sodium-coupled glucose cotransporters (SGLT’s) are one of the transporters known to be responsible for the uptake of carbohydrates such as glucose. More specifically, SGLT1 is responsible for transporting glucose across the brush border membrane of the small intestine. Inhibition of SGLT1 can result in a decrease in glucose absorption in the small intestine, thus providing a useful method of treating diabetes.

Alternative medicines and treatments for diabetes are needed. The present invention provides an acetate salt of a pyrazole compound which is an SGLT1 inhibitor, and thus it is suitable for treating certain conditions such as diabetes.

U.S. Patent No. 7,655,632 discloses certain pyrazole derivatives having human SGLT1 inhibitory activity, which are also disclosed for use in the prevention or treatment of diseases associated with hyperglycemia, such as diabetes. Moreover, WO 2011/039338 discloses certain pyrazole derivatives having SGLT1/SGLT2 inhibitor activity, which are also disclosed for use in the treatment of bone diseases such as osteoporosis.

PATENT

WO-2019141209

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2019141209&tab=FULLTEXT&_cid=P10-JYNZF2-05384-1

Diabetes is a group of lifelong metabolic diseases characterized by multiple causes of chronic hyperglycemia. Long-term increase in blood glucose can cause damage to large blood vessels and microvessels and endanger the heart, brain, kidney, peripheral nerves, eyes, feet and so on. According to the statistics of the World Health Organization, there are more than 100 complications of diabetes, which is the most common complication, and the incidence rate is also on the rise. The kidney plays a very important role in the body’s sugar metabolism. Glucose does not pass through the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane in the body, and must rely on the glucose transporter on the cell membrane. Sodium-coupled glucose co-transporters (SGLTs) are one of the transporters known to be responsible for the uptake of carbohydrates such as glucose. More specifically, SGLT1 is responsible for transporting glucose across the brush border membrane of the small intestine. Inhibition of SGLT1 results in a decrease in glucose absorption in the small intestine and can therefore be used in the treatment of diabetes.

Ellerelli has developed a novel SGLTs inhibitor for alternative drugs and treatments for diabetes. CN105705509 discloses the SGLTs inhibitor-pyrazole compound, which has the structure shown in the following formula (1):

It is well known for drug production process has strict requirements, the purity of pharmaceutical active ingredients will directly affect the safety and effectiveness of drug quality. Simplified synthetic route optimization, and strictly control the purity of the intermediates has a very important role in improving drug production, quality control and optimization of the dosage form development.

CN105705509 discloses a method for synthesizing a compound of the formula (1), wherein the intermediate compound 2-{(3E)-4-[3-methyl4-({5-(propyl-2-yl)) is obtained by the step B in Scheme 4. -3-[(2,3,4,6-tetra-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}methyl)phenyl]but-3- Tert-butyl-1-enyl}-2,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate (Compound obtained in Preparation Example 12b) was obtained as a yellow foam, yield 68.6%, purity 94 %, this step involves silica gel column purification, low production efficiency, high cost, and poor quality controllability; the intermediate 2-{(3E)-4-[3-methyl 4-({5- (prop-2-yl)-3-[(2,3,4,6-tetra-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}methyl) Phenyl]but-3-en-1-yl}-2,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane (Compound obtained in Preparation Example 18) as a yellow solid with a purity of 95.0%; The resulting intermediate compounds were all of low purity. Moreover, CN105705509 produces a compound of formula (1) having a purity of 96.7% as described in the publications of the publications 0141 and 0142. The resulting final compound is not of high purity and is not conducive to subsequent drug preparation.

Process for preparing pyranoglucose-substituted pyrazole compound, used as a pharmaceutical intermediate in SGLT inhibitor for treating diabetes.

