New Drug Approvals
Follow New Drug Approvals on WordPress.com

FLAGS AND HITS

Flag Counter
DRUG APPROVALS BY DR ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO

Archives

Categories

Join me on Linkedin

View Anthony Melvin Crasto Ph.D's profile on LinkedIn

Join me on Researchgate

Anthony Melvin Crasto Dr.

  Join me on Facebook FACEBOOK   ...................................................................Join me on twitter Follow amcrasto on Twitter     ..................................................................Join me on google plus Googleplus

MYSELF

DR ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO Ph.D ( ICT, Mumbai) , INDIA 36Yrs Exp. in the feld of Organic Chemistry,Working for AFRICURE PHARMA as ADVISOR earlier with GLENMARK PHARMA at Navi Mumbai, INDIA. Serving chemists around the world. Helping them with websites on Chemistry.Million hits on google, NO ADVERTISEMENTS , ACADEMIC , NON COMMERCIAL SITE, world acclamation from industry, academia, drug authorities for websites, blogs and educational contribution, ........amcrasto@gmail.com..........+91 9323115463, Skype amcrasto64 View Anthony Melvin Crasto Ph.D's profile on LinkedIn Anthony Melvin Crasto Dr.

Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email.

Join 37.9K other subscribers
DR ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO Ph.D

DR ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO Ph.D

DR ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO, Born in Mumbai in 1964 and graduated from Mumbai University, Completed his Ph.D from ICT, 1991,Matunga, Mumbai, India, in Organic Chemistry, The thesis topic was Synthesis of Novel Pyrethroid Analogues, Currently he is working with AFRICURE PHARMA, ROW2TECH, NIPER-G, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Govt. of India as ADVISOR, earlier assignment was with GLENMARK LIFE SCIENCES LTD, as CONSUlTANT, Retired from GLENMARK in Jan2022 Research Centre as Principal Scientist, Process Research (bulk actives) at Mahape, Navi Mumbai, India. Total Industry exp 32 plus yrs, Prior to joining Glenmark, he has worked with major multinationals like Hoechst Marion Roussel, now Sanofi, Searle India Ltd, now RPG lifesciences, etc. He has worked with notable scientists like Dr K Nagarajan, Dr Ralph Stapel, Prof S Seshadri, etc, He did custom synthesis for major multinationals in his career like BASF, Novartis, Sanofi, etc., He has worked in Discovery, Natural products, Bulk drugs, Generics, Intermediates, Fine chemicals, Neutraceuticals, GMP, Scaleups, etc, he is now helping millions, has 9 million plus hits on Google on all Organic chemistry websites. His friends call him Open superstar worlddrugtracker. His New Drug Approvals, Green Chemistry International, All about drugs, Eurekamoments, Organic spectroscopy international, etc in organic chemistry are some most read blogs He has hands on experience in initiation and developing novel routes for drug molecules and implementation them on commercial scale over a 32 PLUS year tenure till date Feb 2023, Around 35 plus products in his career. He has good knowledge of IPM, GMP, Regulatory aspects, he has several International patents published worldwide . He has good proficiency in Technology transfer, Spectroscopy, Stereochemistry, Synthesis, Polymorphism etc., He suffered a paralytic stroke/ Acute Transverse mylitis in Dec 2007 and is 90 %Paralysed, He is bound to a wheelchair, this seems to have injected feul in him to help chemists all around the world, he is more active than before and is pushing boundaries, He has 100 million plus hits on Google, 2.5 lakh plus connections on all networking sites, 100 Lakh plus views on dozen plus blogs, 227 countries, 7 continents, He makes himself available to all, contact him on +91 9323115463, email amcrasto@gmail.com, Twitter, @amcrasto , He lives and will die for his family, 90% paralysis cannot kill his soul., Notably he has 38 lakh plus views on New Drug Approvals Blog in 227 countries......https://newdrugapprovals.wordpress.com/ , He appreciates the help he gets from one and all, Friends, Family, Glenmark, Readers, Wellwishers, Doctors, Drug authorities, His Contacts, Physiotherapist, etc He has total of 32 International and Indian awards

