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Amprenavir (Agenerase, GlaxoSmithKline) is a protease inhibitor…….

July 2, 2014 6:16 am / Leave a comment

AMPRENAVIR

Amprenavir (Agenerase, GlaxoSmithKline) is a protease inhibitor used to treat HIV infection. It was approved by the Food and Drug Administration on April 15, 1999, for twice-a-day dosing instead of needing to be taken every eight hours. The convenient dosing came at a price, as the dose required is 1,200 mg, delivered in eight very large gel capsules.

Production of amprenavir was discontinued by the manufacturer December 31, 2004; a prodrug version (fosamprenavir) is available.

HIV-1 Protease dimer with Amprenavir (sticks) bound in the active site. PDB entry 3nu3 ^[1]

Systematic (IUPAC) name
(3S)-oxolan-3-yl N-[(2S,3R)-3-hydroxy-4-[N-(2-methylpropyl)(4-aminobenzene)sulfonamido]-1-phenylbutan-2-yl]carbamate
Clinical data
Trade names	Agenerase
AHFS/Drugs.com	monograph
MedlinePlus	a699051
Licence data	EMA:Link, US FDA:link
Pregnancy cat.	C (US)

Routes	oral
Pharmacokinetic data
Protein binding	90%
Metabolism	hepatic
Half-life	7.1-10.6 hours
Excretion	<3% renal
Identifiers
CAS number	161814-49-9
ATC code	J05AE05
PubChem	CID 65016
DrugBank	DB00701
ChemSpider	58532
UNII	5S0W860XNR
KEGG	D00894
ChEBI	CHEBI:40050
ChEMBL	CHEMBL116
NIAID ChemDB	006080
Chemical data
Formula	C₂₅H₃₅N₃O₆S
Mol. mass	505.628 g/mol

Production of amprenavir was discontinued by the manufacturer December 31, 2004; a prodrug version (fosamprenavir) is available

………………….

New approaches to the industrial synthesis of HIV protease inhibitors

http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2004/ob/b404071f/unauth#!divAbstract

Efficient and industrially applicable synthetic processes for precursors of HIV protease inhibitors (Amprenavir, Fosamprenavir) are described. These involve a novel and economical method for the preparation of a key intermediate, (3S)-hydroxytetrahydrofuran, from L-malic acid. Three new approaches to the assembly of Amprenavir are also discussed. Of these, a synthetic route in which an (S)-tetrahydrofuranyloxy carbonyl is attached to L-phenylalanine appears to be the most promising manufacturing process, in that it offers satisfactory stereoselectivity in fewer steps.

Graphical abstract: New approaches to the industrial synthesis of HIV protease inhibitors

…………………………………………………………………

http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1984-82502010000300003&script=sci_arttext

AGENERASE (amprenavir) is an inhibitor of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease. The chemical name of amprenavir is (3S)-tetrahydro-3-furyl N-[(1S,2R)-3-(4-amino-N-isobutylbenzenesulfonamido)-1-benzyl-2-hydroxypropyl]carbamate. Amprenavir is a single stereoisomer with the (3S)(1S,2R) configuration. It has a molecular formula of C₂₅H₃₅N₃O₆S and a molecular weight of 505.64. It has the following structural formula:

AGENERASE® (amprenavir) Structural Formula Illustration

Amprenavir is a white to cream-colored solid with a solubility of approximately 0.04 mg/mL in water at 25°C.

AGENERASE Capsules (amprenavir capsules) are

available for oral administration. Each 50- mg capsule contains the inactive ingredients d-alpha tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS), polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) 246.7 mg, and propylene glycol 19 mg. The capsule shell contains the inactive ingredients d-sorbitol and sorbitans solution, gelatin, glycerin, and titanium dioxide. The soft gelatin capsules are printed with edible red ink. Each 50- mg AGENERASE Capsule contains 36.3 IU vitamin E in the form of TPGS. The total amount of vitamin E in the recommended daily adult dose of AGENERASE is 1,744 IU.

External links

Amprenavir bound to proteins in the PDB

CHMP backs B-MS HCV drug and Lilly Lantus biosimilar

July 2, 2014 5:47 am / 2 Comments on CHMP backs B-MS HCV drug and Lilly Lantus biosimilar

CHMP backs B-MS HCV drug and Lilly Lantus biosimilar

World News | June 29, 2014

Kevin Grogan

The latest set of opinions from advisors to the European Medicines Agency include recommendations to approve six new medicines, including Bristol-Myers Squibb’s new hepatitis C drug and Eli Lilly’s biosimilar of the Sanofi diabetes blockbuster Lantus.

Luseogliflozin, TS 071…………. strongly inhibited SGLT2 activity,

July 1, 2014 5:44 am / 2 Comments on Luseogliflozin, TS 071…………. strongly inhibited SGLT2 activity,

LUSEOGLIFLOZIN, CAS 898537-18-3
An antidiabetic agent that inhibits sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2).

(1S)-1,5-Anhydro-1-[5-(4-ethoxybenzyl)-2-methoxy-4-methylphenyl]-1-thio-d-glucitol

(1S)-1,5-anhydro-1-[3-(4-ethoxybenzyl)-6-methoxy-4-methylphenyl]-1-thio-D-glucitol

Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd

Taisho (Originator), PHASE 3

Click to access 2013041801-e.pdf

TS-071

Taisho Pharmaceutical Holdings Co. Ltd.
Description	Oral sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor

Links

WO 2010119990

WO2006073197

TS-071, an SGLT-2 inhibitor, is in phase III clinical development at Taisho for the oral treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes

In 2012, the product was licensed to Novartis and Taisho Toyama Pharmaceutical by Taisho in Japan for comarketing for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder which is rapidly emerging as a global health care problem that threatens to reach pandemic levels. The number of people with diabetes worldwide is expected to rise from 285 million in 2010 to 438 million by 2030. Diabetes results from deficiency in insulin because of impaired pancreatic β-cell function or from resistance to insulin in body, thus leading to abnormally high levels of blood glucose.

Diabetes which results from complete deficiency in insulin secretion is Type 1 diabetes and the diabetes due to resistance to insulin activity together with an inadequate insulin secretion is Type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes (Non insulin dependent diabetes) accounts for 90-95 % of all diabetes. An early defect in Type 2 diabetes mellitus is insulin resistance which is a state of reduced responsiveness to circulating concentrations of insulin and is often present years before clinical diagnosis of diabetes. A key component of the pathophysiology of Type 2 diabetes mellitus involves an impaired pancreatic β-cell function which eventually contributes to decreased insulin secretion in response to elevated plasma glucose. The β-cell compensates for insulin resistance by increasing the insulin secretion, eventually resulting in reduced β-cell mass. Consequently, blood glucose levels stay at abnormally high levels (hyperglycemia).

Hyperglycemia is central to both the vascular consequences of diabetes and the progressive nature of the disease itself. Chronic hyperglycemia leads to decrease in insulin secretion and further to decrease in insulin sensitivity. As a result, the blood glucose concentration is increased, leading to diabetes, which is self-exacerbated. Chronic hyperglycemia has been shown to result in higher protein glycation, cell apoptosis and increased oxidative stress; leading to complications such as cardiovascular disease, stroke, nephropathy, retinopathy (leading to visual impairment or blindness), neuropathy, hypertension, dyslipidemia, premature atherosclerosis, diabetic foot ulcer and obesity. So, when a person suffers from diabetes, it becomes important to control the blood glucose level. Normalization of plasma glucose in Type 2 diabetes patients improves insulin action and may offset the development of beta cell failure and diabetic complications in the advanced stages of the disease.

Diabetes is basically treated by diet and exercise therapies. However, when sufficient relief is not obtained by these therapies, medicament is prescribed alongwith. Various antidiabetic agents being currently used include biguanides (decrease glucose production in the liver and increase sensitivity to insulin), sulfonylureas and meglitinides (stimulate insulin production), a-glucosidase inhibitors (slow down starch absorption and glucose production) and thiazolidinediones (increase insulin sensitivity). These therapies have various side effects: biguanides cause lactic acidosis, sulfonylurea compounds cause significant hypoglycemia, a-glucosidase inhibitors cause abdominal bloating and diarrhea, and thiazolidinediones cause edema and weight gain. Recently introduced line of therapy includes inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) enzyme, which may be useful in the treatment of diabetes, particularly in Type 2 diabetes. DPP-IV inhibitors lead to decrease in inactivation of incretins glucagon like peptide- 1 (GLP-1) and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), thus leading to increased production of insulin by the pancreas in a glucose dependent manner. All of these therapies discussed, have an insulin dependent mechanism.

Another mechanism which offers insulin independent means of reducing glycemic levels, is the inhibition of sodium glucose co-transporters (SGLTs). In healthy individuals, almost 99% of the plasma glucose filtered in the kidneys is reabsorbed, thus leading to only less than 1% of the total filtered glucose being excreted in urine. Two types of SGLTs, SGLT-1 and SGLT-2, enable the kidneys to recover filtered glucose. SGLT-1 is a low capacity, high-affinity transporter expressed in the gut (small intestine epithelium), heart, and kidney (S3 segment of the renal proximal tubule), whereas SGLT-2 (a 672 amino acid protein containing 14 membrane-spanning segments), is a low affinity, high capacity glucose ” transporter, located mainly in the S 1 segment of the proximal tubule of the kidney. SGLT-2 facilitates approximately 90% of glucose reabsorption and the rate of glucose filtration increases proportionally as the glycemic level increases. The inhibition of SGLT-2 should be highly selective, because non-selective inhibition leads to complications such as severe, sometimes fatal diarrhea, dehydration, peripheral insulin resistance, hypoglycemia in CNS and an impaired glucose uptake in the intestine.

Humans lacking a functional SGLT-2 gene appear to live normal lives, other than exhibiting copious glucose excretion with no adverse effects on carbohydrate metabolism. However, humans with SGLT-1 gene mutations are unable to transport glucose or galactose normally across the intestinal wall, resulting in condition known as glucose-galactose malabsorption syndrome.

Hence, competitive inhibition of SGLT-2, leading to renal excretion of glucose represents an attractive approach to normalize the high blood glucose associated with diabetes. Lower blood glucose levels would, in turn, lead to reduced rates of protein glycation, improved insulin sensitivity in liver and peripheral tissues, and improved cell function. As a consequence of progressive reduction in hepatic insulin resistance, the elevated hepatic glucose output which is characteristic of Type 2 diabetes would be expected to gradually diminish to normal values. In addition, excretion of glucose may reduce overall caloric load and lead to weight loss. Risk of hypoglycemia associated with SGLT-2 inhibition mechanism is low, because there is no interference with the normal counter regulatory mechanisms for glucose.

The first known non-selective SGLT-2 inhibitor was the natural product phlorizin

(glucose, 1 -[2-P-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-4,6-dihydroxyphenyl]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)- 1 – propanone). Subsequently, several other synthetic analogues were derived based on the structure of phlorizin. Optimisation of the scaffolds to achieve selective SGLT-2 inhibitors led to the discovery of several considerably different scaffolds.

C-glycoside derivatives have been disclosed, for example, in PCT publications

W_.O20040131 18, WO2005085265, WO2006008038, WO2006034489, WO2006037537, WO2006010557, WO2006089872, WO2006002912, WO2006054629, WO2006064033, WO2007136116, WO2007000445, WO2007093610, WO2008069327, WO2008020011, WO2008013321, WO2008013277, WO2008042688, WO2008122014, WO2008116195, WO2008042688, WO2009026537, WO2010147430, WO2010095768, WO2010023594, WO2010022313, WO2011051864, WO201 1048148 and WO2012019496 US patents US65151 17B2, US6936590B2 and US7202350B2 and Japanese patent application JP2004359630. The compounds shown below are the SGLT-2 inhibitors which have reached advanced stages of human clinical trials: Bristol-Myers Squibb’s “Dapagliflozin” with Formula A, Mitsubishi Tanabe and Johnson & Johnson’s “Canagliflozin” with Formula B, Lexicon’s “Lx-421 1″ with Formula C, Boehringer Ingelheim and Eli Lilly’s “Empagliflozin” with Formula D, Roche and Chugai’s “Tofogliflozin” with Formula E, Taisho’s “Luseogliflozin” with Formula F, Pfizer’ s “Ertugliflozin” with Formula G and Astellas and Kotobuki’s “Ipragliflozin” with Formula H.