Example 1

626 g of the compound of the formula (16), 6 L of acetonitrile, 840 g of cesium carbonate and 1770 g of 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-pivaloyl-α-D-glucosyl bromide (formula (17) The compound is sequentially added to the reaction vessel, heated to 40 ° C to 45 ° C, and reacted for 4 to 5 hours, then cooled to 20 to 25 ° C, filtered, and the obtained solid is rinsed once with acetonitrile; the filter cake is dissolved with 8 L of ethyl acetate and 10 L of water. After the liquid separation, the organic phase was concentrated to about 3 L, 10 L of acetonitrile was added, and the mixture was stirred for 12 h to precipitate a solid, which was filtered. The filter cake was rinsed with acetonitrile and dried under vacuum at 60 ° C for 24 h to give white crystals, 652 g of compound of formula (9c). The yield was 61%, the HPLC purity was 98.52%, and the melting point was 180.0-182.1 °C. ¹ H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) (see Figure 1): δ 7.10 (s, 1H), 7.03 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.86 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.39 (d, J=15.6,1H), 6.19-6.12 (m,1H), 5.59 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.40-5.35 (t, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 5.17-5.06 (m, 2H) , 4.18-4.14 (dd, J = 12.4 Hz, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 4.10-4.06 (dd, J = 12.4 Hz, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 3.92-3.89 (dd, J = 10 Hz, 2.4 Hz, 1H) , 3.64-3.54 (dd, J=20 Hz, 16.8 Hz, 2H), 3.31-3.30 (m, 4H), 2.86-2.79 (m, 1H), 2.37-2.29 (m, 11H), 1.63-1.38 (m, 17H), 1.15-1.05 (m, 42H). MS (m/z): 1035.7 (M+H).

640 g of the compound of the formula (9c) and 6.4 L of ethyl acetate were successively added to the reaction vessel, and the temperature was lowered to 15 ° C to 20 ° C. 1176 g of p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate was added in portions for 2 to 3 hours; after the reaction was over, 3.5 L of a 9% potassium hydroxide aqueous solution was added, and the mixture was stirred for 10 minutes, and the aqueous phase was discarded. The organic phase was washed successively with 3.5 L of 9% and 3.5 L of 3% aqueous potassium hydroxide and concentrated to 2.5 L. 21L of n-heptane was added to the residue, and the mixture was stirred for 12 hours; filtered, and the filter cake was rinsed with n-heptane; the filter cake was dried under vacuum at 60 ° C for 24 h to obtain white crystals, p-toluene of the compound of formula (10c). The sulfonate salt was 550 g, the yield was 80%, the purity was 97.59%, and the melting point was 168.0-169.2 °C. ¹ H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) (see Figure 2): δ 7.72 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.24 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.10 (s, 1H), 7.03 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.86 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.39 (d, J = 15.6, 1H), 6.19-6.12 (m, 1H), 5.60 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H) ), 5.41-5.37 (t, J = 9.6 Hz, 1H), 5.17-5.06 (m, 2H), 4.18-4.14 (dd, J = 12.4 Hz, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 4.10-4.07 (d, J = 11.6Hz, 1H), 3.94-3.91 (dd, J=7.2Hz, 2.8Hz, 1H), 3.64-3.54 (dd, J=20.0Hz, 16.8Hz, 2H), 3.31-3.30 (m, 4H), 2.86 -2.79 (m, 1H), 2.49-2.29 (m, 14H), 1.78-1.44 (m, 8H), 1.15-1.05 (m, 42H). MS (m/z): 935.7 (M+H).