Verified Services

View Full Profile →

Recent Posts

KAE 609, NITD 609, Cipargamin for Malaria


 

NITD609.svg
Cipargamin, NITD 609
IUPAC Name: (3R,3’S)-5,7′-dichloro-6′-fluoro-3′-methylspiro[1H-indole-3,1′-2,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrido[3,4-b]indole]-2-one |
CAS Registry Number: 1193314-23-6
Synonyms: NITD609, NITD 609, NITD-609, GNF-609
KAE-609
NITD-609  
 390.238, C19 H14 Cl2 F N3 O
(1’R,3’S)-5,7′-Dichloro-6′-fluoro-3′-methyl-1,2,2′,3′,4′,9′-hexahydrospiro[indole-3,1′-pyrido[3,4-b]indole]-2-one
(1R,3S)-5′,7-Dichloro-6-fluoro-3-methyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydrospiro[β-carboline-1,3′-indol]-2′(1′H)-one
CURRENTLY IN -PHASE2
NITD609 is an experimental synthetic antimalarial molecule belonging to the spiroindolone class.[1][2] The compound was developed at the Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases in Singapore, through a collaboration with the Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), the Biomedical Primate Research Centre and the Swiss Tropical Institute. NITD609 is a novel, synthetic antimalarial molecule belonging to the spiroindolone class, awarded MMV Project of the Year 2009.
It is structurally related to GNF 493, a compound first identified as a potent inhibitor of Plasmodium falciparum growth in a high throughput phenotypic screen of natural products conducted at the Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation in San Diego, California in 2006. NITD609 was discovered by screening the Novartis library of 12,000 natural products and synthetic compounds to find compounds active against Plasmodium falciparum. The first screen turned up 275 compounds and the list was narrowed to 17 potential candidates.
KAE609 (cipargamin; formerly NITD609, Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases) is a new synthetic antimalarial spiroindolone analogue with potent, dose-dependent antimalarial activity against asexual and sexual stages of Plasmodium falciparum.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1315860
ChemSpider 2D Image | cipargamin | C19H14Cl2FN3O

KAE609 shows promise as next generation treatment for malaria

http://www.novartis.com/newsroom/media-releases/en/2014/1843976.shtml

  • KAE609 is the first antimalarial drug candidate with a novel mechanism of action to achieve positive clinical proof-of-concept in over 20 years
  • KAE609 was tested in adult patients with uncomplicated malaria and showed a median parasite clearance time of 12 hours, including in patients with resistant infections[1]
  • For more than a decade, Novartis has been a leader in the fight against malaria, setting the current gold standard for treatment and building one of the strongest malaria pipelines in the industry

KAE609 shows promise as next generation treatment for malaria

  • KAE609 is the first antimalarial drug candidate with a novel mechanism of action to achieve positive clinical proof-of-concept in over 20 years
  • KAE609 was tested in adult patients with uncomplicated malaria and showed a median parasite clearance time of 12 hours, including in patients with resistant infections[1]
  • For more than a decade, Novartis has been a leader in the fight against malaria, setting the current gold standard for treatment and building one of the strongest malaria pipelines in the industry

The digital press release with multimedia content can be accessed here:

Basel, Switzerland, July 30, 2014 Today, Novartis published clinical trial results in the New England Journal of Medicine showing that KAE609 (cipargamin), a novel and potent antimalarial drug candidate, cleared the parasite rapidly in Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) and Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax) uncomplicated malaria patients[1]. Novartis currently has two drug candidates in development. Both KAE609 and KAF156 are new classes of anti-malarial compounds that treat malaria in different ways from current therapies, important to combat emerging drug resistance. Novartis has also identified PI4K as a new drug target with potential to prevent, block and treat malaria.

“Novartis is in the fight against malaria for the long term and we are committed to the continued research and development of new therapies to eventually eliminate the disease,” said Joseph Jimenez, CEO of Novartis. “With two compounds and a new drug target currently under investigation, Novartis has one of the strongest malaria pipelines in the industry.”

Malaria is a life-threatening disease primarily caused by parasites (P. falciparum and P. vivax) transmitted to people through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. Each year it kills more than 600,000 people, most of them African children[2].

