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Vorapaxar …FDA advisory panel votes to approve Merck & Co’s vorapaxar

January 17, 2014 8:31 am / 2 Comments on Vorapaxar …FDA advisory panel votes to approve Merck & Co’s vorapaxar

VORAPAXAR

Thrombosis, Antiplatelet Therapy, PAR1 Antagonists , MERCK ..ORIGINATOR

Ethyl N-[(3R,3aS,4S,4aR,7R,8aR,9aR)-4-[(E)-2-[5-(3-fluorophenyl)-2-pyridyl]vinyl]-3-methyl-1-oxo-3a,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a,9,9a-decahydro-3H-benzo[f]isobenzofuran-7-yl]carbamate

618385-01-6 CAS NO

Also known as: SCH-530348, MK-5348

Molecular Formula: C₂₉H₃₃FN₂O₄

Molecular Weight: 492.581723

Vorapaxar (formerly SCH 530348) is a thrombin receptor (protease-activated receptor, PAR-1) antagonist based on the natural product himbacine. Discovered by Schering-Plough and currently being developed by Merck & Co., it is an experimental pharmaceutical treatment for acute coronary syndrome chest pain caused by coronary artery disease.^[1]

In January 2011, clinical trials being conducted by Merck were halted for patients with stroke and mild heart conditions.^[2] In a randomized double-blinded trial comparing vorapaxar with placebo in addition to standard therapy in 12,944 patients who had acute coronary syndromes, there was no significant reduction in a composite end point of death from cardiovascular causes, myocardial infarction, stroke, recurrent ischemia with rehospitalization, or urgent coronary revascularization. However, there was increased risk of major bleeding.^[3]

A trial published in February 2012, found no change in all cause mortality while decreasing the risk of cardiac death and increasing the risk of major bleeding.^[4]

SCH-530348 is a protease-activated thrombin receptor (PAR-1) antagonist developed by Schering-Plough and waiting for approval in U.S. for the oral secondary prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with a history of heart attack and no history of stroke or transient ischemic attack. The drug candidate is being investigated to determine its potential to provide clinical benefit without the liability of increased bleeding; a tendency associated with drugs that block thromboxane or ADP pathways. In April 2006, SCH-530348 was granted fast track designation in the U.S. for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality outcomes in at-risk patients.

Vorapaxar was recommended for FDA approval on January 15, 2014.^[5]

VORAPAXAR

17 JAN 2014
FDA advisory panel votes to approve Merck & Co’s vorapaxar REF 6

VORAPAXAR SULPHATE

CAS Number: 705260-08-8

Molecular Formula: C29H33FN2O4.H2O4S

Molecular Weight: 590.7

Chemical Name: Ethyl [(1R,3aR,4aR,6R,8aR,9S,9aS)-9-[(1E)-2-[5-(3-fluorophenyl)pyridin-2- yl]ethenyl]-1-methyl-3-oxododecahydronaphtho[2,3-c]furan-6-yl]carbamate sulfate

Synonyms: Carbamic acid, [(1R,3aR,4aR,6R,8aR,9S,9aS)-9-[(1E)-2-[5-(3-fluorophenyl)-2- pyridinyl]ethenyl]dodecahydro-1-methyl-3-oxonaphtho[2,3-c]furan-6-yl]-,ethyl ester,sulfate; SCH-530348

Vorapaxar Sulfate (SCH 530348) a thrombin receptor (PAR-1) antagonist for the prevention and treatment of atherothrombosis.

……………………

GENERAL INTRO

SIMILAR NATURAL PRODUCT

+ HIMBACINE

Himbacine is an alkaloid muscarinic receptor antagonist displaying more potent activity associated with M2 and M2 subtypes over M1 or M3. Observations show himbacine bound tightly to various chimeric receptors in COS-7 cells as well as possessed the ability to bind to cardiac muscarinic receptors allosterically. Recent studies have produced series of thrombin receptor (PAR1) antagonists derived from himbacine Himbacine is an inhibitor of mAChR M2 and mAChR M4.

Technical Information

Physical State:	Solid
Derived from:	Australian pine Galbulimima baccata
Solubility:	Soluble in ethanol (50 mg/ml), methanol, and dichloromethane. Insoluble in water.
Storage:	Store at -20° C
Melting Point:	132-134 °C
Boiling Point:	469.65 °C at 760 mmHg
Density:	1.08 g/cm³
Refractive Index:	n²⁰_D 1.57
Optical Activity:	α20/D +51.4º, c = 1.01 in chloroform

Application:	An alkaloid muscarinic receptor antagonist
CAS Number:	6879-74-9

Molecular Weight:	345.5
Molecular Formula:	C₂₂H₃₅NO₂

general scheme:

……………………………

SYNTHESIS

WO2003089428A1

THE EXACT BELOW COMPD IS 14

Example 2

Step 1 :

Phosphonate 7, described in US 6,063,847, (3.27 g, 8.1 mmol) was dissolved in THF (12 ml) and C(O)Oled to 0 °C, followed by addition of 2.5 M n- BuLi (3.2 ml, 8.1 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 10 min and warmed up to rt. A solution of aldehyde 6, described in US 6,063,847, in THF (12 ml) was added to the reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min. Standard aqueous work-up, followed by column chromatography (30-50% EtOAc in hexane) afforded product 8. ¹HNMR (CDCI₃): δ 0.92-1.38 (m, 31 H), 1.41 (d, J= 6 Hz, 3H), 1.40-1.55 (m, 2H), 1.70-1.80 (m, 2H), 1.81-1.90 (m, 2H), 2.36 (m, 2H), 2.69 (m, 1 H), 3.89 (m, 4H), 4.75 (m, 1 H), 6.28-6.41 (m, 2H), 7.05-7.15 (m, 2H), 8.19 (br s, 1 H). Step 2:

Compound 8 (2.64 g, 4.8 mmol) was dissolved in THF (48 ml). The reaction mixture was C(O)Oled to 0 °C followed by addition of 1 M TBAF (4.8 ml). The reaction mixture was stirred for 5 min followed by standard aqueous work-up. Column chromatography (50% EtOAc/hexane) afforded product 9 (1.9 g, 100%). ¹HNMR (CDCI₃): δ 1.15-1.55 (m, 6H), 1.41 (d, J= 6 Hz, 3H), 1.70-1.82 (m, 3H), 1.85-1.90 (m, 1 H), 2.36 (m, 2H), 2.69 (m, 1 H), 3.91 (m, 4H), 4.75 (m, 1 H), 6.18- 6.45 (m, 2H), 7.19 (br s, 2H), 8.19 (br s, 1 H). Step 3:

To a solution of compound 9 (250 mg, 0.65 mmol) in pyridine (5 ml) C(O)Oled to 0 °C was added Tf₂O (295 μL, 2.1 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred overnight at rt. Standard aqueous work-up followed by column chromatography afforded product 10 (270 mg, 80%). ¹HNMR (CDCI₃): δ 1.15-1.55 (m, 6H), 1.41 (d, J= 6 Hz, 3H), 1.70-1.82 (m, 3H), 1.85-1.90 (m, 1 H), 2.36 (m, 2H), 2.69 (m, 1 H), 3.91 (m, 4H), 4.75 (m, 1 H), 6.42-6.68 (m, 2H), 7.25 (m, 1 H), 7.55 (m, 1 H), 8.49 (d, J= 2.8 Hz, 1 H).

Compound 10 (560 mg, 1.1 mmol), 3-fluorophenyl boronic acid (180 mg, 1.3 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (500 mg, 3.6 mmol) were mixed with toluene (4.4 ml), H₂O (1.5 ml) and EtOH (0.7 ml) in a sealed tube. Under an atmosphere of N₂, Pd(Ph₃P)₄ (110 mg, 0.13 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was heated at 100 °C for 2 h under N₂. The reaction mixture was C(O)Oled down to rt, poured to EtOAc (30 ml) and washed with water (2X20 ml). The EtOAc solution was dried with NaHCO₃ and concentrated at reduced pressure to give a residue. Preparative TLC separation of the residue (50% EtOAc in hexane) afforded product 11 (445 mg, 89%). ¹HNMR (CDCI₃): δ 1.15-1.59 (m, 6H), 1.43 (d, J= 6 Hz, 3H), 1.70-1.79 (m, 2H), 1.82 (m, 1H), 1.91 (m, 2H), 2.41 (m, 2H), 2.69 (m, 1 H), 3.91 (m, 4H), 4.75 (m, 1 H), 6.52-6.68 (m, 2H), 7.15 (m, 1 H), 7.22 (m, 2H), 7.35 (m, 1 H), 7.44 (m, 1 H), 7.81 (m, 1 H), 8.77 (d, J= 1.2 Hz, 1 H). Step 5:

Compound 11 (445 mg, 0.96 mmol) was dissolved in a mixture of acetone (10 ml) and 1 N HCI (10 ml). The reaction mixture was heated at 50 °C for 1 h.

Standard aqueous work-up followed by preparative TLC separation (50% EtOAc in hexane) afforded product 12 (356 mg, 89%). ¹HNMR (CDCI₃): δ 1.21-1.45 (m, 2H), 1.47 (d, J= 5.6 Hz, 3H), 1.58-1.65 (m, 2H), 2.15 (m, 1 H), 2.18-2.28 (m, 2H), 2.35- 2.51 (m, 5H), 2.71 (m, 1 H), 4.79 (m, 1 H), 6.52-6.68 (m, 2H), 7.15 (m, 1 H), 7.22 (m, 2H), 7.35 (m, 1 H), 7.44 (m, 1 H), 7.81 (m, 1 H), 8.77 (d, J= 1.2 Hz, 1 H). Step 6:

Compound 12 (500 mg, 4.2 mmol) was dissolved in EtOH (40 ml) and CH₂CI₂ (15 ml) NH₃ (g) was bubbled into the solution for 5 min. The reaction mixture was C(O)Oled to 0 °C followed by addition of Ti(O/^‘Pr)₄ (1.89 ml, 6.3 mmol). After stirring at 0 °C for 1 h, 1 M TiCI (6.3 ml, 6.3 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 45 min and concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in CH₃OH (10 ml) and NaBH₃CN (510 mg, 8 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred overnight at rt. The reaction mixture was poured to 1 N NaOH (100 ml) and extracted with EtOAc (3x 100 ml). The organic layer was combined and dried with NaHC0₃. Removal of solvent and separation by PTLC (5% 2 M NH₃ in CH₃OH/ CH₂CI₂) afforded β-13 (spot 1 , 30 mg, 6%) and α-13 (spot 2, 98 mg, 20%). β-13: ¹HNMR (CDCI₃): δ 1.50-1.38 (m, 5H), 1.42 (d, J= 6 Hz, 3H), 1.51-1.75 (m, 5H), 1.84 (m, 2H), 2.38 (m, 1 H), 2.45 (m, 1 H), 3.38 (br s, 1 H), 4.78 (m, 1 H), 6.59 (m, 2H), 7.15 (m, 1 H), 7.26 (m, 2H), 7.36 (m, 1 H), 7.42 (m, 1 H), 7.82 (m, 1 H), 8.77 (d, J= 2 Hz, 1 H). α-13:¹HNMR (CDCI₃): δ 0.95 (m, 2H), 1.02-1.35 (m, 6H), 1.41 (d, J= 6 Hz, 3H), 1.82-1.95 (m, 4H), 2.37 (m; 2H), 2.69 (m, 2H), 4.71 (m, 1 H), 6.71 (m, 2H), 7.11 (m, 1 H), 7.25 (m, 2H), 7.38 (m, 1 H), 7.42 (m, 1 H), 7.80 (m, 1 H), 8.76 (d, J= 1.6 Hz, 1 H). Step 7:

Compound α-13 (300 mg, 0.71 mmol) was dissolved in CH₂CI₂ (10 ml) followed by addition of Et₃N (0.9 ml). The reaction mixture was C(O)Oled to 0 °C and ethyl chloroformate (0.5 ml) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 1 h. The reaction mixture was directly separated by preparative TLC (EtOAc/ hexane, 1 :1) to give the title compound (14) VORAPAXAR (300 mg, 86%). MS m/z 493 (M+1).

HRMS Calcd for C₂₉H₃₄N₂O₄F (M+1 ): 493.2503, found 493.2509.

…………………

SYNTHESIS 1

http://www.google.com/patents/WO2006076564A1

VORAPAXAR= COMPD A

Example 6 – Preparation of Compound A

To a three-neck flask equipped with an agitator, thermometer and nitrogen inertion was added 7A (13.0 g), THF (30 mL). The mixture was cooled to below -20⁰C after which lithium diisopropylamide (2M, 20 mL) was slowly added. The reaction mixture was agitated for an additional hour (Solution A). To another flask was added 6 (10.0 g) and THF (75 mL) . The mixture was stirred for about 30 minutes and then slowly transferred into the solution A while maintaining the temperature below 20⁰C. The mixture was stirred at below -20⁰C for an additional hour before quenching the reaction by adding 20 mL of water. The reaction mixture was warmed to 0⁰C and the pH was adjusted to about 7 by addition of 25% HaSO₄ (11 mL). The mixture was further warmed to 20⁰C and then diluted with 100 mL of ethyl acetate and 70 mL of water. The two phases that had formed were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with 50 mL of ethyl acetate. The solvents THF and ethyl acetate were then replaced with ethanol, and the Compound A was precipitated out as a crystalline solid from ethanol with seeding at 35 to 4O⁰C. After cooling to O⁰C, the suspension was stirred for an additional hour and then the product was filtered and washed with cold ethanol. The product was dried at 50 – 60⁰C under vacuum to provide an off-white solid. VORAPAXAR

Yield: 12.7 g, (90%). m.p. 104.9⁰C (DSC onset point).

¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 8.88 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, IH), 8.10 (dd, J = 8.2, 2.4 Hz, IH), 7.64 (IH), 7.61 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, IH), 7.55 (m, J = 8.2, 6.2 Hz, IH), 7.51 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, IH), 7.25 (dt, J = 9.0, 2.3 Hz, IH), 7.08 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, IH), 6.68 (dd, J = 15.4, 9.4 Hz, IH), 6.58 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, IH), 4.85 (dd, J = 14.2, 7.2 Hz, IH), 3.95 (dd, J = 14.2, 7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.29 (m, IH), 2.66 (m, J = 12.0, 6.4 Hz, IH), 2.33 (m, 2H), 1.76 (m, 4H), 1.30 (d, J = 5.6 Hz, 3H), 1.19 (m, 4H), 1.14 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 0.98 (m, IH), 0.84 (m, IH). MS (EI) m/z: calcd. 492, found 492.

BISULPHATE SALT

Example 7 – Preparation of an Acid Salt (bisulfate) of Compound A:

Compound IA (5 g) was dissolved in about 25 mL of acetonitrile.

The solution was agitated for about 10 minutes and then heated to about 50 ⁰C. About 6 mL of 2M sulfuric acid in acetonitrile was added into the heated reaction mixture. The solid salt of Compound A precipitated out during the addition of sulfuric acid in acetonitrile. After addition of sulfuric acid solution, the reaction mixture was agitated for 1 hour before cooling to room temperature. The precipitated solid was filtered and washed with about 30 mL of acetonitrile. The wet solid was dried under vacuum at room temperature for 1 hour and at 80 ⁰C for about 12 hours to provide about 5 g white solid (yield 85%). m.p. 217.0 ⁰C. ¹H NMR (DMSO) 9.04 (s, IH), 8.60 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, IH), 8.10 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, IH), 7.76 (d, J = 10.4, IH), 7.71 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, IH), 7.60 (dd, J = 8.4, 1.8 Hz, IH), 7.34 (dd, 8.4, 1.8 Hz, IH), 7.08 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, IH), 7.02 (m, IH), 6.69 (d, J = 15.8 Hz, IH), 4.82 (m, IH), 3.94 (dd, J = 14.0, 7.0 Hz, 2H), 3.35 (brs, IH), 2.68 (m, IH), 2.38 (m, 2H), 1.80-1.70 (m, 4H), 1.27 (d, J = 5.8 Hz, 3H), 1.21 (m, 2H), 1.13 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.95 (m, IH, 0.85 (m, IH). MS (EI) m/z calcd. 590, found 492.

INTERMEDIATE 6

Example 5- Preparation of Compound 6

To a three-neck flask equipped with an agitator, thermometer and nitrogen inert were added the crude product solution of Compound 5 (containing about 31 g. of Compound 5 in 300 mL solution) and anhydrous DMF (0.05 mL). After the mixture was agitated for 5 minutes, oxalyl chloride (12.2 mL) was added slowly while maintaining the batch temperature between 15 and 25°C. The reaction mixture was agitated for about an hour after the addition and checked by NMR for completion of reaction. After the reaction was judged complete, the mixture was concentrated under vacuum to 135 mL while maintaining the temperature of the reaction mixture below 30⁰C. The excess oxalyl chloride was removed completely by two cycles of vacuum concentration at below 50⁰C with replenishment of toluene (315 mL) each time, resulting in a final volume of 68 mL. The reaction mixture was then cooled to 15 to 25°C, after which THF (160 mL) and 2,6-lutidine (22 mL) were added. The mixture was agitated for 16 hours at 20 to 25°C under 100 psi hydrogen in the presence of dry 5% Pd/C (9.0 g). After the reaction was judged complete, the reaction mixture was filtered through celite to remove catalyst. More THF was added to rinse the hydrogenator and catalyst, and the reaction mixture was again filtered through celite. Combined filtrates were concentrated under vacuum at below 25°C to 315 mL. MTBE (158 mL) and 10% aqueous solution of phosphoric acid (158 mL) were added for a thorough extraction at 10⁰C to remove 2,6- lutidine. Then phosphoric acid was removed by extracting the organic layer with very dilute aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (about 2%), which was followed by a washing with dilute brine. The organic solution was concentrated atmospherically to a volume of 90 mL for solvent replacement. IPA (315 mL) was added to the concentrated crude product solution. The remaining residual solvent was purged to <_ 0.5% of THF (by GC) by repeated concentration under vacuum to 68 mL, with replenishment of IPA (315 mL) before each concentration. The concentrated (68 mL) IPA solution was heated to 50°C, to initiate crystallization. To this mixture n-heptane (68 mL) was added very slowly while maintaining the batch temperature at 50°C. The crystallizing mixture was cooled very slowly over 2.5 hours to 25°C. Additional n- heptane (34 mL) was added very slowly into the suspension mixture at 25⁰C. The mixture was further cooled to 20⁰C, and aged at that temperature for about 20 hours. The solid was filtered and washed with a solvent mixture of 25% IPA in n-heptane, and then dried to provide

19.5 g of a beige colored solid of Compound 6. (Yield: 66%) m.p. 169.3⁰C. IH NMR (CD₃CN) δ 9.74 (d, J = 3.03 Hz, IH), 5.42 (br, IH), 4.69 (m, IH), 4.03 (q, J = 7.02 Hz, 2H), 3.43 (qt, J = 3.80, 7.84 Hz, IH), 2.67 (m, 2H), 2.50 (dt, J = 3.00, 8.52 Hz, IH), 1.93 (d, J = 12.0 Hz, 2H), 1.82 (dt, J = 3.28, 9.75 Hz, 2H), 1.54 (qd, J = 3.00, 10.5 Hz, IH), 1.27 (d, J = 5.97 Hz, 3H), 1.20 (m, 6H), 1.03 – 0.92 (m, 2H). MS (ESI) m/z (M⁺+1): calcd. 324, found 324.

INTERMEDIATE 7A

Example 4 – Preparation of Compound 7A

+ 1-Pr₂NLi + (EtO)₂POCI – + LiCI

To a 10 L three-necked round bottomed flask equipped with an agitator, thermometer and a nitrogen inlet tube, was added 20Og of

Compound 8 (1.07 mol, from Synergetica, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). THF (1000 mL) was added to dissolve Compound 8. After the solution was cooled to -80 ⁰C to -50 ⁰C, 2.0 M LDA in hexane/THF(1175 mL, 2.2 eq) was added while maintaining the batch temperature below -50 ⁰C. After about 15 minutes of agitation at -80⁰C to -50 ⁰C, diethyl chlorophosphate (185 mL, 1.2 eq) was added while maintaining the batch temperature below -50 ⁰C. The mixture was agitated at a temperature from -80⁰C to – 50 ⁰C for about 15 minutes and diluted with n-heptane (1000 mL). This mixture was warmed up to about -35 ⁰C and quenched with aqueous ammonium chloride (400 g in 1400 mL water) at a temperature below -10 ⁰C. This mixture was agitated at -15⁰C to -10 ⁰C for about 15 minutes followed by agitation at 15⁰C to 25 ⁰C for about 15 minutes. The aqueous layer was split and extracted with toluene (400 mL). The combined organic layers were extracted with 2N hydrochloric acid (700 mL) twice. The product-containing hydrochloric acid layers were combined and added slowly to a mixture of toluene (1200 mL) and aqueous potassium carbonate (300 g in 800 mL water) at a temperature below 30 ⁰C. The aqueous layer was extracted with toluene (1200 mL). The organic layers were combined and concentrated under vacuum to about 600 ml and filtered to remove inorganic salts. To the filtrate was added n-heptane (1000 ml) at about 55 ⁰C. The mixture was cooled slowly to 40 ⁰C, seeded, and cooled further slowly to -10 ⁰C. The resulting slurry was aged at about -10 ⁰C for 1 h, filtered, washed with n- heptane, and dried under vacuum to give a light brown solid (294 g, 85% yield), m.p. 52 ⁰C (DSC onset point).¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 8.73 (d, J = 1.5 Hz, IH), 7.85 (dd, Ji = 8.0 Hz, J₂ = 1.5 Hz, IH), 7.49 (dd, Ji = 8.0 Hz, J₂ = 1.3 Hz, IH), 7.42 (m, IH), 7.32 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, IH), 7.24 (m, IH), 7.08 (dt, Ji = 8.3 Hz, J₂ = 2.3 Hz, IH), 4.09 (m, 4H), 3.48 (d, J = 22.0 Hz, 2H), 1.27 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 6H). MS (ESI) for M+H calcd. 324, found 324.