Formula G Formula H

In spite of all these molecules in advanced stages of human clinical trials, there is still no drug available in the market as SGLT-2 inhibitor. Out of the potential candidates entering the clinical stages, many have been discontinued, emphasizing the unmet need. Thus there is an ongoing requirement to screen more scaffolds useful as SGLT-2 inhibitors that can have advantageous potency, stability, selectivity, better half-life, and/ or better pharmacodynamic properties. In this regard, a novel class of SGLT-2 inhibitors is provided herein

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SYNTHESIS

Links

EP1845095A1

Example 5

Synthesis of 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-1-C-[2-methoxy-4-methyl-(4-ethoxybenzyl)phenyl]-5-thio-D-glucopyranose

Five drops of 1,2-dibromoethane were added to a mixture of magnesium (41 mg, 1.67 mmol), 1-bromo-3-(4-ethoxybenzyl)-6-methoxy-4-methylbenzene (0.51 g, 1.51 mmol) and tetrahydrofuran (2 mL). After heated to reflux for one hour, this mixture was allowed to stand still to room temperature to prepare a Grignard reagent. A tetrahydrofuran solution (1.40 mL) of 1.0 M i-propyl magnesium chloride and the prepared Grignard reagent were added dropwise sequentially to a tetrahydrofuran (5 mL) solution of 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-5-thio-D-glucono-1,5-lactone (0.76 g, 1.38 mmol) while cooled on ice and the mixture was stirred for 30 minutes. After the reaction mixture was added with a saturated ammonium chloride aqueous solution and extracted with ethyl acetate, the organic phase was washed with brine and dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate. After the desiccant was filtered off, the residue obtained by evaporating the solvent under reduced pressure was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane:ethyl acetate =4:1) to obtain (0.76 g, 68%) a yellow oily title compound.
¹H NMR (300 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 1.37 (t, J=6.92 Hz, 3 H) 2.21 (s, 3 H) 3.51 – 4.20 (m, 12 H) 3.85 – 3.89 (m, 3 H) 4.51 (s, 2 H) 4.65 (d, J=10.72 Hz, 1 H) 4.71 (d, J=5.75 Hz, 1 H) 4.78 – 4.99 (m, 3 H) 6.59 – 7.43 (m, 26 H)

Example 6

[0315]

Synthesis of (1S)-1,5-anhydro-2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-1-[2-methoxy-4-methyl-5-(4-ethoxybenzyl)phenyl]-1-thio-D-glucitol

An acetonitrile (18 mL) solution of 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-1-C-[2-methoxy-4-methyl-5-(4-ethoxybenzyl)phenyl]-5-thio-D-glucopyranose (840 mg, 1.04 mmol) was added sequentially with Et₃SiH (0.415 mL, 2.60 mmol) and BF₃·Et₂O (0.198 mL, 1.56 mmol) at -18°C and stirred for an hour. After the reaction mixture was added with a saturated sodium bicarbonate aqueous solution and extracted with ethyl acetate, the organic phase was washed with brine and then dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate. After the desiccant was filtered off, the residue obtained by evaporating the solvent under reduced pressure was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane:ethyl acetate=4:1) to obtain the title compound (640 mg, 77%).
¹H NMR (600 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 1.35 (t, J=6.88 Hz, 3 H) 2.21 (s, 3 H) 3.02 – 3.21 (m, 1 H) 3.55 (t,J=9.40 Hz, 1 H) 3.71 (s, 1 H) 3.74 – 3.97 (m, 10 H) 4.01 (s, 1 H) 4.45 – 4.56 (m, 3 H) 4.60 (d, J=10.55 Hz, 2 H) 4.86 (s, 2 H) 4.90 (d, J=10.55 Hz, 1H) 6.58 – 6.76 (m, 5 H) 6.90 (d, J=7.34 Hz, 1 H) 7.09 – 7.19 (m, 5 H) 7.23 – 7.35 (m, 15 H).
ESI m/z = 812 (M+NH₄).

Example 7

Synthesis of (1S)-1,5-anhydro-1-[3-(4-ethoxybenzyl)-6-methoxy-4-methylphenyl]-1-thio-D-glucitol

A mixture of (1S)-1,5-anhydro-2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-1-[2-methoxy-4-methyl-5-(4-ethoxybenzyl)phenyl]-1-thio-D-glucitol (630 mg, 0.792 mmol), 20% palladium hydroxide on activated carbon (650 mg) and ethyl acetate (10 mL) – ethanol (10 mL) was stirred under hydrogen atmosphere at room temperature for 66 hours. The insolubles in the reaction mixture were filtered off with celite and the filtrate was concentrated. The obtained residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (chloroform:methanol =10:1) to obtain a colorless powdery title compound (280 mg, 81%) as 0.5 hydrate. 1H NMR (600 MHz, METHANOL- d₄) δ ppm 1.35 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 3 H) 2.17 (s, 3 H) 2.92 – 3.01 (m, 1 H) 3.24 (t, J=8.71 Hz, 1 H) 3.54 – 3.60 (m, 1 H) 3.72 (dd, J=11.5, 6.4 Hz, 1 H) 3.81 (s, 3 H) 3.83 (s, 2 H) 3.94 (dd, J=11.5, 3.7 Hz, 1 H) 3.97 (q, J=6.9 Hz, 2 H) 4.33 (s, 1 H) 6.77 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2 H) 6.76 (s, 1 H) 6.99 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2 H) 7.10 (s, 1 H). ESI m/z = 452 (M+NH4+), 493 (M+CH3CO2-). mp 155.0-157.0°C. Anal. Calcd for C₂₃H₃₀O₆S·0.5H₂O: C, 62.28; H, 7.06. Found: C, 62.39; H, 7.10.

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PAPER

Links

(1S)-1,5-Anhydro-1-[5-(4-ethoxybenzyl)-2-methoxy-4-methylphenyl]-1-thio-d-glucitol (TS-071) is a Potent, Selective Sodium-Dependent Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitor for Type 2 Diabetes Treatment
(Journal of Medicinal Chemistry) Saturday March 20th 2010
Author(s): ,
DOI:10.1021/jm901893x Links
GO TO: [Article]

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jm901893x

(1S)-1,5-Anhydro-1-[5-(4-ethoxybenzyl)-2-methoxy-4-methylphenyl]-1-thio-d-glucitol (3p)

Compound 3p (0.281 g, 81%) was prepared as a colorless powder from 21p (0.630 g, 0.792 mmol) according to the method described for the synthesis of 3a. (Method A)

mp 155.0−157.0 °C.

¹H NMR (600 MHz, MeOH-d₄) δ 1.35 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 3 H), 2.17 (s, 3 H), 2.92−3.01 (m, 1 H), 3.24 (t, J = 8.7 Hz, 1 H), 3.54−3.60 (m, 1 H), 3.72 (dd, J = 6.4, 11.5, Hz, 1 H), 3.81 (s, 3 H), 3.83 (s, 2 H), 3.94 (dd, J = 3.7, 11.5 Hz, 1 H), 3.97 (q, J = 6.9 Hz, 2 H), 4.33 (brs, 1 H), 6.77 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2 H), 6.76 (s, 1 H), 6.99 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2 H), 7.10 (s, 1 H).

MS (ESI) m/z 452 (M+NH₄).

Anal. Calcd for (C₂₃H₃₀O₆S·0.5H₂O) C, 62.28; H, 7.06. Found C, 62.39; H, 7.10.

3p is compd

cmpds	R¹	R²	R³	SGLT2 (nM) mean (95% CI)	SGLT1 (nM) mean (95% CI)	T1/T2 selectivity
1				27.8 (21.8−35.3)	246 (162−374)	8.8
3a	H	H	OEt	73.6 (51.4−105)	26100 (20300−33700)	355
3b	H	OH	OEt	283 (268−298)	14600 (11500−18500)	51.6
3c	H	OMe	OEt	13.4 (11.3−15.8)	565 (510−627)	42.2
3d	H	F	OEt	9.40 (5.87−15.0)	7960 (7180−8820)	847
3e	H	Me	OEt	2.29 (1.76−2.99)	671 (230−1960)	293
3f	H	Cl	OEt	1.77 (0.95−3.30)	1210 (798−1840)	684
3g	OH	H	OEt	17.4 (15.9−19.0)	4040 (1200−13600)	232
3h	OMe	H	OEt	37.9 (26.4−54.4)	100000 (66500−151000)	2640
3i	OMe	OMe	OEt	10.8 (6.84−17.1)	4270 (1560−11600)	395
3j	H	Cl	OMe	1.68 (1.08−2.60)	260 (72.5−931)	155
3k	H	Cl	Me	1.37 (0.97−1.95)	209 (80.2−545)	153
3l	H	Cl	Et	1.78 (0.88−3.63)	602 (473−767)	338
3m	H	Cl	iPr	4.01 (1.75−9.17)	8160 (4860−13700)	2040
3n	H	Cl	tBu	18.8 (11.0−32.1)	35600 (31900−39800)	1890
3o	H	Cl	SMe	1.16 (0.73−1.85)	391 (239−641)	337
3p	OMe	Me	OEt	2.26 (1.48−3.43)	3990 (2690−5920)	1770
3q	OMe	Me	Et	1.71 (1.19−2.46)	2830 (1540−5200)	1650
3r	OMe	Me	iPr	2.68 (2.15−3.34)	17300 (14100−21100)	6400
3s	OMe	Cl	Et	1.51 (0.75−3.04)	3340 (2710−4110)	2210

Links

PATENT

Patent	Filing date	Publication date	Applicant	Title
WO2004014930A1 *	Aug 8, 2003	Feb 19, 2004	Asanuma Hajime	PROCESS FOR SELECTIVE PRODUCTION OF ARYL 5-THIO-β-D- ALDOHEXOPYRANOSIDES

* Cited by examiner

NON-PATENT CITATIONS

Reference
1	*	AL-MASOUDI, NAJIM A. ET AL: “Synthesis of some novel 1-(5-thio-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl)-6-azaur acil derivatives. Thio sugar nucleosides” NUCLEOSIDES & NUCLEOTIDES , 12(7), 687-99 CODEN: NUNUD5; ISSN: 0732-8311, 1993, XP008091463
2	*	See also references of WO2006073197A1

EP2419097A1 *	Apr 16, 2010	Feb 22, 2012	Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.	Pharmaceutical compositions
EP2455374A1 *	Oct 15, 2009	May 23, 2012	Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V.	Process for the Preparation of Compounds useful as inhibitors of SGLT
EP2601949A2 *	Apr 16, 2010	Jun 12, 2013	Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.	Pharmaceutical compositions
EP2668953A1 *	May 15, 2009	Dec 4, 2013	Bristol-Myers Squibb Company	Pharmaceutical compositions comprising an SGLT2 inhibitor with a supply of carbohydrate and/or an inhibitor of uric acid synthesis
WO2009143020A1	May 15, 2009	Nov 26, 2009	Bristol-Myers Squibb Company	Method for treating hyperuricemia employing an sglt2 inhibitor and composition containing same
WO2010043682A2 *	Oct 15, 2009	Apr 22, 2010	Janssen Pharmaceutica Nv	Process for the preparation of compounds useful as inhibitors of sglt
WO2010119990A1	Apr 16, 2010	Oct 21, 2010	Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.	Pharmaceutical compositions
WO2013152654A1 *	Mar 14, 2013	Oct 17, 2013	Theracos, Inc.	Process for preparation of benzylbenzene sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 2 (sglt2) inhibitors

Links

Luseogliflozin: Phase III data 10/21/2013

Week in Review, Clinical Results

Taisho Pharmaceutical Holdings Co. Ltd. (Tokyo:4581), Tokyo, Japan Product: Luseogliflozin (TS-071) Business: Endocrine/Metabolic Molecular target: Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Description: Oral sodium-glucose…
Luseogliflozin: Phase III data 10/21/2013

Week in Review, Clinical Results

Taisho Pharmaceutical Holdings Co. Ltd. (Tokyo:4581), Tokyo, Japan Product: Luseogliflozin (TS-071) Business: Endocrine/Metabolic Molecular target: Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Description: Oral sodium-glucose…
Luseogliflozin regulatory update 05/13/2013

Week in Review, Regulatory

Taisho Pharmaceutical Holdings Co. Ltd. (Tokyo:4581), Tokyo, Japan Product: Luseogliflozin (TS-071) Business: Endocrine/Metabolic Last month, Taisho’s Taisho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. subsidiary submitted a regulatory …
Strategy: Doubling down in diabetes 05/06/2013
Merck shoring up slowing diabetes franchise with Pfizer, Abide deals

BioCentury on BioBusiness, Strategy

As sales flatten for Merck’s sitagliptin franchise and a new class of oral diabetes drugs comes to market, the pharma has tapped Pfizer and Abide to shore up its position.

see

http://www.abstractsonline.com/Plan/ViewAbstract.aspx?sKey=cd5f5c06-c07f-4dc8-8922-44f431e2a6bb&cKey=1a3e5ff0-564c-4606-99a0-5dd71879bc5c&mKey=%7BBAFB2746-B0DD-4110-8588-E385FAF957B7%7D Links

SEE

http://www.clinicaltrials.jp/user/showCteDetailE.jsp?japicId=JapicCTI-132352

RedHill Biopharma Ltd. Acquires Phase 2 Oncology Drug Upamostat MESUPRON From Wilex AG

July 1, 2014 4:00 am / Leave a comment

Upamostat

CAS: 590368-25-5

Chemical Formula: C32H47N5O6S

Exact Mass: 629.32470

Synonym: WX 671; WX-671; WX671. Upamostat; Brand name: Mesupron.