“KAE609 is a potential game-changing therapy in the fight against malaria,” said Thierry Diagana, Head of the Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases (NITD), which aims to discover novel treatments and prevention methods for major tropical diseases. “Novartis has given KAE609 priority project status because of its unique potential of administering it as a single-dose combination therapy.”

In June 2012, 21 patients infected by one of the two main malaria-causing parasite types took part in a proof-of-concept clinical study conducted in Bangkok and Mae Sot near the Thailand/Burma border where resistance to current therapies had been reported. Researchers saw rapid parasite clearance in adult patients (median of 12 hours)[2] with uncomplicated P. vivax or P. falciparum malaria infection including those with resistant parasites. No safety concerns were identified, however the study was too small for any safety conclusions.

“The growing menace of artemisinin resistance threatens our current antimalarial treatments, and therefore our attempts to control and eliminate falciparum malaria,” said Nick White, Professor of Tropical Medicine at Mahidol University in Thailand and lead author of the NEJM article. “This is why we are so enthusiastic about KAE609; it is the first new antimalarial drug candidate with a completely novel mechanism of action to reach Phase 2 clinical development in over 20 years.”

KAE609, the first compound in the spiroindolone class of treatment, works through a novel mechanism of action that involves inhibition of a P-type cation-transporter ATPase4 (PfATP4), which regulates sodium concentration in the parasite. Because KAE609 also appears to be effective against the sexual forms of the parasite, it could potentially help prevent disease transmission. The clinical trial was done in collaboration with the Wellcome Trust-Mahidol University – Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Programme. Research was supported by the Wellcome Trust, Singapore Economic Development Board, and Medicines for Malaria Venture.

KAE609 represents one of two new classes of antimalarial compounds that Novartis has discovered and published in the last four years.[3],[4] This drug candidate has shown potent in vitro activity against a broad range of parasites that have developed drug resistance against current therapies. KAE609 is currently being planned for Phase 2b trials.

References
[1] http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1315860
[2] World Health Organization, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/
[3] Spiroindolones, a Potent Compound Class for the Treatment of Malaria, KAE609, Science, Sept. 2010
[4] Imaging of Plasmodium liver stages to drive next generation antimalarial drug discovery. Science Express, Nov. 17, 2011

http://www.ukmi.nhs.uk/applications/ndo/record_view_open.asp?newDrugID=6368

The current spiroindolone was optimized to address its metabolic liabilities leading to improved stability and exposure levels in animals. As a result, NITD609 is one of only a handful of molecules capable of completely curing mice infected withPlasmodium berghei (a model of blood-stage malaria).
Given its good physicochemical properties, promising pharmacokinetic and efficacy profile, the molecule was recently approved as a preclinical candidate and is now entering GLP toxicology studies with the aim of entering Phase I studies in humans in late 2010. If its safety and tolerability are acceptable, NITD609 would be the first antimalarial not belonging to either the artemisinin or peroxide class to go into a proof-of-concept study in malaria.
If NITD609 behaves similarly in people to the way it works in mice, it may be possible to develop it into a drug that could be taken just once – far easier than current standard treatments in which malaria drugs are taken between one and four times a day for up to seven days. NITD609 also has properties which could enable it to be manufactured in pill form and in large quantities. Further animal studies have been performed and researchers have begun human-stage trials.
NITD609
NITD609.svg
Identifiers
ChemSpider 24662493
Jmol-3D images Image 1
Properties
Molecular formula C19H14Cl2FN3O
Molar mass 390.24 g mol−1

Malaria is an old infectious disease caused by four protozoan parasites, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale. These four parasites are typically transmitted by the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito. Malaria is a problem in many parts of the world, and over the last few decades the malaria burden has steadily increased. An estimated 1 to 3 million people die every year from malaria – mostly children under the age of 5. This increase in malaria mortality is due in part to the fact that Plasmodium falciparum, the deadliest malaria parasite, has acquired resistance against nearly all available antimalarial drugs, with the exception of the artemisinin derivatives.