Example 3 – Preparation of Compound 5:

4 5

To a three-necked round bottomed flask equipped with an agitator, thermometer and a nitrogen inlet tube was added a solution of Compound 4 in aqueous ethanol (100 g active in 2870 ml). The solution was concentrated to about 700 ml under reduced pressure at 35⁰C to 40°C to remove ethyl alcohol. The resultant homogeneous mixture was cooled to 20⁰C to 30⁰C and its pH was adjusted to range from 12 to 13 with 250 ml of 25% sodium hydroxide solution while maintaining the temperature at 20-30⁰C. Then 82 ml of ethyl chloroformate was slowly added to the batch over a period of 1 hour while maintaining the batch temperature from 20⁰C to 30⁰C and aged for an additional 30 minutes. After the reaction was judged complete, the batch was acidified to pH 7 to 8 with 10 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid (37%) and 750 ml of ethyl acetate. The pH of the reaction mixture was further adjusted to pH 2 to 3 with 35% aqueous hydrochloric acid solution. The organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer was extracted again with 750 ml of ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed twice with water (200 ml) . Compound 5 was isolated from the organic layer by crystallization from ethyl acetate and heptane mixture (1: 1 mixture, 1500 ml) at about 70⁰C to 80 ⁰C. The solid was filtered at 50⁰C to 60 °C, washed with heptane and then dried to provide an off-white solid (yield 50%). m.p. 197.7°C. ¹HNMR (CD₃CN) δ 5.31 (brs, IH), 4.67 (dt, J = 16.1, 5.9 Hz, IH), 4.03 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.41 (m, IH), 2.55 – 2.70 (m, 2H), 1.87 – 1.92 (m, IH), 1.32 – 1.42 (m, IH), 1.30 (d, J = 5.92 Hz, 3H), 1.30 – 1.25 (m, 6H), 0.98 (qt, J = 15.7, 3.18 Hz, 2H). MS (ESI) M+l m/z calculated 340, found 340.

Example 2 – Preparation of Compound 4;

3 4

7.4 kg of ammonium formate was dissolved in 9L of water at 15- 25⁰C, and then cooled to 0-10⁰C. 8.9 kg of Compound 3 was charged at 0-15⁰C followed by an addition of 89L of 2B ethyl alcohol. The batch was cooled to 0-5⁰C 0.9 kg of 10% Palladium on carbon (50% wet) and 9 L of water were charged. The batch was then warmed to 18-28⁰C and agitated for 5 hours, while maintaining the temperature between 18-28 ⁰C. After the reaction was judged complete, 7 IL of water was charged. The batch was filtered and the wet catalyst cake was then washed with 8OL of water. The pH of the filtrate was adjusted to 1-2 with 4N aqueous hydrochloric acid solution. The solution was used in the next process step without further isolation. The yield is typically quantiative. m.p. 216.4⁰C. IH NMR (D₂O+1 drop HCl) δ 3.15 (m, IH), 2.76 (m, IH), 2.62 (m, IH), 2.48 (dd,J-5.75Hz, IH), 1.94 (m, 2H), 1.78 (m, 2H), 1.38 (m, 2H), 1.20 (m, 6H), 1.18 (m, IH), 0.98 (q,J=2.99Hz, IH).

Example 1 – Preparation of Compound 3

2B 3

To a reactor equipped with an agitator, thermometer and nitrogen, were added about 10.5 kg of 2B, 68 L of acetone and 68 L of IN aqueous hydrochloric acid solution. The mixture was heated to a temperature between 50 and 60⁰C and agitated for about 1 hour before cooling to room temperature. After the reaction was judged complete, the solution was concentrated under reduced pressure to about 42 L and then cooled to a temperature between 0 and 5⁰C. The cooled mixture was agitated for an additional hour. The product 3 was filtered, washed with cooled water and dried to provide an off-white solid (6.9 kg, yield 76%). m.p. 251⁰C. Η NMR (DMSO) δ 12.8 (s, IH), 4.72 (m, J = 5.90 Hz, IH), 2.58 (m, 2H), 2.40 (m, J = 6.03 Hz, 2H), 2.21 (dd, J = 19.0, 12.8 Hz, 3H), 2.05 (m, IH), 1.87 (q, J = 8.92 Hz, IH), 1.75 (m, IH), 1.55 (m, IH), 1.35 (q, J = 12.6 Hz, IH), 1.27 (d, J = 5.88 Hz, 3H). MS (ESI) M+l m/z calcd. 267, found 267.

NOTE

Compound 7A may be prepared from Compound 8 by treating Compound 8 with diethylchlorophosphate:

Compound 8 may be obtained by the process described by Kyoku, Kagehira et al in “Preparation of (haloaryl)pyridines,” (API Corporation, Japan). Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho (2004). 13pp. CODEN: JKXXAF JP

2004182713 A2 20040702. Compound 8 is subsequently reacted with a phosphate ester, such as a dialkyl halophosphate, to yield Compound 7A. Diethylchlorophosphate is preferred. The reaction is preferably conducted in the presence of a base, such as a dialkylithium amide, for example diisopropyl lithium amide.

…………………………………..

J Med Chem 2008, 51(11): 3061

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jm800180e

The discovery of an exceptionally potent series of thrombin receptor (PAR-1) antagonists based on the natural product himbacine is described. Optimization of this series has led to the discovery of 4 (SCH 530348), a potent, oral antiplatelet agent that is currently undergoing Phase-III clinical trials for acute coronary syndrome (unstable angina/non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction) and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events in high-risk patients.

Ethyl [(3aR,4aR,8aR,9aS)-9(S)-[(E)-2-[5-(3-fluorophenyl)-2-
pyridinyl]ethenyl]dodecahydro-1(R)-methyl-3-oxonaphtho[2,3-c]furan-6(R)-yl]carbamate (4).

4 (300 mg, 86%). MS m/z 493 (M+1).

HRMS Calcd for C29H34N2O4F
(M+1): 493.2503, found 493.2509; mp125 °C;

[]D20 6.6 (c 0.5, MeOH).

1HNMR (CDCl3):

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/jm800180e/suppl_file/jm800180e-file002.pdf

0.88-1.18 (m, 5 H), 1.22-1.30 (m, 3 H), 1.43 (d, J = 5.85 Hz, 3 H), 1.88-2.10 (m, 4 H), 2.33-2.42 (m, 2 H),
2.75-2.67 (m, 1 H), 3.52-3.60 (m, 1 H), 4.06-4.14 (m, 2 H), 4.54-4.80 (m, 1 H), 4.71-4.77 (m, 1 H),
6.55-6.63 (m, 2 H), 7.07-7.12 (m, 1 H), 7.26-7.29 (m, 2 H), 7.34 (d, J = 8.05 Hz, 1 H), 7.41-7.46 (m, 1 H), 7.80-7.82 (m, 1 H), 8.76-8.71 (m, 1 H).

……………………..

References

Samuel Chackalamannil; Wang, Yuguang; Greenlee, William J.; Hu, Zhiyong; Xia, Yan; Ahn, Ho-Sam; Boykow, George; Hsieh, Yunsheng et al. (2008). “Discovery of a Novel, Orally Active Himbacine-Based Thrombin Receptor Antagonist (SCH 530348) with Potent Antiplatelet Activity”. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 51 (11): 3061–4.doi:10.1021/jm800180e. PMID 18447380.
Merck Blood Thinner Studies Halted in Select Patients, Bloomberg News, January 13, 2011
Tricoci et al. (2012). “Thrombin-Receptor Antagonist Vorapaxar in Acute Coronary Syndromes”. New England Journal of Medicine 366 (1): 20–33.doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1109719. PMID 22077816.
Morrow, DA; Braunwald, E; Bonaca, MP; Ameriso, SF; Dalby, AJ; Fish, MP; Fox, KA; Lipka, LJ; Liu, X; Nicolau, JC; Ophuis, AJ; Paolasso, E; Scirica, BM; Spinar, J; Theroux, P; Wiviott, SD; Strony, J; Murphy, SA; TRA 2P–TIMI 50 Steering Committee and, Investigators (Apr 12, 2012). “Vorapaxar in the secondary prevention of atherothrombotic events.”. The New England Journal of Medicine 366 (15): 1404–13. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1200933.PMID 22443427.
“Merck Statement on FDA Advisory Committee for Vorapaxar, Merck’s Investigational Antiplatelet Medicine”. Merck. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
http://www.forbes.com/sites/larryhusten/2014/01/15/fda-advisory-panel-votes-in-favor-of-approval-for-mercks-vorapaxar/
SCH-530348 (Vorapaxar) is an investigational candidate for the prevention of arterial thrombosis in patients with acute coronary syndrome and peripheral arterial disease. “Convergent Synthesis of Both Enantiomers of 4-Hydroxypent-2-ynoic Acid Diphenylamide for a Thrombin Receptor Antagonist Sch530348 and Himbacine Analogues.” Alex Zaks et al.: Adv. Synth. Catal. 2009, 351: 2351-2357 Full text;
Discovery of a novel, orally active himbacine-based thrombin receptor antagonist (SCH 530348) with potent antiplatelet activity
J Med Chem 2008, 51(11): 3061

Stu Borman (2005). “Hopes Ride on Drug Candidates: Researchers reveal potential new medicines for thrombosis, anxiety, diabetes, and cancer”. Chemical & Engineering News 83 (16): 40–44.

PATENTS

WO 2003089428
WO 2006076452
US 6063847
WO 2006076565
WO 2008005344
WO2010/141525
WO2008/5353
US2008/26050
WO2006/76564 mp, nmr

US8138180	3-21-2012	EXO-SELECTIVE SYNTHESIS OF HIMBACINE ANALOGS
US2011251392	10-14-2011	EXO- AND DIASTEREO- SELECTIVE SYNTHESIS OF HIMBACINE ANALOGS
US7989653	8-3-2011	Exo- and diastereo-selective syntheses of himbacine analogs
US2011065676	3-18-2011	COMBINATION THERAPIES COMPRISING PAR1 ANTAGONISTS WITH NAR AGONISTS
US7772276	8-11-2010	Exo-selective synthesis of himbacine analogs
US2010137597	6-4-2010	SYNTHESIS Of DIETHYLPHOSPHONATE
US7713999	5-12-2010	THROMBIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS
US7687631	3-31-2010	Synthesis of diethyl{[5-(3-fluorophenyl)-pyridine-2yl]methyl}phosphonate
US2009297576	12-4-2009	Local Delivery of PAR-1 Antagonists to Treat Vascular Complications
US7626045	12-2-2009	SYNTHESIS OF HIMBACINE ANALOGS

US7605275	10-21-2009	Exo- and diastereo- selective syntheses of himbacine analogs
US7553987	6-31-2009	Synthesis of 3-(5-nitrocyclohex-1-enyl) acrylic acid and esters thereof
US7541471	6-3-2009	Synthesis of himbacine analogs
US2009022729	1-23-2009	METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR TREATING CARDIAC DYSFUNCTIONS
US2008234236	9-26-2008	REDUCTION OF ADVERSE EVENTS AFTER PERCUTANEOUS INTERVENTION BY USE OF A THROMBIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST
US2008031943	2-8-2008	IMMEDIATE-RELEASE TABLET FORMULATIONS OF A THROMBIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST
US2008026050	1-32-2008	SOLID DOSE FORMULATIONS OF A THROMBIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST
US7304078	12-5-2007	Thrombin receptor antagonists
US2007270439	11-23-2007	THROMBIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS
US2007202140	8-31-2007	THROMBIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS AS PROPHYLAXIS TO COMPLICATIONS FROM CARDIOPULMONARY SURGERY

US2007203193	8-31-2007	CRYSTALLINE POLYMORPH OF A BISULFATE SALT OF A THROMBIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST
US7235567	6-27-2007	Crystalline polymorph of a bisulfate salt of a thrombin receptor antagonist
US2006172397	8-4-2006	Preparation of chiral propargylic alcohol and ester intermediates of himbacine analogs
US2004192753	9-31-2004	Methods of use of thrombin receptor antagonists

US6063847 *	Nov 23, 1998	May 16, 2000	Schering Corporation	Thrombin receptor antagonists
US6326380 *	Apr 7, 2000	Dec 4, 2001	Schering Corporation	Thrombin receptor antagonists
US20030216437 *	Apr 14, 2003	Nov 20, 2003	Schering Corporation	Thrombin receptor antagonists
US20040176418 *	Jan 9, 2004	Sep 9, 2004	Schering Corporation	Crystalline polymorph of a bisulfate salt of a thrombin receptor antagonist

WO2011128420A1

Apr 14, 2011

Oct 20, 2011

Sanofi

Pyridyl-vinyl pyrazoloquinolines as par1 inhibitors

Rapamycin (Sirolimus) For the prophylaxis of organ rejection in patients receiving renal transplants.

January 15, 2014 12:43 pm / Leave a comment

Rapamycin (Sirolimus)

(3S,6R,7E,9R,10R,12R,14S,15E,17E,19E,21S,23S,26R,27R,34aS)-9,10,12,13,14,21,22,23,24,25, 26,27,32,33,34,34a-Hexadecahydro-9,27-dihydroxy-3-[(1R)-2-[(1S,3R,4R)-4-hydroxy-3-methoxycyclohexyl]-1-methylethyl]-10,21-dimethoxy-6,8,12,14,20,26-hexamethyl-23,27-epoxy-3H-pyrido[2,1-c][1,4]oxaazacyclohentriacontine-1,5,11,28,29(4H,6H,31H)-pentone

Wyeth Pharmaceuticals (Originator)

M.Wt:914.18

Formula:C₅₁H₇₉NO₁₃

53123-88-9 cas no

Antifungal and immunosuppressant. Specific inhibitor of mTOR (mammalian target of Rapamycin). Complexes with FKBP-12 and binds mTOR inhibiting its activity. Inhibits interleukin-2-induced phosphorylation and activation of p70 S6 kinase. Induces autophagy in yeast and mammalian cell lines.

Rapamycin is a triene macrolide antibiotic, which demonstrates anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and immunosuppressive properties. Rapamycin has been shown to block T-cell activation and proliferation, as well as, the activation of p70 S6 kinase and exhibits strong binding to FK-506 binding proteins. Rapamycin also inhibits the activity of the protein, mTOR, (mammalian target of rapamycin) which functions in a signaling pathway to promote tumor growth. Rapamycin binds to a receptor protein (FKBP12) and the rapamycin/FKB12 complex then binds to mTOR and prevents interaction of mTOR with target proteins in this signaling pathway. Rapamycin name is derived from the native word for Easter Island, Rapi Nui.

(-)-Rapamycin
Antibiotic AY 22989
AY 22989
AY-22989
CCRIS 9024
HSDB 7284
NSC 226080
Rapammune
Rapamune
Rapamycin
SILA 9268A
Sirolimus
UNII-W36ZG6FT64
WY-090217
A 8167

A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.

Sirolimus (INN/USAN), also known as rapamycin, is an immunosuppressant drug used to prevent rejection in organ transplantation; it is especially useful in kidney transplants. It prevents activation of T cells and B cells by inhibiting their response to interleukin-2 (IL-2). Sirolimus is also used as a coronary stent coating. Sirolimus works, in part, by eliminating old and abnormal white blood cells.^{[citation needed]} Sirolimus is effective in mice with autoimmunity and in children with a rare condition called autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS).

sirolimus

A macrolide, sirolimus was discovered by Brazilian researchers as a product of the bacterium Streptomyces hygroscopicus in a soil sample fromEaster Island^[1] — an island also known as Rapa Nui.^[2] It was approved by the FDA in September 1999 and is marketed under the trade nameRapamune by Pfizer (formerly by Wyeth).

Sirolimus was originally developed as an antifungal agent. However, this use was abandoned when it was discovered to have potent immunosuppressive and antiproliferative properties. It has since been shown to prolong the life of mice and might also be useful in the treatment of certain cancers.

Unlike the similarly named tacrolimus, sirolimus is not a calcineurin inhibitor, but it has a similar suppressive effect on the immune system. Sirolimus inhibits the response tointerleukin-2 (IL-2), and thereby blocks activation of T and B cells. In contrast, tacrolimus inhibits the secretion of IL-2.

The mode of action of sirolimus is to bind the cytosolic protein FK-binding protein 12(FKBP12) in a manner similar to tacrolimus. Unlike the tacrolimus-FKBP12 complex which inhibits calcineurin (PP2B), the sirolimus-FKBP12 complex inhibits themammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR, rapamycin being an older name for sirolimus) pathway by directly binding the mTOR Complex1 (mTORC1).

mTOR has also been called FRAP (FKBP-rapamycin associated protein), RAFT (rapamycin and FKBP target), RAPT1, or SEP. The earlier names FRAP and RAFT were coined to reflect the fact that sirolimus must bind FKBP12 first, and only the FKBP12-sirolimus complex can bind mTOR. However, mTOR is now the widely accepted name, since Tor was first discovered via genetic and molecular studies of sirolimus-resistant mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that identified FKBP12, Tor1, and Tor2 as the targets of sirolimus and provided robust support that the FKBP12-sirolimus complex binds to and inhibits Tor1 and Tor2.

rapamycin

Unlike the similarly named tacrolimus, sirolimus is not a calcineurin inhibitor, but it has a similar suppressive effect on the immune system. Sirolimus inhibits the response to interleukin-2 (IL-2), and thereby blocks activation of T and B cells. In contrast, tacrolimus inhibits the secretion of IL-2.

The mode of action of sirolimus is to bind the cytosolic protein FK-binding protein 12 (FKBP12) in a manner similar to tacrolimus. Unlike the tacrolimus-FKBP12 complex which inhibits calcineurin (PP2B), the sirolimus-FKBP12 complex inhibits the mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR, rapamycin being an older name for sirolimus) pathway by directly binding the mTOR Complex1 (mTORC1).

SIROLIMUS

Rapamycin and its preparation are described in US Patent No. 3,929,992, issued December 30, 1975. Alternatively, rapamycin may be purchased commercially [Rapamune®, Wyeth].

Rapamycin (Sirolimus) is a 31-member natural macrocyclic lactone [C51H79N1O13; MWt=914.2] produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus and found in the 1970s (U.S. Pat. No. 3,929,992; 3,993,749). Rapamycin (structure shown below) was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the prophylaxis of renal transplant rejection in 1999.

Rapamycin resembles tacrolimus (binds to the same intracellular binding protein or immunophilin known as FKBP-12) but differs in its mechanism of action. Whereas tacrolimus and cyclosporine inhibit T-cell activation by blocking lymphokine (e.g., IL2) gene transcription, sirolimus inhibits T-cell activation and T lymphocyte proliferation by binding to mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Rapamycin can act in synergy with cyclosporine or tacrolimus in suppressing the immune system.

Rapamycin is also useful in preventing or treating systemic lupus erythematosus [U.S. Pat. No. 5,078,999], pulmonary inflammation [U.S. Pat. No. 5,080,899], insulin dependent diabetes mellitus [U.S. Pat. No. 5,321,009], skin disorders, such as psoriasis [U.S. Pat. No. 5,286,730], bowel disorders [U.S. Pat. No. 5,286,731], smooth muscle cell proliferation and intimal thickening following vascular injury [U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,288,711 and 5,516,781], adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma [European Patent Application 525,960 A1], ocular inflammation [U.S. Pat. No. 5,387,589], malignant carcinomas [U.S. Pat. No. 5,206,018], cardiac inflammatory disease [U.S. Pat. No. 5,496,832], anemia [U.S. Pat. No. 5,561,138] and increase neurite outgrowth [Parker, E. M. et al, Neuropharmacology 39, 1913-1919, 2000].

Although rapamycin can be used to treat various disease conditions, the utility of the compound as a pharmaceutical drug has been limited by its very low and variable bioavailability and its high immunosuppressive potency and potential high toxicity. Also, rapamycin is only very slightly soluble in water. To overcome these problems, prodrugs and analogues of the compound have been synthesized. Water soluble prodrugs prepared by derivatizing rapamycin positions 31 and 42 (formerly positions 28 and 40) of the rapamycin structure to form glycinate, propionate, and pyrrolidino butyrate prodrugs have been described (U.S. Pat. No. 4,650,803). Some of the analogues of rapamycin described in the art include monoacyl and diacyl analogues (U.S. Pat. No. 4,316,885), acetal analogues (U.S. Pat. No. 5,151,413), silyl ethers (U.S. Pat. No. 5,120,842), hydroxyesters (U.S. Pat. No. 5,362,718), as well as alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, and alkynyl analogues (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,665,772; 5,258,389; 6,384,046; WO 97/35575).

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Synthesis

ref are independent of body…see below for this clip

Several total synthese of rapamycin have been reported^3,4as well as many fragments and part-syntheses. Rapamycin is a complicated molecule comprising a 31-membered ring including a pipecolinyl group and pyranose ring, a conjugated triene system and a tri-carbonyl region. It also has 15 chiral centres, meaning the number of possible stereoisomers is enormous. The synthesis of rapamycin therefore presents a huge challenge to synthetic chemists.

In the following synthesis, published in three separate papers^5,6,7two fragments of C10-C21 and C22-C42 are prepared separately, before being combined to give the total synthesis of rapamycin. Only the main outline of the synthesis will be shown as it is too long and complicated to show in great detail. For the full experimental details of the synthesis see the literature (ref. nos. given above).

In the retro-synthesis shown the molecule is disconnected at the ester group next to carbon 1 and the C₂₁-C₂₂ double bond of the triene to give the synthetic precursors 2 and 3. Further disconnections of 3 will be shown later. First the C₁₀-C₂₁ fragment is synthesised.

Synthesis of C10-C21 fragment

The synthesis uses (R)-methyl 3-hydroxy-2-methylpropionate (8) as a starting material.

The starting material 8 is converted to an alcohol by a four-step process; protection of the alcohol as aTHP ether followed by reduction, ether formation and deprotection steps. Substitution of the hydroxyl group in the product for a bromine leads to the formation of the bromide 9. Reaction of 9 with methyl acetoacetate gave ester 10.

Catalytic reduction of 10 using the conditions of Noyori produced ester 11, which was then converted to its Weinreb amide 12. Overall, compound 12 was produced in 54% yield from an inexpensive starting material. Vinyl bromide 13 was metalated with t-BuLi and the resulting vinyllithium was combined with 12 and the PMB-protecting group was removed to give 14. The remaining carbonyl group in 14 was selectively reduced to a hyrdoxy group. In order to differentiate the 1,3-diol a lactol was formed, where one hydroxy group ended up in the ring. To acheive this an oxidation was performed using RuCl₂(PPh₃)₃ resulting in formation of a lactol. The two remaining alcohol groups could then be methylated using MeI forming 15.