IUPAC/Chemical name:

(S)-ethyl 4-(3-(3-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)phenyl)-2-(2,4,6-triisopropylphenylsulfonamido)propanoyl)piperazine-1-carboxylate

RedHill Biopharma Ltd. , an Israeli biopharmaceutical company focused on late clinical-stage drugs for inflammatory and gastrointestinal diseases, including cancer, and WILEX AG , a biopharmaceutical company focused on oncology, based in Munich, Germany, today announced that they have signed an exclusive license agreement for the oncology drug … (more)

http://www.topix.com/de/munich/2014/06/redhill-biopharma-ltd-acquires-phase-2-oncology-drug-mesupron-from-wilex-ag

Upamostat, also known as Mesupron, WX-671, is an orally bioavailable, 3-amidinophenylalanine-derived, second generation serine protease inhibitor prodrug targeting the human urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) system with potential antineoplastic and antimetastatic activities. After oral administration, serine protease inhibitor WX-671 is converted to the active Nα-(2,4,6-triisopropylphenylsulfonyl)-3-amidino-(L)-phenyla lanine-4-ethoxycarbonylpiperazide (WX-UK1), which inhibits several serine proteases, particularly uPA; inhibition of uPA may result in the inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis. uPA is a serine protease involved in degradation of the extracellular matrix and tumor cell migration and proliferation.

Information about this agent

WX-671 (Mesupron) is an orally available prodrug of WX-UK1, a serine protease inhibitor that inhibits uPA as well as other serine proteases. WX-UK1 (Setyono-Han et al., Thromb Haemost 2005) and WX-671 have shown to efficiently reduce primary tumor growth and metastasis formation in a variety of animal models. The proteolytic factor uPA and its inhibitor PAI-1 belong to those biological factors which have provided the highest level of evidence (LOE1) in terms of their prognostic and predictive significance. WX-671 is currently the only drug in Phase II aiming at this target.Results: All 95 patients were accrued between Jun 2007 and Aug 2008. Efficacy is assessed by a central reader at regular intervals based on digital CT images. By end of 2009, 2 patients were still on treatment without signs of progression, 64 patients had died. Preliminary analysis of overall survival showed an increase in overall survival from 10.2 mo (gemcitabine alone) to 13.5 mo for the combination of gemcitabine and WX-671. 1-year survival increased from 37% with gemcitabine to 53% when combined with 400 mg WX- 671. Conclusions: The combination of daily oral WX-671 in combination with weekly i.v. gemcitabine was well tolerated. see asco.com’s website.

References

1. Analysis of highly potent amidine containing inhibitors of serine proteases and their N-hydroxylated prodrugs (amidoximes) By Kotthaus, Joscha; Steinmetzer, Torsten; van de Locht, Andreas; Clement, Bernd From Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry (2011), 26(1), 115-122.

2. Combined treatment of cancer by urokinase inhibition and a cytostatic anti-cancer agent for enhancing the anti-metastatic effect By Schmalix, Wolfgang; Schneider, Anneliese; Setyono-Han, Buddy; Foekens, Johannes From U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. (2008), US 20080226624 A1 20080918.

3. Peptides and small molecules targeting the plasminogen activation system: towards prophylactic anti-metastasis drugs for breast cancer By Tyndall, Joel D. A.; Kelso, Michael J.; Clingan, Phillip; Ranson, Marie From Recent Patents on Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery (2008), 3(1), 1-13.

4. Synthesis of hydroxyamidine and hydroxyguanidine amino acid or oligopeptide derivatives for use as urokinase plasminogen activator inhibitors for the treatment of cancer and its metastasis By Sperl, Stefan; Buergle, Markus; Schmalix, Wolfgang; Wosikowski, Katja; Clement, Bernd From U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. (2006), US 20060142305 A1 20060629.

5. Crystalline modifications of N-α-(2,4,6-triisopropylphenylsulfonyl)-3-hydroxyamidino-(l)-phenylalanine-4-ethoxycarbonylpiperazide and/or its salts By Grunenberg, Alfons; Lenz, Jana From PCT Int. Appl. (2006), WO 2006056448 A1 20060601.

6. Synthesis of hydroxyamidine and hydroxyguanidine amino acid or oligopeptide derivatives for use as urokinase plasminogen activator inhibitors for the treatment of cancer and its metastasis By Sperl, Stefan; Burgle, Markus; Schmalix, Wolfgang; Wosikowski, Katja; Clement, Bernd From PCT Int. Appl. (2004), WO 2004103984 A1 20041202.

7. Preparation of 3-amidinophenylalanine derivatives from 3-cyanophenylalanines via reduction and hydrogenation under mild conditions By Ziegler, Hugo; Wikstroem, Peter From PCT Int. Appl. (2003), WO 2003072559 A1 20030904.

1. Buddy et al, Suppression of Rat Brest Cancer Metastasis and Reduction of Primary Tumor Growth by the Small Synthetic Urokinase Inhibitor WX-UK1. Thromb Haemost. 2005, 93:779-786.

2. Ertongur S, Lang S, Mack B, Wosikowski K, Muehlenweg B, Gires O. Inhibition of the invasion capacity of carcinoma cells by WX-UK1, a novel synthetic inhibitor of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator system. Int J Cancer. 2004, 110(6):815-24.

3. Setyono-Han B, Stürzebecher J, Schmalix WA, Muehlenweg B, Sieuwerts AM, Timmermans M, Magdolen V, Schmitt M, Klijn JG, Foekens JA. Suppression of rat breast cancer metastasis and reduction of primary tumour growth by the small synthetic urokinase inhibitor WX-UK1. Thromb Haemost. 2005, 93(4):779-86.

FDA grants orphan drug designation to Insys Therapeutics’ pharmaceutical cannabidiol

July 1, 2014 3:48 am / Leave a comment

Systematic (IUPAC) name
2-[(1R,6R)-6-isopropenyl-3-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-yl]-5-pentylbenzene-1,3-diol
Clinical data
Trade names	Epidiolex
AHFS/Drugs.com	International Drug Names
Legal status	Schedule I (US)Schedule II (Can)(THC – Schedule/Level I; THC and CBD two main chemicals in cannabis)
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	13-19% (oral),^[1] 11-45% (mean 31%; inhaled)^[2]
Half-life	9 h^[1]
Identifiers
CAS number	13956-29-1
ATC code	None
PubChem	CID 644019
ChemSpider	24593618
UNII	19GBJ60SN5
Chemical data
Formula	C₂₁H₃₀O₂
Mol. mass	314.4636

Physical data
Melt. point	66 °C (151 °F)
Boiling point	180 °C (356 °F) (range: 160–180 °C)^[3]

FDA grants orphan drug designation to Insys Therapeutics’ pharmaceutical cannabidiol – Pharmaceutical Technology

US-based specialty pharmaceutical company Insys Therapeutics has obtained orphan drug designation from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for its pharmaceutical cannabidiol for treatment of Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome.

Insys Therapeutics president and CEO Michael Babich said: “With no cure and persistence of seizures with current antiepileptic medications, the orphan drug designation recognises the significant, unmet need that exists among children with this severe form of epilepsy and the teams who provide their care.

“We have the unique opportunity to test a controlled pharmaceutical CBD product for Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome, and our company is committed to advancing cannabinoid therapies that have the potential to provide significant medical benefits to patients across multiple indications.

“With no cure and persistence of seizures with current antiepileptic medications, the orphan drug designation recognises the significant, unmet need that exists among children with this severe form of epilepsy and the teams who provide their care.”

“We expect to file an investigational new drug application (IND) for CBD in the second half of 2014.”

http://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/news/newsfda-grants-orphan-drug-designation-to-insys-therapeutics-pharmaceutical-cannabidiol-4303148

Cannabidiol (CBD) is one of at least 60 active cannabinoids identified in cannabis.^[4] It is a major phytocannabinoid, accounting for up to 40% of the plant’s extract.^[5] CBD is considered to have a wider scope of medical applications than tetrahydrocannabinol(THC).^[5] An orally-administered liquid containing CBD has received orphan drug status in the US, for use as a treatment for dravet syndrome under the brand name, Epidiolex.^[6]

Clinical applications

The bud of a Cannabis sativa flower coated with trichomes

Antimicrobial actions

CBD absorbed transcutaneously may attenuate the increased sebum production at the root of acne, according to an untested hypothesis.^[7]

Neurological effects

A 2010 study found that strains of cannabis containing higher concentrations of cannabidiol did not produce short-term memory impairment vs. strains with similar concentrations of THC, but lower concentrations of CBD. The researchers attributed this attenuation of memory effects to CBD’s role as a CB₁ antagonist. Transdermal CBD is neuroprotective in animals.^[8]

Cannabidiol’s strong antioxidant properties have been shown to play a role in the compound’s neuroprotective and anti-ischemiceffects.^[9]

Parkinson’s disease

It has been proposed that CBD may help people with Parkinson’s disease, but promising results in animal experiments were not confirmed when CBD was trialled in humans.^[10]

Psychotropic effect

CBD has anti-psychotic effects and may counteract the potential psychotomimetic effects of THC on individuals with latentschizophrenia;^[5] some reports show it to be an alternative treatment for schizophrenia that is safe and well-tolerated.^[11] Studies have shown CBD may reduce schizophrenic symptoms due to its apparent ability to stabilize disrupted or disabled NMDA receptor pathways in the brain, which are shared and sometimes contested by norepinephrine and GABA.^[11]^[12] Leweke et al. performed a double blind, 4 week, explorative controlled clinical trial to compare the effects of purified cannabidiol and the atypical antipsychoticamisulpride on improving the symptoms of schizophrenia in 42 patients with acute paranoid schizophrenia. Both treatments were associated with a significant decrease of psychotic symptoms after 2 and 4 weeks as assessed by Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale andPositive and Negative Syndrome Scale. While there was no statistical difference between the two treatment groups, cannabidiol induced significantly fewer side effects (extrapyramidal symptoms, increase in prolactin, weight gain) when compared to amisulpride.^[13]

Studies have shown cannabidiol decreases activity of the limbic system^[14] and decreases social isolation induced by THC.^[15] Cannabidiol has also been shown to reduce anxiety in social anxiety disorder.^[16]^[17] However, chronic cannabidiol administration in rats was recently found to produce anxiogenic-like effects, indicating that prolonged treatment with cannabidiol might incite anxiogenic effects.^[18]

Cannabidiol has demonstrated antidepressant-like effects in animal models of depression.^[19]^[20]^[21]

Cancer

The American Cancer Society says: “There is no available scientific evidence from controlled studies in humans that cannabinoids can cure or treat cancer.”^[22] Laboratory experiments have been performed on the potential use of cannabinoids for cancer therapy but as of 2013 results have been contradictory and knowledge remains poor.^[23] Cannabinoids have been recommended for cancer pain but the adverse effects may make them a less than ideal treatment; two cannabinoid-based medicines have been approved as a backup remedy for nausea associated withchemotherapy.^[4]

Dravet syndrome

CBD-enhanced cannabis

Decades ago, selective breeding by growers in US dramatically lowered the CBD content of cannabis; their customers preferred varietals that were more mind-altering due to a higher THC, lower CBD content.^[27] To meet the demands of medical cannabis patients, growers are currently developing more CBD-rich strains.^[28]

In November 2012, Tikun Olam, an Israeli medical cannabis facility announced a new strain of the plant which has only cannabidiol as an active ingredient, and virtually no THC, providing some of the medicinal benefits of cannabis without the euphoria.^[29]^[30] The researchers said the cannabis plant, enriched with CBD, “can be used for treating diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, colitis, liver inflammation, heart disease and diabetes”. Research on CBD enhanced cannabis began in 2009, resulting in Avidekel, a cannabis strain that contains 15.8% CBD and less than 1% THC. Raphael Mechoulam, a cannabinoid researcher, said “…Avidekel is thought to be the first CBD-enriched cannabis plant with no THC to have been developed in Israel”.^[31]

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics

Cannabidiol has a very low affinity for CB₁ and CB₂ receptors but acts as an indirect antagonist of their agonists.^[9] While one would assume that this would cause cannabidiol to reduce the effects of THC, it may potentiate THC’s effects by increasing CB₁ receptor density or through another CB₁-related mechanism.^[32] It is also an inverse agonist of CB₂receptors.^[9]^[33] Recently, it was found to be an antagonist at the putative new cannabinoid receptor, GPR55, a GPCR expressed in the caudate nucleus and putamen.^[34]Cannabidiol has also been shown to act as a 5-HT_1A receptor agonist,^[35] an action which is involved in its antidepressant,^[19]^[36] anxiolytic,^[36]^[37] and neuroprotective^[38]^[39]effects. Cannabidiol is an allosteric modulator of μ and δ-opioid receptors.^[40] Cannabidiol’s pharmacologial effects have also been attributed to PPAR-γ receptor agonism andintracellular calcium release.^[5]

Pharmacokinetic interactions

There is some preclinical evidence to suggest that cannabidiol may reduce THC clearance, modestly increasing THC’s plasma concentrations resulting in a greater amount of THC available to receptors, increasing the effect of THC in a dose-dependent manner.^[41]^[42] Despite this the available evidence in humans suggests no significant effect of CBD on THC plasma levels.^[43]

Pharmaceutical preparations

Nabiximols (USAN, trade name Sativex) is an aerosolized mist for oral administration containing a near 1:1 ratio of CBD and THC. The drug was approved by Canadian authorities in 2005 to alleviate pain associated with multiple sclerosis.^[44]^[45]^[46]

Isomerism

7 double bond isomers and their 30 stereoisomers
Formal numbering			Terpenoid numbering		Number of stereoisomers	Natural occurrence	Convention on Psychotropic SubstancesSchedule	Structure
Short name	Chiral centers	Full name	Short name	Chiral centers	Number of stereoisomers	Natural occurrence	Convention on Psychotropic SubstancesSchedule	Structure
Δ⁵-cannabidiol	1 and 3	2-(6-isopropenyl-3-methyl-5-cyclohexen-1-yl)-5-pentyl-1,3-benzenediol	Δ⁴-cannabidiol	1 and 3	4	No	unscheduled
Δ⁴-cannabidiol	1, 3 and 6	2-(6-isopropenyl-3-methyl-4-cyclohexen-1-yl)-5-pentyl-1,3-benzenediol	Δ⁵-cannabidiol	1, 3 and 4	8	No	unscheduled
Δ³-cannabidiol	1 and 6	2-(6-isopropenyl-3-methyl-3-cyclohexen-1-yl)-5-pentyl-1,3-benzenediol	Δ⁶-cannabidiol	3 and 4	4	?	unscheduled
Δ^3,7-cannabidiol	1 and 6	2-(6-isopropenyl-3-methylenecyclohex-1-yl)-5-pentyl-1,3-benzenediol	Δ^1,7-cannabidiol	3 and 4	4	No	unscheduled
Δ²-cannabidiol	1 and 6	2-(6-isopropenyl-3-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-yl)-5-pentyl-1,3-benzenediol	Δ¹-cannabidiol	3 and 4	4	Yes	unscheduled
Δ¹-cannabidiol	3 and 6	2-(6-isopropenyl-3-methyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-5-pentyl-1,3-benzenediol	Δ²-cannabidiol	1 and 4	4	No	unscheduled
Δ⁶-cannabidiol	3	2-(6-isopropenyl-3-methyl-6-cyclohexen-1-yl)-5-pentyl-1,3-benzenediol	Δ³-cannabidiol	1	2	No	unscheduled

Based on: Nagaraja, Kodihalli Nanjappa, Synthesis of delta-3-cannabidiol and the derived rigid analogs, Arizona University 1987.