Leishmaniasis is caused by one of more than twenty (20) varieties of parasitic protozoa that belong to the genus Leishmania, and is transmitted by the bite of female sandflies. Leishmaniasis is endemic in some 90 countries, including many tropical and sub-tropical areas.

There are four main forms of leishmaniasis. Visceral leishmaniasis, also called kala-azar, is the most serious form and is caused by the parasite Leishmania donovani. Patients who develop visceral leishmaniasis can die within months unless they receive treatment. The two main therapies for visceral leishmaniasis are the antimony derivatives sodium stibogluconate (Pentostam®) and meglumine antimoniate (Glucantim®). Sodium stibogluconate has been used for about 70 years and resistance to this drug is a growing problem. In addition, the treatment is relatively long and painful, and can cause undesirable side effects. Human African Trypanosomiasis, also known as sleeping sickness, is a vector-bome parasitic disease. The parasites concerned are protozoa belonging to the Trypanosoma Genus. They are transmitted to humans by tsetse fly {Glossina Genus) bites which have acquired their infection from human beings or from animals harbouring the human pathogenic parasites.

Chagas disease (also called American trypanosomiasis) is another human parasitic disease that is endemic amongst poor populations on the American continent. The disease is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, which is transmitted to humans by blood-sucking insects. The human disease occurs in two stages: the acute stage, which occurs shortly after the infection, and the chronic stage, which can develop over many years. Chronic infections result in various neurological disorders, including dementia, damage to the heart muscle and sometimes dilation of the digestive tract, as well as weight loss. Untreated, the chronic disease is often fatal.

The drugs currently available for treating Chagas disease are nifurtimox and benznidazole. However, problems with these current therapies include their adverse side effects, the length of treatment, and the requirement for medical supervision during treatment. Furthermore, treatment is really only effective when given during the acute stage of the disease. Resistance to the two frontline drugs has already arisen. The antifungal agent amphotericin b has been proposed as a second-line drug, but this drug is costly and relatively toxic.

PAPER

Stereoselective Total Synthesis of KAE609 via Direct Catalytic Asymmetric Alkynylation to Ketimine

Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Tokyo, 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan
JST, ACT-C, 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan
Org. Lett., 2015, 17 (19), pp 4762–4765
DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02300
Publication Date (Web): September 14, 2015
Copyright © 2015 American Chemical Society

Abstract

Abstract Image

A direct catalytic asymmetric alkynylation protocol is applied to provide the requisite enantioenriched propargylic α-tertiary amine, allowing for the stereoselective total synthesis of KAE609 (formerly NITD609 or cipargamin).

STR1

STR1

CLICK ON IMAGE TO VIEW

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02300?journalCode=orlef7

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02300/suppl_file/ol5b02300_si_001.pdf

 

 STR1.jpg
STR1.jpg

PATENT

WO 2009/132921

Figure

In this process, the chiral amine is installed via an enzymatic resolution via deacylation of the acetamide 2. In addition to the wasteful resolution, other inefficiencies of this route include protection/deprotection (Ac/Boc, 2 to 4, and 5 to 6) and a three-step sequence to reduce the carboxylic acid to a methyl group (3 to 6).

Patent

US 2015/0045562

Figure

Improved Route to Cipargamin Employing Transaminase Reaction

For the transamination step, the enzyme ATA-256 was engineered by Codexis to accommodate the non-natural indole substrate 12. Since the substrate is not water-soluble, PEG 200 (approximately 20 vol %) is used as a cosolvent, an interesting selection given that DMSO or methanol are the most common cosolvents for enzymatic reactions. Isopropylamine is employed as the amine donor, a strategy that was adopted from the work of Merck and Codexis for the transamination of sitagliptin ketone.(2) During the transamination, which is a reversible reaction,i-PrNH2 is converted to acetone, which can be readily removed by evaporation to drive the reaction to completion. The workup involves filtration to remove enzyme residues followed by pH swings in which the product is extracted into the aqueous layer under acidic conditions, then basified for extraction into the organic layer. Addition of (+)-camphorsulfonic acid (CSA) provides the amine 14 as the crystalline CSA salt. No details are provided on enantioselectivity for the transamination, and it is not clear if the (+)-CSA is required to upgrade the ee or whether this salt was selected based on physical properties and the ability to develop a scalable crystallization process.
The final step to generate the spiroindole involves a diastereoselective condensation of the chiral amine with 5-chloroisatin (7) under acidic conditions. The diastereoselectivity of this reaction is not provided, nor any ee or de data for the final product. The spiroindole is also isolated as a (+)-CSA salt, which is then converted to the crystalline free base hemihydrate as the final form of cipargamin.