The lactol ring opening was achieved using TiCl₄ and thiol HS(CH₂)₂SH to form a dithiolane. The freed alcohol was then protected as its TBS ether and the same protecting group selectively removed from the primary alcohol to form 16. To avoid removing the dithiolane group at a later stage in the synthesis the thio-acetal was converted to the dimethyl acetal 17 using PhI(OCOCF₃)₂ and methanol.

The next stage in the synthesis was to extend 17 for the building of the triene region. The terminal alcohol was oxidised to its aldehyde using BaMnO₄ , then a Wittig reaction was carried out using Ph₃P=CHCO₂Et and CH₂Cl₂ to form the second double bond. Reduction of the ester group to an alcohol was carried out using DIBAL-H, then treatment with PPh₃ and exposure to the air gave rapamycin fragment 2.

Synthesis of C22-C42 fragment

Here the retro-synthesis of 3 is shown, giving the three synthetic precursors 5, 6 and 7

It was thought 4 could be obtained by alkylative coupling of a vinyllithium species generated from 7 to the Weinreb amide 6. The nucleophilic opening of epoxide 5 by the lithiated sulfone from phenyl sulfone 4 would then produce the desired fragment.

The ester 18 was used as a starting material to make fragment 6.

A Wittig reaction followed by reduction and protection steps produced 19. This was hydrogenated using a rhodium catalyst to give syn-dimethyl product 20. The minor anti diastereomer was successfully separated off. 20 was oxidised then underwent an aldol condensation to give adduct 21.

Transamination of 21 and protection of the alcohol with PMB resulted in amide 6, corresponding to the C₂₂-C₂₈ segment of rapamycin.

The vinyl bromide 7 was prepared using ester 22 as a starting material.

Reduction of 22 followed by dibromoolefination resulted in product 23. Acetylene 24 was prepared using n-BuLi, THF and MeI, then sulfenylation with Ph₂S₂ and bromination gave fragment 7.

Iodination and alkylation of starting material 25 with the lithiated allylic sulfide shown followed by a number of further steps resulted in its conversion to fragment 5.

Fragments 7 was first converted to its vinyllithium using t-BuLi then combined with 6 forming an enone in 78% yield. Stereoselective reduction of the carbonyl group using Zn(BH₄)₂ gave an alcohol which was protected with DEIPS giving 28. The phenyl sulfide was oxidised to a sulfone using m-CPBA in excess pyridine.

Lithiation and addition of the epoxide 5 resulted in the hydroxy sulfone in a 4:1 ratio of two diastereomers which were separated by HPLC. Metalation using n-BuLi followed by oxidation formed the total C₂₂-C₄₂ fragment.

Total synthesis of rapamycin through the combination of C₁₀-C₂₁ and C₂₂-C₄₂ fragments.

Fragment 3 (C₂₂-C₄₂) was treated with (S)-Boc-pipecolinal, followed by a Swern oxidation resulted in the aldehyde 29.

Condensation with the lithium salt of phosphine oxide 2 (C₁₀-C₂₁) produced the triene shown below.

The triene was hydrolysed with pyridinium p-toluenesulfonic acid and an aldol reaction was performed. Treatment with triethylsilyl triflate produced an amino acid which was subjected to Mukaiyama macrocyclization conditions to form the 31-membered ring. Finally, deprotection steps were performed to give synthetic rapamyin (1). This was judged to be identical to natural rapamycin by comparison of physical properties, ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, IR and UV spectral data.

3. K. C. Nicolaou, T. K. Chakraborty, A. D. Piscopio, N. Minowa, P. Bertinato; J. Am. Chem. Soc.; 115; 1993; 4419

4. C. M. Hayward, D. Yohannes, S. J. Danishefsky; J. Am. Chem. Soc.; 115; 1993; 9345

5. S. D. Meyer, T. Miwa, M. Nakatsuka, S. L. Schreiber; J. Org. Chem.; 57; 1992; 5058-5060

6. D. Romo, D. D. Johnson, L. Plamondon, T. Miwa, S. L. Schreiber; J. Org. Chem.; 57; 1992; 5060-5063

7. S. D. Meyer, D. Romo, D. D. Johnson, S. L. Schreiber; J. Am. Chem. Soc.; 115; 1993; 7906-7907

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Synthesis

http://www.google.co.in/patents/US3929992

PREPARATION

CUT PASTE FROM TEXT

In one embodiment of this invention rapamycin is prepared in the followingmanner: 4

A suitable fermenter is charged with production meis reached in the fermentation mixture after 2-8 days,

usually after about 5 days, as determined by the cup plate method and Candida albicans as the test organism. The mycelium is harvested by filtration with diatomaceous earth. Rapamycin is then extracted from the mycelium with a water-miscible solvent, for example a lower alkanol, preferably methanol or ethanol. The latter extract is then concentrated, preferably under reduced pressure, and the resulting aqueous phase is extracted with a water-immiscible solvent. A preferred water-immiscible solvent for this purpose is methylene dichloride although chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, benzene, n-butanol and the like may also be used. The latter extract is concentrated, preferably under reduced pressure, to afford the crude product as an oil.

The product may be purified further by a variety of methods. Among the preferred methods of purification is to dissolve the crude product in a substantially nonpolar, first solvent, for example petroleum ether or hexane, and to treat the resulting solution with a suit able absorbent, for example charcoal or silica gel, so that the antibiotic becomes absorbed on the absorbant. The absorbant is then separated and washed or eluted with a second solvent more polar than the first solvent, for example ethyl acetate, methylene dichloride, or a mixture of methylene dichloride and ether (preferred). Thereafter, concentration of the wash solution or eluate affords substantially pure rapamycin. Further purification is obtained by partial precipitation with a nonpolar solvent, for example, petroleum ether, hexane, pentane and the like, from a solution of the rapamycin in a more polar solvent, for example, ether, ethyl acetate, benzene and the like. Still-further purification is obtained by column chromatography, preferably employing silica gel, and by crystallization of the rapamycin from ether.

In another preferred embodiment of this invention a first stage inoculum of S treptomyces hygroscopicus NRRL 5491 is prepared in small batches in a medium containing soybean flour, glucose, ammonium sulfate, and calcium carbonate incubated at about 25C at pH 7.l-7.3 for 24 hrs. with agitation, preferably on a gyrotary shaker. The growth thus obtained is used to inoculate a number of somewhat larger batches of the same medium as described above which are incubated at about 25C and pH 7.1-7.3 for 18 hrs. with agitation, preferably on a reciprocating’shaker, to obtain a sec- “ond stagc inoculum which is used to inoculate the production stage fermenters.

6 5.86′.2.-The fermenters are inoculated with the second stage inoculum described above and incubated at about 25C with’ agitationand aeration while controlling and ‘mai’ntaining the mixture at approximately pH 6.0 by

addition offa base, for example, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide or preferably ammonium hydroxide, as required from time to time. Addition of a source -of assimilable carbon, preferably glucose, is started when theconcentrationof the latter in the broth has dropped to about 0.5% wt/vol, normally about 48 hrs after. the start of fermentation, and is maintained until the end ofthe particular run. In this manner a fermentation broth containing about 60 ug/ml of rapamycin as determined by the assay method described above is obtained in 45 days, when fermentation is stopped.

‘ Filtration of the’mycelium, mixing the latter with a watef-miscible ‘lower’ alkanol, preferably methanol, followed by extraction with a halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbon, preferably trichloroethane, and evaporation of the solvents yields a first oily residue. This first oily residue is dissolved in a lower aliphatic ketone, preferably acetone, filtered from insoluble impurities, the filtrate evaporated to yield a second oily residue which is extractedjwith a water-miscible lower alkanol,

preferably methanol, and the latter extract is evaporated to yield crude rapamycin as a third oily residue. This third oily residue is dissolved in a mixture of a lower aliphatic ketone and a lower aliphatic hydrocarbon, preferably acetone-hexane, an absorbent such as charcoal or preferably silica gel is added to adsorb the rapamycin, the latter is eluted from the adsorbate with a similar but more polar solvent mixture, for example a mixture as above but containing a higher proportion of the aliphatic ketone, the eluates are evaporated and the residue is crystallized from diethyl ether, to yield pure crystalline rapamycin. In this manner a total of 45-5 8% of the rapamycin initially present in the fermentation mixture is recovered as pure crystalline rapamycin.

CHARACTERIZATION solvent systems; for example, ether-hexane 40:60 (Rf 0.42), ‘isopropyl alcoholvbenzene 15:85 (Rf= 0.5) and ethanol-benzene 20:80 (Rf f 0.43);

d. rapamycin obtained from four successive fermentation batchesgave the following values on repeated The production stage fermenters are equipped with 7 devices for controlling and maintaining pH at a predetermined level and for continuous metered addition of elemental analyses:

AVER- e. rapamycin exhibits the following characteristic absorption maxima in its ultraviolet absorption spectrum ethanol):

f. the infrared absorption spectrum of rapamycin in chloroform is reproduced in FIG. 1 and shows characteristic absorption bands at 3560, 3430, 1730, 1705 and 1630-1610 cm;

Further infrared absorption bands are characterized by the following data given in reciprocal centimeters with (s) denoting a strong, (m) denoting a medium, and denoting a weak intensity band. This classification is arbitrarily selected in such a manner that a band is denoted as strong (s) if its peak absorption is more than two-thirds of the background in the same region; medium (m) if its peak is between one-third and twothirds of the background in the same region; and weak if its peak is less than one-third of the background in the same region.

2990 cm (m) 1158 cm” (m) 2955 cm (s) 1129 cm (s) 2919 cm (s) 1080 cm (s) 2858 cm (s) 1060 cm (s) 2815 cm (m) 1040 cm (m) 1440 cm (s) 1020 crn’ (m) 1365 cm (m) 978 cm” (s) 1316 cm (in) 905 cm (m) 1272 cm (m) 888 cm” 1178 cm (s) 866 cm- g. the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of rapamycinin deuterochloroform is reproduced in FIG. 2; SEE PATENT

CLAIMS

l. Rapamycin, an antibiotic which a. is a colourless, crystalline compound with a melting point of 183 to l8SC, after recrystallization from ether;

b. is soluble in ether, chloroform, acetone, methanol and dimethylformamide, very sparingly soluble in hexane and petroleum ether and substantially insoluble in water;

c. shows a uniform spot on thin layer plates of silica gel”,

d. has a characteristic elemental analysis of about C,

e. exhibits the following characteristic absorption maxima in its ultraviolet absorption spectrum (95% ff has ‘a characteristic infrared absorption spectrum shown in accompanying FIG. 1; SEE PATENT

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Rapamycin synthetic studies. 1. Construction of the C(27)-C(42) subunit. Tetrahedron Lett 1994, 35, 28, 4907

A partial synthesis of rapamycin has been reported: The condensation of sulfone (I) with epoxide (II) by means of butyllithium followed by desulfonation with Na/Hg gives the partially protected diol (III), which is treated with methanesulfonyl chloride and NaH to afford the epoxide (IV). Ring opening of epoxide (IV) with LiI and BF3.Et2O followed by protection of the resulting alcohol with PMBOC(NH)CCl3 yields the primary iodo compound (V). The condensation of (V) with the fully protected dihydroxyaldehyde (VI) (see later) by means of butyllithium in THF/HMPT gives the fully protected trihydroxyketone (VII), which is hydrolyzed with camphorsulfonic acid (CSA) to the corresponding gemdiol and reprotected with pivaloyl chloride (the primary alcohol) and tert-butyldimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (the secondary alcohol), yielding a new fully protected trihydroxyketone (VIII). Elimination of the pivaloyl group with DIBAL and the dithiane group with MeI/CaCO3 affords the hydroxyketone (IX), which is finally oxidized with oxalyl chloride to the ketoaldehyde (X), the C(27)-C(42) fragment [the C(12)-C(15) fragment with the C(12)-substituent based on the IUPAC nomenclature recommendations]. The fully protected dihydroxyaldehyde (VI) is obtained as follows: The reaction of methyl 3-hydroxy-2(R)-methylpropionate (XI) with BPSCl followed by reduction with LiBH4 to the corresponding alcohol and oxidation with oxalyl chloride gives the aldehyde (XII), which is protected with propane-1,3-dithiol and BF3.Et2O to afford the dithiane compound (XIII). Elimination of the silyl group with TBAF followed by esterification with tosyl chloride, reaction with NaI and, finally, with sodium phenylsulfinate gives the sulfone (XIV), which is condensed with the partially protected dihydroxyaldehyde (XV), oxidized with oxalyl chloride and desulfonated with Al/Hg to afford the dithianyl ketone (XVI). The reaction of (XVI) with lithium hexamethyldisilylazane gives the corresponding enolate, which is treated with dimethyllithium cuprate to yield the fully protected unsaturated dihydroxyaldehyde (VI).

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http://www.google.com/patents/US8088789

……………………………

The Ley Synthesis of Rapamycin

Rapamycin (3) is used clinically as an immunosuppressive agent. The synthesis of 3 (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 591. DOI: 10.1002/anie.200604053) by Steven V. Ley of the University of Cambridge was based on the assembly and subsequent coupling of the iododiene 1 and the stannyl alkene 2.

The lactone of 1 was prepared by Fe-mediated cyclocarbonylation of the alkenyl epoxide 5, following the protocol developed in the Ley group.

The cyclohexane of 2 was constructed by SnCl₄-mediated cyclization of the allyl stannane 9, again employing a procedure developed in the Ley group. Hydroboration delivered the aldehyde 11, which was crotylated with 12, following the H. C. Brown method. The alcohol so produced (not illustrated) was used to direct the diastereoselectivity of epoxidation, then removed, to give 13. Coupling with 14 then led to 2.

Combination of 1 with 2 led to 15, which was condensed with catechol to give the macrocycle 16. Exposure of 16 to base effected Dieckmann cyclization, to deliver the ring-contracted macrolactone 17, which was carried on to (-)-rapamycin (3).

……………………………….

Total Synthesis of Rapamycin

Angewandte Chemie International Edition

Volume 46, Issue 4, pages 591–597, January 15, 2007

PREVIEW THIS ARTICLE WITH READCUBE

http://www.readcube.com/articles/10.1002%2Fanie.200604053?r3_referer=wol

……………………..

Ley, Maddess, Tackett, Watanabe, Brennan, Spilling, Scott and Osborn. ACIEE, 2006, EarlyView. DOI:10.1002/anie.200604053.

It’s been in the works for quite a while, but Steve Ley’s synthesis of Rapamycin has just been published. This complex beast has a multitude of biological activities, including an interesting immunosuppressive profile, resulting in clinical usage following organ transplantation. So, unsurprisingly, it’s been the target of many projects, with complete total syntheses published by Smith, Danishefsky, Schreiber and KCN.

So what makes this one different? Well, it does have one of the most interesting macrocyclisations I’ve seen since Jamison’s paper, and a very nice demonstration of the BDA-aldol methodology. The overall strategy is also impressive, so on with the retro:

First stop is the BDA-aldol; this type of chemistry is interesting, because the protecting group for the diol is also the stereo-directing group. The stereochemistry for this comes from a glycolic acid, and has been usedin this manner by the group before. The result is as impressive as ever, with a high yield, and presumably a very high d.r. (no mention of actual numbers).

The rest of the fragment synthesis was completed in a succinct and competent manner, but using relatively well known chemistry. However, I was especially impressed with the macrocyclisation I mentioned:

Tethering the free ends of the linear precursor with a simple etherification/esterification onto catechol gave then a macrocycle holding the desired reaction centres together. Treatment of this with base then induces a Dieckmann-condensation type cyclisation to deliver the desired macrocycle. Of course, at this stage, only a few more steps were required to complete the molecule, and end an era of the Wiffen Lab.

………………………………

Drugs Fut 1999, 24(1): 22

DOI: 10.1358/dof.1999.024.01.474036

¹H and ¹³C NMR assignments

ref2. J. B. McAlpine, S. J. Swanson, M. Jackson, D. N. Whittern; J.Antibiot.; 44; 1991; 688-690;

In CDCl₃ rapamycin exists as a mixture of conformers in a 3:1 ratio, which complicates the NMR spectrum. In the table below the chemical shifts of the carbons and hydrogens of the major isomer only are given.

Carbon No.	Carbon Type	Major carbon	Major proton	Carbon No.	Carbon Type	Major carbon	Major proton
1	C=O	169.2	–	28	CH-OH	77.3	4.17
2	CH	51.3	5.29	29	C=C	136.1	–
3	CH₂	27.0	2.34, 1.76	30	CH=C	126.8	5.42
4	CH₂	20.6	1.78, 1.47	31	CH	46.6	3.33
5	CH₂	25.3	1.75, 1.48	32	C=O	208.2	–
6	CH₂	44.2	3.59, 3.44	33	CH₂	40.7	2.74, 2.60
8	C=O	166.8	–	34	CH-OCO	75.7	5.17
9	C=O	192.5	–	35	CH	33.1	1.98
10	O-C-OH	98.5	–	36	CH₂	38.4	1.22, 1.12
11	CH	33.7	1.98	37	CH	33.2	1.39
12	CH₂	27.3	1.60, 1.60	38	CH₂	34.2	2.10, 0.68
13	CH₂	31.3	1.62, 1.33	39	CH-OCH₃	84.4	2.93
14		67.2	3.86	40	CH-OH	73.9	3.37
15	CH₂	38.8	1.85, 1.52	41	CH₂	31.3	1.99, 1.33
16	CH-OCH₃	84.4	3.67	42	CH₂	31.7	1.70, 1.00
17	C=C	135.5	–	43	11-CH₃	16.2	0.95
18	CH=C	129.6	5.97	44	17-CH₃	10.2	1.65
19	CH=C	126.4	6.39	45	23-CH₃	21.5	1.05
20	CH=C	133.6	6.32	46	25-CH₃	13.8	1.00
21	CH=C	130.1	6.15	47	29-CH₃	13.0	1.74
22	CH=C	140.2	5.54	48	31-CH₃	16.0	1.11
23	CH	35.2	2.32	49	35-CH₃	15.9	0.92
24	CH₂	40.2	1.50, 1.20	50	16-OCH₃	55.8	3.13
25	CH	41.4	2.74	51	27-OCH₃	59.5	3.34
26	C=O	215.6	–	52	39-OCH₃	56.5	3.41
27	CH-OCH₃	84.9	3.71

REFERENCES

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3. Creating diverse target-binding surfaces on FKBP12: synthesis and evaluation of a rapamycin analogue library.

Wu X, Wang L, Han Y, Regan N, Li PK, Villalona MA, Hu X, Briesewitz R, Pei D.

ACS Comb Sci. 2011 Sep 12;13(5):486-95. doi: 10.1021/co200057n. Epub 2011 Jul 28.

4. Mammalian target of rapamycin: discovery of rapamycin reveals a signaling pathway important for normal and cancer cell growth.

Gibbons JJ, Abraham RT, Yu K.

Semin Oncol. 2009 Dec;36 Suppl 3:S3-S17. doi: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2009.10.011. Review.

5. Hybrid inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR): design, synthesis, and superior antitumor activity of novel wortmannin-rapamycin conjugates.

Ayral-Kaloustian S, Gu J, Lucas J, Cinque M, Gaydos C, Zask A, Chaudhary I, Wang J, Di L, Young M, Ruppen M, Mansour TS, Gibbons JJ, Yu K.

J Med Chem. 2010 Jan 14;53(1):452-9. doi: 10.1021/jm901427g.

6. Fluorescent probes to characterise FK506-binding proteins.

Kozany C, März A, Kress C, Hausch F.

Chembiochem. 2009 May 25;10(8):1402-10. doi: 10.1002/cbic.200800806.

7. Recent advances in the chemistry, biosynthesis and pharmacology of rapamycin analogs.

Graziani EI.

Nat Prod Rep. 2009 May;26(5):602-9. doi: 10.1039/b804602f. Epub 2009 Mar 5. Review.

8 Total synthesis of rapamycin.

Ley SV, Tackett MN, Maddess ML, Anderson JC, Brennan PE, Cappi MW, Heer JP, Helgen C, Kori M, Kouklovsky C, Marsden SP, Norman J, Osborn DP, Palomero MA, Pavey JB, Pinel C, Robinson LA, Schnaubelt J, Scott JS, Spilling CD, Watanabe H, Wesson KE, Willis MC.

Chemistry. 2009;15(12):2874-914. doi: 10.1002/chem.200801656.

9 Highly diastereoselective desymmetrisation of cyclic meso-anhydrides and derivatisation for use in natural product synthesis.

Evans AC, Longbottom DA, Matsuoka M, Davies JE, Turner R, Franckevicius V, Ley SV.

Org Biomol Chem. 2009 Feb 21;7(4):747-60. doi: 10.1039/b813494d. Epub 2009 Jan 6.

10 Total synthesis studies on macrocyclic pipecolic acid natural products: FK506, the antascomicins and rapamycin.

Maddess ML, Tackett MN, Ley SV.

Prog Drug Res. 2008;66:13, 15-186. Review.

11 Determination of sirolimus in rabbit arteries using liquid chromatography separation and tandem mass spectrometric detection.

Zhang J, Rodila R, Watson P, Ji Q, El-Shourbagy TA.

Biomed Chromatogr. 2007 Oct;21(10):1036-44.

12 Saccharomyces cerevisiae FKBP12 binds Arabidopsis thaliana TOR and its expression in plants leads to rapamycin susceptibility.

Sormani R, Yao L, Menand B, Ennar N, Lecampion C, Meyer C, Robaglia C.

BMC Plant Biol. 2007 Jun 1;7:26.

13 Total synthesis of rapamycin.

Maddess ML, Tackett MN, Watanabe H, Brennan PE, Spilling CD, Scott JS, Osborn DP, Ley SV.

Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2007;46(4):591-7. No abstract available.

14 Drug evaluation: AP-23573–an mTOR inhibitor for the treatment of cancer.

Elit L.

IDrugs. 2006 Sep;9(9):636-44.

15 lipase-catalyzed regioselective esterification of rapamycin: synthesis of temsirolimus (CCI-779).