82.6 g of potassium hydroxide, 5.5 L of absolute ethanol and 550 g of the p-toluenesulfonate of the compound of the formula (10c) were sequentially added to the reaction vessel, and stirred at 45 to 50 ° C for about 4 hours. The temperature was lowered to 20 to 25 ° C, filtered, and the solid was rinsed with ethanol. The filtrate and the eluent were combined, and 65 g of acetic acid was added thereto, followed by stirring for 15 min. The reaction solution was concentrated under reduced pressure to about 1.5 L, and then 52 g of acetic acid was added. After stirring for 20 min, 4.5 L of ethyl acetate containing 3% water and 160 mL of purified water were added dropwise. After the dropwise addition, continue stirring for 3 to 4 hours. Filter and filter cake was rinsed with ethyl acetate containing 3% water. The solid was transferred to a reaction kettle, 500 mL of water was added and stirred for 18 h. After filtration, the filter cake was washed successively with water and an ethanol/ethyl acetate mixed solvent. The filter cake was dried under vacuum at 35 to 40 ° C for 4 hours to obtain a white solid, 245 g of compound of formula (1), yield 75%, purity 99.55%. ¹ H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) (see Figure 3): δ 7.11 (s, 1H), 7.05 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.89 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.39 (d, J=16.0,1H), 6.20-6.13 (dt, J=15.6 Hz, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 5.03-5.01 (m, 1H), 3.83 (d, J=11.2, 1H), 3.71-3.59 (m, 3H), 3.35-3.30 (m, 4H), 3.09-3.06 (t, J = 6 Hz, 4H), 2.87-2.77 (m, 1H), 2.49-2.31 (m, 6H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.26(s, 2H), 1.90 (s, 3H), 1.78 (m, 2H), 1.68 (m, 2H), 1.65 (m, 2H), 1.44-1.43 (m, 2H), 1.13 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.11 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H), MS (m/z): 599.5 (M+H).

Example 2

5.00 kg of the maleate salt of the compound of the formula (16), 40 L of tetrahydrofuran, 5.47 kg of potassium phosphate and 11.67 kg of 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-pivaloyl-α-D-glucosyl bromide The compound (formula (17)) is sequentially added to the reaction vessel, heated to 40 to 45 ° C, and reacted for 4 to 5 hours, then cooled to 15 to 25 ° C, filtered, and the solid was rinsed once with tetrahydrofuran. The filter cake was dissolved in 36 L of ethyl acetate and 20 L of water and then separated. The organic phase was concentrated to ca. 18 L, 64 L acetonitrile was added and stirred for 15 h. Filtration, the filter cake was rinsed with acetonitrile, and dried under vacuum at 60 ° C for 24 h to give white crystals of the compound of formula (9c), 4.50 kg, yield 57%, HPLC purity 99.19%.

4.45 kg of the compound of the formula (9c) and 45 L of butyl acetate were sequentially added to the reaction vessel, and the temperature was lowered to 15 ° C to 20 ° C. 4.13 kg of methanesulfonic acid was added in portions and the reaction was carried out for 2 to 3 hours. 22 L of a 9% aqueous potassium hydroxide solution was added, stirred for 10 min, and the liquid phase was discarded. The organic phase was washed successively with 10 L of 9%, 4.5 L of 10% and 2 L of 2.5% aqueous potassium hydroxide and concentrated to 15 L. 68 L of n-heptane was added to the residue, and the mixture was stirred for further 12 h. Filtered and the filter cake was rinsed once with n-heptane. The solid was dried under vacuum at 60 ° C for 24 h to obtain white crystals. The methanesulfonic acid salt of the compound of formula (10c) was 4.37 kg, yield 99%, purity 97.94%.

0.73 kg of potassium hydroxide, 43 L of methanol and 4.30 kg of the compound of the formula (10c) were sequentially added to the reaction vessel, and stirred at 45 to 50 ° C for 4 hours. The temperature was lowered to 20 to 25 ° C, filtered, and 0.56 kg of acetic acid was added to the filtrate, and the mixture was stirred for 15 minutes. The reaction solution was concentrated to about 15 L under reduced pressure, and 0.40 g of acetic acid was added. After stirring for 10 min, 39 L of 3% water in ethyl acetate and 1.3 L of purified water were added dropwise. After the dropwise addition, stirring was continued for about 2 hours. Filter and filter cake was rinsed once with ethyl acetate containing 3% water. The solid was transferred to a reaction kettle, and 3.5 L of water was added and stirred for 18 h. After filtration, the filter cake was washed successively with water and an ethanol/ethyl acetate mixed solvent. The cake was vacuum dried at 35 to 40 ° C to give a white solid. Compound (1) (1), 1.84 g, yield 67%, purity 99.65%.