Example 12: Process for Preparing a Compound of formula (IVA) 1/z Hydrate

622.54 399.25

In a 750ml reactor with impeller stirrer 50g of compound (IVB) salt were dissolved in 300ml Ethanol (ALABD) and 100 ml deionised Water (WEM). The clear, yellowish sollution was heated to 58°C internal temperature. To the solution 85 g of a 10% aqueous sodium carbonate solution was added within 10 minutes. The clear solution was particle filtered into a second reaction vessel. Vessel and particle filter were each rinsed with 25 ml of a mixture of ethanohwater (3:1 v/v) in the second reaction vessel. The combined particle filtered solution is heated to 58°C internal temperature and 200ml water (WEM) were added dropwise within 15 minutes. Towards the end of the addition the solution gets turbid. The mixture is stirred for 10 minutes at 58°C internal temperature and is then cooled slowely to room temperature within 4hours 30 minutes forming a thick, well stirable white suspension. To the suspension 200 ml water are added and the mixture is stirred for additional 15hours 20 minutes at room temperature. The suspension is filtered and the filter cake is washed twice with 25 ml portions of a mixture of ethanohwater 9: 1 (v/v). The colourless crystals are dried at 60°C in vacuum yielding 26.23g (=91.2% yield). H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6)

0.70 (s, 1H), 10.52 (s, 1H), 7.44 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (dd, J = 8.4, 2.1 Hz, 1H),.26 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 6.93 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 3.83 – 4.00 (m,H), 3.13 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H), 2.77 (dd, J = 15.1, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 2.38 (dd, J = 15.1, 10.5 Hz,H), 1.17 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H).

 

 

Patent

http://www.google.com/patents/WO2009132921A1?cl=en

 

SCHEME G: Preparation of (lR,3S)-5′,7-dichloro-6-fluoro-3-methyl-2,3,4,9- tetrahydrospiro[β-carboline-l,3′-indol-2′(l’iϊ)-one (35) and (lR,3S)-5′-chloro-6-fluoro-3- methyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydrospiro[β-carboline-l,3′-indoI-2′(l’H0-one (36)

Step 1 : POCl3 (2.43 mL, 26.53 mmol) was added dropwise to N, N-dimethylformamide (15.0 mL) at -20 °C and stirred below -5 0C for one hour. A solution of 6-chloro-5-fluoroindole (3.0 g, 17.69 mmol) in dimethylformamide (5.0 mL) was added dropwise to the above reaction mixture at -20 °C. The salt-ice bath was removed and the reaction mixture was warmed to 35 0C, After one hour, the reaction was poured onto ice and basified by solid sodium bicarbonate and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was washed with water and then concentrated to give 6-chloro-5-fluoro-1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde (3.4 g, 97 %) as a light brown solid. 1H ΝMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 10.02 (s, 1 H), 8.10 (d, IH, J = 9.5 Hz), 7.87 (s, 1 H), 7.49 (d, IH, J= 5.5 Hz).