Gu J, Ruppen ME, Cai P.

Org Lett. 2005 Sep 1;7(18):3945-8.

16 CCI-779 Wyeth.

Elit L.

Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2002 Aug;3(8):1249-53. Review.

17 Everolimus. Novartis.

Dumont FJ.

Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2001 Sep;2(9):1220-34. Review.

18 Kuo et al (1992) Rapamycin selectively inhibits interleukin-2 activation of p70 S6 kinase. Nature 358 70. PMID:1614535.

19 Huang et al (2003) Rapamycins: mechanism of action and cellular resistance. Cancer Biol.Ther. 2 221. PMID:12878853.

20 Kobayashi et al (2007) Rapamycin, a specific inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin, suppresses lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis. Cancer Sci. 98 726. PMID: 17425689.

21 Fleming et al (2011) Chemical modulators of autophagy as biological probes and potential therapeutics. 7 9. PMID:21164513.

22 J Am Chem Soc1993,115,(10):4419

23 Tetrahedron Lett1994,35,(28):4911

24 Chemistry (Weinheim)1995,1,(5):318

Figure imgf000004_0001 SIROLIMUS

FEMALE FERTILITY

http://amcrasto.theeurekamoments.com/2013/02/11/immunosuppressant-drug-rapamycin-helps-preserving-female-fertility/

PATENTS

Canada	2293793	APPROVED2006-07-11	EXP 2018-06-11
Canada	2103571	2003-04-29	2012-02-21
United States	5989591	1998-09-11	2018-09-11
United States	5212155	1993-05-18	2010-05-18

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A plaque, written in Brazilian Portuguese, commemorating the discovery of sirolimus on Easter Island, near Rano Kau

mTOR inhibitor

temsirolimus (CCI-779), everolimus (RAD001), deforolimus (AP23573), AP21967, biolimus, AP23102, zotarolimus (ABT 578), sirolimus (Rapamune), and tacrolimus (Prograf).\

SIROLIMUS

1H NMR

13 C NMR

HPLC

TIDEGLUSIB ..An NSAID and neuroprotective agent.

January 10, 2014 5:11 am / 3 Comments on TIDEGLUSIB ..An NSAID and neuroprotective agent.

Tideglusib

M.Wt: 334.39
Formula: C19H14N2O2S
CAS No.: 865854-05-3
4-Benzyl-2-(naphthalen-1-yl)-1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione

Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta (GSK-3beta; tau Protein Kinase I) Inhibitors

Treatment of Neurologic Drugs (Miscellaneous)
Alzheimer’s Dementia, Treatment ofCerebrovascular Diseases, NP031112; NP-031112, Nypta Zentylor

NP 031112
NP-12
NP031112
Tideglusib
UNII-Q747Y6TT42

Noscira (Originator)
Tideglusib (NP-12, NP031112) is a potent, selective and irreversible^[1] small molecule non-ATP-competitive GSK3 inhibitor that has been investigated as a potential treatment for Alzheimer’s disease and paralysis supranuclear palsy in Phase IIa^[2] and IIb clinical trials.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6] The first clinical trial conducted with tideglusib to be published (in English, at least) was phase II and demonstrated that overall tideglusib was well tolerated, except for some moderate, asymptomatic, fully reversible increases in liver enzymes (≥2.5xULN; where ULN=Upper Limit of Normal).^[4]

tideglusib

NP-031112 is an inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3beta) in early clinical development for the oral treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. The compound had been in phase II clinical trials for the treatment of progressive supranuclear palsy and for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease; however the development was discontinued in 2011 and 2012 respectively, due to lack of efficacy.

The neuroprotective effects demonstrated in animal studies have also suggested its potential use in stroke and other brain disorders. It is being developed by Noscira (formerly known as NeuroPharma). In 2009, orphan drug designation was received in the E.U. and the U.S. for the treatment of progressive supranuclear palsy. In 2010, fast track designation was assigned in the U.S. by Noscira for this indication.

Fast Track status is granted to facilitate development and expedite the review of a drug for a serious or potentially fatal illness and to meet an unmet medical need

The Phase II trial for Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) commenced in December 2009 and is currently in progress

Belen Sopesen, CEO of Noscira: ‘Fast Track status is very positive for the company and is an incentive to continue advancing in the clinical development of Tideglusib (ZentylorTM) in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy’

Overexpression of GSK-3 leads to hyperphosphorylation of the tau protein, an anomaly which occurs in a number of neurodegenerative diseases known collectively as tauopathies, which include Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) and Pick disease. NP-12 is a GSK-3 inhibitor with oral bioavailability and great therapeutic potential as a disease-modifying treatment for Alzheimer’s.

NP-12 is currently undergoing clinical trials for Alzheimer’s disease in the EU. NP-12, the only GSK-3 inhibitor under clinical development for AD, has proven to be capable of acting on all of the histopathological lesions associated with the disease in experimental models: it reduces phosphorylation of the tau protein and hippocampal and entorhinal cortex neuron loss, improves spatial memory deficits and significantly reduces the accumulation of amyloid plaques in the brain. NP-12 also provides neuroprotection in vivo and has a potent anti-inflammatory effect in a range of animal models.

About Progressive Supranuclear Palsy

PSP is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by oculomotor disturbances, specifically difficulties in moving the eye vertically, falling down and Parkinsonian symptoms.

The disease affects an estimated 5-6.4 out of every 100,000 people.

There is currently no treatment capable of delaying or altering the progression of the illness.

TIDEGLUSIB

Domínguez, JM; Fuertes, A; Orozco, L; del Monte-Millán, M; Delgado, E; Medina, M (January 2012). “Evidence for Irreversible Inhibition of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 by Tideglusib”. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 287 (2): 893–904.doi:10.1074/jbc.M111.306472. PMC 3256883. PMID 22102280.
Teodoro Del Ser (2010). “Phase IIa clinical trial on Alzheimer’s disease with NP12, a GSK3 inhibitor”. Alzheimer’s & Dementia 6 (4): S147. doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2010.05.455.
Eldar-Finkelman, H; Martinez, A (2011). “GSK-3 Inhibitors: Preclinical and Clinical Focus on CNS”. Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience 4: 32.doi:10.3389/fnmol.2011.00032. PMC 3204427. PMID 22065134.
Del Ser, T; Steinwachs, KC; Gertz, HJ; Andrés, MV; Gómez-Carrillo, B; Medina, M; Vericat, JA; Redondo, P et al. (2013). “Treatment of Alzheimer’s disease with the GSK-3 inhibitor tideglusib: A pilot study”. Journal of Alzheimer’s disease 33 (1): 205–15.doi:10.3233/JAD-2012-120805. PMID 22936007.
“FDA Grants Fast Track Status to Tideglusib (ZentylorTM) for Progressive Supranuclear Palsy”. PR Newswire Europe Including UK Disclose. 10 September 2010. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
Dominguez, JM; Fuertes, A; Orozco, L; Del Monte-Millan, M; Delgado, E; Medina, M (2011). “Evidence for Irreversible Inhibition of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 by Tideglusib”. Journal of Biological Chemistry 287 (2): 893–904.doi:10.1074/jbc.M111.306472. PMC 3256883. PMID 22102280.
WO 2005097117
WO 2006045581
WO 2006084934
WO 2008057933
WO 2011151359
Evidence for irreversible inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3β by tideglusib.

Domínguez JM, Fuertes A, Orozco L, del Monte-Millán M, Delgado E, Medina M.

J Biol Chem. 2012 Jan 6;287(2):893-904. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M111.306472. Epub 2011 Nov 18

13. MARTINEZ A ET AL.: “First Non-ATP Competitive Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3.beta. (GSK-3.beta.) Inhibitors: Thiadiazolidinones (TDZD) as Potential Drugs for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease” JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY, vol. 45, no. 6, 2002, pages 1292-1299

US8158661	4-18-2012	GSK-3 Inhibitors
US7531561	5-13-2009	GSK-3 inhibitors
US2008153886	6-27-2008	Use Of Heterocyclic Compounds As Neurogenic Agents

CLINICAL TRIALS

http://clinicaltrials.gov/search/intervention=NP+031112

http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01350362

………….

http://www.google.com/patents/WO2005097117

For example, the following procedure can be used to produce 4-N-benzyl substituted thiadiazolidinones :

The general experimental procedure of Scheme 1 is described for example in Slomczynska,

U.; Barany, G., “Efficient Synthesis of l,2,4-Dithiazolidine-3,5-diones (Dithiasuccinoyl- amines) and observations on formation of l,2,4-Thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione by related

Chemistry”, J. Heterocyclic Chem., 1984, 21, 241-246.

For example, sulfuryl chloride is added dropwise with stirring, under nitrogen atmosphere, preferably at low temperature, preferably at about 5 °C, to a solution of benzyl isothiocyanate and the isocyanate indicated in each case, in a suitable solvent such as hexane, ether or THF. When the addition is finished, the mixture is left to react, for example by stirring for 20 hours at room temperature. After this time, the resulting product is isolated by conventional methods such as suction filtration or solvent evaporation and then, the purification is performed (e.g. by recristallization or silica gel column chromatography using the appropriate eluent). Other alternative procedures will be apparent to the person skilled in the art, such as the use of any other chlorinating agent instead of sulfuryl chloride, variations in the order of addition of the reactants and reaction conditions (solvents, temperature, etc).

Example 2

4-Benzyl-2-naphthalen-l-yl-[l,2,4]thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione (2)

Reagents: Benzyl-isothiocianate (13 mmol, 1.72 mL), 1-naphthyl-isocyanate (13 mmol, 1.9 mL) and SO₂CI₂ (13 mmol, 1.04 mL) in hexane (50 mL). Isolation: filtration of reaction mixture. Purification: recrystallization from EtOH. Yield: 3.8 g (87%), white needles. mp= 150 °C

1H-RMN (CDC1₃): 4.9 (s, 2H, CH2PI1); 7.3-7.9 (m, 12Η, arom.) ¹³C-RMN (CDCI3): 46.5 (CH2Ph); 128.3; 128.6; 129.0; 135.0 (C arom, Ph); 122.0; 125.3; 126.8; 127.2; 127.5; 128.5; 130.8; 134.4 (C arom, naphthyl); 152.2 (3-00); 165.9 (5- C=O).

Anal (C₁₉H₁₄N₂O₂S), C, H, N, S

Sulfuryl chloride is added dropwise with stirring, under nitrogen atmosphere, at 5 °C to a solution of benzyl isothiocyanate and the isocyanate indicated in each case, in hexane, ether or THF. When the addition is finished, the mixture is stirred for 20 hours at room temperature. After this time, the resulting product is isolated by suction filtration or by solvent evaporation and then, the purification is performed by recristallization or silica gel column chromatography using the appropriate eluent. More details can be found in Slomczynska, U.; Barany, G., “Efficient Synthesis of l,2,4-Dithiazolidine-3,5-diones (Dithiasuccinoyl-amines) and observations on formation of l,2,4-Thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione by related Chemistry”, J Heterocyclic Client., 1984, 21, 241-246.

…………

WO2006045581A1 *	Oct 21, 2005	May 4, 2006	Neuropharma Sa	The use of 1, 2, 4-thiadiazolidine-3, 5-diones as ppar activators
WO2011151359A1	Jun 1, 2011	Dec 8, 2011	Noscira, S.A.	Combined treatment with a cholinesterase inhibitor and a thiadiazolidinedione derivative
WO2013124413A1	Feb 22, 2013	Aug 29, 2013	Noscira, S.A.	Thiadiazolidinediones as gsk-3 inhibitors
EP2177510A1	Oct 17, 2008	Apr 21, 2010	Universität des Saarlandes	Allosteric protein kinase modulators
EP2527323A1	May 24, 2011	Nov 28, 2012	Noscira, S.A.	Urea carbonyl disulfide derivatives and their therapeutic uses

………..

THANKS AND REGARD’S
DR ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO Ph.D

GLENMARK SCIENTIST , NAVIMUMBAI, INDIA

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MIDAZOLAM

January 10, 2014 3:49 am / 1 Comment on MIDAZOLAM

MIDAZOLAM

8-chloro-6-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-methyl-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine

59467-70-8^{CAS NO OF FREE BASE}

59467-94-6 MALEATE, Launched – 1982, Roche (Originator)

59467-96-8 (HCl)

Midazolam

CAS Registry Number: 59467-70-8

CAS Name: 8-Chloro-6-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-methyl-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine

Molecular Formula: C18H13ClFN3

Molecular Weight: 325.77

Percent Composition: C 66.36%, H 4.02%, Cl 10.88%, F 5.83%, N 12.90%

Literature References: Short-acting deriv of diazepam, q.v. Prepn: R. I. Fryer, A. Walser, DE 2540522; eidem, US 4280957 (1976, 1981 both to Hoffmann-La Roche); A. Walser et al., J. Org. Chem. 43, 936 (1978). HPLC determn in plasma: S. L. Eeckhoudt et al., J. Chromatogr. B 710, 165 (1998). Toxicity data: L. Pieri et al., Arzneim.-Forsch. 31, 2180 (1981). Series of articles on pharmacology, metabolism, pharmacokinetics, clinical experience: ibid. 2177-2288; Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 16, Suppl. 1, 1S-199S (1983). Review of pharmacology and therapeutic use: J. W. Dundee et al., Drugs 28, 519-543 (1984); in treatment of status epilepticus: D. F. Hanley, J. F. Kross, Clin. Ther. 20, 1093-1105 (1998). Clinical evaluation for intranasal treatment of febrile seizures in children: E. Lahat et al., Br. Med. J. 321, 83 (2000).

Properties: Colorless crystals from ether/methylene chloride/hexane, mp 158-160°. uv max (2-propanol): 220 nm (e 30000).

Melting point: mp 158-160°

Absorption maximum: uv max (2-propanol): 220 nm (e 30000)

Derivative Type: Maleate

CAS Registry Number: 59467-94-6

Manufacturers’ Codes: Ro-21-3981/001

Trademarks: Dormicum (Roche)

Molecular Formula: C18H13ClFN3.C4H4O4

Molecular Weight: 441.84

Percent Composition: C 59.80%, H 3.88%, Cl 8.02%, F 4.30%, N 9.51%, O 14.48%

Properties: Crystals from ethanol/ether, mp 114-117° (solvated). LD50 in male mice (mg/kg): 760 orally; 86 i.v. (Pieri).

Melting point: mp 114-117° (solvated)

Toxicity data: LD50 in male mice (mg/kg): 760 orally; 86 i.v. (Pieri)

Derivative Type: Hydrochloride

CAS Registry Number: 59467-96-8

Manufacturers’ Codes: Ro-21-3981/003

Trademarks: Hypnovel (Roche); Versed (Roche)

Molecular Formula: C18H13ClFN3.HCl

Molecular Weight: 362.23

Percent Composition: C 59.68%, H 3.90%, Cl 19.57%, F 5.24%, N 11.60%

Properties: Sol in aqueous solns.

NOTE: This is a controlled substance (depressant): 21 CFR, 1308.14.

Therap-Cat: Anesthetic (intravenous); anticonvulsant; sedative, hypnotic.

Keywords: Anesthetic (Intravenous); Anticonvulsant; Sedative/Hypnotic; Benzodiazepine Derivatives.

A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.

Midazolam (/m ɪ ˈ d æ z ə l æ m /, marketed in English-speaking countries and Mexico under the trade names Dormicum, Hypnovel, andVersed,) is a short-acting drug in the benzodiazepine class developed by Hoffmann-La Roche in the 1970s. The drug is used for treatment of acute seizures, moderate to severe insomnia, and for inducing sedation and amnesia before medical procedures. It possesses profoundly potentanxiolytic, amnestic, hypnotic, anticonvulsant, skeletal muscle relaxant, and sedative properties.^[6]^[7]^[8] Midazolam has a fast recovery time and is the most commonly used benzodiazepine as a premedication for sedation; less commonly it is used for induction and maintenance of anesthesia.Flumazenil, a benzodiazepine antagonist drug, can be used to treat an overdose of midazolam, as well as to reverse sedation.^[7] However, flumazenil can trigger seizures in mixed overdoses and in benzodiazepine-dependent individuals, so is not used in most cases.^[9]^[10]

midazolam

Administration of midazolam by the intranasal or the buccal route (absorption via the gums and cheek) as an alternative to rectally administereddiazepam is becoming increasingly popular for the emergency treatment of seizures in children. Midazolam is also used for endoscopyprocedural sedation and sedation in intensive care. The anterograde amnesia property of midazolam is useful for premedication before surgery to inhibit unpleasant memories. Midazolam, like many other benzodiazepines, has a rapid onset of action, high effectiveness and low toxicity level. Drawbacks of midazolam include drug interactions, tolerance, and withdrawal syndrome, as well as adverse events including cognitive impairment and sedation. Paradoxical effects occasionally occur, most commonly in children and the elderly, particularly after intravenous administration. The drug has also recently been hastily introduced for use in executions in the USA in combination with other drugs.

Midazolam is a short-acting benzodiazepine in adults with an elimination half-life of one to four hours; however, in the elderly, as well as young children and adolescents, the elimination half-life is longer. Midazolam is metabolised into an active metabolite alpha1-hydroxymidazolam. Age related deficits, renal and liver status affect the pharmacokinetic factors of midazolam as well as its active metabolite. However, the active metabolite of midazolam is minor and contributes to only 10 percent of biological activity of midazolam. Midazolam is poorly absorbed orally with only 50 percent of the drug reaching the bloodstream. Midazolam is metabolised by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and by glucuronide conjugation. The therapeutic as well as adverse effects of midazolam are due to its effects on the GABA_A receptors; midazolam does not activate GABA_A receptors directly but, as with other benzodiazepines, it enhances the effect of the neurotransmitter GABA on the GABA_A receptors (↑ frequency of Cl− channel opening) resulting in neural inhibition. Almost all of the properties can be explained by the actions of benzodiazepines on GABA_A receptors. This results in the following pharmacological properties being produced: sedation, hypnotic, anxiolytic, anterograde amnesia, muscle relaxation and anti-convulsant.Midazolam maleate is a benzodiazepine that is commercialized by Astellas Pharma and Roche as an intravenous or intramuscular injection for the long-term sedation of mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care. The drug is also available in a tablet formulation, and is currently distributed in various markets, including Germany, Japan, Switzerland and the U.K. In March 2002, two lots of a syrup formulation were recalled in the U.S. due to the potential presence of a crystalline precipitate of an insoluble complex of midazolam and saccharin. Subsequently, the injection and syrup formulations of the product were both withdrawn from the U.S. market. In 2010, a Pediatric Use Marketing Authorization (PUMA) was filed for approval in the E.U. by ViroPharma for the treatment of prolonged, acute, convulsive seizures in infants, toddlers, children and adolescents, from 3 months to less than 18 years. In 2011, a positive opinion was assigned to the PUMA and final approval was assigned in June 2011. The product was launched in the U.S. in November 2011. This product was filed for approval in Japan in 2013 by Astellas Pharma for the conscious sedation in dentistry and dental surgery. In the same year the product was approved for this indication.

In terms of clinical development, a nasal formulation of the drug is in phase III clinical trials at Upsher-Smith for rescue treatment of seizures in patients on stable anti-epileptic drug regimens who require control of intermittent bouts of increased seizure activity (seizure clusters). The Hopitaux de Paris had been developing a sublingual tablet formulation of midazolam to be used in combination with morphine for the treatment of pain in children following bone fractures; however, no recent development has been reported for this indication. NovaDel Pharma had been developing the compound preclinically for the treatment of generalized anxiety, however no recent developments have been reported.

Midazolam achieves its therapeutic effect through interaction with the gamma-aminobutyric acid benzodiazepine (GABA-BZ) receptor complex. Subunit modulation of the GABA-BZ receptor chloride channel macromolecular complex is hypothesized to be responsible for some of the pharmacological properties of benzodiazepines, which include sedative, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant, and anticonvulsive effects in animal models. GABA acts at inhibitory synapses in the brain by binding to specific transmembrane receptors in the plasma membrane of both pre- and post-synaptic neurons, opening ion channels and bringing about a hyperpolarization via either chloride or potassium ion flow.

In 2008, fast track designation was assigned to midazolam maleate in the U.S. for the treatment of seizure disorders.

In 2009, Orphan Drug Designation was received in the U.S. by for the treatment of seizure disorders in patients who require control of intermittent bouts of increased seizure activity (e.g. acute repetitive seizures, seizure clusters). This designation was assigned in the U.S. for the treatment of nerve agent-induced seizures.

In 2010, midazolam maleate was licensed to Upsher-Smith by Ikano Therapeutics for the treatment of acute repetitive seizure in patients with epilepsy. However, in 2010, Ikano closed and dissolved its business. Previously, Ikano had transferred to Upsher-Smith ownership of it nasal midazolam maleate program.

Midazolam is among about 35 benzodiazepines which are currently used medically, and was synthesised in 1975 by Walser and Fryer at Hoffmann-LaRoche, Inc in the United States.Owing to its water solubility, it was found to be less likely to cause thrombophlebitis than similar drugs.The anticonvulsant properties of midazolam were studied in the late 1970s, but not until the 1990s did it emerge as an effective treatment for convulsive status epilepticus. As of 2010, it is the most commonly used benzodiazepine in anesthetic medicine. In acute medicine, midazolam has become more popular than other benzodiazepines, such as lorazepam and diazepam, because it is shorter lasting, is more potent, and causes less pain at the injection site.Midazolam is also becoming increasingly popular in veterinary medicine due to its water solubility.

Midazolam is a water-soluble benzodiazepine available as a sterile, nonpyrogenic parenteral dosage form for intravenous or intramuscular injection. Each mL contains midazolam hydrochloride equivalent to 1 mg or 5 mg midazolam compounded with 0.8% sodium chloride and 0.01% edetate disodium with 1% benzyl alcohol as preservative, and sodium hydroxide and/or hydrochloric acid for pH adjustment. pH 2.9-3.7.