Patent ID	Title	Submitted Date	Granted Date
US9573970	4–5-(PROPAN-2-YL)-1H-PYRAZOL-3-YL BETA-D GLUCOPYRANOSIDE ACETATE	2014-10-30	2016-07-28

/////////////SY-008 , SY 008 , SY008, ELI LILY, PHASE 1, GLT1 inhibitor, type 2 diabetes, Yabao Pharmaceutical, CHINA, DIABETES

CC(=O)O.Cc5cc(\C=C\CCN2CCCC1(CCNCC1)C2)ccc5Cc3c(nnc3C(C)C)O[C@@H]4O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]4O

Cc5cc(\C=C\CCN2CCCC1(CCNCC1)C2)ccc5Cc3c(nnc3C(C)C)O[C@@H]4O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]4
O

Picropodophyllin

July 11, 2019 10:08 am / Leave a comment

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2D chemical structure of 477-47-4

Picropodophyllin

Picropodophyllotoxin

CAS 477-47-4

AXL1717, NSC 36407, BRN 0099161

414.4 g/mol, C₂₂H₂₂O₈

(5R,5aR,8aS,9R)-5-hydroxy-9-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-5a,6,8a,9-tetrahydro-5H-[2]benzofuro[5,6-f][1,3]benzodioxol-8-one

Furo(3′,4′:6,7)naphtho(2,3-d)-1,3-dioxol-6(5aH)-one, 5,8,8a,9-tetrahydro-9-hydroxy-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-, (5R-(5-alpha,5a-alpha,8a-alpha,9-alpha))-

5-19-10-00665 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)

Axelar is developing picropodophyllin, a small-molecule IGF-1 receptor antagonist for the treatment of cancer including NSCLC and malignant astrocytoma. In February 2019, a phase Ia study was planned to initiate for solid tumor in March 2019.

Picropodophyllin is a cyclolignan alkaloid found in the mayapple plant family (Podophyllum peltatum), and a small molecule inhibitor of the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) with potential antineoplastic activity. Picropodophyllin specifically inhibits the activity and downregulates the cellular expression of IGF1R without interfering with activities of other growth factor receptors, such as receptors for insulin, epidermal growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, fibroblast growth factor and mast/stem cell growth factor (KIT). This agent shows potent activity in the suppression o f tumor cell proliferation and the induction of tumor cell apoptosis. IGF1R, a receptor tyrosine kinase overexpressed in a variety of human cancers, plays a critical role in the growth and survival of many types of cancer cells.

Picropodophyllotoxin is an organic heterotetracyclic compound that has a furonaphthodioxole skeleton bearing 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl and hydroxy substituents. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, an insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 antagonist and a plant metabolite. It is a lignan, a furonaphthodioxole and an organic heterotetracyclic compound.

Picropodophyllin has been investigated for the treatment of Non Small Cell Lung Cancer.

One of the largest challenges in pharmaceutical drug development is that drug compounds often are poorly soluble, or even insoluble, in aqeous media. Insufficient drug solubility means insufficient bioavailability, as well as poor plasma exposure of the drug when administered to humans and animals. Variability of plasma exposure in humans is yet a problem when developing drugs which are poorly soluble, or even insoluble, in aqeous media.

It is estimated that between 40% and 70 % of all new chemical entities identified in drug discovery programs, are insufficiently soluble in aqeous media (M. Lindenberg, S et al: European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceuticals, vol. 58, no.2, pp. 265-278, 2004). Scientists have investigated various ways of solving the problem with poor drug solubility in order to enhance bioavailability of poorly absorbed drugs, aiming at increasing their clinical efficacy when administered orally.