Step 2: The solution (0.2 M) of 6-chloro-5-fluoro-1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde (4.0 g, 20.24 mmol) in nitroethane (100 mL) was refluxed with ammonium acetate (1.32 g, 0.85 mmol) for 4 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum to remove nitroethane, diluted with ethylacetate and washed with brine. The organic layer was concentrated to give 6-chloro-5- fluoro-3-(2-nitro-propenyl)-1H-indole (5.0 g, 97 %) as a reddish orange solid. 1H ΝMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.77 (s, IH), 8.32 (s, IH), 7.58 (d, IH, J= 2.5 Hz), 7.54 (d, IH, J = 9 Hz), 7.50 (d, IH, J= 5.9 Hz), 2.52 (s, 3H). Step 3: A solution of 6-chloro-5-fluoro-3-(2-nitro-propenyl)-1H-indole (5.0 g, 19.63 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) was added to the suspension of lithium aluminium hydride (2.92 g, 78.54 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (20 mL) at 0 0C and then refluxed for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0 °C, and quenched according to the Fischer method. The reaction mixture was filtered through celite and the filtrate concentrated to give 2-(6-chloro-5-fluoro-1H-indol-3- yl-1-methyl-ethylamine (4.7 g crude) as a viscous brown liquid. The residue was used without further purification. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.13 (s, IH), 7.37 (d, IH, 6.Hz), 7.32 (d, IH, J = 10 Hz), 7.08 (s, IH), 3.23-3.26 (m, IH), 2.77-2.81 (m, IH), 2.58-2.63 (m, IH), 1.15 (d, 3H, J= 6.5 Hz).

Step 4: A mixture of 2-(6-chloro-5-fluoro-1H-indol-3-yl-l-methyl-ethylamine (4.7 g, 20.73 mmol), 5-chloroisatin (3.76 g, 20.73 mmol) and p-toluenesulphonic acid (394 mg, 2.07 mmol) in ethanol (75 mL) was refluxed overnight. The reaction mixture was concentrated to remove ethanol, diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO3. The organic layer was concentrated to give a brown residue, which was purified by silica gel chromatography (20 % ethyl acetate in hexane) to provide the corresponding racemate (4.5 g, 56 %) as a light yellow solid. The racemate was separated into its enantiomers by chiral chromatography to provide 35.

Compound 36 can be obtained in a similar fashion from 5-fluoroindole.

Alternatively 35 and 36 were be prepared in enantiomerically pure form by the following scheme.

SCHEME H: Alternative preparation of (lR,3S)-5′,7-dichloro-6-fluoro-3-methyl-2,3,4,9- tetrahydrospiro[β-carboline-l,3′-indol-2′(1’H)-one (35)

Step 1 : To a solution of 6-chloro-5-fluoroindole (1.8 g, 10.8 mmol) and Ac2O (10 niL) in AcOH (3OmL) was added L-serine (2.2 g, 20.9 mmol), the mixture was heated to 80 °C. After TLC indicated the reaction was complete, the mixture was cooled to 0 °C, neutralized to pH 11 , and washed with MTBE. The aqueous phase was acidified to pH 2 and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were washed with water and bπne, dπed with Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified with chromatography (Petroleum ether /EtOAc 1:1) to give 2-acetylamino-3-(6-chloro-5-fluoro-1H-mdol-3-yl)-propπonic acid as a light yellow solid (1.2 g, 37% yield).

Step 2: 2-Acetylamino-3-(6-chloro-5-fluoro-1H-indol-3-yl)-proprionic acid (2.5g, 8.4mmol) was dissolved in aqueous NaOH (IN, 10 niL) and water added (70 mL). The mixture was heated to 37-380C and neutralized with HCl (IN) to pΗ 7.3-7.8. L-Aminoacylase (0.5 g) was added to the mixture and allowed to stir for 2 days, maintaining 37-380C and pΗ 7.3-7.8. The mixture was heated to 60 °C for another hour, concentrated to remove part of water, cooled and filtered. The filtrate was adjusted to pΗ 5.89 and filtered again. The filtrate was adjusted to pΗ 2.0 and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4, filtered, concentrated and the residue was purified with chromatography (petroleum ether /EtOAc 1 : IEtOAc) to give R- 2-acetylamino-3-(6-chloro-5-fluoro-1H-mdol-3-yl)-propπonic acid as a light yellow solid (1.2 g, 48% yield). Step 3: R-2-acetylamino-3-(6-chloro-5-fluoro-1H-indol-3-yl)-proprionic acid (1.2 g, 4.0 mmol) was dissolved in HCl (6N, 10 mL) and the mixture heated to reflux for 4 hours, and then concentrated to dryness. Toluene (50 mL) was added to the residue and concentrated to dryness to remove water and HCl. The residue was dried under vacuum and then dissolved in MeOH (20 mL). To the solution was added dropwise SOCl2 (0.5 mL, 6.8 mmol) at 0 °C, and the mixture was stirred overnight. After removal of solvent, the residue was dissolved in THF/water (40/10 mL) and NaHCO3 (1.0 g, 11.9 mmol) was added portionwise. Upon basifϊcation, BoC2O (1.2 g, 5.5 mmol) added at 0 °C and allowed to stir at room temperature. After TLC indicated the reaction was finished, EtOAc was added and separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were washed with water and brine, dried with Na2SO4, filtered, concentrated and the residue was purified with chromatography (petroleum ether /EtOAc: 5/1) to give R-2-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-3-(6-chloro-5-fluoro-l/-/-indol-3-yl)-proprionic acid methyl ester 460 g, 31% yield for 3 steps).