Midazolam is a white to light yellow crystalline compound, insoluble in water. The hydrochloride salt of midazolam, which is formed in situ, is soluble in aqueous solutions. Chemically, midazolam HCl is 8-chloro-6-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-methyl-4H– imidazo[1,5-a] [1,4] benzodiazepine hydrochloride. Midazolam hydrochloride has the molecular formula C₁₈H₁₃ClFN₃•HCl, a calculated molecular weight of 362.25 and the following structural formula:

Midazolam HCl structural formula illustration

In the Netherlands, midazolam is a List II drug of the Opium Law. Midazolam is a Schedule IV drug under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances. In the United Kingdom, midazolam is a Class C controlled drug. In the United States, midazolam (DEA number 2884) is on the Schedule IV list of the Controlled Substances Act as a non-narcotic agent with low potential for abuse.

midaolam hydrochloride NDA 018654, 075154

REF

U.S. Pat. No. 4,280,957

U.S. Pat. No. 5,693,795

U.S. Pat. No. 6,512,114

Midazolam Maleate
Drugs Fut 1978, 3(11): 822

Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, 2012 , vol. 20, 18 pg. 5658 – 5667

Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry, 1983 , vol. 20, 3 pg. 551 – 558.. 32 maleate

WO 2001070744

WO 2001002402

WO 2012075286

US2011/275799 A1… no 5

Journal of Organic Chemistry, 1978 , vol. 43, p. 936,942, mp free base, nmr

US4280957	May 15, 1978	Jul 28, 1981	Hoffmann-La Roche Inc.	Imidazodiazepines and processes therefor
US6262260 *	Mar 23, 2000	Jul 17, 2001	Abbott Laboratories	Process for the preparation of midazolam
US6512114	Jun 30, 1999	Jan 28, 2003	Abbott Laboratories	Process for the preparation of Midazolam

……………………….

introduction

4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepines or, more simply, imidazobenzodiazepines, are a class of benzodiazepines having the general formula (I),

wherein the 1,4-diazepine ring is fused with a 1,3-imidazole ring. The main compounds part of the 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepines are Midazolam of formula (IV):

an active ingredient currently commercially available as a hydrochloride salt under the name of Versed or Hypnovel for anaesthetic and sedative use and the maleate salt currently commercially available under the name Dormicum or Flormidal.
Other important compounds are Climazolam of formula (VII):

Imidazenil of formula (VIII):

1-Hydroxymidazolam of formula (IX):

and Desmethyl midazolam of formula (X):

all these being biologically active substances and having psychotropic and sedative action.
The synthesis of the Midazolam as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,280,957 of Hoffmann-La Roche provides for the decarboxylation reaction of the 8-chloro-6-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-methyl-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine-3-carboxylic acid of formula (VI) according to the following scheme:

The process for preparing the intermediate (VI) via basic hydrolysis of the corresponding ester is described in such patent publication and it is well known in the art.
The thermal decarboxylation reaction in high boiling solvent such as mineral oil at 230° C. for 5 min results in a mixture of products of Midazolam of formula (IV) and of Isomidazolam of formula (IV-bis), a non-pharmacologically active isomer, at a 80:20 ratio. The two products are separated by chromatography.
At industrial level, the formation of the Isomidazolam isomer impurity requires a further isomerisation reaction performed on the mixture of the two compounds to convert the isomer into the active product. The reaction mixture obtained from the thermal decarboxylation is thus subjected to basic treatment under the action of KOH in EtOH followed by an acid treatment which thus provides a mixture of Midazolam-Isomidazolam at a 95:5 ratio. The final removal of the Isomidazolam impurity from the product occurs through crystallisation of the product from AcOEt and EtOH. In order to limit this isomerisation treatment, in the subsequent U.S. Pat. No. 5,693,795 of Hoffmann-La Roche dated 1999, there is described a process for performing the decarboxylation of the compound of formula (VI) in n-butanol in a continuous tubular reactor with a 4 minutes permanence period with a yield between 47-77%. However, the reaction, performed at high temperature and pressure (280° C., 100 bars) results in the formation of a considerable percentage of Isomidazolam (85:15 Midazolam/Isomidazolam ratio) which still requires the basic isomerisation step.
Lastly, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,512,114 of Abbott Laboratories there is described the decarboxylation of the compound of formula (VI) in mineral oil or in N,N-Dimethylacetamide (DMA) at 160-230° C. for at least 3 hours obtaining a 3/1 to 6/1 Midazolam/Isomidazolam ratio with a yield of isolated product equal to just 54%.
Though performed using dedicated apparatus and in extreme conditions, the prior art processes do not allow selectively performing the decarboxylation reaction of the intermediate (VI) to Midazolam thus requiring a further synthetic passage followed by crystallisation with ensuing reduction of the overall yield.

Midazolam (8-chloro-6-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-methyl-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine) is represented by the following structural formula (I):

Midazolam is a central nervous system (CNS) depressant, used for short term treatment of insomnia. Like other benzodiazepines, midazolam binds to benzodiazepine receptors in the brain and spinal cord and is thus used as a short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is currently used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as a preanesthetic medication, as an adjunct to local anesthesia and as a skeletal muscle relaxant. Depending on the pH value, midazolam can exist in solution as a closed ring form (I) as well as an open ring form (IA), which are in equilibrium, as shown in Scheme 1:

The amount of the open ring form (IA) is dependent upon the pH value of the solution. At a pH value of about 3, the content of the open ring form (IA) can be 40%, while at pH value of 7.5, the closed ring form (I) can be more than 90%.

Clinical studies have demonstrated that there are no significant differences in the clinical activity between midazolam hydrochloride and midazolam maleate, however the use of intravenous midazolam hydrochloride has been associated, in some cases, with respiratory depression and arrest.

U.S Pat. No. 4,280,957 (hereinafter the ‘957 patent) describes a synthetic process for preparing midazolam, which is depicted in Scheme 2 below. This process includes reacting 2-aminomethyl-7-chloro-2,3-dihydro-5-(2-fluorophenyl)-1H-1,4-bezodiazepine (II) with acetic anhydride in dichloromethane to produce 2-acetamido-methyl-7-chloro-2,3-dihydro-5-(2-fluorophenyl)-1H-1,4-bezodiazepine (III). The latter is heated with polyphosphoric acid at 150° C. to produce 8-chloro-6-(2-fluorophenyl)-3a,4-dihydro-1-methyl-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine of formula (IV), which is purified by column chromatography. Compound IV is then mixed with toluene and manganese dioxide and heated to reflux to afford midazolam base, which is crystallized from ether to yield a product with mp of 152-154° C.

The ‘957 patent further describes an alternative process which includes reacting 2-aminomethyl-7-chloro-2,3-dihydro-5-(2-fluorophenyl)-1H-1,4-bezodiazepine (II) (optionally as a dimaleate salt) with triethylorthoacetate in ethanol and in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid to afford 8-chloro-6-(2-fluorophenyl)-3a,4-dihydro-1-methyl-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine (IV). This product is dissolved in xylene and treated with activated manganese dioxide to afford the crude base, which is reacted in situ with maleic acid in ethanol and crystallized by addition of ether to produce the midazolam maleate having melting point of 148-151° C. The process is depicted in Scheme 3 below.

The preparation of midazolam maleate from the isolated midazolam base is also described in a further example of the ‘957 Patent, wherein a warm solution of midazolam base in ethanol is combined with a warm solution of maleic acid in ethanol. The mixture is diluted with ether and at least part of the solvents is evaporated using a steam bath to obtain crystalline midazolam maleate having melting point of 148-151° C. The yield and the purity of the obtained midazolam maleate are not disclosed.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,512,114 (hereinafter the ‘114 patent) describes another synthetic process for preparing midazolam, which is depicted in Scheme 4 below. According to this Process, the starting material 8-chloro-6-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-methyl-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine-3-carboxylic acid (V) is heated in mineral oil for 3 hours at 230° C. until it is decarboxylated, followed by treatment with potassium tert-butoxide, to afford midazolm (I), isomidazolam (VI) and a midazolam dimmer (VII). Midazolam base is obtained in 54.5% yield after two re-crystallizations from ethyl acetate and heptane; however, the purity of the product is not disclosed.

The preparation of midazolam by conventional routes is liable to produce impurities such as isomidazolam (VI) and a midazolam dimmer (VII), and possibly other impurities. There is, therefore, a need in the art for a midazolam purification process that will provide highly pure midazolam containing minimal amounts of impurities produced. The present invention provides such a process.

This example describes the preparation of midazolam base as taught in the ‘957 patent.

16 g (0.03 mol) of 2-aminomethyl-7-chloro-5-(2-fluorophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-1,4-bezodiazepine dimaleate was dissolved in 200 ml of toluene and 10 ml of 25% ammonium hydroxide solution was added and mixing was maintained for an hour. Then, the phases were separated and the toluene phase was dried by azeotropic distillation using a Dean Stark apparatus. 7 ml (0.038 mol) of triethylorthoacetate was added and the solution was heated to reflux for 4 hours, after which time the solution was left to cool to ambient temperature. 25 ml of methyl tert-butyl ether was added and the mixture was cooled overnight to produce 8-chloro-6-(2-fluorophenyl)-3a,4-dihydro-1-methyl-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine, which was isolated by filtration. The product was mixed with 200 ml of toluene and dried by azeotropic distillation using a Dean Stark apparatus. Then, 30 g of manganese dioxide was added and the mixture was heated to reflux for two hours. The excess manganese dioxide was filtered off to afford a solution of midazolam base in toluene, which was evaporated to obtain a product having 97.9% purity and containing 0.44% of impurity VIII and 1.14% of impurity IX (according to HPLC).

…………………………

US4280957

EXAMPLE 28

2-Aminomethyl-7-chloro-2,3-dihydro-5-(2-fluorophenyl)-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine dimaleate

A suspension of 17 g (0.05 m) of 7-chloro-1,3-dihydro-5-(2-fluorophenyl)-2-nitromethylene-2H-1,4-benzodiazepine-4-oxide in 200 ml of tetrahydrofuran and 100 ml of methanol was hydrogenated in presence of 17 g of Raney nickel at an initial pressure of 155 psi for 24 hrs. The catalyst was removed by filtration and the filtrate was evaporated. The residue was dissolved in 50 ml of 2-propanol and warmed on the steambath. A warm solution of 17 g of maleic acid in 60 ml of ethanol was added and the salt was allowed to crystallize by cooling in the ice bath. The final product consisted of yellow crystals with mp 196

EXAMPLE 14

8-Chloro-6-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-methyl-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine

Acetic anhydride, 7 ml., was added to a solution of 6.16 g. of crude 2-aminomethyl-7-chloro-2,3-dihydro-5-(2-fluorophenyl)-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine in 200 ml. of methylene chloride. The solution was layered with 200 ml. of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate and the mixture was stirred for 20 minutes. The organic layer was separated, washed with sodium bicarbonate, dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated to leave 6.2 g. resinous 2-acetaminomethyl-7-chloro-2,3-dihydro-5-(2-fluorophenyl)-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine. This material was heated with 40 g. of polyphosphoric acid at 150 water, made alkaline with ammonia and ice and extracted with methylene chloride. The extracts were dried and evaporated and the residue (5.7 g.) was chromatographed over 120 g. of silica gel using 20% methanol in methylene chloride. The clean fractions were combined and evaporated to yield resinous 8-chloro-3a,4-dihydro-6-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-methyl-4H-imidazo[ 1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine. A mixture of this material with 500 ml. of toluene and 30 g. of manganese dioxide was heated to reflux for 11/2 hours. The manganese dioxide was separated by filtration over celite. The filtrate was evaporated and the residue was crystallized from ether to yield a product with m.p. 152 was recrystallized from methylene chloride/hexane

EXAMPLE 49

8-Chloro-6-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-methyl-6H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine

Potassium t-butoxide, 0.625 g. (5.5 mmol), was added to a solution of 1.625 g. (5 mmol) of 8-chloro-6-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-methyl-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine in 20 ml. of dimethylformamide cooled to -30 nitrogen for 10 min. at -30 ml. of glacial acetic acid and was then partitioned between aqueous bicarbonate and toluene/methylene chloride (3:1 v/v). The organic layer was separated, dried and evaporated. The residue was chromatographed over 60 g. of silica gel using 25% (v/v) methylene chloride in ethyl acetate. The less polar product was eluted first and was crystallized from ethylacetate/hexane to yield product with m.p. 180

EXAMPLE 50

8-Chloro-6-(2-fluorphenyl)-1-methyl-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine

Potassium t-butoxide, 0.125 g. (1.1 mmol) was added to a solution of 0.325 g. (1 mmol) of 8-chloro-6-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-methyl-6H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine in 20 ml. of dimethylformamide cooled to -30 -30 by addition of 0.2 ml. of glacial acetic acid and was partitioned between aqueous sodium bicarbonate and methylene chloridetoluene (1:3). The organic phase was washed with water, dried and evaporated. The residue was chromatographed over 20 g. of silica gel using ethyl acetate for elution. After elution of starting material, product was collected and crystallized from ether/hexane, m.p. 156

hyd and dihydrochloride

EXAMPLE 24

8-Chloro-6-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-methyl-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine dihydrochloride

A solution of 0.32 g (1 mmol) of 8-chloro-6-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-methyl-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine in 5 ml of ethanol was treated with excess ethanolic hydrogen chloride. The salt was crystallized by addition of 2-propanol and ether. The colorless crystals were collected, washed with ether and dried to leave a final product with mp 290

EXAMPLE 258-Chloro-6-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-methyl-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine hydrochloride

A solution of 0.325 g (1 mmol) of 8-chloro-6-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-methyl-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine in 3 ml of ethanol was combined with a suspension of 0.4 g (1 mmol) of the dihydrochloride of this compound in 5 ml of ethanol. After filtration, the solution was treated with ether and heated on the steambath for 5 min to crystallize. The crystals were collected, washed with ether and dried to leave the monohydrochloride with mp 295

maleate

EXAMPLE 22

8-Chloro-6-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-methyl-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine maleate

A warm solution of 6.5 g (0.02 m) of 8-chloro-6-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-methyl-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine in 30 ml of ethanol was combined with a warm solution of 2.6 g (0.022 m) of maleic acid in 20 ml of ethanol. The mixture was diluted with 150 ml of ether and heated on the steam bath for 3 min. After cooling, the crystals were collected, washed with ether and dried in vacuo to yield a final product with mp 148

…

Synthesis

US20110275799

Midazolam, can be described according to scheme 4 indicated below:

EXPERIMENTAL PART

Materials and Methods

8-chloro-6-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-methyl-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepin-3-carboxylic acid of formula (VI)

was prepared according to processes known in the art (e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 4,280,957) which comprise the basic hydrolysis of the corresponding ester.
For the reactions performed in the microreactor, the solutions containing the substrates to be decarboxylated were loaded into 5 and 10 mL gastight glass syringes (Hamilton, item n. 81527, 81627) mounted on syringe pumps (KD Scientifics, model KDS100). A pipe made of PTFE® (OD=1.58 mm, ID=0.8 mm, Supelco, item n. 58696-U) was used for making the reaction channel.A counterpressure valve sold by Swagelok (item n. SS-SS1-VH) was used for regulating the flow within the channel.Example 1Synthesis of the Compound of Formula (V)—Example of the Invention

50 g (0.135 mol) of 8-chloro-6-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-methyl-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepin-3-carboxylic acid of formula (VI) and 250 mL of ethanol were loaded into a two-neck 500 mL flask, equipped with a magnetic stirrer. 40 mL of an aqueous solution of 1 M HCl are dripped in about 10 minutes. The open di-hydrochloride intermediate of formula (V) starts precipitating into the reaction environment already after 3 minutes from the beginning of the addition of the acid solution. The mixture is maintained stirred at RT for 3 hrs and then it is filtered on buckner washing the solid with ethanol. The moist product is dried in an oven under vacuum at 60° C. up to reaching a constant weight. A light yellow crystalline product is obtained (51.5 g, 83% yield). The crude product was used for the decarboxylation without further purifications.

ESI-MS [MeCN+0.1% HCOOH]: m/z 388 (V); 370 (VI).

¹H-NMR (250 MHz, CD3OD): 2.52 (s, 3H); 4.27-4.41 (m, 2H); 7.22-8.1 (m, 7H). M.p.: 217° C.

Example 2

Synthesis of Midazolam of Formula (IV)—Performed in Batch—Example of the Invention

30 g (0.065 mol) of 5-(aminomethyl)-1-{(4-chloro-2-[(2-fluorophenyl)carbonyl]phenyl}-2-methyl-1H-imidazole-4-carboxylic acid dihydrochloride of formula (V) and 90 mL of NMP are loaded into a three-neck 250 mL flask, equipped with a magnetic stirrer and coolant. The mass is heated using an oil bath at T=195-203° C. for one hour. Thus, 1 mL of solution is collected for performing HPLC analysis. The reaction product is Midazolam having 82% titre (w/w) (determined via HPLC titre correcting it using the solvent) and it contains 1% of Isomidazolam. The product is extracted using Isopropyl acetate after raising the pH to 10 by adding aqueous Na2CO3.

Example 3

Synthesis of Midazolam of Formula (IV)—Performed in a Micro-Reactor—Example of the Invention

3.22 g (7 mmol) of 5-(aminomethyl)-1-{4-chloro-2-[(2-fluorophenyl)carbonyl]phenyl}-2-methyl-1H-imidazole-4-carboxylic acid dihydrochloride of formula (V) and 10 mL of NMP are loaded into a 10 mL flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer. In order to facilitate the complete solubilisation of the substrate, it is necessary to slightly heat the reaction mixture (about 40° C.) for a few minutes. The solution thus obtained is transferred into a 10 mL gastight glass syringe mounted on a KDS100 syringe pump (FIG. 1) and the flow is regulated at 1.0 mL/h so as to set a residence period of 30 minutes at 200° C. The reaction product is Midazolam having an 89% titre (w/w) (determined via HPLC titre correcting it using the solvent) and containing 3% (w/w) of Isomidazolam.

Example 4Synthesis of Midazolam of formula (IV)—Comparison of the InventionA table is reported which summarises the results of the decarboxylation of the compound of formula (V) and (V-bis) (for the latter see Examples 6 and 7) obtained according to some embodiments of the invention and those obtained by way of experiment through the decarboxylation of the intermediate of formula (VI) (process of the prior art) both performed in 3 volumes of NMP at 200° C., both in batch method (Example 4) and in continuous method with the microreactor (MR) made of PTFE of FIG. 1. (Examples 4-1, 4-2, 4-3).


Example	substrate	Mode	Solv.	T° C.	t min.	Midazolam (p/p)	Isomidaz. (P/P)


2	(V)	Batch	NMP	200	60	82	1
3	(V)	MR	NMP	200	30	89	3
7	(V-bis)	Batch	NMP	200	60	68	3
4	(VI)	Batch	NMP	200	60	78	18
4-1	(VI)	MR	NMP	200	38	81	17
4-2	(VI)	MR	NMP	200	20	77	18
4-3	(VI)	MR	NMP	200	15	58	22
U.S. Pat. No.	(VI)	Tubular	n-BuOH	290	4	85 *	15 *
5,693,795		reactor
U.S. Pat. No.	(VI)	Batch	Olio	230	180	75 *	25 *
6,512,114			min.			87.5 *	12.5 *
			or DMA

* = Midazolam/Isomidazolam ratio only (other impurities not considered).

The product of the comparative experiments 4, 4-1, 4-2, 4-3 and of the two USA patents should be subjected to a further isomerisation process to reduce the high amount of Isomidazolam so as to be able to obtain Midazolam free of Isomidazolam after further crystallization, which would not be required for the product obtained according to the invention (examples 2 and 3).

Midazolam maleate, dihydrochloride and monohydrochloride

MIDAZOLAM MALEATE

Example 8

Preparation of 8-Chloro-6-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-methyl-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine maleate (Midazolam Maleate)

A 4-neck RBF was charged under nitrogen flow with: 10 g of Midazolam (IV) (prepared according to example 2) and 40 mL of Ethanol. The slurry was stirred until complete dissolution at 25/30° C. In an other flask was prepared the following solution: 3.72 g of maleic acid are dissolved in 15 mL of Ethanol. The slurry was stirred until complete dissolution at 25/30° C. The maleic acid solution is dropped in 30/40 minutes and keeping T=25/30° C. into the solution containing Midazolam. The slurry was cooled down at −15° C. in one hour and kept at that temperature for at least 2 hours. The slurry was then filtered and the cake was washed with 40 mL of cool Ethanol. The filter was discharged and the product was dried at 40° C. under vacuum for 2 hours and then at 60° C. for 8 hours. 12.8 g of Midazolam Maleate as white solid were collected (Molar yield=94.5%). m.p.=149-152° C. (by DSC).

MIDAZOLAM DIHYDROCHLORIDE

Example 9

Preparation of 8-Chloro-6-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-methyl-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine dihydrochloride (Midazolam dihydrochloride)

A 4-neck RBF was charged under nitrogen flow with: 1 g of Midazolam (IV) (prepared according to example 2) and 15 mL of Ethanol. The slurry was stirred until complete dissolution at 25/30° C. 5 mL of a ethanolic solution of Hydrochloric acid 2N were slowly added. 20 mL of Isopropanol were added over 30 minutes at RT. The slurry was cooled down at −15° C. in one hour and kept at that temperature for at least 2 hours. The slurry was then filtered and the cake was washed with 10 mL of cool isopropanol. The filter was discharged and the product was dried at 40° C. under vacuum for 2 hours and then at 60° C. for 8 hours. Midazolam dihydrochloride as white solid was collected.

MIDAZOLAM HYDROCHLORIDE

Example 10

Preparation of 8-Chloro-6-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-methyl-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine hydrochloride (Midazolam hydrochloride)

A 4-neck RBF was charged under nitrogen flow with: 1 g of Midazolam (IV) (prepared according to example 2) and 10 mL of Ethanol. The slurry was stirred until complete dissolution at 25/30° C. In an other flask was prepared the following suspension: 1.22 g of Midazolam dihydrochloride (prepared according to example 9) and 15 mL of Ethanol. The Midazolam ethanolic solution was added to the Midazolam dihydrochloride suspension. After filtration, the solution was treated with MTBE and heated at 60° C. until crystallization. After cooling to RT, the slurry was filtered, the cake washed with MTBE and the product was dried to provide Midazolam (mono)hydrochloride as a white solid.

…..