Chemistry

Cannabidiol is insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents, such as pentane. At room temperature it is a colorless crystalline solid.^[47] In strongly basic medium and the presence of air it is oxidized to a quinone.^[48] Under acidic conditions it cyclizes to THC.^[49] The synthesis of cannabidiol has been accomplished by several research groups.^[50]^[51]^[52]

http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2005/ob/b416943c#!divAbstract

https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/bulletin/bulletin_1964-01-01_4_page005.html

http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2005/ob/b416943c#!divAbstract

Biosynthesis

Cannabis produces CBD-carboxylic acid through the same metabolic pathway as THC, until the last step, where CBDA synthase performs catalysis instead of THCA synthase.^[53]

Legal status

Cannabidiol is not scheduled by the Convention on Psychotropic Substances.

Cannabidiol is a Schedule II drug in Canada.^[54]

Cannabidiol’s legal status in the United States:

The DEA Drug Schedule classifies synthetic THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) as a schedule III substance (eg Marinol); while the natural marijuana plant is listed as Schedule I. Cannabidiol is not named specifically on the list.^[55] However the CSA does mention all natural Phytocannabinoids in Schedule 1 Code 7372, which would include CBD.^[55]

Marijuana (along with all of its cannabinoids) is defined by 21 U.S.C. §802(16), which is part of the Controlled Substances Act.^[56]^[57]^[58] There is an exemption for certain Hemp products produced abroad. Under this exception, what are known as industrial hemp-finished products are legally imported into the United States each year. Hemp finished products which meet the specific definitions including hemp oil which may contain cannabidiol are legal in the United States but aren’t used for getting high.^[59]

Some cannabidiol oil is derived from marijuana and therefore contains higher levels of THC.^[60] This type of cannabidiol oil would be considered a Schedule I as a result of the THC present.^[60]

US patent

In October 2003, U.S. patent #6630507 entitled “Cannabinoids as antioxidants and neuroprotectants” was assigned to “The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Health And Human Services.” The patent was filed in April 1999 and listed as the inventors: Aidan J. Hampson, Julius Axelrod, and Maurizio Grimaldi, who all held positions at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) in Bethesda, MD, which is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The patent mentions cannabidiol’s ability as an antiepileptic, to lower intraocular pressure in the treatment of glaucoma, lack of toxicity or serious side effects in large acute doses, its neuroprotectant properties, its ability to prevent neurotoxicity mediated by NMDA, AMPA, or kainate receptors; its ability to attenuate glutamate toxicity, its ability to protect against cellular damage, its ability to protect brains from ischemic damage, its anxiolytic effect, and its superior antioxidant activity which can be used in the prophylaxis and treatment of oxidation associated diseases.^[61]

“

“Oxidative associated diseases include, without limitation, free radical associated diseases, such as ischemia, ischemic reperfusion injury, inflammatory diseases, systemic lupus erythematosus, myocardial ischemia or infarction, cerebrovascular accidents (such as a thromboembolic or hemorrhagic stroke) that can lead to ischemia or an infarct in the brain, operative ischemia, traumatic hemorrhage (for example a hypovolemic stroke that can lead to CNS hypoxia or anoxia), spinal cord trauma, Down’s syndrome, Crohn’s disease, autoimmune diseases (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis or diabetes), cataract formation, uveitis, emphysema, gastric ulcers, oxygen toxicity, neoplasia, undesired cellular apoptosis, radiation sickness, and others. The present invention is believed to be particularly beneficial in the treatment of oxidative associated diseases of the CNS, because of the ability of the cannabinoids to cross the blood brain barrier and exert their antioxidant effects in the brain. In particular embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is used for preventing, arresting, or treating neurological damage in Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease and HIV dementia; autoimmune neurodegeneration of the type that can occur in encephalitis, and hypoxic or anoxic neuronal damage that can result from apnea, respiratory arrest or cardiac arrest, and anoxia caused by drowning, brain surgery or trauma (such as concussion or spinal cord shock).”^[61]

”

On November 17, 2011, the Federal Register published that the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services was “contemplating the grant of an exclusive patent license to practice the invention embodied in U.S. Patent 6,630,507” to the company KannaLife based in New York, for the development and sale of cannabinoid and cannabidiol based therapeutics for the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in humans.^[62]^[63]^[64]

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Jump up^ Campos AC, Guimarães FS (August 2008). “Involvement of 5HT1A receptors in the anxiolytic-like effects of cannabidiol injected into the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray of rats”. Psychopharmacology 199 (2): 223–30. doi:10.1007/s00213-008-1168-x.PMID 18446323.
Jump up^ Mishima K, Hayakawa K, Abe K, et al. (May 2005). “Cannabidiol prevents cerebral infarction via a serotonergic 5-hydroxytryptamine1A receptor-dependent mechanism”.Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation 36 (5): 1077–82.doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000163083.59201.34. PMID 15845890.
Jump up^ Hayakawa K, Mishima K, Nozako M, et al. (March 2007). “Repeated treatment with cannabidiol but not Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol has a neuroprotective effect without the development of tolerance”. Neuropharmacology 52 (4): 1079–87.doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2006.11.005. PMID 17320118.
Jump up^ Kathmann, Markus; Flau, Karsten; Redmer, Agnes; Tränkle, Christian; Schlicker, Eberhard (2006). “Cannabidiol is an allosteric modulator at mu- and delta-opioid receptors”. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Archives of Pharmacology 372 (5): 354–361.doi:10.1007/s00210-006-0033-x. PMID 16489449.
Jump up^ Bornheim, LM; Kim, KY; Li, J; Perotti, BY; Benet, LZ (August 1995). “Effect of cannabidiol pretreatment on the kinetics of tetrahydrocannabinol metabolites in mouse brain”. Drug Metabolism and Disposition 23 (8): 825–831. PMID 7493549.
Jump up^ Klein, C; Karanges, E; Spiro, A; Wong, A; Spencer, J; Huynh, T; Gunasekaran, N; Karl, T; Long, LE; Huang, XF; Liu, K; Arnold, JC; McGregor, IS (November 2011). “Cannabidiol potentiates Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) behavioural effects and alters THC pharmacokinetics during acute and chronic treatment in adolescent rats”.Psychopharmacology 218 (2): 443–457. doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2342-0.PMID 21667074.
Jump up^ Hunt, CA; Jones, RT; Herning, RI; Bachman, J (June 1981). “Evidence that Cannabidiol Does Not Significantly Alter the Pharmacokinetics of Tetrahydrocannabinol in Man”.Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics 9 (3): 245–260.doi:10.1007/BF01059266. PMID 6270295.
Jump up^ United States Adopted Names Council: Statement on a nonproprietary name
Jump up^ “Fact Sheet – Sativex”. Health Canada. Retrieved 16 May 2013.
Jump up^ GWPharma- Welcome
Jones PG, Falvello L, Kennard O, Sheldrick GM Mechoulam R (1977). “Cannabidiol”.Acta Cryst. B33 (10): 3211–3214. doi:10.1107/S0567740877010577.
Mechoulam R, Ben-Zvi Z (1968). “Hashish—XIII On the nature of the beam test”.Tetrahedron 24 (16): 5615–5624. doi:10.1016/0040-4020(68)88159-1. PMID 5732891.
Gaoni Y, Mechoulam R (1966). “Hashish—VII The isomerization of cannabidiol to tetrahydrocannabinols”. Tetrahedron 22 (4): 1481–1488. doi:10.1016/S0040-4020(01)99446-3.
Petrzilka T, Haefliger W, Sikemeier C, Ohloff G, Eschenmoser A (1967). “Synthese und Chiralität des (-)-Cannabidiols”. Helv. Chim. Acta 50 (2): 719–723.doi:10.1002/hlca.19670500235. PMID 5587099.
Gaoni Y, Mechoulam R (1985). “Boron trifluoride etherate on alumuna – a modified Lewis acid reagent. An improved synthesis of cannabidiol”. Tetrahedron Letters 26 (8): 1083–1086. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(00)98518-6.
Kobayashi Y, Takeuchi A, Wang YG (2006). “Synthesis of cannabidiols via alkenylation of cyclohexenyl monoacetate”. Org. Lett. 8 (13): 2699–2702.doi:10.1021/ol060692h. PMID 16774235.
Marks, M.; Tian, L.; Wenger, J.; Omburo, S.; Soto-Fuentes, W.; He, J.; Gang, D.; Weiblen, G.; Dixon, R. (2009). “Identification of candidate genes affecting Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol biosynthesis in Cannabis sativa”. Journal of Experimental Botany60 (13): 3715–3726. doi:10.1093/jxb/erp210. PMC 2736886. PMID 19581347. edit
Controlled Drugs and Substances Act – Schedule II
CSA Schedule, List of drugs by schedule.
Definition of marijuana under the Controlled Substances Act.
Title 21 US Code Controlled Substances Act, text of the CSA.
Hemp Industries Assn., v. Drug Enforcement Admin., 9th Circuit Court of Appeals case involving industrial hemp.
Hemp, Many definitions of common terms associated with hemp, including the history of hemp use.
Cannabidiol: The side of marijuana you don’t know
US patent 6630507, Hampson, Aidan J.; Axelrod, Julius; Grimaldi, Maurizio, “Cannabinoids as antioxidants and neuroprotectants”, issued 2003-10-07
“Federal Register | Prospective Grant of Exclusive License: Development of Cannabinoid(s) and Cannabidiol(s) Based Therapeutics To Treat Hepatic Encephalopathy in Humans”. Federalregister.gov. November 17, 2011. Retrieved August 13, 2013.
“KannaLife Sciences, Inc. Signs Exclusive License Agreement With National Institutes Of Health Office Of Technology Transfer (NIH-OTT)”. thestreet.com. Retrieved 2012-07-09.
“KannaLife in R&D Collaboration for Cannabinoid-Based Drugs”. Genengnews.com. Retrieved 2013-04-04.

External links

Project CBD Non-profit educational service dedicated to promoting and publicizing research into the medical utility of cannabidiol.

OLD CUT PASTE


Cannabidiol

Seven Expanded Access INDs granted by FDA to U.S. 
physicians to treat with Epidiolex 125 children suffering 
from intractable epilepsy syndromes -

LONDON, Nov. 15, 2013

GW Pharmaceuticals plc (AIM: GWP, Nasdaq: GWPH, “GW”) announced today that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted orphan drug designation for Epidiolex(R), our product candidate that contains plant-derived Cannabidiol (CBD) as its active ingredient, for use in treating children with Dravet syndrome, a rare and severe form of infantile-onset, genetic, drug-resistant epilepsy syndrome. Epidiolex is an oral liquid formulation of a highly purified extract of CBD, a non-psychoactive molecule from the cannabis plant. Following receipt of this orphan designation, GW anticipates holding a pre-IND meeting with the FDA in the near future to discuss a development plan for Epidiolex in Dravet syndrome.

Dravet syndrome is a rare pediatric epilepsy syndrome with a distinctive but complex electroclinical presentation. Onset of Dravet syndrome occurs during the first year of life with clonic and tonic-clonic seizures in previously healthy and developmentally normal infants. Prognosis is poor and patients typically develop intellectual disability and life-long ongoing seizures. There are approximately 5,440 patients with Dravet in the United States and an estimated 6,710 Dravet patients in Europe. These figures may be an underestimate as this syndrome is reportedly underdiagnosed.