Step 4: To a solution of R-2-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-3-(6-chloro-5-fluoro-l//-indol-3-yl)- proprionic acid methyl ester (460mg, 1.2mmol) in dry ether (20 mL) was added portionwise LiAlH4 (92 mg, 2.4 mmol) at 0 °C. The mixture was heated to reflux for 2 hours. After TLC indicated the reaction was finished, the mixture was cooled and carefully quenched with Na2SO4. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was washed with saturated aqueous NH4Cl and water, dried with Na2SO4, filtered, concentrated to give a crude product (400 mg), which was used without further purification.

Step 5: To a solution of the crude product (400 mg, 1.2mmol) and Et3N (0.3 mL, 2.2 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (5 mL) was added MsCl (160 mg, 1.4 mmol) dropwise at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred for 2 hours at room temperature. After TLC indicated the reaction was completed, the mixture was washed with water and brine, dried with Na2SO4, filtered, concentrated and the residue was purified with chromatography (petroleum ether/EtOAc 5:1) to give methansulfonic acid (R)-2- ?ert-butoxycarbonylamino-3-(6-chloro-5-fluoro-1H-indol-3-yl)-propyl ester as a light yellow solid (300 mg, 57% yield, 2 steps)

Step 6: To a solution of mesylate (300 mg, 0.7mmol) in dry ether (20 mL) was added portionwise LiAlH4 (55 mg, 1.4 mmol) at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. After TLC indicated the reaction was finished, the mixture was cooled and carefully quenched with Na2SO4. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was washed with saturated aqueous NH4Cl and water, dried with Na2SO4, filtered, concentrated and the residue was purified with chromatography (petroleum ether/EtOAc 10: 1) to give [(5)-2-(6-chloro-5-fluoro-1H-indol-3-yl)- 1 -methyl-ethyl] -carbamic acid tert-butyl ester as a light yellow solid (200 mg, 87% yield).

Step 7: A solution of [(S)-2-(6-chloro-5-fluoro-1H-indol-3-yl)-l-methyl-ethyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (200 mg, 0.6 mmol) in HCl/MeOH (10 mL) was stirred at room temperature. After TLC indicated the reaction was finished, the mixture was concentrated to remove the solvent. To the residue was added EtOAc (5OmL), and the mixture was neutralized with saturated NaHCO3 to pH 8~9, and then extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic phases were dried with Na2SO4, filtered, concentrated to give a crude (S)-2-(6-chloro-5-fluoro-1H-indol-3-yl)-l- methyl-ethylamine which was used without further purification.

Step 8: To a solution of (5)-2-(6-chloro-5-fluoro-1H-indol-3-yl)-l-methyl-ethylamine (120 mg, 0.5 mmol) in EtOH (1OmL) was added 5-chloroisatin (90 mg, 0.5 mmol) and p-TsOΗ (8 mg, 0.04 mmol). The mixture was heated in a sealed tube at 1100C for 16 hours. After TLC indicated the reaction was finished, the mixture was cooled and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc (2OmL) and washed with NaOH (IN) and brine, dried with Na2SO4, filtered, concentrated and the residue was purified with chromatography (petroleum ether/EtOAc 5:1) to give 36 (150mg, 64% yield over two steps).