Midazolam is prepared from 2-amino-5-chloro-2’-fluoro benzophenone, which undergoes cyclization with ethyl ester of glycine in presence of pyridine to form benzodiazepinone. Amide is converted to thioamide (which is much reactive) by treatment with phosphorouspentasulphide. Reaction of the thioamide with methylamine proceeds to give the amidine; this compound is transformed into a good leaving group by conversion to the N-nitroso derivative by treatment with nitrous acid. Condensation of this intermediate with the carbanion from nitro methane leads to displacement of N-nitroso group by methyl nitro derivative; the double bond shifts into conjugation with the nitro group to afford nitro vinyl derivative. Reduction with Raney nickel followed by reaction with methyl orthoacetate leads to fused imidazoline ring. Dehydrogenation with manganese dioxide converts it into an imidazole to give midazolam.

Uses: Midazolam has been used adjunctively with gaseous anaesthetics. The onset of its CNS effects is slower than that of thiopental, and it has a longer duration of action. Cases of severe post-operative respiratory depression have occurred.

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AVOSENTAN

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AVOSENTAN

N-[6-Methoxy-5-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-2-(4-pyridyl)pyrimidin-4-yl]-5-methylpyridine-2-sulfonamide

5-methyl-pyridine-2-sulfonic acid [6-methoxy-5-(2-methoxy-phenoxy)-2-(pyridin-4-yl)-pyrimidin-4-yl]-amide,

5-methyl-pyridine-2-sulfonic acid [6-methoxy-5-(2-methoxy-phenoxy)-2-pyridin-4-yl-pyrimidin-4-yl]-amide,

Endothelin ETA Receptor Antagonists

M.Wt: 479.51
Formula: C23H21N5O5S

Roche (Originator)

CAS No.: 290815-26-8

RO 67-0565
SPP 301
UNII-L94KSX715K

PHASE 3

CLINICAL TRIALS

http://clinicaltrials.gov/search/intervention=spp301+OR+Avosentan

SPP-301 is an oral, once-daily, second-generation endothelin ETA receptor antagonist which had been in phase III clinical development at Speedel for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy. In December 2006, the company reported that the phase III trial had been stopped based on the recommendation from the trial’s Data Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) to stop the trial following incidence of a significant imbalance in fluid retention in patients in the study arms. Speedel reported that the compound will be evaluated for potential new clinical development for the treatment of diabetic kidney disease and other indications.

Originally developed by Roche and specifically optimized for improved liver safety, SPP-301 was licensed to Speedel in October 2000. In 2003, Speedel exercised its option to license from Roche all rights to SPP-301, including exclusive worldwide rights for the full development and commercialization of the ETA antagonist. SPP-301 has fast track designation and has undergone a special protocol assessment (SPA) by the FDA. Speedel had been studying the drug for the treatment of hypertension.

AVOSENTAN

290815-26-8 CAS

PATENTS

1. WO2000052007A1

2. WO 2004078104

3. WO 2005113543

4. WO 2007031501

5. WO 2008077916

6. Channels and transporters. Mini-symposium of the Division of Medicinal Chemistry (DMC) of the Swiss Chemical Society (SCS) at the Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, May 27, 2010.

Dutzler R, Ernstb B, Hediger MA, Keppler D, Mohr P, Neidhart W, Märki HP.Chimia (Aarau). 2010;64(9):662-6.

………………………

INTRODUCTION

5-methyl-pyridine-2-sulfonic acid [6-methoxy-5-(2-methoxy-phenoxy)-2-pyridin-4-yl-pyrimidin-4-yl]-amide corresponding to the formula

is an inhibitor of endothelin receptors. WO00/52007 describes the preparation of said compound which is crystallized from Me2Cl2.
Own investigations have shown that there exist two distinct crystalline forms, hereinafter referred to as form A and form B, as well as a number of further solvates, in particular the methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, dichloromethane, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone and tetrahydrofuran solvates.
It was further surprisingly found that the thermodynamically stable crystalline form – form B – can be prepared under controlled conditions and that said form B can be prepared with a reliable method in an industrial scale, which is easy to handle and to process in the manufacture and preparation of formulations.

………………..

US20020137933

4,6-Dichloro-5-(2-methoxy-phenoxy)-2-(pyridin-4-yl)-pyrimidine (described in EP 0 799 209) can be transformed to the intermediate of formula (III)—according to scheme 1—on reaction with an appropriate sulfonamide of formula (II), wherein R¹is as defined in claim 1, in a suited solvent such as DMSO or DMF at room temperature or at elevated temperature and in the presence of a suited base such as potassium carbonate.

EXAMPLE 1

[0064] a) To a solution of 6.9 g sodium in MeOH (300 ml) were added 14.52 g of 5-methyl-pyridine-2-sulfonic acid [6-chloro-5-(2-methoxy-phenoxy)-2-pyridin-4-yl-pyrimidin-4-yl]-amide at RT and the mixture was refluxed for 5 days until completion of the reaction according to TLC analysis. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo to half its volume upon which the crude reaction product precipitated as a sodium salt. It was filtered off by suction and dried in a high vacuum. The solid was dissolved in water, which was then made acidic by addition of acetic acid. The precipitating free sulfonamide was extracted into Me₂Cl₂. The organic layer was dried over Mg₂SO₄, concentrated on a rotary evaporator, and the crystalline solid that had formed was filtered off. It was then dried in a high vacuum for 12 h at 120° C. to give the desired 5-methyl-pyridine-2-sulfonic acid [6-methoxy-5-(2-methoxy-phenoxy)-2-pyridin-4-yl-pyrimidin-4-yl]-amide as white crystals. Melting point 225-226° C. ISN mass spectrum, m/e 478.2 (M-1 calculated for C₂₃H₂₁N₅O₅S₁: 478).

[0065] C₂₃H₂₁N₅O₅S₁: Calc: C 57.61; H 4.41; N 14.61; S 6.69. Found: C 57.56; H 4.38; N 14.61; S 6.83

[0066] Preparation of the starting material:

[0067] b) 11.3 g of 4,6-dichloro-5-(2-methoxy-phenoxy)-2-pyridin-4-yl)-pyrimidine and 19.66 g of 5-methylpyridyl-2-sulfonamide potassium salt (preparations described in EP 0 799 209) were dissolved in DMF (255 ml) under argon. The solution was stirred for 2 h at 40° C. until completion of the reaction according to TLC analysis. The reaction mixture was cooled to RT and the solvent removed in a high vacuum. The residue was suspended in water (850 ml), acetic acid (85 ml) was added and the mixture was stirred for 30 minutes at RT. The solid that precipitated was collected by filtration and dried in a high vacuum at 60° C. for 16 h to give 5-methyl-pyridine-2-sulfonic acid [6-chloro-5-(2-methoxy-phenoxy)-2-pyridin-4-yl-pyrimidin-4-yl]-amide ( CHLORO STARTING MATERIAL) as yellow crystals. Melting point 177-179° C. ISN mass spectrum, m/e 482.2 (M-1 calculated for C₂₂H₁₈ClN₅O₅S₁: 482).

……………………………….

http://www.google.com/patents/US6417360

EXAMPLE 1

a) To a solution of 6.9 g sodium in MeOH (300 ml) were added 14.52 g of 5-methyl-pyridine-2-sulfonic acid [6-chloro-5-(2-methoxy-phenoxy)-2-pyridin-4-yl-pyrimidin-4-yl]-amide at RT and the mixture was refluxed for 5 days until completion of the reaction according to TLC analysis. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo to half its volume upon which the crude reaction product precipitated as a sodium salt. It was filtered off by suction and dried in a high vacuum. The solid was dissolved in water, which was then made acidic by addition of acetic acid. The precipitating free sulfonamide was extracted into Me₂Cl₂. The organic layer was dried over Mg₂SO₄, concentrated on a rotary evaporator, and the crystalline solid that had formed was filtered off. It was then dried in a high vacuum for 12 h at 120° C. to give the desired 5-methyl-pyridine-2-sulfonic acid [6-methoxy-5-(2-methoxy-phenoxy)-2-pyridin-4-yl-pyrimidin-4-yl]-amide as white crystals. Melting point 225-226° C. ISN mass spectrum, m/e 478.2 (M-1 calculated for C₂₃H₂₁N₅O₅S₁: 478).

C₂₃H₂₁N₅O₅S₁: Calc: C 57.61; H 4.41; N 14.61; S 6.69. Found: C 57.56; H 4.38; N 14.61; S 6.83

Preparation of the starting material:

b) 11.3 g of 4,6-dichloro-5-(2-methoxy-phenoxy)-2-pyridin-4-yl)-pyrimidine and 19.66 g of 5-methylpyridyl-2-sulfonamide potassium salt (preparations described in EP 0 799 209) were dissolved in DMF (255 ml) under argon. The solution was stirred for 2 h at 40° C. until completion of the reaction according to TLC analysis. The reaction mixture was cooled to RT and the solvent removed in a high vacuum. The residue was suspended in water (850 ml), acetic acid (85 ml) was added and the mixture was stirred for 30 minutes at RT. The solid that precipitated was collected by filtration and dried in a high vacuum at 60° C. for 16 h to give 5-methyl-pyridine-2-sulfonic acid [6-chloro-5-(2-methoxy-phenoxy)-2-pyridin-4-yl-pyrimidin-4-yl]-amide as yellow crystals. Melting point 177-179° C. ISN mass spectrum, m/e 482.2 (M-1 calculated for C₂₂H₁₈ClN₅O₅S₁: 482).

…………………….

http://www.google.com/patents/EP0799209B1

SYNTHESIS OF

4,6-dichloro-5-(2-methoxy-phenoxy)-2-pyridin-4-yl)-pyrimidine

A BASIC STARTING MATERIAL FOR AVOSENTAN

- b) 53.1 g of 4-cyano-pyridine (98%) are added all at once to a solution of 1.15 g of sodium in 200 ml of abs. MeOH. After 6 hours 29.5 g of NH₄Cl are added while stirring vigorously. The mixture is stirred at room temperature overnight. 600 ml of ether are added thereto, whereupon the precipitate is filtered off under suction and thereafter dried at 50°C under reduced pressure. There is thus obtained 4-amidino-pyridine hydrochloride (decomposition point 245-247°C).
- c) 112.9 g of diethyl (2-methoxyphenoxy)malonate are added dropwise within 30 minutes to a solution of 27.60 g of sodium in 400 ml of MeOH. Thereafter, 74.86 g of the amidine hydrochloride obtained in b) are added all at once. The mixture is stirred at room temperature overnight and evaporated at 50°C under reduced pressure. The residue is treated with 500 ml of ether and filtered off under suction. The filter cake is dissolved in 1000 ml of H₂O and treated little by little with 50 ml of CH₃COOH. The precipitate is filtered off under suction, washed with 400 ml of H₂O and dried at 80°C under reduced pressure. There is thus obtained 5-(2-methoxy-phenoxy)-2-(pyridin-4-yl)-pyrimidine-4,6-diol (or tautomer), melting point above 250°C.
- d) A suspension of 154.6 g of 5-(2-methoxy-phenoxy)-2-(pyridin-4-yl)-pyrimidine-4,6-diol (or tautomer) in 280 ml of POCl₃ is heated at 120°C in an oil bath for 24 hours while stirring vigorously. The reaction mixture changes gradually into a dark brown liquid which is evaporated under reduced pressure and thereafter taken up three times with 500 ml of toluene and evaporated. The residue is dissolved in 1000 ml of CH₂Cl₂, treated with ice and H₂O and thereafter adjusted with 3N NaOH until the aqueous phase has pH 8. The organic phase is separated and the aqueous phase is extracted twice with CH₂Cl₂. The combined CH₂Cl₂ extracts are dried with MgSO₄, evaporated to half of the volume, treated with 1000 ml of acetone and the CH₂Cl₂remaining is distilled off at normal pressure. After standing in a refrigerator for 2 hours the crystals are filtered off under suction and dried at 50°C overnight. There is thus obtained 4,6-dichloro-5-(2-methoxy-phenoxy)-2-pyridin-4-yl)-pyrimidine, melting point 178-180°C.

…………………………

http://www.google.com/patents/WO2000052007A1

Preparation of the starting material:

5-methyl-pyridine-2-sulfonic acid [6-chloro-5-(2- methoxy-phenoxy)-2-pyridin-4-yl-pyrimidin-4-yl] -amide IE THE 6 CHLORO COMPD

b) 11.3 g of 4,6-dichloro-5-(2-methoxy-phenoxy)-2-pyridin-4-yl)-pyrimidine and 1 .66 g of 5-methylpyridyl-2-sulfonamide potassium salt (preparations described in EP 0 799 209) were dissolved in DMF (255 ml) under argon. The solution was stirred for 2 h at 40°C until completion of the reaction according to TLC analysis. The reaction mixture was cooled to RT and the solvent removed in a high vacuum. The residue was suspended in water (850 ml), acetic acid (85 ml) was added and the mixture was stirred for 30 minutes at RT. The solid that precipitated was collected by filtration and dried in a high vacuum at 60 °C for 16 h to give 5-methyl-pyridine-2-sulfonic acid [6-chloro-5-(2- methoxy-phenoxy)-2-pyridin-4-yl-pyrimidin-4-yl] -amide as yellow crystals. Melting point 177-179 °C. ISN mass spectrum, m/e 482.2 (M-l calculated for C₂₂Hi₈ClN₅O₅Sι: 482).

………………………………………………………………………………………….

Example 1AVOSENTAN

a) To a solution of 6.9 g sodium in MeOH (300 ml) were added 14.52 g of

5-methyl-pyridine-2-sulfonic acid [6-chloro-5-(2-methoxy-phenoxy)-2-pyridin-4-yl- pyrimidin-4-yl] -amide at RT and the mixture was refluxed for 5 days until completion of the reaction according to TLC analysis. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo to half its volume upon which the crude reaction product precipitated as a sodium salt. It was filtered off by suction and dried in a high vacuum. The solid was dissolved in water, which was then made acidic by addition of acetic acid. The precipitating free sulfonamide was extracted into Me₂Cl₂. The organic layer was dried over Mg SO , concentrated on a rotary evaporator, and the crystalline solid that had formed was filtered off. It was then dried in a high vacuum for 12 h at 120 °C to give the desired 5-methyl-pyridine-2-sulfonic acid [6- methoxy-5-(2-methoxy-phenoxy)-2-pyridin-4-yl-pyrimidin-4-yl] -amide as white crystals. Melting point 225-226 °C. ISN mass spectrum, m/e 478.2 (M-l calculated for

C₂₃H₂₁N₅O₅S₁: Calc: C 57.61; H 4.41; N 14.61; S 6.69. Found: C 57.56; H 4.38; N 14.61; S 6.83

…………………………………………….

IS DESCRIBED IN

http://www.google.com/patents/EP2331513A1?cl=en

ALSO

Diabetic nephropathy is the principle cause of end stage renal disease in the western world. It is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Type-I Diabetes, but is an increasing problem in Type-II Diabetes and because the incidence of this is five times that of Type-I Diabetes, it contributes at least 50% of diabetics with end stage renal disease.
The initial stage of subtle morphologic changes in the renal glomeruli is followed by microalbuminuria. This is associated with a modestly rising blood pressure and an increased incidence of cardiovascular disease. There follows a continued increase in urinary protein excretion and declining glomerular filtration rate. Diabetic nephropathy has many possible underlying pathophysiological causes including metabolic, glycosylation of proteins, haemodynamics, altered flow/pressure in glomeruli, the development of hypertension and cytokine production; all of these are associated with the development of extracellular matrix and increased vascular permeability leading to glomerular damage and proteinuria.

WO2005113543A1 *	May 12, 2005	Dec 1, 2005	Alexander Bilz	Crystalline forms of a pyridinyl-sulfonamide and their use as endothelin receptor antagonists
WO2007031501A2 *	Sep 11, 2006	Mar 22, 2007	Speedel Pharma Ag	Pyridylsulfonamidyl-pyrimidines for the prevention of blood vessel graft failure
WO2008077916A1 *	Dec 21, 2007	Jul 3, 2008	Ovidiu Baltatu	Pharmaceutical composition using aliskiren and avosentan
EP1454625A1 *	Mar 6, 2003	Sep 8, 2004	Speedel Development AG	Pyridylsulfonamidyl-pyrimidines for the treatment of diabetic nephropathies
EP1595880A1 *	May 13, 2004	Nov 16, 2005	Speedel Pharma AG	Crystalline forms of a pyridinyl-sulfonamide and their use as endothelin receptor antagonists
EP1938812A1 *	Dec 22, 2006	Jul 2, 2008	Speedel Pharma AG	Pharmaceutical composition using aliskiren and avosentan
US6951856	Jul 10, 2001	Oct 4, 2005	Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd.	Arylethene-sulfonamides
US7402587	May 12, 2005	Jul 22, 2008	Speedel Pharma Ag	Crystalline forms of a pyridinyl-sulfonamide and their use as endothelin receptor antagonists

WO1996019459A1 *	Dec 8, 1995	Jun 27, 1996	Volker Breu	Novel sulfonamides
EP0713875A1 *	Nov 13, 1995	May 29, 1996	F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG	Sulfonamides
EP0897914A1 *	Aug 10, 1998	Feb 24, 1999	F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ag	Process for the preparation of 2,5-disubstitued pyridines

TELMISARTAN ..Actavis’ Generic Version of Micardis Receives FDA Approval

January 9, 2014 7:01 am / 1 Comment on TELMISARTAN ..Actavis’ Generic Version of Micardis Receives FDA Approval

DUBLIN, Jan. 8, 2014 /PRNewswire/ — Actavis plc today announced that it has received approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on its Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA) for Telmisartan Immediate-Release Tablets, 20 mg, 40 mg and 80 mg, a generic equivalent to Boehringer Ingelheim’s Micardis. Actavis intends to launch the product immediately.

http://www.drugs.com/news/actavis-version-micardis-receives-fda-approval-49915.html?utm_source=ddc&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Today%27s+news+summary+-+January+8%2C+2014

APREMILAST, … ORALLY ACTIVE PDE4 INHIBITOR

January 8, 2014 8:11 am / 4 Comments on APREMILAST, … ORALLY ACTIVE PDE4 INHIBITOR

APREMILAST

PDE4 inhibitor

N-{2-[(1S)-1-(3-Ethoxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl]-1,3-dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-4-yl}acetamide

(+)-2-[l-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2- methanesulfonylethyl]-4-acetylaminoisoindolin-l,3-dione,

(S)—N-{2-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-2-methanesulfonylethyl]-1,3-dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-4-yl}acetamide
(S)-N-{2-[1-(3-Ethoxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-methanesulfonylethyl]-1,3-dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-4-yl}acetamide
Molecular Formula: C₂₂H₂₄N₂O₇S Molecular Weight: 460.50016

608141-41-9 CAS NO

Celgene (Originator)
CC-10004 (apremilast) is an oral compound that is being studied in multiple Phase III clinical trials for the treatment of psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis and other chronic inflammatory diseases. We successfully completed our early stage studies, demonstrating clinical activity and tolerability and meeting safety endpoints in a placebo controlled proof-of mechanism trial in moderate-to-severe psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. With the initiation of six multi-center international clinical trials, we are advancing the clinical development of CC-10004.

CC-10004, , Apremilast (USAN), SureCN302992, Apremilast (CC-10004), QCR-202,

Apremilast
CC 10004
CC-10004
CC10004
UNII-UP7QBP99PN
CLINICAL TRIALS….http://clinicaltrials.gov/search/intervention=Apremilast+OR+CC-10004

Apremilast is an orally available small molecule inhibitor of PDE4 being developed byCelgene for ankylosing spondylitis, psoriasis, and psoriatic arthritis.^[1]^[2] The drug is currently in phase III trials for the three indications. Apremilast, an anti-inflammatory drug, specifically inhibits phosphodiesterase 4. In general the drug works on an intra-cellular basis to moderate proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediator production.

APREMILAST

Apremilast is being tested for its efficacy in treating “psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis and other chronic inflammatory diseases such as ankylosing spondylitis, Behcet’s disease, and rheutmatoid arthritis.

“Apremilast is Celgene’s lead oral phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor and anti-TNF alpha agent in phase III clinical studies at Celgene for the oral treatment of moderate to severe plaque-type psoriasis and for the oral treatment of psoriatic arthritis.

Early clinical development is also ongoing for the treatment of acne, Behcet’s disease, cutaneous sarcoidosis, prurigo nodularis, ankylosing spondylitis, atopic or contact dermatitis and rheumatoid arthritis. No recent development has been reported for research for the treatment of skin inflammation associated with cutaneous lupus erythematosus.

In 2011, Celgene discontinued development of the compound for the management of vision-threatening uveitis refractory to other modes of systemic immunosuppression due to lack of efficacy.

Celgene had been evaluating the potential of the drug for the treatment of asthma; however, no recent development has been reported for this research. The drug candidate is also in phase II clinical development at the William Beaumont Hospital Research Institute for the treatment of chronic prostatitis or chronic pelvic pain syndrome and for the treatment of vulvodynia (vulvar pain).

In 2013, orphan drug designations were assigned to the product in the U.S. and the E.U. for the treatment of Behcet’s disease.

Celgene Corp has been boosted by more impressive late-stage data on apremilast, an oral drug for psoriatic arthritis, this time in previously-untreated patients.

The company is presenting data from the 52-week PALACE 4 Phase III study of apremilast tested in PsA patients who have not taken systemic or biologic disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) at the American College of Rheumatology meeting in San Diego. The results from the 527-patient trial show that at week 16, patients on 20mg of the first-in-class oral inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) achieved an ACR20 (ie a 20% improvement in the condition) response of 29.2% and 32.3% for 30mg aapremilast, compared with 16.9% for those on placebo.

After 52 weeks, 53.4% on the lower dose and 58.7% on 30mg achieved an ACR20 response. ACR50 and 70 was reached by 31.9% and 18.1% of patients, respectively, for apremilast 30mg. The compound was generally well-tolerated and discontinuation rates for diarrhoea and nausea were less than 2% over 52 weeks.

Commenting on the data, Alvin Wells, of the Rheumatology and Immunotherapy Center in Franklin, Wisconsin, noted that apremilast demonstrated long-term safety and tolerability and significant clinical benefit in treatment-naive patients. He added that “these encouraging results suggest that apremilast may have the potential to be used alone and as a first-line therapy”. Celgene is also presenting various pooled data from the first three trials in the PALACE programme which, among other things, shows that apremilast significantly improves swollen and tender joints.