In addition to GW’s clinical development program for Epidiolex in Dravet syndrome, which is expected to commence in 2014, GW has also made arrangements to enable independent U.S. pediatric epilepsy specialists to treat high need pediatric epilepsy cases with Epidiolex immediately. To date in 2013, a total of seven “expanded access” INDs have been granted by the FDA to U.S. clinicians to allow treatment with Epidiolex of approximately 125 children with epilepsy. These children suffer from Dravet syndrome, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, and other pediatric epilepsy syndromes. GW is aware of further interest from additional U.S. and ex-U.S. physicians to host similar INDs for Epidiolex. GW expects data generated under these INDs to provide useful observational data during 2014 on the effect of Epidiolex in the treatment of a range of pediatric epilepsy syndromes.

“I, together with many colleagues in the U.S. who specialize in the treatment of childhood epilepsy, very much welcome the opportunity to investigate Epidiolex in the treatment of Dravet syndrome. The FDA’s timely approval of the orphan drug designation for Epidiolex in Dravet syndrome is a key milestone that comes after many years of reported clinical cases that suggest encouraging evidence of efficacy for CBD in this intractable condition,” stated Dr. Orrin Devinsky, Professor of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry in New York City. “With GW now making plans to advance Epidiolex through an FDA development program, we have the prospect for the first time of fully understanding the science of CBD in epilepsy with a view to making an appropriately tested and approved prescription medicine available in the future for children who suffer from this debilitating disease.”

“GW is proud to be at the forefront of this important new program to treat children with Dravet Syndrome and potentially other forms of intractable childhood epilepsy. For families in these circumstances, their lives are significantly impacted by constant and often times very severe seizures in children where all options to control these seizures have been exhausted,” stated Dr. Stephen Wright, GW’s R&D Director. “GW intends to advance a full clinical development program for Epidiolex in Dravet syndrome as quickly as possible, whilst at the same time helping families in the short term through supporting physician-led INDs to treat intractable cases. Through its efforts, GW aims to provide the necessary evidence to confirm the promise of CBD in epilepsy and ultimately enabling children to have access to an FDA-approved prescription CBD medicine.”

“This orphan program for Epidiolex in childhood epilepsy is an important corporate strategic priority for GW. Following receipt of today’s orphan designation, GW now intends to commence discussions with the FDA regarding the U.S. regulatory pathway for Epidiolex,” stated Justin Gover, GW’s Chief Executive Officer. “GW intends to pursue this development in-house and retains full commercial rights to Epidiolex.”

About Orphan Drug Designation

Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may grant orphan drug designation to drugs intended to treat a rare disease or condition — generally a disease or condition that affects fewer than 200,000 individuals in the U.S. The first NDA applicant to receive FDA approval for a particular active ingredient to treat a particular disease with FDA orphan drug designation is entitled to a seven-year exclusive marketing period in the U.S. for that product, for that indication.

About GW Pharmaceuticals plc

Founded in 1998, GW is a biopharmaceutical company focused on discovering, developing and commercializing novel therapeutics from its proprietary cannabinoid product platform in a broad range of disease areas. GW commercialized the world’s first plant-derived cannabinoid prescription drug, Sativex(R), which is approved for the treatment of spasticity due to multiple sclerosis in 22 countries. Sativex is also in Phase 3 clinical development as a potential treatment of pain in people with advanced cancer. This Phase 3 program is intended to support the submission of a New Drug Application for Sativex in cancer pain with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and in other markets around the world. GW has established a world leading position in the development of plant-derived cannabinoid therapeutics and has a deep pipeline of additional clinical-stage cannabinoid product candidates targeting epilepsy (including an orphan pediatric epilepsy program), Type 2 diabetes, ulcerative colitis, glioma and schizophrenia. For further information, please visit http://www.gwpharm.com.

Cannabidiol (CBD) is one of at least 85 cannabinoids found in cannabis.It is a major constituent of the plant, second totetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and represents up to 40% in its extracts. Compared with THC, cannabidiol is not psychoactive in healthy individuals, and is considered to have a wider scope of medical applications than THC, including to epilepsy, multiple sclerosis spasms, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder,schizophrenia,nausea, convulsion and inflammation, as well as inhibiting cancer cell growth. There is some preclinical evidence from studies in animals that suggests CBD may modestly reduce the clearance of THC from the body by interfering with its metabolism.Cannabidiol has displayed sedative effects in animal tests. Other research indicates that CBD increases alertness. CBD has been shown to reduce growth of aggressive human breast cancer cells in vitro, and to reduce their invasiveness.

PTC Therapeutics Initiates Confirmatory Phase 3 Clinical Trial of Translarna™ (ataluren) in Patients with Nonsense Mutation Cystic Fibrosis (nmCF)

July 1, 2014 3:28 am / Leave a comment

ATALUREN

PTC 124

3-[5-(2-Fluorophenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]benzoic acid

MF C₁₅H₉FN₂O₃
Molecular Weight		284.24
CAS Registry Number		775304-57-9

PTC Therapeutics Initiates Confirmatory Phase 3 Clinical Trial of Translarna™ (ataluren) in Patients with Nonsense Mutation Cystic Fibrosis (nmCF) – MarketWatch

SOUTH PLAINFIELD, N.J., June 30, 2014 /PRNewswire/ — PTC Therapeutics, Inc. /quotes/zigman/16944148/delayed/quotes/nls/ptct PTCT -0.01% today announced the initiation of a global confirmatory Phase 3 clinical trial of Translarna™ (ataluren), an investigational new drug, in patients with nonsense mutation cystic fibrosis (nmCF). Nonsense mutations within cystic fibrosis are categorized as Class I mutations, a severe form of CF that results in little or no production of the CFTR protein. The Phase 3 confirmatory trial is referred to as ACT CF (ataluren confirmatory trial in cystic fibrosis) and the primary endpoint is lung function as measured by relative change in percent predicted forced expiratory volume in one second, or FEV1.read at

http://www.marketwatch.com/story/ptc-therapeutics-initiates-confirmatory-phase-3-clinical-trial-of-translarna-ataluren-in-patients-with-nonsense-mutation-cystic-fibrosis-nmcf-2014-06-30?reflink=MW_news_stmp

Ataluren, formerly known as PTC124, is a small-molecular agent designed by PTC Therapeutics and sold under the trade nameTranslarna. It makes ribosomes less sensitive to premature stop codons (referred to as “read-through”). This may be beneficial in diseases such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy where the mRNA contains a mutation causing premature stop codons or nonsense codons. There is ongoing debate over whether Ataluren is truly a functional drug (inducing codon read-through), or if it is nonfunctional, and the result was a false-positive hit from a biochemical screen based on luciferase.^[1]

Ataluren has been tested on healthy humans and humans carrying genetic disorders caused by nonsense mutations,^[2]^[3] such as some people with cystic fibrosis and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. In 2010, PTC Therapeutics released preliminary results of its phase 2b clinical trial for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, with participants not showing a significant improvement in the six minute walk distance after the 48 weeks of the trial.^[4] This failure resulted in the termination of a $100 million deal with Genzyme to pursue the drug. However, other phase 2 clinical trials were successful for cystic fibrosis in Israel, France and Belgium.^[5] Multicountry phase 3 clinical trials are currently in progress for cystic fibrosis in Europe and the USA.^[6]

In cystic fibrosis, early studies of ataluren show that it improves nasal potential difference.^[7]

Ataluren appears to be most effective for the stop codon ‘UGA’.^[2]

On 23 May 2014 ataluren received a positive opinion from the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA).^[8]

It is not that ataluren is a complex molecule. To judge from one of the patents, synthesis is straightforward starting from 2-cyanobenoic acid and 2-fluorobenzoyl chloride, both commercially available. The synthetic steps are methylation of 2-cyanobenoic acid (iodomethane), nitrile hydrolysis with hydroxylamine, esterification with the fluoro acid chloride using DIPEA, high-temperature dehydration to the oxadiazole and finally ester hydrolysis (NaOH).

References

Derek (2013-09-18). “The Arguing Over PTC124 and Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. In the Pipeline:”. Pipeline.corante.com. Retrieved 2013-11-28.
Welch EM, Barton ER, Zhuo J, Tomizawa Y, Friesen WJ, Trifillis P, Paushkin S, Patel M, Trotta CR, Hwang S, Wilde RG, Karp G, Takasugi J, Chen G, Jones S, Ren H, Moon YC, Corson D, Turpoff AA, Campbell JA, Conn MM, Khan A, Almstead NG, Hedrick J, Mollin A, Risher N, Weetall M, Yeh S, Branstrom AA, Colacino JM, Babiak J, Ju WD, Hirawat S, Northcutt VJ, Miller LL, Spatrick P, He F, Kawana M, Feng H, Jacobson A, Peltz SW, Sweeney HL (May 2007). “PTC124 targets genetic disorders caused by nonsense mutations”. Nature 447 (7140): 87–91.doi:10.1038/nature05756. PMID 17450125.
Hirawat S, Welch EM, Elfring GL, Northcutt VJ, Paushkin S, Hwang S, Leonard EM, Almstead NG, Ju W, Peltz SW, Miller LL (Apr 2007). “Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of PTC124, a nonaminoglycoside nonsense mutation suppressor, following single- and multiple-dose administration to healthy male and female adult volunteers”. Journal of clinical pharmacology 47 (4): 430–444. doi:10.1177/0091270006297140. PMID 17389552.
“PTC THERAPEUTICS AND GENZYME CORPORATION ANNOUNCE PRELIMINARY RESULTS FROM THE PHASE 2B CLINICAL TRIAL OF ATALUREN FOR NONSENSE MUTATION DUCHENNE/BECKER MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY (NASDAQ:PTCT)”. Ptct.client.shareholder.com. Retrieved 2013-11-28.
Wilschanski, M.; Miller, L. L.; Shoseyov, D.; Blau, H.; Rivlin, J.; Aviram, M.; Cohen, M.; Armoni, S.; Yaakov, Y.; Pugatsch, T.; Cohen-Cymberknoh, M.; Miller, N. L.; Reha, A.; Northcutt, V. J.; Hirawat, S.; Donnelly, K.; Elfring, G. L.; Ajayi, T.; Kerem, E. (2011). “Chronic ataluren (PTC124) treatment of nonsense mutation cystic fibrosis”. European Respiratory Journal 38 (1): 59–69. doi:10.1183/09031936.00120910. PMID 21233271. edit Sermet-Gaudelus, I.; Boeck, K. D.; Casimir, G. J.; Vermeulen, F.; Leal, T.; Mogenet, A.; Roussel, D.; Fritsch, J.; Hanssens, L.; Hirawat, S.; Miller, N. L.; Constantine, S.; Reha, A.; Ajayi, T.; Elfring, G. L.; Miller, L. L. (November 2010). “Ataluren (PTC124) induces cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein expression and activity in children with nonsense mutation cystic fibrosis”. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 182 (10): 1262–1272.doi:10.1164/rccm.201001-0137OC. PMID 20622033. edit
“PTC Therapeutics Completes Enrollment of Phase 3 Trial of Ataluren in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis (NASDAQ:PTCT)”. Ptct.client.shareholder.com. 2010-12-21. Retrieved 2013-11-28.
Wilschanski, M. (2013). “Novel therapeutic approaches for cystic fibrosis”. Discovery medicine 15 (81): 127–133. PMID 23449115. edit
http://www.marketwatch.com/story/ptc-therapeutics-receives-positive-opinion-from-chmp-for-translarna-ataluren-2014-05-23

External links

Ataluren’s official page on PTC Therapeutics’s website

other sources

rINN: Ataluren

Other Names

PTC124^®, 3-[5-(2-fluorophenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]benzoic acid

Pharmacological Information

Pharmacology Images

Ataluren Molecule

Web information on Ataluren

NHS Evidence on Ataluren

DrugBank on Ataluren

Relevant Clinical Literature

Pubmed on Ataluren

RCT with Ataluren

Systematic reviews of Ataluren

Ataluren in N Eng J Med, Lancet, JAMA, BMJ

Ataluren in Cochrane Collaboration

TRIP Database on Ataluren

Google Scholar on Ataluren

Bandolier on Ataluren

UK Guidance

Nice Guidance on Ataluren

BNF-registration required
BNF for children-registration required

UK directory of medicines

UK Medicine Guide (eg pictures of capsules)

Centre for Reviews and Dissemination databases -DARE & NHS EED (evaluates reliability of research)

SNOMED search

Prodigy Guidance on Ataluren

Regulatory Literature

UK SPCs of medicines with marketing authorisation

EMEA search

FDA search

Other Literature

PubChem on Ataluren

CTD (Comparative Toxicogenomics Database) link

ChemIndustry.com link

Protein Structural Information

Biological Information (GenomeNet)

Protein Knowledgebase (UniProtKB)

Orphan drug under investigation for treatment of genetic conditions where nonsense mutations result in premature termination of polypeptides. This drug, which is convenient to deliver orally, appears to allow ribosomal transcription ofRNA to continue past premature termination codon mutations with correct reading of the full normal transcript which then terminates at the proper stop codon. Problematically it has been postulated that assay artifact may have complicated evaluation of its efficacy which appears to be less than gentamicin.^[1] Faults of this class in the transcription process are involved in several inherited diseases.