Technologies such as increase of the surface area and hence dissolution may sometimes solve solubility problems. Other techniques that may also solve bioavailability problems are addition of surfactants and polymers. However, each chemical compound has its own unique chemical and physical properties, and hence has its own unique challenges when being formulated into a pharmaceutical product that can exert its clinical efficacy.

Picropodophyllin is an insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor inhibitor fiGF-lR inhibitor) small-molecule compound belonging to the class of compounds denominated cyclolignans, having the chemical structure:

The patent applicant is presently entering clinical phase II development with its development compound picropodophyllin (AXL1717). However, picropodophyllin is poorly soluble in aqueous media. In a phase I clinical study performed by the applicant in 2012 (Ekman S et al; Acta Oncologica, 2016; 55: pp. 140-148), it was discovered that picropodophyllin, when administered as an oral suspension to lung cancer patients, resulted in unacceptable variability in drug exposure. A large variability in plasma exposure of the active drug picropodophyllin occurred not only within certain patients, but also between several patients.

Yet a problem with administering picropodophyllin as an aqeous solution, is that due to the poor solubility in aqueous media, it is difficult or even impossible to reach the required therapeutic doses.

The compound picropodophyllin is furthermore physically unstable, and transforms from amorphous picropodophyllin into crystalline picropodophyllin. Yet a stability problem with picropodophyllin is that it is chemically unstable in solution.

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Product case, WO02102804

Patent

WO-2019130194

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2019130194&tab=PCTDESCRIPTION&_cid=P10-JXYAA3-53049-1

Novel amorphous forms of picropodophyllin , processes for their preparation and compositions comprising them are claimed. Also claims are their use for treating cancers, such as neurologic cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, head and neck cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, genitourinary cancer, gynecologic cancer, hematologic cancer, musculoskeletal cancer, skin cancer, endocrine cancer, and eye cancers. , claiming picropodophyllin derivatives as modulators of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1), useful for treating cancers, assigned to Axelar AB ,

CLIP

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CLIP

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2004/cc/b312245j/unauth#!divAbstract

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http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/cc/b3/b312245j/b312245j.pdf

dH(CDCl3; 300 MHz; Me4Si): 2.64-2.78 (1 H, m, 3-H), 3.23 (1 H, dd, J 4.4 and 8.2, 2-H), 3.81 (6 H, s, 2 x OMe), 3.85 (3 H, s, OMe), 4.09 (1 H, d, J 4.4, 1-H), 4.38–4.59 (3 H, m, 11-H2 and 4-H), 5.91 (1 H, d, J 1.5, OCH2O), 5.93 (1 H, d, J 1.5, OCH2O), 6.35 (1 H, s, 5-H/8-H), 6.46 (1 H, s, 2’-H and 6’-H) and 7.07 (1 H, s, 5-H/8-H).

CLIP

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PAPER

Organic Letters (2018), 20(6), 1651-1654

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00408

Abstract Image

A nickel-catalyzed reductive cascade approach to the efficient construction of diastereodivergent cores embedded in podophyllum lignans is developed for the first time. Their gram-scale access paved the way for unified syntheses of naturally occurring podophyllotoxin and other members.

Synthesis of (−)-Podophyllotoxin (1)

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00408/suppl_file/ol8b00408_si_001.pdf

The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (petroleum ether/EtOAc = 4 : 1 → petroleum ether/EtOAc = 2 : 1) on silica gel to afford 1 (8.6 mg, 87% yield) as a white solid; Rf = 0.23 (petroleum ether/EtOAc = 1 : 1); [α]20 D = –115.00 (c = 1.00, CHCl3) [ref.13: [α]20 D = –101.7 (c = 0.55, EtOH)]; Mp. 167–168 °C; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 7.11 (s, 1H), 6.51 (s, 1H), 6.37 (s, 2H), 5.98 (s, 1H), 5.96 (s, 1H), 4.77 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.60 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.59 (d, J = 4.4 Hz, 1H), 4.08 (dd, J = 9.6, 8.8 Hz, 1H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.75 (s, 6H), 2.84 (dd, J = 14.0, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 2.83−2.74 (m, 1H), 2.13 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H, −OH) ppm; 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 174.6, 152.5 (2C), 147.7, 147.6, 137.1, 135.5, 133.3, 131.0, 109.7, 108.4 (2C), 106.3, 101.4, 72.6, 71.4, 60.7, 56.2 (2C), 45.2, 44.1, 40.6 ppm.