Treatment for PSA, which affects about 30% of the 125 million people worldwide who have psoriasis, currently involves injectable tumour necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors, notably AbbVie’s Humira (adalimumab) and Pfizer/Amgen’s Enbrel (etanercept), once patients have not responded to DMARDs (at least in the UK). While the biologics are effective, the side effect profile can be a concern, due to the risk of infection and tuberculosis and many observers believe that apremilast will prove popular with patients and doctors due to the fact that it is oral, not injectable.

Apremilast was filed for PsA with the US Food and Drug Administration in the first quarter and will be submitted on both sides of the Atlantic for psoriasis before year-end. The European filing will also be for PsA.

Apremilast impresses for Behcet’s disease

Celgene has also presented promising Phase II data on apremilast as a treatment for the rare inflammatory disorder Behcet’s disease. 71% of patients achieved complete response at week 12 in clearing oral ulcers

APREMILAST

“Apremilast Palace Program Demonstrates Robust and Consistent Statistically Significant Clinical Benefit Across Three Pivotal Phase III Studies (PALACE-1, 2 & 3) in Psoriatic Arthritis” (Press release). Celgene Corporation. 6 September 2012. Retrieved 2012-09-10.
“US HOT STOCKS: OCZ, VeriFone, Men’s Wearhouse, AK Steel, Celgene”. The Wall Street Journal. 6 September 2012. Retrieved 2012-09-06.
Discovery of (S)-N-[2-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-methanesulfonylethyl]-1,3-dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-4-yl] acetamide (apremilast), a potent and orally active phosphodiesterase 4 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitor.

Man HW, Schafer P, Wong LM, Patterson RT, Corral LG, Raymon H, Blease K, Leisten J, Shirley MA, Tang Y, Babusis DM, Chen R, Stirling D, Muller GW.

J Med Chem. 2009 Mar 26;52(6):1522-4. doi: 10.1021/jm900210d.
Therapeutics: Silencing psoriasis.Crow JM.Nature. 2012 Dec 20;492(7429):S58-9. doi: 10.1038/492S58a. No abstract available.
NMR…http://file.selleckchem.com/downloads/nmr/S803401-Apremilast-HNMR-Selleck.pdf
WO 2003080049
WO 2013126495
WO 2013126360
WO 2003080049
WO 2006065814
US2003/187052 A1 …..MP 144 DEG CENT
US2007/155791
J. Med. Chem., 2008, 51 (18), pp 5471–5489

DOI: 10.1021/jm800582j
J. Med. Chem., 2011, 54 (9), pp 3331–3347

DOI: 10.1021/jm200070e

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INTRODUCTION

2-[l-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-methylsulfonylethyl]-4- acetylaminoisoindoline-l ,3-dione is a PDE4 inhibitor that is currently under investigation as an anti-inflammatory for the treatment of a variety of conditions, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, psoriasis and other allergic, autoimmune and rheumatologic conditions. S-enantiomer form of 2-[l-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-methylsulfonylethyl]-4- acetylaminoisoindoline-l ,3-dione can be prepared by reacting (5)-aminosulfone 1 with intermediate 2.

Existing methods for synthesizing (S)-aminosulfone 1 involve resolution of the corresponding racemic aminosulfone by techniques known in the art. Examples include the formation and crystallization of chiral salts, and the use of chiral high performance liquid chromatography. See, e.g., Jacques, J., et al., Enantiomers, Racemates and Resolutions (Wiley Interscience, New York, 1981); Wilen, S. H., et al, Tetrahedron 33:2725 (1977); Eliel, E. L., Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds (McGraw Hill, NY, 1962); and Wilen, S. H., Tables of Resolving Agents and Optical Resolutions p. 268 (E.L. Eliel, Ed., Univ. of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, IN, 1972). In one example, as depicted in Scheme 1 below, (5)-aminosulfone 1 is prepared by resolution of racemic aminosulfone 3 with N-Ac-L-Leu. Racemic aminosulfone 3 is prepared by converting 3-ethoxy-4-methoxybenzonitrile 4 to enamine intermediate 5 followed by enamine reduction and borate hydrolysis. This process has been reported in U.S. Patent

Application Publication No. 2010/0168475.

CH₂CI₂, NaOH

Scheme 1

The procedure for preparing an enantiomerically enriched or enantiomerically pure aminosulfone, such as compound 1, may be inefficient because it involves the resolution of racemic aminosulfone 3. Thus, a need exists as to asymmetric synthetic processes for the preparation of an enantiomerically enriched or enantiomerically pure aminosulfone, particularly for manufacturing scale production. Direct catalytic asymmetric hydrogenation of a suitable enamine or ketone intermediate is of particular interest because it eliminates the need for either classic resolution or the use of stoichiometric amount of chiral auxiliary, and thus, may be synthetically efficient and economical.

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SYNTHESIS OF KEY INTERMEDIATE

WO2013126495A2

Example 1

Synthesis of 1 -(3-ethoxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(methylsulfonyl)ethenamine

[00232] A slurry of dimethylsulfone (85 g, 903 mmol) in THF (480 ml) was treated with a

1.6M solution of n-butyllithium in hexane (505 ml, 808 mmol) at 0 – 5 °C. The resulting mixture was agitated for 1 hour then a solution of 3-ethoxy-4-methoxybenzonitrile (80 g, 451 mmol) in THF (240 ml) was added at 0 – 5 °C. The mixture was agitated at 0 – 5 °C for 0.5 hour, warmed to 25 – 30 °C over 0.5 hour and then agitated for 1 hour. Water (1.4 L) was added at 25 – 30 °C and the reaction mass was agitated overnight at room temperature (20 – 30 °C). The solid was filtered and subsequently washed with a 2: 1 mixture of water :THF (200 ml), water (200 ml) and heptane (2 x 200 ml). The solid was dried under reduced pressure at 40 – 45 °C to provide the product as a white solid (102 g, 83% yield); 1H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 1.34 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 2.99 (s, 3H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 4.08 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 5.03 (s, 1H), 6.82 (s, 2H), 7.01 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.09 – 7.22 (m, 2H).

Example 2

Synthesis of (R)- 1 -(3-ethoxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(methylsulfonyl)ethanamine

[00233] A solution of bis(l,5-cyclooctadiene)rhodium(I) trifluoromethanesulfonate (36 mg, 0.074 mmol) and (i?)-l-[(5)-2-(diphenylphosphino)ferrocenyl]ethyldi-tert-butylphosphine (40 mg, 0.074 mmol) in 25 mL of 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol was prepared under nitrogen. To this solution was then charged l-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(methylsulfonyl)ethenamine (2.0 g, 7.4 mmol). The resulting mixture was heated to 50 °C and hydrogenated under 90 psig hydrogen pressure. After 18 h, the mixture was cooled to ambient temperature and removed from the hydrogenator. The mixture was evaporated and the residue was purified by chromatography on a CI 8 reverse phase column using a water-acetonitrile gradient. The appropriate fractions were pooled and evaporated to -150 mL. To this solution was added brine (20 mL), and the resulting solution was extracted with EtOAc (3 x 50 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (MgS0₄) and evaporated to provide the product as a white crystalline solid (1.4 g, 70% yield); achiral HPLC (Hypersil BDS C₈, 5.0 μπι, 250 x 4.6 mm, 1.5 mL/min, 278nm, 90/10 gradient to 80/20 0.1% aqueous TFA/MeOH over 10 min then gradient to 10/90 0.1% aqueous TFA/MeOH over the next 15 min): 9.11 (99.6%); chiral HPLC (Chiralpak AD-H 5.0 μιη Daicel, 250 x 4.6 mm, 1.0 mL/min, 280 nm, 70:30:0.1 heptane-z-PrOH-diethylamine): 7.32 (97.5%), 8.26 (2.47%); 1H NMR (DMSO-de) δ 1.32 (t, J= 7.0 Hz, 3H), 2.08 (s, 2H), 2.96 (s, 3H), 3.23 (dd, J= 3.6, 14.4 Hz, 1H), 3.41 (dd, J= 9.4, 14.4 Hz, 1H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 4.02 (q, J= 7.0 Hz, 2H), 4.26 (dd, J= 3.7, 9.3 Hz, 1H), 6.89 (s, 2H), 7.02 (s, 1H); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 14.77, 41.98, 50.89, 55.54, 62.03, 63.68, 111.48, 111.77, 118.36, 137.30, 147.93, 148.09. Example 3

Synthesis of (6 -l-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(methylsulfonyl)ethanamine N-Ac-L-Leu salt

[00234] A solution of bis(l,5-cyclooctadiene)rhodium(I) trifluoromethanesulfonate (17 mg, 0.037 mmol) and (5)-l-[(i?)-2-(diphenylphosphino)ferrocenyl]ethyldi-tert-butylphosphine (20 mg, 0.037 mmol) in 10 mL of 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol was prepared under nitrogen. To this solution was then charged l-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(methylsulfonyl)ethenamine (2.0 g, 7.4 mmol). The resulting mixture was heated to 50 °C and hydrogenated under 90 psig hydrogen pressure. After 18 h, the mixture was cooled to ambient temperature and removed from the hydrogenator. Ecosorb C-941 (200 mg) was added and the mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 3 h. The mixture was filtered through Celite, and the filter was washed with additional trifluoroethanol (2 mL). Then, the mixture was heated to 55 °C, and a solution of N- acetyl-L-leucine (1.3 g, 7.5 mmol) was added dropwise over the course of 1 h. Stirring proceeded at the same temperature for 1 h following completion of the addition, and then the mixture was cooled to 22 °C over 2 h and stirred at this temperature for 16 h. The crystalline product was filtered, rinsed with methanol (2 x 5 mL), and dried under vacuum at 45 °C to provide the product as a white solid (2.6 g, 80% yield); achiral HPLC (Hypersil BDS Cg, 5.0 μιη, 250 x 4.6 mm, 1.5 mL/min, 278nm, 90/10 gradient to 80/20 0.1% aqueous TFA/MeOH over 10 min then gradient to 10/90 0.1% aqueous TFA/MeOH over the next 15 min): 8.57 (99.8%); chiral HPLC (Chiralpak AD-H 5.0 μιη Daicel, 250 x 4.6 mm, 1.0 mL/min, 280 nm, 70:30:0.1 heptane-z-PrOH-diethylamine): 8.35 (99.6%); 1H NMR (DMSO-<¾) δ 0.84 (d, 3H), 0.89 (d, J= 6.6 Hz, 3H), 1.33 (t, J= 7.0 Hz, 3H), 1.41 – 1.52 (m, 2H), 1.62 (dt, J= 6.7, 13.5 Hz, 1H), 1.83 (s, 3H), 2.94 (s, 3H), 3.28 (dd, J= 4.0, 14.4 Hz, 1H), 3.44 (dd, J= 9.1, 14.4 Hz, 1H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 4.02 (q, J= 6.9 Hz, 2H), 4.18 (q, J= 7.7 Hz, 1H), 4.29 (dd, J= 4.0, 9.1 Hz, 1H), 5.46 (br, 3H), 6.90 (s, 2H), 7.04 (s, 1H), 8.04 (d, J= 7.9 Hz, 1H); Anal. (C₂₀H₃₄N₂O₇S) C, H, N. Calcd C, 53.79; H, 7.67; N 6.27. Found C, 53.78; H, 7.57; N 6.18.

SUBSEQUENT CONVERSION

S-enantiomer form of 2-[l-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-methylsulfonylethyl]-4- acetylaminoisoindoline-l ,3-dione can be prepared by reacting (5)-aminosulfone 1 with intermediate 2.

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APREMILAST

GENERAL SYNTHESIS AND SYNTHESIS OF APREMILAST

WO2012083153A1

(apremilast)

[0145] Preparation of 3-Ethoxy-4-methoxybenzonitrile (Compound 2). 3-Ethoxy-

4-methoxybenzaldehyde (Compound 1, 10.0 gm, 54.9 mmol, Aldrich) and hydroxylamine hydrochloride (4.67 gm, 65.9 mmol, Aldrich) were charged to a 250 mL three-necked flask at room temperature, followed by the addition of anhydrous acetonitrile (50 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for thirty minutes and then heated to reflux (oil bath at 85 °C). After two hours of reflux, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and added 50 mL of deionized water. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to remove acetonitrile and then transferred to a separatory funnel with an additional 80 mL of deionized water and 80 mL dichloromethane. The aqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane (3 x 50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed successively with water (80 mL) and saturated sodium chloride (80 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate (approximately 20 gm). The organic layer was filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a yellow oil. Purification by silica gel chromatography (0 to 1 % MeOH/DCM ) afforded 3-Ethoxy-4-methoxybenzonitrile

(Compound 2) as a white solid (7.69 gm, 79 % yield). MS (ESI positive ion) m/z 178.1 (M + 1). HPLC indicated >99% purity by peak area. 1H-NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-c¾: δ ppm 1.32 (t, 3H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 4.05 (q, 2H), 7.10 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (dd, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H).

[0146] Preparation of l-(3-Ethoxy-4-methoxyphenyi)-2-

(niethylsulfonyl)ethanamine (Compound 3). Dimethyl sulfone (2.60 gm, 27.1 mmol, Aldrich) and tetrahydrofuran (10 mL, Aldrich) were charged to a 250 mL three-necked flask at room temperature. The mixture was cooled to 0 – 5 °C, and the solution gradually turned white. n-Butyllithium (10.8 mL, 27.1 mmol, 2.5 M solution in hexanes, Aldrich) was added to the flask at a rate such that the reaction mixture was maintained at 5 – 10 °C. The mixture was stirred at 0 – 5 °C for one hour, turning light-yellow. 3-Ethoxy-4-methoxybenzonitrile (Compound 2, 4.01 gm, 22.5 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (8 mL) was then charged to the flask at a rate such that the reaction mixture was maintained at 0 – 5 °C. The mixture was stirred at 0 – 5 °C for another 15 minutes. After warming to room temperature, the reaction mixture was stirred for another 1.5 hours and then transferred to a second 250 mL three-necked flask containing a suspension of sodium borohydride (1.13 gm, 29.3 mmol, Aldrich) in

tetrahydrofuran (1 1 mL), maintained at – 5 – 0 °C for 30 minutes. Trifluoroacetic acid (“TFA,” 5.26 mL, 68.3 mmol, Aldrich) was charged to the flask at a rate such that the reaction mixture was maintained at 0 – 5 °C. The mixture was stirred at 0 – 5 °C for 40 minutes and an additional 17 hours at room temperature. The reaction mixture was then charged with 2.7 mL of deionized water over five minutes at room temperature. The mxiture was stirred at room temperature for 15 hours. Aqueous NaOH (10 N, 4.9 mL) was charged to the flask over 15 minutes at 45 °C. The mixture was stirred at 45 °C for two hours, at 60 °C for 1.5 hours, and at room temperature overnight. After approximately 17 hours at room temperature the mixture was cooled to 0 °C for thirty minutes and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residual material was charged with deionized water (3 mL) and absolute ethanol (3 mL) and stirred at 0 – 5 °C for 2 hours. The mixture was filtered under vacuum, and the filtered solid was washed with cold absolute ethanol (3 x 5 mL), followed by deionized water until the pH of the wash was about 8. The solid was air dried overnight, and then in a vacuum oven at 60 °C for 17 hours to afford Compound 3 as a white solid (4.75 gm, 77 %). MS (ESI positive ion) m/z 274.1 (M + 1). Ή-NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-c¾): δ ppm 1.32 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H), 2.08 (bs, 2H), 2.95 (s, 3H), 3.23 (dd, J = 4.0 Hz, 1H), 3.40 (dd, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 3.72 (s, 3H), 4.01 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 4.25 (dd, J = 3.5 Hz, 1H), 6.88 (s, 2H), 7.02 (s, 1H).

[0147] Preparation of 4-Nitroisobenzofuran-l,3-dione (Compound 5). Into a 250 mL round bottom flask, fitted with a reflux condenser, was placed 3-nitrophthalic acid (21.0 gm, 99 mmol, Aldrich) and acetic anhydride (18.8 mL, 199 mmol, Aldrich). The solid mixture was heated to 85 °C, under nitrogen, with gradual melting of the solids. The yellow mixture was heated at 85 °C for 15 minutes, and there was noticeable thickening of the mixture. After 15 minutes at 85 °C, the hot mixture was poured into a weighing dish, and allowed to cool. The yellow solid was grinded to a powder and then placed on a cintered funnel, under vacuum. The solid was washed with diethyl ether (3 x 15 mL), under vacuum and allowed to air dry overnight, to afford 4-nitroisobenzofuran-l ,3-dione, Compound 5, as a light-yellow solid (15.8 gm, 82 %). MS (ESI positive ion) m/z 194.0 (M + 1). TLC: Rf = 0.37 (10% MeOH/DCM with 2 drops Acetic acid) Ή-NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-i¾: δ ppm 8.21 (dd, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 8.39 (dd, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 8.50 (dd, J = 7.5 Hz, 1 H).

[0148] Preparation of 2-(l-(3-Ethoxy-4-methoxyphenyI)-2-

(methylsulfonyl)ethyl)-4-nitroisoindoline-l,3-dione (Compound 6). Into a 2 – 5 mL microwave vial was added 4-nitroisobenzofuran-l ,3-dione (Compound 5, 0.35 gm, 1.82 mmol), the amino-sulfone intermediate (Compound 3, 0.50 gm, 1.82 mmol) and 4.0 mL of glacial acetic acid. The mixture was placed in a microwave at 125 °C for 30 minutes. After 30 minutes the acetic acid was removed under reduced pressure. The yellow oil was taken up in ethyl acetate and applied to a 10 gm snap Biotage samplet. Purification by silica gel chromatography (0 to 20 % Ethyl Acetate/Hexanes) afforded Compound 6 as a light-yellow solid (0.67 gm, 82 %). MS (ESI positive ion) m/z 449.0 (M + 1). TLC: Rf = 0.19

(EtOAc:Hexanes, 1 : 1). HPLC indicated 99% purity by peak area. Ή-NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-c¾: δ ppm 1.32 (t, 3H), 2.99 (s, 3H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 4.02 (m, 2H), 4.21 (dd, J = 5.0 Hz, 1H), 4.29 (dd, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 5.81 (dd, J = 5.0 Hz, 1H), 6.93 (d, J – 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.00 (dd, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.10 (d, J = 2.5 Hz, 1H), 8.07 (t, J = 15.5 Hz, 1H), 8.19 (dd, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 8.30 (dd, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H).

[0149] Preparation of 4-Amino-2-(l-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-

(methylsulfonyl)ethyl)isoindoline-l,3-dione (Compound 7). Compound 6 (0.54 gm, 1.20 mmol) was taken up in ethyl acetate / acetone (1 : 1 , 24 mL) and flowed through the H-cube™ hydrogen reactor using a 10 % Pd/C CatCart™ catalyst cartridge system (ThalesNano, Budapest Hungary). After eluting, the yellow solvent was concentrated under reduced pressure to give Compound 7 as a yellow foam solid (0.48 gm, 95 %). MS (ESI positive ion) m/z 419.1 (M + 1). 1H-NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-<¾): δ ppm 1.31 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H), 2.99 (s, 3H), 3.72 (s, 3H), 4.04 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 4.09 (m, 1H), 4.34 (m, 1H), 5.71 (dd, J = 5.5 Hz, 1H), 6.52 (bs, 2H), 6.92-6.98 (m, 3H), 7.06 (bs, 1 H), 7.42 (dd, J = 7.0 Hz, 1H).

[0150] Preparation of N-(2-(l-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-

(methylsuIfonyl)ethyl)-l,3-dioxoisoindolin-4-yl)acetamide (Apremilast, Compound 8).

Into a 2-5 mL microwave vial was placed Compound 7 (0.18 gm, 0.43 mmol), acetic anhydride (0.052 mL, 0.53 mmol) and acetic acid (4 mL). The microwave vial was placed into a Biotage microwave and heated to 125 ^°C for 30 minutes. The solvents were removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0 to 5% MeOH/DCM) to afford apremilast (Compound 8) as a yellow oil (0.14 gm, 71%). HPLC indicated 94.6% purity by peak area.

1H-NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-c ₆): δ ppm 1.31 (t, 3H), 2.18 (s, 3H), 3.01 (s, 3H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 4.01 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 4,14 (dd, J = 4.0 Hz, 1H), 4.33 (m, 1H), 5.76 (dd, J = 3.0 Hz, 1H), 6.95 (m, 2H), 7.06 (d, J = 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 1H), 7.79 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H), 8.43 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 9.72 (bs, 1H).

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SYNTHESIS

EP2501382A1

5. EXAMPLES

Certain embodiments provided herein are illustrated by the following non-limiting examples.

5.1 PREPARATION OF (+)-2-[l-(3-ETHOXY-4-METHOXYPHENYL)-2- METHANESULFONYLETHYLJ-4- ACETYL AMINOISOINDOLIN-1,3- DIONE (APREMILAST)

5.1.1 Preparation of 3-aminopthalic acid

10% Pd/C (2.5 g), 3-nitrophthalic acid (75.0 g, 355 mmol) and ethanol (1.5 L) were charged to a 2.5 L Parr hydrogenator under a nitrogen atmosphere. Hydrogen was charged to the reaction vessel for up to 55 psi. The mixture was shaken for 13 hours, maintaining hydrogen pressure between 50 and 55 psi. Hydrogen was released and the mixture was purged with nitrogen 3 times. The suspension was filtered through a celite bed and rinsed with methanol. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The resulting solid was reslurried in ether and isolated by vacuum filtration. The solid was dried in vacua to a constant weight, affording 54 g (84%> yield) of 3-aminopthalic acid as a yellow product. 1H-NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 3.17 (s, 2H), 6.67 (d, 1H), 6.82 (d, 1H), 7.17 (t, 1H), 8-10 (brs, 2H). ¹³C-NMR(DMSO-d₆) δ: 112.00, 115.32, 118.20, 131.28, 135.86, 148.82, 169.15, 170.09.