Some forms of cystic fibrosis and Duchenne muscular dystrophy are being targeted in the development stage of the drug.^[2] Phase I and II trials are promising for cystic fibrosis.^[3]^[4] In a mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, restoration of muscle function occurred.^[5]

A potential issue is that there may be parts of the human genome whose optimal gene function through evolution has resulted from relatively recent in evolutionary terms insertion of a premature termination codon and so functional suboptimal transcripts of other proteins or functional RNAs might result.

References

old cut paste

A large-scale, multinational, phase 3 trial of the experimental drug ataluren has opened its first trial site, in Cincinnati, Ohio.

The trial is recruiting boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) or Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) caused by anonsense mutation — also known as a premature stop codon — in the dystrophin gene. This type of mutation causes cells to stop synthesizing a protein before the process is complete, resulting in a short, nonfunctional protein. Nonsense mutations are believed to cause DMD or BMD in approximately 10 to 15 percent of boys with these disorders.

Ataluren — sometimes referred to as a stop codon read-through drug — has the potential to overcome the effects of a nonsense mutation and allow functional dystrophin — the muscle protein that’s missing in Duchenne MD and deficient in Becker MD — to be produced.

The orally delivered drug is being developed by PTC Therapeutics, a South Plainfield, N.J., biotechnology company, to whichMDA gave a $1.5 million grant in 2005.

PTC124 has been developed by PTC Therapeutics.

It may take guts to cure diabetes: Human GI cells retrained to produce insulin

July 1, 2014 1:18 am / Leave a comment

Lyra Nara Blog

By switching off a single gene, scientists at Columbia University’s Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center have converted human gastrointestinal cells into insulin-producing cells, demonstrating in principle that a drug could retrain cells inside a person’s GI tract to produce insulin.

The new research was reported today in the online issue of the journal Nature Communications.

“People have been talking about turning one cell into another for a long time, but until now we hadn’t gotten to the point of creating a fully functional insulin-producing cell by the manipulation of a single target,” said the study’s senior author, Domenico Accili, MD, the Russell Berrie Foundation Professor of Diabetes (in Medicine) at Columbia University Medical Center (CUMC).

The finding raises the possibility that cells lost in type 1 diabetes may be more easily replaced through the reeducation of existing cells than through the transplantation of new cells created from embryonic or adult…

View original post 393 more words

Artificial enzyme mimics the natural detoxification mechanism in liver cells

July 1, 2014 1:17 am / Leave a comment

Lyra Nara Blog

Mode of action of molybdenum oxide nanoparticles: (a) treatment of sulfite oxidase deficient liver cells; (b) mitochondria are directly targeted, nanoparticles accumulate in proximity to the membrane; (c) sulfite is oxidized to cellular innocuous sulfate.

Scientists at Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz in Germany have discovered that molybdenum trioxide nanoparticles oxidize sulfite to sulfate in liver cells in analogy to the enzyme sulfite oxidase. The functionalized Molybdenum trioxide nanoparticles can cross the cellular membrane and accumulate at the mitochondria, where they can recover the activity of sulfite oxidase.

Sulfite oxidase is a molybdenum containing enzyme located in the mitochondria of liver and kidney cells, which catalyzes the oxidation of sulfite to sulfate during the protein and lipid metabolism and therefore plays an important role in cellular detoxification processes. A lack of functional sulfite oxidase is a rare but fatal genetic disease causing neurological disorders, mental retardation, physical deformities as well as…

View original post 475 more words

A Recipe To Make Cannabis Oil For A Chemotherapy Alternative

July 1, 2014 1:16 am / Leave a comment

Lyra Nara Blog

Awareness with regards to cannabis as a treatment and potential cure for cancer has been rapidly increasing over the past few years. Several studies over the last decade have clearly (without question) demonstrated the anti-tumoral effects of the plant. Cannabinoids (any group of related compounds that include cannabinol and the active constituents of cannabis) activate cannabinoid receptors in the body. The human body itself produces compounds called endocannabinoids and they play a very important role in many processes within the body to help create a healthy environment.

Since radiation and chemotherapy are the only two approved treatments for cancer, it’s important to let people know that other options do exist. There’s nothing wrong with exploring these options and finding out more information about them so people can make the best possible choice for themselves. It’s always important to do your own research.

A number of people have used this treatment…

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TA 1887 a highly potent and selective hSGLT2 inhibitor

June 30, 2014 8:11 am / Leave a comment

Abstract Image 6a-4 is TA 1887

TA 1887

CAS 1003005-29-5

Deleted CAS Registry Numbers: 1274890-87-7

C₂₄ H₂₆ F N O₅

1H-Indole, 3-[(4-cyclopropylphenyl)methyl]-4-fluoro-1-β-D-glucopyranosyl-

3-(4-cyclopropylbenzyl)-4-fluoroindole-N-glucoside

(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-(3-(4-cvclopropylbenzyl)-4-fluoro-1 H-indol- 1 -yl)-6-(hvdroxymethyl)tetrahvdro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol,

(TA-1887), a highly potent and selective hSGLT2 inhibitor, with pronounced antihyperglycemic effects in high-fat diet-fed KK (HF-KK) mice. Our results suggest the potential of indole-N-glucosides as novel antihyperglycemic agents through inhibition of renal SGLT2

Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corp,

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-I) is an incretin hormone that is released from L-cells in lower small intestine after food intake. GLP-I has been shown to stimulate glucose-dependent insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells and increase pancreatic β-cell mass. GLP-I has also been shown to reduce the rate of gastric emptying and promote satiety. However, GLP-I is rapidly cleaved by dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) leading to inactivation of its biological activity. Therefore, DPP4 inhibitors are considered to be useful as anti-diabetics or anti-obesity agents.

Sodium-glucose co-transporters (SGLTs) , primarily found in the intestine and the kidney, are a family of proteins involved in glucose absorption. Plasma glucose is filtered in the glomerulus and is reabsorbed by SGLTs in the proximal tubules. Therefore, inhibition of SGLTs cause excretion of blood glucose into urine and leads to reduction of plasma glucose level. In fact, it is confirmed that by continuous subcutaneous administration of an SGLT inhibitor, phlorizin, to diabetic animal models, the blood glucose level thereof can be normalized, and that by keeping the blood glucose level normal for a long time, the insulin secretion and insulin resistance can be improved [cf., Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 79, p. 1510 (1987); ibid., vol. 80, p. 1037 (1987); ibid., vol. 87, p. 561 (1991) ] .

In addition, by treating diabetic animal models with an SGLT inhibitor for a long time, insulin secretion response and insulin sensitivity of the animal models are improved without incurring any adverse affects on the kidney or imbalance in blood levels of electrolytes, and as a result, the onset and progress of diabetic nephropathy and diabetic neuropathy are prevented [cf., Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 42, p. 5311 (1999); British Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 132, p. 578 (2001)].

In view of the above, SGLT inhibitors are expected to improve insulin secretion and insulin resistance by decreasing the blood glucose level in diabetic patients and to prevent the onset and progress of diabetes mellitus and diabetic complications

DPP4 inhibitors are well known to those skilled in the art, and examples of DPP4 inhibitors can be found in the following publications: (1) TANABE SEIYAKU Co., Ltd.: WO 02/30891 or the corresponding U.S. patent (No. 6,849,622); and WO 02/30890 or the corresponding U.S. patent (No. 7,138,397); .

(2) Ferring BV: WO 95/15309, WO 01/40180, WO 01/81304, WO

01/81337, WO 03/000250, and WO 03/035057; (3) Probiodrug: WO 97/40832, EP1082314, WO 99/61431, WO

03/015775; (4) Novartis AG: WO 98/19998, WO 00/34241, WO 01/96295, US 6,107,317, US 6,110,949, and US 6,172,081;

(5) GlaxoSmithKline: WO 03/002531, WO 03/002530, and WO 03/002553; (6) Bristol Myers Squibb: WO 01/68603, WO 02/83128, and WO 2005/012249;

(7) Merck & Co.: WO 02/76450, and WO 03/004498;

(8) Srryx Inc.: WO 2005/026148, WO 2005/030751, WO 2005/095381, WO 2004/087053, and WO 2004/103993; (9) Mitsubishi Pharma Corp.: WO 02/14271, US 7,060,722, US

7,074,794, WO 2003/24942, Japan Patent Publication No.

2002-265439, Japan Patent Publication No. 2005-170792, and

WO 2006/088129;

(10) Taisho Pharma Co., Ltd.: WO 2004/020407; (12) Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.: WO 2004/009544,-

(13) Kyowa Hakko Kogyo : WO 02/051836;

(14) Kyorin Seiyaku: WO 2005/075421, WO 2005/077900, and WO 2005/082847;

(15) Alantos Pharmaceuticals: WO 2006/116157; (16) Glenmark Pharmaceuticals: WO 2006/090244, and WO 2005/075426;

(17) Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho : WO 2004/067509; and

(18) LG lifescience: WO 2005/037828, and WO 2006/104356.

In a preferable embodiment of the present invention, DPP4 inhibitors are the aliphatic nitrogen-containing 5- membered ring compounds disclosed in US 6,849,622, which are represented by Formula (29) :

…………………………………………..

WO 2012162115

http://www.google.com/patents/EP2712359A2?cl=en

The present invention is further directed to a process for the preparation of a compound of formula (l-S)

(l-S)

(also known as 3-(4-cyclopropylbenzyl)-4-fluoro-1 -p-D-glucopyranosyl- 1 /-/-indole); or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof;

comprising

reacting a compound of formula (V-S), wherein PG¹ is an oxygen protecting group with an acylating reagent; wherein the acylating reagent is present in an amount in the range of from about 1 .5 to about 3.0 molar equivalents; in the presence of a carbonyl source; in a first organic solvent; at a temperature in the range of from about room temperature to about 40°C; to yield the corresponding compound of formula (Vl-S);

reacting the compound of formula (Vl-S) with a compound of formula (Vll-S), wherein A¹ is MgBr or MgCI; in an anhydrous organic solvent; to yield the corresponding compound of formula (Vlll-S);

reacting the compound of formula (Vlll-S) with a reducing agent; in the presence of a Lewis acid; in a second organic solvent; to yield the

corresponding compound of formula (IX-S);

Scheme 2.

Example 1 : f2R.3R.4S.5R.6R)-2-facetoxymethyl)-6-f4-fluoro-3-formyl-1 H- indol-1 -yl)tetrahvdro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triyl triacetate

A 5-L 4-neck round bottom flask equipped with a thermocouple controller, mechanical stirrer, addition funnel, condenser, heating mantle, and a nitrogen inlet adapter was (2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-(acetoxymethyl)-6-(4-fluoro-1 H- indol-1 -yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triyl triacetate (225.0 g, 0.459 mol), DCE (1 .5 L) and DMF (50.2 ml_, 0.643 mol). The resulting mixture was warmed to 25°C, then phosphoryl chloride (107.8 ml_, 1 .15 mol) was added slowly via an addition funnel over 75 min. The resulting mixture was stirred for 30 min after the addition was completed, then slowly warmed to 40°C over 30 min, and then agitated at 40°C for an additional 12 h. The resulting solution was slowly poured into a rapidly stirred warm (40°C) 3M aqueous NaOAc (3.0 L) solution over 45 min. After the addition was completed, CH₂CI₂ (4.0 L) was added and the phases were separated. The aqueous phase was back extracted with CH₂CI₂ (1 .0 L) and the organic phases were combined, washed with 0.05 M HCI (2.0 L) and deionized water (2.0 L), then dried over MgS0₄. After filtration, the solvents were concentrated to dryness in vacuo to yield a solid, which was flushed with ethanol (1 .0 L) and re-evaporated. The resulting solid was transferred into a vacuum oven and dried at 40°C for 20 h to yield the title compound as a slightly yellow-brown solid.

¹ H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 MHz) δ 10.1 (s, 1 H), 8.53 (s, 1 H), 7.66 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 1 H), 7.38 (m, 1 H), 7.10(dd, J = 6.7, 6.9 Hz, 1 H), 6.38 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1 H), 5.68 (dd, J = 6.5, 6.6 Hz, 1 H), 5.56 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 1 H), 5.32 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 1 H) 4.41 – 4.28 (m, 1 H), 4.24 – 4.06 (m, 2 H), 2.05 (s, 3H), 2.0 (s, 3H), 1 .98 (s, 3H), 1 .64 (s, 3H) ^1JC NMR (DMSO-c(₆, 75.47 MHz) £183.8, 169.9, 169.5, 169.3, 168.4, 155.8, 139.2, 135.7, 124.8, 1 17.7, 1 13.1 , 108.3, 107,9, 81 .9, 73.5, 72.1 , 70.3, 67.6, 61 .9, 20.4, 20.3, 20.1 , 19.6

LC-MS mlz MH⁺ = 494 (MH⁺), 516 [M+Na]⁺, 1009 [2M+Na]⁺

[a]_D ²⁵ = -0.099 (c = 0.316, CHCI₃).