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00408/suppl_file/ol8b00408_si_002.pdf

PAPER

Organic Letters (2017), 19(24), 6530-6533

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.orglett.7b03236

Abstract Image

he first catalytic enantioselective total synthesis of (−)-podophyllotoxin is accomplished by a challenging organocatalytic cross-aldol Heck cyclization and distal stereocontrolled transfer hydrogenation in five steps from three aldehydes. Reversal of selectivity in hydrogenation led to the syntheses of other stereoisomers from the common precursor.

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acs.orglett.7b03236/suppl_file/ol7b03236_si_001.pdf

(-)-Picropodophyllin 4. The lactone 5 (0.2 g, 0.38 mmol) was taken in 1-pentanol (5 mL) in a double neck RB flask at rt. Water (0.14 mL, 7.6 mmol) was added to above mixture and it was then degassed with argon followed by addition of Pd/C (0.04 g, 20% by wt.) and HCO2Na (0.78g, 11.4 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at 40 °C for 12 h. On completion, the reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc (200 mL), filtered through a celite pad and solvent was removed under vacuum. This crude mixture was dissolved in THF (3.8 mL), TBAF (1.9 mL, 1.9 mmol, 1M in THF) was added and stirred for 6 h at 27 °C. On completion, EtOAc (250 mL) was added, washed with water (100 mL), brine and dried over Na2SO4. After removal of solvent, the crude product was purified by column chromatography (hexanes-EtOAc, 3:2) to get the title compound as a white solid (0.082 g, 52%): Rf 0.32 (hexanes/EtOAc, 1:1); [α]25 D = -10.6 (c = 0.4, CHCl3) [lit. -10 (c = 0.3, CHCl3), -11 (c = 0.41, CHCl3)]3a,b;

Mp 214-216 °C; 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.05 (s, 1H), 6.47 (s, 2H), 6.41 (s, 1H), 5.95 (d, J = 14.1 Hz, 2H), 4.5 (m, 2H), 4.44 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.15 (d, J = 4.1 Hz, 1H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 3.83 (s, 6H), 3.24 (dd, J = 8.7, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 2.75 (m, 1H), 2.12 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl3) δ 177.6, 153.7, 147.5, 147.1, 139.3, 137.4, 131.9, 130.6, 109.3, 105.9, 105.5, 101.2, 69.8, 69.6, 60.9, 56.3, 45.4, 44.1, 42.7; HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z 437.1219 [(M+Na)+ ; calcd for C22H22O8Na+ : 437.1212].

PAPER

The Journal of organic chemistry (2000), 65(3), 847-60.

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jo991582+

Abstract Image

REF

Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft [Abteilung] B: Abhandlungen (1932), 65B, 1846.

Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie (1932), 499, 59-76.

Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie (1932), 494, 126-42.

Journal of the American Chemical Society (1954), 76, 5890-1

Helvetica Chimica Acta (1954), 37, 190-202.

Journal of the American Chemical Society (1988), 110(23), 7854-8.