5.1.2 Preparation of 3-acetamidopthalic anhydride

A I L 3 -necked round bottom flask was equipped with a mechanical stirrer, thermometer, and condenser and charged with 3-aminophthalic acid (108 g, 596 mmol) and acetic anhydride (550 mL). The reaction mixture was heated to reflux for 3 hours and cooled to ambient temperature and further to 0-5. degree. C. for another 1 hour. The crystalline solid was collected by vacuum filtration and washed with ether. The solid product was dried in vacua at ambient temperature to a constant weight, giving 75 g (61% yield) of 3-acetamidopthalic anhydride as a white product. 1H-NMR (CDCI₃) δ: 2.21 (s, 3H), 7.76 (d, 1H), 7.94 (t, 1H), 8.42 (d, 1H), 9.84 (s, 1H).

5.1.3 Resolution of 2-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-l-(methylsulphonyl)- ethyl-2-amine

A 3 L 3 -necked round bottom flask was equipped with a mechanical stirrer, thermometer, and condenser and charged with 2-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-l-(methylsulphonyl)-eth-2-ylamine (137.0 g, 500 mmol), N-acetyl-L-leucine (52 g, 300 mmol), and methanol (1.0 L). The stirred slurry was heated to reflux for 1 hour. The stirred mixture was allowed to cool to ambient temperature and stirring was continued for another 3 hours at ambient temperature. The slurry was filtered and washed with methanol (250 mL). The solid was air-dried and then dried in vacuo at ambient temperature to a constant weight, giving 109.5 g (98% yield) of the crude product (85.8% ee). The crude solid (55.0 g) and methanol (440 mL) were brought to reflux for 1 hour, cooled to room temperature and stirred for an additional 3 hours at ambient temperature. The slurry was filtered and the filter cake was washed with methanol (200 mL). The solid was air-dried and then dried in vacuo at 30°C. to a constant weight, yielding 49.6 g (90%> recovery) of (S)-2-(3-ethoxy-4- methoxyphenyl)-l-(methylsulphonyl)-eth-2-ylamine-N-acety 1-L-leucine salt (98.4% ee). Chiral HPLC (1/99 EtOH/20 mM KH₂P0₄ @pH 7.0, Ultron Chiral ES-OVS from Agilent Technologies, 150 mm.times.4.6 mm, 0.5 mL/min., @240 nm): 18.4 min (S-isomer, 99.2%), 25.5 min (R-isomer, 0.8%)

5.1.4 Preparation of (+)-2-[l-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2- methanesulfonylethyl] -4-acetylaminoisoindolin- 1 ,3-dione

A 500 mL 3 -necked round bottom flask was equipped with a mechanical stirrer,

thermometer, and condenser. The reaction vessel was charged with (S)-2-(3-ethoxy-4- methoxyphenyl)-l-(methylsulphonyl)-eth-2-yl amine N-acetyl-L-leucine salt (25 g, 56 mmol, 98% ee), 3-acetamidophthalic anhydride (12.1 g, 58.8 mmol), and glacial acetic acid (250 mL). The mixture was refluxed over night and then cooled to <50°C. The solvent was removed in vacuo, and the residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate. The resulting solution was washed with water (250 mL x

2), saturated aqeous NaHC0₃ (250 mL.times.2), brine (250 mL.times.2), and dried over sodium sulphate. The solvent was evaporated in vacuo, and the residue recrystallized from a binary solvent containing ethanol (150 mL) and acetone (75 mL). The solid was isolated by vacuum filtration and washed with ethanol (100 mL.times.2). The product was dried in vacuo at 60°C. to a constant weight, affording 19.4 g (75% yield) of Compound 3 APREMILAST with 98% ee. Chiral HPLC (15/85 EtOH/20 mM KH₂P0₄ @pH 3.5, Ultron Chiral ES-OVS from Agilent Technology, 150 mm x 4.6 mm, 0.4 mL/min., @240 nm): 25.4 min (S-isomer, 98.7%), 29.5 min (R-isomer, 1.2%).

1H-NMR (CDC1₃) δ: 1.47 (t, 3H), 2.26 (s, 3H), 2.87 (s, 3H), 3.68-3.75 (dd, 1H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 4.07-4.15 (q, 2H), 4.51-4.61 (dd, 1H), 5.84-5.90 (dd, 1H), 6.82-8.77 (m, 6H), 9.46 (s, 1H).

¹³C-NMR(DMSO-d₆) δ: 14.66, 24.92, 41.61, 48.53, 54.46, 55.91, 64.51, 111.44, 112.40, 115.10, 118.20, 120.28, 124.94, 129.22, 131.02, 136.09, 137.60, 148.62, 149.74, 167.46, 169.14, 169.48.

…………………………………..

NMR

US20100129363

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 1.47 (t, 3H), 2.26 (s, 3H), 2.87 (s, 3H), 3.68-3.75 (dd, 1H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 4.07-4.15 (q, 2H), 4.51-4.61 (dd, 1H), 5.84-5.90 (dd, 1H), 6.82-8.77 (m, 6H), 9.46 (s, 1H). ¹³C-NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 14.66, 24.92, 41.61, 48.53, 54.46, 55.91, 64.51, 111.44, 112.40, 115.10, 118.20, 120.28, 124.94, 129.22, 131.02, 136.09, 137.60, 148.62, 149.74, 167.46, 169.14, 169.48.

…………….

APREMILAST

J. Med. Chem., 2009, 52 (6), pp 1522–1524

DOI: 10.1021/jm900210d

^aReagents and conditions: (a) LiN(SiMe₃)₂, then Me₂SO₂/n-BuLi/BF₃Et₂O, −78 °C; (b) N-Ac-l-leucine, MeOH; (c) HOAc, reflux.

……………………

SARCOIDOSIS

Sarcoidosis is a disease of unknown cause. Sarcoidosis is characterized by the presence of granulomas in one or more organ systems. The most common sites of involvement are the lungs and the lymph nodes in the mediastinum and hilar regions. However, sarcoidosis is a systemic disease and a variety of organ systems or tissues may be the source of primary or concomitant clinical manifestations and morbidity. The clinical course of sarcoidosis is extremely variable, and ranges from a mild or even asymptomatic disease with spontaneous resolution to a chronic progressive disease leading to organ system failure and, in 1-5% of cases, death. See Cecil

Textbook of Medicine, 21st ed. (Goldman, L., Bennett, J. C. eds), W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 2000, p. 433-436.

While the cause of sarcoidosis is unknown, a substantial body of information suggests that immune mechanisms are important in disease pathogenesis. For example, sarcoidosis is

characterized by enhanced lymphocyte and macrophage activity. See Thomas, P.D. and

Hunninghake, G.W., Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 1987, 135: 747-760. As sarcoidosis progresses, skin rashes, erythema nodosum and granulomas may form. Granulomas or fibrosis caused by sarcoidosis can occur throughout the body, and may affect the function of vital organs such as the lungs, heart, nervous system, liver or kidneys. In these cases, the sarcoidosis can be fatal. See

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sarcoidosis.html (accessed November 12, 2009).

Moreover, a variety of exogenous agents, both infectious and non-infectious, have been hypothesized as a possible cause of sarcoidosis. See Vokurka et ah, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 1997, 156: 1000-1003; Popper et al, Hum. Pathol, 1997, 28: 796-800; Almenoff et al, Thorax, 1996, 51 : 530-533; Baughman et al., Lancet, 2003, 361 : 1111-1118. These agents include mycobaceria, fungi, spirochetes, and the agent associated with Whipple’s disease. Id.

Sarcoidosis may be acute or chronic. Specific types of sarcoidosis include, but are not limited to, cardiac sarcoidosis, cutaneous sarcoidosis, hepatic sarcoidosis, oral sarcoidosis, pulmonary sarcoidosis, neurosarcoidosis, sinonasal sarcoidosis, Lofgren’s syndrome, lupus pernio, uveitis or chronic cutaneous sarcoidosis.

As the lung is constantly confronted with airborne substances, including pathogens, many researchers have directed their attention to identification of potential causative transmissible agents and their contribution to the mechanism of pulmonary granuloma formation associated with sarcoidosis. See Conron, M. and Du Bois, R.M., Clin. Exp. Allergy, 2001, 31 : 543-554; Agostini et al, Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med. , 2002, 8: 435-440.

Corticosteroid drugs are the primary treatment for the inflammation and granuloma formation associated with sarcoidosis. Rizatto et al. , Respiratory Medicine, 1997, 91 : 449-460. Prednisone is most often prescribed drug for the treatment of sarcoidosis. Additional drugs used to treat sarcoidosis include methotrexate, azathioprine, hydroxychloroquine, cyclophosphamide, minocycline, doxycycline and chloroquin. TNF-a blockers such as thalidomide and infliximab have been reported to be effective in treating patients with sarcoidosis. Baughman et al, Chest, 2002, 122: 227-232; Doty et al, Chest, 2005, 127: 1064-1071. Antibiotics have also been studied for the treatment of sarcoidosis, such as penicillin antibiotics, cephalosporin antibiotics, macrolide antibiotics, lincomycin antibiotics, and tetracycline antibiotics. Specific examples include minocycline hydrochloride, clindamycin, ampicillin, or clarithromycin. See, e.g., U.S. Patent Publication No. 2007/0111956.

There currently lacks a Food and Drug Administration-approved therapeutic agent for the treatment of sarcoidosis, and many patients are unable to tolerate the side effects of the standard corticosteroid therapy. See Doty et al, Chest, 2005, 127: 1064-1071. Furthermore, many cases of sarcoidosis are refractory to standard therapy. Id. Therefore, a demand exists for new methods and compositions that can be used to treat patients with sarcoidosis.

……………..

PATENTS

US8242310	8-15-2012	PROCESSES FOR THE PREPARATION OF AMINOSULFONE COMPOUNDS
US2011269753	11-4-2011	HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS AS PHOSPHODIESTERASE INHIBITORS
US2011124702	5-27-2011	Nanosuspension of a Poorly Soluble Drug via Microfluidization Process
US2010129363	5-28-2010	METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS USING PDE4 INHIBITORS FOR THE TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF CANCERS

THANKS AND REGARD’S
DR ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO Ph.D

GLENMARK SCIENTIST , NAVIMUMBAI, INDIA

did you feel happy, a head to toe paralysed man’s soul in action for you round the clock

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TEDIGLUTIDE ..Glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) analog; protects small intestinal stem cells from radiation damage.

January 8, 2014 5:14 am / Leave a comment

TEDUGLUTIDE
Glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) analog; protects small intestinal stem cells from radiation damage.

Gattex (teduglutide) is a recombinant analog of human glucagon-like peptide 2 for the treatment of adults with short bowel syndrome.

(Gly2)GLP-2
ALX 0600
ALX-0600
Gattex
Gly(2)-GLP-2
Teduglutide
UNII-7M19191IKG

[Gly2]hGLP-2, [Gly²]-hGLP-2, ALX-0600,

Gattex, Revestive

CAS number	197922-42-2

L-histidylglycyl-L-α-aspartylglycyl-L-seryl-L-phenylalanyl-L-seryl-L-α-aspartyl-L-α-glutamyl-L-methionyl-L-asparaginyl-L-threonyl-L-isoleucyl-L-leucyl-L-α-aspartyl-L-asparaginyl-L-leucyl-L-alanyl-L-alanyl-L-arginyl-L-α-aspartyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-isoleucyl-L-asparaginyl-L-tryptophyl-L-leucyl-L-isoleucyl-L-glutaminyl-L-threonyl-L-lysyl-L-isoleucyl-L-threonyl-L-aspartic acid

Formula	C₁₆₄H₂₅₂N₄₄O₅₅S
Mol. mass	3752.082 g/mol

Gattex, ALX-0600, (Gly2)GLP-2, Gly(2)-GLP-2, ALX 0600, [Gly2]GLP-2, Glucagon-like peptide II (2-glycine) (human), UNII-7M19191IKG

LAUNCHED 2013, NPS Pharmaceuticals

APPROVAL FDA

Company: NPS Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Date of Approval: December 21, 2012 FDA

NDA 203441

POWDER; SUBCUTANEOUS GATTEX

U-1320=TREATMENT OF ADULT PATIENTS WITH SHORT BOWEL SYNDROME WHO ARE DEPENDENT ON PARENTERAL SUPPORT

Patent No	Patent Expiry Date	Patent use code
5789379	Apr 14, 2015	U-1320
7056886	Sep 18, 2022	U-1320
7847061	Nov 1, 2025	U-1320

Exclusivity Code	Exclusivity_Date
ORPHAN DRUG EXCLUSIVITY	Dec 21, 2019
NEW CHEMICAL ENTITY	Dec 21, 2017

SEE FDA

http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/203441Orig1s000lbl.pdf

CLINICAL TRIALS

http://clinicaltrials.gov/search/intervention=Teduglutide+OR+ALX-0600

The active ingredient in GATTEX (teduglutide [rDNA origin]) for injection is teduglutide (rDNA origin), which is a 33 amino acid glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) analog manufactured using a strain of Escherichia coli modified byrecombinant DNA technology. The chemical name of teduglutide is L-histidyl-L-glycyl-L-aspartyl-L-glycyl-L-seryl-L-phenylalanyl-L-seryl-L-aspartyl-L-glutamyl-L-methionyl-L-asparaginyl-L-threonyl-L-isoleucyl-L-leucyl-L-aspartyl-L-asparaginyl-L-leucyl-L-alanyl-L-alanyl-L-arginyl-L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-isoleucyl-L-asparaginyl-L-tryptophanyl-L-leucyl-L-isoleucyl-L-glutaminyl-L-threonyl-L-lysyl-L-isoleucyl-L-threonyl-L-aspartic acid. The structural formula is:

Figure 1: Structural formula of teduglutide

Teduglutide has a molecular weight of 3752 Daltons. Teduglutide drug substance is a clear, colorless to light-straw–colored liquid.

Each single-use vial of GATTEX contains 5 mg of teduglutide as a white lyophilized powder for solution for subcutaneous injection. In addition to the active pharmaceutical ingredient (teduglutide), each vial of GATTEX contains 3.88 mg L-histidine, 15 mg mannitol, 0.644 mg monobasic sodium phosphate monohydrate, 3.434 mg dibasic sodium phosphate heptahydrate as excipients. No preservatives are present.

At the time of administration the lyophilized powder is reconstituted with 0.5 mL of Sterile Water for Injection, which is provided in a prefilled syringe. A 10 mg/mL sterile solution is obtained after reconstitution. Up to 0.38 mL of the reconstituted solution which contains 3.8 mg of teduglutide can be withdrawn for subcutaneous injection upon reconstitution.

Teduglutide (brand names Gattex and Revestive) is a 36-membered polypeptide andglucagon-like peptide-2 analog that is used for the treatment of short bowel syndrome. It works by promoting mucosal growth and possibly restoring gastric emptying and secretion.^[1] In Europe it is marketed under the brand Revestive by Nycomed. It was approved by the United States under the name Gattex on December 21, 2012.

Teduglutide is a proprietary analogue of glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) which was approved in the U.S. in December 2012 for the once-daily treatment of short-bowel syndrome in adults who are dependent on parenteral support. Commercial launch took place in 2013.The product was filed for approval in the E.U. in 2011 by Nycomed for this indication. In June 2012, a positive opinion was received in the E.U. and final approval was assigned in September 2012.

At NPS Pharmaceuticals, the compound is in phase III clinical development for this indication in pediatric patients and in phase II clinical studies for the treatment of Crohn’s disease. Preclinical studies are also ongoing at the company for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced enterocolitis and for the prevention and treatment of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in preterm infants.

Teduglutide has been found to induce intestinal hyperplasia, reduce apoptosis and inflammation and improve cell barrier integrity in animal models. In 2001, orphan drug designation was assigned to teduglutide for the treatment of short-bowel syndrome.

In 2007, the compound was licensed to Nycomed for development and commercialization outside the U.S., Canada and Mexico for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. In 2012, the product was licensed to Neopharm by NPS Pharmaceuticals in Israel for development and commercialization for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.

The estimated prevalence of short bowel syndrome (SBS) patients with non-malignant disease requiring home parenteral nutrition (HPN) is at least 40 per million of the U.S. population. SBS usually results from surgical resection of some or most of the small intestine for conditions such as Crohn’s disease, mesenteric infarction, volvulus, trauma, congenital anomalies, and multiple strictures due to adhesions or radiation. Surgical resection may also include resection of all or part of the colon. SBS patients suffer from malabsorption that may lead to malnutrition, dehydration and weight loss. Some patients can maintain their protein and energy balance through hyperphagia; more rarely they can sustain fluid and electrolyte requirements to become independent from parenteral fluid.

Although long-term parenteral nutrition (PN) is life saving in patients with intestinal failure, it is expensive, impairs quality of life and is associated with serious complications such as catheter sepsis, venous occlusions and liver failure. Treatments that amplify absolute intestinal absorption, and eliminate or minimize the need for PN have great potential significance to SBS patients.

The endogenous meal-stimulated hormone, glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), raises considerable interest for SBS patients. GLP-2 functions to slow gastric emptying, reduce gastric secretions, increase intestinal blood-flow and stimulate growth of the small and large intestine. In animal studies, GLP-2 administration induces mucosal epithelial proliferation in the stomach and small and large intestine by stimulation of crypt cell proliferation and inhibition of enterocyte apoptosis.

SBS patients with end-jejunostomy and no colon have low basal GLP-2 levels and limited meal-stimulated GLP-2 secretion due to removal of GLP-2 secreting L-cells, which are located primarily in the terminal ileum and colon. This GLP-2 deficiency results in a minimal adaptive response following resection and could explain the gastric hypersecretion, rapid intestinal transit and lack of intestinal adaptation observed in these SBS patients.

Jeppesen et al. (Gastroenterology 2001; 120:806-815) have described positive benefit in an open-label study using pharmacologic doses of native GLP-2 in SBS jejunostomy patients. There was significant improvement in intestinal wet weight absorption and a more modest improvement in energy absorption that led to an increase in body weight, lean body mass and a rise in urinary creatinine excretion.

In contrast, SBS patients with colon-in-continuity have elevated basal endogenous GLP-2 levels resulting in an adaptive response to resection characterized by improved wet weight gain and energy absorption. The potential for added benefit of pharmacologic doses of GLP-2 receptor agonists in these patients is not obvious and has not been studied.

TEDUGLUTIDE

Jeppesen PB (May 2012). “Teduglutide, a novel glucagon-like peptide 2 analog, in the treatment of patients with short bowel syndrome”. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 5 (3): 159–71. doi:10.1177/1756283X11436318. PMC 3342570. PMID 22570676.
US 2013157954
WO 2006050244
WO 2005021022
US 6586399
WO 2002066062
US 6297214
US 2001021767
WO 2001041779
WO 1999058144
WO 1998052600

Gattex Approved By FDA For Short Bowel Syndrome

Gattex (teduglutide) has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to be used in patients that have short bowel syndrome and require parenteral nutrition.

The drug, once it is in the market, will compete against two others that have been approved by the FDA for this type of patient population. Those two medications are Nutrestore (glutamine) and Zorbtive (Somatropin).

Short bowel syndrome comes on following the removal surgically of part of the large or small intestine or part of both. Patients who are affected must have parenteral nutrition due to the poor absorption they have of nutrients and fluids. Teduglutide is injected one time each day and improves the absorption making it less important to have nutrition assistance.

The advisory committee for the FDA voted unanimously in October to recommend the drug’s approval after seeing the results from a pair of clinical trials that showed the advantage teduglutide had over just a placebo in at least a reduction of 20% in the amount of parenteral nutrition at 6 months.

During the first clinical trial, 46% of the patients that took the drug saw a level of reduction, which was compared to only 6% who had taken only a placebo. In the other study, the figure increased to 63%, while the placebo rated was up to 30%

The side effects most common found in those who use teduglutide during the trials included nausea, reactions around the injection site, abdominal pain abdominal distension and headaches.

………..

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THANKS AND REGARD’S
DR ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO Ph.D

GLENMARK SCIENTIST , NAVIMUMBAI, INDIA

did you feel happy, a head to toe paralysed man’s soul in action for you round the clock

need help, email or call me

amcrasto@gmail.com

MOBILE-+91 9323115463

web link

http://about.me/amcrasto
http://anthonymelvincrasto.brandyourself.com/

I was paralysed in dec2007, Posts dedicated to my family, my organisation Glenmark, Your readership keeps me going and brings smiles to my family

CASOPITANT

January 7, 2014 10:23 am / 1 Comment on CASOPITANT

CASOPITANT

READ ALL AT

http://worlddrugtracker.blogspot.in/2014/01/casopitant.html

Aeterna Zentaris Submits New Drug Application to FDA for Macimorelin Acetate (AEZS-130) for Evaluation of AGHD

January 7, 2014 6:14 am / 2 Comments on Aeterna Zentaris Submits New Drug Application to FDA for Macimorelin Acetate (AEZS-130) for Evaluation of AGHD

New Drug Approvals

Macimorelin

CAS 381231-18-1

Chemical Formula: C26H30N6O3

Exact Mass: 474.23794

Molecular Weight: 474.55480

Elemental Analysis: C, 65.80; H, 6.37; N, 17.71; O, 10.11

zoom the structure

945212-59-9 (Macimorelin acetate)

AEZS-130
ARD-07
D-87875
EP-01572
EP-1572
JMV-1843

USAN (ab-26)
MACIMORELIN ACETATE

THERAPEUTIC CLAIM
Diagnostic agent for adult growth hormone deficiency (AGHD)
CHEMICAL NAMES
1. D-Tryptophanamide, 2-methylalanyl-N-[(1R)-1-(formylamino)-2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-, acetate (1:1)
2. N2-(2-amino-2-methylpropanoyl-N1-[(1R)-1-formamido-2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]- D-tryptophanamide acetate

MOLECULAR FORMULA
C26H30N6O3.C2H4O2
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
534.6

SPONSOR
Aeterna Zentaris GmbH
CODE DESIGNATIONS
D-87575, EP 1572, ARD 07
CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
945212-59-9

Macimorelin (also known as AEZS-130, EP-1572) is a novel synthetic small molecule, acting as a ghrelin agonist, that is orally active and stimulates the secretion of growth hormone (GH). Based on results of Phase 1 studies, AEZS-130 has potential applications for the treatment of cachexia, a condition frequently associated with severe chronic diseases such as cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and AIDS. In addition to the therapeutic application, a Phase 3 trial with AEZS-130 as a…

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Gattex Approved By FDA For Short Bowel Syndrome

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