Example 2: f2R.3R.4S.5R.6R)-2-facetoxymethyl)-6-f3-ff4-cvclopropyl- phenyl)(hvdroxy)methyl)-4-fluoro-1 H-indol-1 -yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5- triyl triacetate

A 12-L 4-neck round bottom flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, a thermocouple, a septum and nitrogen inlet adapter was charged with the compound prepared as in Example 1 (230 g, 0.457 mol) and anhydrous THF (4.2 L), and the resulting solution was cooled to 0°C with stirring under N₂. A solution of freshly prepared (4-cyclopropylphenyl)magnesium bromide in THF (530 mL) was added dropwise via a double-tipped needle under gentle positive nitrogen pressure over 20 min, while the internal temperature was maintained between 0-8°C by adjusting the rate of addition. The resulting mixture was stirred at 0°C for 30 min. The reaction was quenched with saturated aqueous NH₄CI solution (5.4 L) and then extracted with EtOAc (4 L, 3 L). The combined organic phase was washed with brine (2.7 L) and dried over MgS0₄. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated at 66°C under house vacuum (-120 mmHg) followed by hi-vacuum (-20 mmHg) to yield a residue which contained a large amount of EtOAc, which residue was chased with ΟΗ₂ΟΙ₂ (800 mL) to yield the title compound as a yellowish solid, which was used in next step without further purification.

¹ H NMR (DMSO-cfe, 300 MHz) δ 7.53 (dd, J = 7.9, 1 .1 Hz, 1 H), 7.41 (dd, J = 8.0, 1 .0 Hz, 1 H), 7.10-6.92 (m, 3 H), 6.78 (m, 1 H), 6.15 (m, 1 H), 5.92 (dd, J = 5.0, 4.1 Hz, 1 H), 5.65 (dd, J = 5.1 , 4.2 Hz, 1 H), 5.50 (m, 1 H), 5.24 (dd, J = 7.9, 8.3 Hz, 1 H), 4.38 – 4.22 (m, 1 H), 4.20-4.0 (m, 2 H), 2.05 (s, 3 H), 2.01 (s, 3 H), 1 .98 (s, 3 H), 1 .84 (m, 1 H), 0.92 (m, 2 H), 0.61 (m, 2 H)

¹³C NMR (DMSO-c/6, 75.47 MHz): £ 170.1 , 170.0, 169.9, 169.3, 156.1 , 140.9 139.0, 137.9, 128.0 (2 C), 125.2 (2 C), 124.2, 122.6, 1 16.3, 1 14.6, 107.4, 105.2, 81 .5, 76.8, 73.0, 72.6, 70.1 , 68.2, 62.0, 20.6, 20.4, 20.2, 19.8, 14.8, 8.96 (2 C)

LC-MS mlz MH⁺ = 612 (MH⁺), 634 [M+Na]⁺.

Example 3: (2R.3R.4S.5R.6R)-2-(acetoxymethyl)-6-(3-(4- cvclopropylbenzyl)-4-fluoro-1H-indol-1 -yl)tetrahvdro-2H-pyran-3,4.5-triyl triacetate

OAc

A 3-L 4-neck round bottom flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, a thermocouple, a septum and nitrogen inlet adapter, was charged with the product prepared as in Example 2 above (82%, 334.6 g, 0.449 mol), DCE (1 .14 L), CH₃CN (2.28 L), and Et₃SiH (108.6 mL, 0.671 mol) and the resulting mixture was stirred and cooled to 0°C under N₂. Boron trifluoride etherate (68.8 mL; 0.539 mol) was added dropwise over 10 min and the resulting mixture was stirred at 0°C for 30 minutes. After completion, saturated aqueous NaHCC>3 solution (4.2 L) was added to the mixture, which was extracted with EtOAc (5 L, 4 L) and the combined organic phase was dried over MgS0₄. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under house vacuum at 60°C to yield the title compound as a slightly yellowish solid.

The slightly yellowish solid (315.0 g) was triturated with EtOH (2.1 L, 200 proof) in a 4-L heavy duty Erlenmeyer flask at 76°C (with sonication x 3), and then gradually cooled to 20°C and stirred under N₂ for 1 h. The solid was then collected by filtration and washed with cold (0°C) EtOH (200 ml_), dried by air- suction for 30 min, and then placed in a vacuum oven under house vacuum with gentle of N₂ stream at 60°C for 18 h, to yield the title compound as an off- white crystalline solid.

1 H NMR (DMSO-de, 300 MHz) δ 7.47 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1 H), 7.22 (s, 1 H),

7.20-7.10 (m, 1 H), 7.06 (d, J = 8.1 , 2 H), 6.95 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1 H), 6.78 (dd, J = 7.1 , 7.0 Hz, 1 H), 6.16 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 1 H), 5.61 -5.44 (m, 2 H), 5.21 (t, J = 7.3, 7.1 Hz, 1 H), 4.34 – 4.21 (m, 1 H), 4.18-4.04 (m, 2 H), 4.0 (s, 2 H), 2.04 (s, 3 H), 1 .97 (s, 3 H), 1 .95 (s, 3 H), 1 .84 (m, 1 H), 1 .63 (s, 3 H), 0.89 (m, 2 H), 0.61 (m, 2 H)

¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆, 75.47 MHz): £ 169.9, 169.5, 169.3, 168.3, 156.2, 140.9, 139.0, 137.9, 128.0 (2 C), 125.2 (2 C), 124.2, 122.7, 1 16.1 , 1 14.1 , 107.2, 105.0, 81 .7, 73.0, 72.5, 69.8, 68.0, 62.0, 31 .2, 20.4, 20.3, 20.2, 19.7, 14.6, 8.93 (2 C)

LC-MS mlz MH⁺ = 596 (MH⁺), 618 [M+Na]⁺, 1213 [2M+Na]⁺

[a]_D ²⁵ = -0.008 (c = 0.306, CHCI₃).

Example 4: (2R.3R.4S.5S.6R)-2-(3-(4-cvclopropylbenzyl)-4-fluoro-1 H-indol- 1 -yl)-6-(hvdroxymethyl)tetrahvdro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol, ethanolate

A 12-L 4-neck round bottom flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, a thermocouple, a septum and nitrogen inlet adapter, was charged with the compound prepared as in Example 3 above (250 g, 0.413 mol), MeOH (1 .2 L) and THF (2.4 L), and the resulting mixture was stirred at 20°C under N₂.

Sodium methoxide (2.5 ml_, 0.012 mol) solution was added dropwise and the resulting mixture was stirred at 20°C for 3 h. The solvent was concentrated at 60°C under house vacuum to yield a residue, which was dissolved in EtOAc (8.0 L), washed with brine (800 mL x 2) (Note 2), and dried over MgS0₄. The insoluble materials were removed by filtration, and the filtrate was concentrated at 60-66°C under hi-vacuum (20 mmHg) to yield the title compound as a slightly yellowish foamy solid.

The above obtained slightly yellowish foamy solid (195.1 g) was dissolved in EtOH (900 mL) at 76°C, and deionized H₂0 (1800 mL) was added slowly in a small stream that resulted in a slightly yellowish clear solution, which was then gradually cooled to 40°C with stirring while seeded (wherein the seeds were prepared, for example, as described in Example 5, below). The resulting slightly white-yellowish suspension was stirred at 20°C for 20 h, the solids were collected by filtration, washed with cold (0°C) EtOH/H₂0 (1 :4), and dried by air-suction for 6 h with gentle stream of N₂ to yield the title compound as an off-white crystalline solid, as its corresponding EtOH/H₂0 solvate.

The structure of the EtOH/H₂0 solvate was confirmed by its ¹H-NMR and LC-MS analyses. ¹H-NMR indicated strong H₂0 and EtOH solvent residues, and the EtOH residue could not be removed by drying process. In addition, p-XRD of this crystalline solid showed a different pattern than that measured for a hemi-hydrate standard.

Example 5: (2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-(3-(4-cvclopropylbenzyl)-4-fluoro-1 H-indol- 1 -yl)-6-(hvdroxymethyl)tetrahvdro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol, ethanolate

A 500-mL 3-neck round bottom flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer was charged with the compound prepared as in Example 3 above (4.67 g, 0.00784 mol), MeOH (47 mL) and THF (93 mL), and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature under argon atmosphere. Sodium methoxide (catalytic amount) solution was added dropwise and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The solvent was concentrated at 30°C under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (chloroform : methanol = 99 : 1 – 90 : 10) to yield a colorless foamy solid (3.17 g).

First Crystallization

A portion of the colorless foamy solid prepared as described above (0.056 g) was crystallized from EtOH/H₂0 (1 :9, 5mL), at room temperature, to yield the title compound, as its corresponding EtOH solvate, as colorless crystals (0.047 g).

Second Crystallization

A second portion of the colorless foamy solid prepared as described above (1 .21 g) was dissolved in EtOH (6 mL) at room temperature. H₂0 (6 mL) was added, followed by addition of seeds (the colorless crystals, prepared as described in the first crystallization step above). The resulting suspension was stirred at room temperature for 18 h, the solids were collected by filtration, washed with EtOH/H₂0 (1 :4), and dried under reduced pressure to yield the title compound t, as its corresponding EtOH solvate, as an colorless crystalline solid (0.856 g).

The structure for the isolated compound was confirmed by ¹H NMR, with peaks corresponding to the compound of formula (l-S) plus ethanol. Example 6: f2R.3R.4S.5S.6R)-2-f3-f4-cvclopropylbenzyl)-4-fluoro-1H-indol- 1 -yl)-6-(hvdroxymethyl)tetrahvdro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol hemihydrate

A 5-L 4-neck round bottom flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, a thermocouple, a septum and nitrogen inlet adapter was charged with the ethanolate (solvate) compound prepared as in Example 4 above (198.5 g, 0.399 mol) and deionized H₂0 (3.2 L). After the off-white suspension was warmed to 76°C in a hot water bath, along with sonication (x 4), it was gradually cooled to 20°C. The white suspension was stirred for 20 h at 20°C and then at 10°C for 1 h. The solid was collected by filtration, washed with deionized H₂0 (100 mL x 2), dried by air-suction for 2 h, and then placed in an oven under house vacuum with gentle stream of N₂ at 50°C for 20 h, then at 60°C for 3 h to yield the title compound as an off-white crystalline solid.1 H NMR showed no EtOH residue and the p-XRD confirmed that the isolated material was a crystalline solid. TGA and DSC indicated that the isolated material contained about 2.3% of water (H₂0). M.P. = 108-1 1 1 °C.

¹ H NMR (DMSO-c(₆, 300 MHz) δ 7.36 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.22 (s, 1 H), 7.14 (d, J = 8.1 , 2 H), 7.10-7.0 (m, 1 H), 6.96 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2 H), 6.73 (dd, J = 7.5, 7.7 Hz, 1 H), 5.38 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 1 H), 5.21 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 1 H), 5.18 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 1 H), 5.10 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 1 H), 4.54 (t, J = 6.9, 1 .8 Hz, 1 H), 4.04 (s, 2 H), 3.75-3.60 (m, 2 H), 3.52-3.30 (m, 3 H), 3.20-3.17 (m, 1 H), 1 .84 (m, 1 H), 0.89 (m, 2 H), 0.61 (m, 2 H)

¹³C NMR (DMSO-de, 75.47 MHz): £ 156.2, 140.8, 139.4, 138.2, 128.2 (2 C), 125.2 (2 C), 124.4, 121 .8, 1 15.9, 1 12.8, 107.4, 104.2, 84.8, 79.3, 77.4, 71 .7, 69.8, 60.8, 31 .3, 14.6, 8.92 (2 C) LC-MS mlz MH⁺ = 428 (MH⁺), 450 [M+Na]⁺, 877 [2M+Na]⁺

[a]_D ²⁵ = -0.026 (c = 0.302, CH₃OH)

Elemental Analysis: C₂ H₂6NF0₅ + 0.54 H₂0 (MW = 437.20):

Theory: %C, 65.93; %H, 6.24; %N, 3.20; %F, 4.35, %H₂0, %2.23. Found: %C, 65.66; %H, 6.16; %N, 3.05; %F, 4.18, %H₂0, %2.26.

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SEE

JP 2009196984

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WO 2008013322

http://www.google.com/patents/WO2008013322A1?cl=en

Scheme 1 :

( III ) (ID

Scheme 2 :

( In the above scheme , R⁴ is bromine , or iodine , and the other symbols are the same as defined above.

The starting compounds of formula (V) can be prepared in accordance with the following scheme:

(V) (In the above scheme, the symbols are the same as defined above. )

The compounds of formula (XII ) can be prepared in accordance with the following scheme :

(In the above scheme, R⁵ is alkyl, and the other symbols are the same as defined above.)

Example 1 :

3- (4-Cyclopropylphenylmethyl) -4-fluoro-1- (β-D-gluco- pyranosyl) indole

(1) A mixture of 4-fluoroindoline (185 mg) and D-glucose (267 mg) in H₂O (0.74 ml) – ethyl alcohol (9 ml) was refluxed under argon atmosphere for 24 hours. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure to give crude 4-fluoro-1- (β-D-glucopyranosyl) indoline, whichwas used in the subsequent step without furtherpurification.