//////////////Picropodophyllin, AXL1717, NSC 36407, BRN 0099161, Picropodophyllotoxin, AXELAR, PHASE 1, CANCER, neurologic cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, head and neck cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, genitourinary cancer, gynecologic cancer, hematologic cancer, musculoskeletal cancer, skin cancer, endocrine cancer, eye cancers, NSCLC, malignant astrocytoma, SOLID TUMOUR

COC1=CC(=CC(=C1OC)OC)C2C3C(COC3=O)C(C4=CC5=C(C=C24)OCO5)O

Podofilox, Podophyllotoxin, Wartec, Condyline, Condylox

J Org Chem 2000,65(3),847

The formylation of 6-bromo-1,3-benzodioxole-5-carbaldehyde dimethyl acetal (I) with BuLi and DMF gives the 6-formyl derivative (II), which is reduced with NaBH4 in ethanol to yield the corresponding carbinol (III). The cyclization of (III) with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (V) in hot acetic acid (through the nonisolated intermediate (IV)) affords dimethyl 1,4-epoxy-6,7-(methylenedioxy)naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxylate (VI), which is hydrogenated with H2 over Pd/C in ethyl acetate to give the (1R*,2S*,3R*,4S*)-tetrahydro derivative (VII). The reduction of (VII) with LiAlH4 in refluxing ethyl ether affords the corresponding bis carbinol (VIII), which is treated with acetic anhydride to afford the diacetate (IX). The enzymatic monodeacetylation of (VIII) with PPL enzyme in DMSO/buffer gives (1R,2R,3S,4S)-2-(acetoxymethyl)-1,4-epoxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-6,7-(methylenedioxy)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (X), which is silylated with TBDMS-Cl and imidazole in DMF yielding the silyl ether (XI). The hydrolysis of the acetoxy group of (XI) with K2CO3 in methanol affords the carbinol (XII), which is oxidized with oxalyl chloride in dichloromethane affording the carbaldehyde (XIII). The exchange of the silyl protecting group of (XIII) (for stability problems) provided the triisopropylsilyl ether (XIV), which is treated with sodium methoxide in methanol to open the epoxide ring yielding the hydroxy aldehyde (XV). The protection of the hydroxy group of (XV) with 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl chloride and DIEA in dichloromethane provides the corresponding ether (XVI). The carbinol (III) can also be obtained directly from 6-bromo-1,3-benzodioxole-5-carbaldehyde dimethyl acetal (I) by reaction with formaldehyde and BuLi in THF.

The oxidation of the aldehyde group of (XVI) with NaClO2 in tert-butanol affords the corresponding carboxylic acid (XVII), which is condensed with 2-oxazolidinone (XVIII) by means of carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) in THF to give the acyl imidazolide (XIX). The arylation of (XIX) with 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenylmagnesium bromide (XX) in THF yields the expected addition product (XXI), which is cyclized by means of TBAF in hot THF to afford the tetracyclic intermediate (XXII). Isomerization of the cis-lactone ring of (XXII) with LDA in THF affords intermediate (XXIII) with its lactone ring with the correct trans-conformation. Finally, this compound is deprotected with ethyl mercaptane and MgBr2 in ethyl ether to provide the target compound.

Synthesis 1992,719

The intermediate trans-8-oxo-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetra-hydronaphtho[2,3-d][1,3]benzodioxole-6-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (XI) has been obtained by several different ways: (a) The condensation of benzophenone (XXXVIII) with diethyl malonate (XXXIX) by means of t-BuOK gives the alkylidenemalonate (XL), which is hydrogenated with H2 over Pd/C to the alkylmalonate hemiester (XLI). The reaction of (XLI) with acetyl chloride affords the mixed anhydride (XLII), which is finally cyclized to the target (XI) by means of SnCl4. (b) The cyclization of the malonic ester derivative (XLIII) by means of Ti(CF3–CO2)3 gives the 5-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphtho [2,3-d][1,3]dioxole-6,6-dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester (XLIV), which is finally oxidized and decarboxylated with NBS and NaOH in methanol to afford the target intermediate (XI). (c) The cyclization of the benzylidenemalonate (XLV) with the aryllithium derivative (XLVI) gives the 8-methoxy-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphtho[2,3-d][1,3]dioxole-6,6-dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester (XLVII), which is demethylated with TFA and oxidized with CrO3 and pyridine to the target compound (XI). (d) The cyclopropanation of the chalcone (XLVIII) with (ethoxycarbonyl) (dimethylsulfonium)methylide (XLIX) gives the cyclopropanecarboxylate (L), which is finally rearranged with BF3/Et2O to the target intermediate (IX).