(2) The above compound was suspended in chloroform (8 ml) , and thereto were added successively pyridine (0.873 ml), acetic anhydride (1.02 ml) and 4- (dimethylamino) pyridine (a catalytic amount) . After being stirred at room temperature for 21 hours, the reaction solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate , and the solution was washed witha 10 % aqueous copper (II) sulfate solutiontwice anda saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution, and dried over magnesium sulfate. The insoluble materials were filtered off, and the filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane : ethyl acetate = 90 : 10 – 60 : 40) to give 4-fluoro-1- (2, 3, 4, 6- tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl) indoline (365 mg) as colorless amorphous. APCI-Mass m/Z 468 (M+H) . ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 1.93 (s, 3H) , 1.96 (S₁ 3H) , 1.97 (s, 3H) , 2.00 (s, 3H) , 2.83 (ddd, J = 15.5, 10.5 and 10.3 Hz, IH) , 2.99 – 3.05 (m, IH) , 3.49 – 3.57 (m, 2H), 3.95 – 3.99 (m, IH), 4.07 – 4.11 (m, 2H), 4.95 (t, J = 9.5 Hz, IH) , 5.15 (t, J = 9.4 Hz, IH) , 5.42 (t, J= 9.6Hz, IH) , 5.49 (d, J= 9.3 Hz, IH) , 6.48 (t, J = 8.6 Hz, IH) , 6.60 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, IH) , 7.05 – 7.10 (m, IH) .

(3) The above compound (348 mg) was dissolved in 1,4-dioxane (14 ml), and thereto was added 2, 3-dichloro-5, 6-dicyano-l, 4- benzoquinone (306 mg) . After being stirred at room temperature for 33 hours , thereto was added a saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution (20 ml) , and the organic solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was extracted with ethyl acetate twice, and the combinedorganic layerwas washedwithbrine, dried over magnesium sulfate and treated with activated carbon. The insoluble materials were filtered off, and the filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane : ethyl acetate = 90 : 10 – 60 : 40) and recrystallization from ethyl alcohol to give 4-fluoro-1- (2,3,4, 6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl) indole (313 mg) as colorless crystals, mp 132-135°C. APCI-Mass m/Z 483 (M+NH₄) . ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 1.64 (s, 3H), 1.97 (s, 3H), 1.99 (s, 3H), 2.04 (S, 3H), 4.10 (ABX, J = 12.4, 2.7 Hz, IH), 4.14 (ABX, J = 12.4, 5.2 Hz, IH) , 4.31 (ddd, J = 10.0, 5.2 and 2.7 Hz, IH) , 5.25 (t, J = 9.7 Hz, IH) , 5.53 (t, J = 9.5 Hz, IH) , 5.61 (t, J = 9.3 Hz, IH) , 6.22 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, IH) , 6.58 (d, J = 3.4 Hz, IH) , 6.88 (dd, J = 10.8, 7.9 Hz, IH) , 7.19 (td, J = 8.1, 5.3 Hz, IH) , 7.51 (d, J^“ = 8.5 Hz, IH) , 7.53 (d, J = 3.4 Hz, IH) . (4) The above compound (3.50 g) and N, N-dimethylformamide (3.49 ml) were dissolved in 1, 2-dichloroethane (70 ml) , and thereto was added dropwise phosphorus (III) oxychloride (2.10 ml) . The mixture was stirred at 7O⁰C for 1 hour, and thereto was added water (100 ml) at 0⁰C. The resultant mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (200 ml) twice, and the combined organic layer was washed with brine (40 ml) and dried over magnesium sulfate. The insoluble materials were filtered off, and the filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane : ethyl acetate = 90 : 10 – 50 : 50) and recrystallization from ethyl alcohol (20 ml) to give

4-fluoro-1- (2,3,4, 6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl) – indole-3 -carboxaldehyde (2.93 g) as colorless crystals, tnp 190 – 192°C. APCI-Mass m/Z 511 (M+NH₄) . ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d_e) δ 1.64 (s,

3H), 1.98 (s, 3H), 2.00 (s, 3H), 2.05 (s, 3H), 4.12 (A part of

ABX, J = 12.4, 2.5 Hz, IH) , 4.17 (B part of ABX, «7 = 12.4, 5.5

Hz, IH) , 4.33 (ddd, J= 10.0, 5.5 and 2.5 Hz, IH) , 5.32 (t, J= 9.8 Hz, IH) , 5.56 (t, J = 9.6 Hz, IH) , 5.66 (t, J = 9.3 Hz, IH) ,

6.36 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, IH) , 7.11 (dd, J = 10.6, 8.0 Hz, IH) , 7.38

(td, J = 8.1, 5.1 Hz, IH) , 7.65 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, IH) , 8.53 (s, IH) ,

10.0 (d, J = 2.9 Hz, IH) .

(5) To a mixture of magnesium turnings (664 mg) and 1, 2-dibromoethane (one drop) in tetrahydrofuran (40 ml) was added dropwise a solution of l-bromo-4-cyclopropylbenzene (see WO 96/07657) (5.2Ig) in tetrahydrofuran (12 ml) over 25 minutes under being stirred vigorously, and the mixture was vigorously stirred for 30 minutes at room temperature. The resultant mixture was then dropwise added to a solution of the above 4-fluoro-1- (2 , 3 , 4, 6- tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl) indole-3 -carboxaldehyde (4.35 g) in tetrahydrofuran (130 ml) over 15 minutes at -78⁰C under argon atmosphere . The mixture was stirred at same temperature for 30 minutes, and thereto was added a saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution (200 ml) . The resultant mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (150 ml) twice, and the combined organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate. The insoluble materials were filtered off, and the filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure to give crude 4-cyclopropylphenyl 4-fluoro-l- (2,3,4, 6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl) indol-3-yl methanol, which was used in the subsequent step without further purification.

(6) To a stirred solution of the above compound and triethylsilane (2.11 ml) in dichloromethane (44 ml) – acetonitrile (87 ml) was added boron trifluoride -diethyl ether complex (1.34 ml) at O⁰C under argon atmosphere . The mixture was stirred at same temperature for 20 minutes, and thereto was added a saturated aqueous sodium

m/Z 479/481 (M+NH₄) . ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 0.59 – 0.62 (m, 2H) , 0.88

– 0.91 (m, 2H) , 1.83 – 1.87 (m, IH) , 3.21 – 3.50 (m, 4H) , 3.57

– 3.63 (m, IH) , 3.65 – 3.71 (m, IH) , 4.18 (s, 2H) , 4.54 (t, J = 5.5 Hz, IH) , 5.10 (d, J = 5.3 Hz, IH) , 5.16 (d, J = 5.0 Hz, IH) , 5.23 (d, J^“ = 5.8 Hz, IH) , 5.38 (d, J^“ = 9.0 Hz, IH) , 6.97 (d, J^“ = 8.2 Hz, 2H) , 7.01 (dd, J^“ = 9.4, 2.0 Hz, IH) , 7.08 (d, J^“ = 8.0 Hz, 2H) , 7.22 (s, IH) , 7.47 (dd, J = 10.1, 2.1 Hz, IH) .

……………………………………………………………..

US 20110065200

http://www.google.com/patents/US20110065200

Glucose analogs have long been used for the study of glucose transport and for the characterization of glucose transporters (for review, see Gatley (2003) J Nucl Med. 44(7):1082-6). Alpha-methylglucoside (AMG) is often the analog of choice for cell-based assays designed to study the activity of SGLT1 and/or SGLT2.

……………………………………..

WO 2009091082

http://www.google.com/patents/WO2009091082A1?cl=en

Figure imgf000067_0001 R1 = FLUORO, R2= H

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Novel Indole-N-glucoside, TA-1887 As a Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor for Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes
(ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters) Thursday November 21st 2013
Author(s): Sumihiro Nomura, Yasuo Yamamoto, Yosuke Matsumura, Kiyomi Ohba, Shigeki Sakamaki, Hirotaka Kimata, Keiko Nakayama, Chiaki Kuriyama, Yasuaki Matsushita, Kiichiro Ueta, Minoru Tsuda-Tsukimoto,
DOI:10.1021/ml400339b
GO TO: [Article]

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ml400339b

………………

Organic Process Research & Development (2012), 16(11), 1727-1732.

Abstract Image

A practical synthesis of two N-glycoside indoles 1 and 2, identified as highly potent sodium-dependent glucose transporter (SGLT) inhibitors is described. Highlights of the synthetic process include a selective and quantitative Vilsmeier acylation and a high-yielding Grignard coupling reaction. The chemistry developed has been applied to prepare two separate SGLT inhibitors 1 and 2 for clinical evaluation without recourse to chromatography.

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/op3001355

Preparation of (2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-(3-(4-Cyclopropylbenzyl)-4-fluoro-1H-indol-1-yl)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol (1)

To a solution of compound 6 (250 g, 0.413 mol) in MeOH (1.2 L) and THF (2.4 L) was added sodium methoxide (2.5 mL, 0.012 mol), _{………….DELETED………………….}. There was obtained 198.5 g (97.5% isolated yield based on free base form; 98.8 LCAP) of 1 EtOH/H₂O solvate as an off-white crystalline solid. A slurry of the EtOH/H₂O solvate 1 (198.5 g, 0.399 mol) in de-ionized H₂O (3.2 L,) was warmed to 76 °C, and then the slurry was gradually cooled to 20 °C over 30 min. The white suspension was stirred at 20 °C for 20 min and then at 10 °C for 1 h. The solid was collected by filtration, washed with de-ionized H₂O (100 mL × 2), dried in an oven at 50 °C for 20 h and further at 60 °C for 3 h to afford 177.4 g, (99.8% isolated yield, 98.6 LCAP) of 1 hemihydrate as an off-white crystalline solid, of which the ¹H NMR showed no EtOH residue and the powder X-ray diffraction (pXRD) confirmed that it was a crystalline solid. TGA indicated it contained 2.3% of water.

Mp = 108–111 °C.

¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 MHz) δ 7.36 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.22 (s, 1 H), 7.14 (d, J = 8.1, 2 H), 7.10–7.0 (m, 1 H), 6.96 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2 H), 6.73 (dd, J = 7.5, 7.7 Hz, 1 H), 5.38 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 1 H), 5.21 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 1 H), 5.18 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 1 H), 5.10 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 1 H), 4.54 (t, J = 6.9, 1.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.04 (s, 2 H), 3.75–3.60 (m, 2 H), 3.52–3.30 (m, 3 H), 3.20–3.17 (m, 1 H), 1.84 (m, 1 H), 0.89 (m, 2 H), 0.61 (m, 2 H).

¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆, 75.47 MHz): δ 156.2, 140.8, 139.4, 138.2, 128.2 (2 C), 125.2 (2 C), 124.4, 121.8, 115.9, 112.8, 107.4, 104.2, 84.8, 79.3, 77.4, 71.7, 69.8, 60.8, 31.3, 14.6, 8.92 (2 C). LC–MS m/z MH⁺ = 428 (MH⁺), 450 [M + Na]⁺, 877 [2M + Na]⁺.

[α]²⁵_D = −0.026 (c = 0.302, CH₃OH).

Anal. Calc’d for C₂₄H₂₆NFO₅·0.54 H₂O: C, 65.93; H, 6.24; N, 3.20; F, 4.35, H₂O, 2.23. Found: C, 65.66; H, 6.16; N, 3.05; F, 4.18, H₂O, 2.26.

…………………

Journal of Medicinal Chemistry (2010), 53(24), 8770-8774

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jm101080v

………………….

TETRAACETYL COMPD

Organic Process Research & Development (2012), 16(11), 1727-1732.

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/op3001355

1003005-35-3

C₃₂ H₃₄ F N O₉

1H-Indole, 3-[(4-cyclopropylphenyl)methyl]-4-fluoro-1-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-

Preparation of (2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-(acetoxymethyl)-6-(3-(4-cyclopropylbenzyl)-4-fluoro-1H-indol-1-yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triyl Triacetate (6)

To a stirred solution of 5 (82%, 334.6 g, 0.449 mol) in DCE (1.14 L) and MeCN (2.28 L) at 0 °C was added Et₃SiH (108.6 mL, 0.671 mol) followed by the addition of boron trifluoride etherate (68.8 mL, 0.539 mol) ———DELETE………………….. There was obtained 228.6 g (85% isolated yield, 98.4 LCAP) of pure 6 as an off-white crystalline solid. Mp 168–169 °C. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 MHz) δ 7.47 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (s, 1H), 7.20–7.10 (m, 1H), 7.06 (d, J = 8.1, 2H), 6.95 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 6.78 (dd, J = 7.3, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 6.16 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 5.61–5.48 (m, 2H), 5.21 (t, J = 7.3, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 4.34 – 4.25 (m, 1H), 4.18–4.04 (m, 2H), 4.0 (s, 2H), 2.04 (s, 3H), 1.97 (s, 3H), 1.95 (s, 3H), 1.84 (m, 1H), 1.61 (s, 3H), 0.89 (m, 2H), 0.61 (m, 2H). ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆, 75.47 MHz): δ 169.9, 169.5, 169.3, 168.3, 156.2, 140.9, 139.0, 137.9, 128.0 (2 C), 125.2 (2 C), 124.2, 122.7, 116.1, 114.1, 107.2, 105.0, 81.7, 73.0, 72.5, 69.8, 68.0, 62.0, 31.2, 20.4, 20.3, 20.2, 19.7, 14.6, 8.93 (2 C). HRMS: m/z = 596.2261 [M – 1]⁺. [α]²⁵_D = −0.008 (c = 0.306, CHCl₃).

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