The cyclization of 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamic acid ethyl ester (LI) with malonic acid ethyl ester potassium salt (LII) by means of Mn(OAc)3 gives the tetrahydrofuranone (LIII), which is acylated with 1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylcarbonyl chloride (LIV) yielding the tetrahydrofuranone (LV). Finally, this compound is rearranged and decarboxylated with SnCl4 to the target intermediate (XI).

The cyclization of 6-[1-hydroxy-1-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)methyl]-1,3-benzodioxol-5-carbaldehyde dimethylacetal (LVI) by means of AcOH gives 5-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-1,3-dioxolo[4,5-f]isobenzofuran (LVII), which is submitted to a Diels-Alder cyclization with acetylenedicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester (LVIII) yielding the epoxy derivative (LIX). The selective reduction of (LIX) with LiBEt3H and H2 affords the carbinol (LX), which is treated with H2 over RaNi in order to open the epoxide ring to give the diol (LXI) with the wrong configuration at the secondary OH group. The treatment of (LXI) with aqueous acid isomerizes the secondary OH group to (LXII) with the suitable configuration. Finally, this compound is cyclized with DCC to the desired target compound.

The Diels-Alder cyclization of 5-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-7H-pyrano[3,4-f][1,3]benzodioxol-7-one (I) with dimethyl maleate (LXIII) gives the expected adduct (LXIV), which by thermal extrusion of CO2 yields the dihydronaphthodioxole (LXV). This compound is then converted to dihydroxycompound (X), which is finally cyclized by means of ZnCl2 to provide the target compound. The Diels-Alder cyclization of 5-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-7H-pyrano[3,4-f][1,3]benzodioxol-7-one (I) with dimethyl fumarate (LXVI) gives the expected adduct (LXVII), which by hydrogenation with H2 over Pd/C yields the tricarboxylic acid derivative (LXVIII). The reaction of (LXVIII) with Pb(OAc)4 affords the acetoxy derivative (LXIX), which is selectively reduced with LiBEt3H providing the diol (LXI) with the wrong configuration at the secondary OH group. The treatment of (LXI) with aqueous acid isomerizes the secondary OH group to give the previously described (X) with the suitable configuration.

The reaction of benzocyclobutane derivative (LXX) with isocyanate (LXXI) by means of Ph3SnOAc gives the carbamate (LXXII), which is cyclized by a thermal treatment with LiOH yielding the tetracyclic carboxylic acid (LXXIII). The opening of the oxazinone ring of (LXXIII) in basic medium affords the tricyclic amino acid (LXXIV), which is finally cyclized to the target compound by reaction with sodium nitrite in acidic medium (pH = 4).

J Chem Soc Chem Commun 1993,1200

The Diels-Alder cyclization of 5-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-7H-pyrano[3,4-f][1,3]benzodioxol-7-one (I) with the chiral dihydrofuranone (II) in hot acetonitrile gives the pentacyclic anhydride (III), which is opened with warm acetic acid yielding the carboxylic acid (IV). Hydrogenation of the benzylic double bond of (IV) with H2 over Pd/C affords (V), which is treated with lead tetraacetate and acetic acid in THF to give the acetoxy compound (VI). The hydrolysis of the acetoxy group and the menthol hemiacetal group with HCl in hot dioxane yields the diol (VII), which is treated with diazomethane in ether/methanol affording the aldehyde (VIII). The reduction of the aldehyde group of (VIII) with LiEt3BH in THF gives the diol (IX) as a diastereomeric mixture, which is treated with HCl in THF to afford the diol (X) with the right conformation. Finally, this compound is lactonized to the target compound with ZnCl2 in THF.

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