 

Example 48 (15,3R)-5′-Chloro-3-methyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydrospiro[β-carboline-l,3′-indol]-2′(l’JH)-one

(35)

35

Compound 35 may be prepared according to Scheme F using the same or analogous synthetic techniques and/or substituting with alternative reagents.

(lS^RVS’-Chloro-S-methyl-l^^^-tetrahydrospirotβ-carboline-l.S’-indoll-l^l’ZO-one: 1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-^6): δ 10.45 (s, IH), 10.42 (s, IH), 7.43 (d, J= 7.5 Hz, IH), 7.31 (dd, J = 2.1, 8.4 Hz, IH), 7.16 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, IH), 7.05-7.02 (m, 2H), 7.00-6.96 (m, IH), 6.92 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, IH), 3.98-3.86 (m, IH), 2.78 (dd, J= 3.6, 14.9 Hz, IH), 2.41 (dd, J= 4.5, 25.5 Hz, IH), 1.18 (d, J= 6.3 Hz, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 338.0 (M+H)+.

Chiral compounds such as 36 and 37 can be prepared according to Scheme G or H using the same or analogous synthetic techniques and/or substituting with alternative reagents. Example 49

(IR^^-S’.T-Dichloro-ό-fluoro-S-methyl-l^^^-tetrahydrospiroIβ-carboline-l^’-indol]- 2\VH)-one (36)

36

35: 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-Jd) δ 10.69 (s, IH), 10.51 (s, IH), 7.43 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, IH), 7.33 (dd, J= 8.4, 2.2 Hz, IH), 7.27 (d, J= 6.5 Hz, IH), 7.05 (d, J= 2.3, IH), 6.93 (d, J= 8.5 Hz, IH), 3.91 (m, IH), 3.13 (bd, J= 6.2 Hz, IH), 2.74 (dd, J= 15.0 , 3.0 Hz, IH), 2.35 (dd, J= 15.0, 10.3, IH), 1.15 (d, J= 6.0, 3H);

MS (ESI) m/z 392.0 (M+2H)+;

[α]25 D = + 255.4°

Example 50

(lS,3R)-5′,7-Dichloro-6-fluoro-3-methyI-2,3,4,9-tetrahydrospiro[β-carboline-l,3′-indol]- 2′(l’H)-one (37)

37

(lS^^-S’^-Dichloro-o-fluoro-S-methyl^jS^^-tetrahydrospirojP-carboline-l-S’-indol]- 2′(l’H)-one: 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.49 (s, IH), 7.54 (s, IH), 7.24 (d, J= 9.7 Hz, IH), 7.21 (dd, J = 8.6, 2.0 Hz, IH), 7.14 (d, J= 6.0 Hz, IH), 7.11 (d, J= 1.8, IH), 6.77 (d, J= 8.3 Hz, IH), 4.14 (m, IH), 2.89 (dd, J = 15.4, 3.7 Hz, IH), 2.49 (dd, J = 15.3, 10.5, IH), 1.68 (bs, IH), 1.29 (d, J= 6.4 Hz, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 392.0 (M+2H)+; [α]25D -223.3°

PATENT

US 2011275613

http://www.google.com/patents/WO2013139987A1?cl=en

 

Prior art:

(1 ‘R, 3’S)-5, 7′-dichloro-6′-fIuoro-3′-methyl-2′, 3′,4′, 9’-tetrahydrospiro[indoline-3, 1 – pyrido[3,4-b]indol]-2-one (eg. a compound of formula (IV), which comprises a spiroindolone moiety) and a 6-steps synthetic method for preparing, including known chiral amine intermediate compound (MA) are known (WO 2009/132921 ):

he present invention relates to processes for the preparation of spiroindolone compounds, such as (1’R,3’S)-5, 7′-dichloro-6′-fIuoro-3′-methyl-2′,3′,4′,9′- tetrahydrospiro[indoline-3, 1 ‘-pyhdo[3.4-b]indol]-2-one.

(1 ‘R, 3’S)-5, 7′-dichloro-6′-fluoro-3′-methyl-2′, 3′,4 9’-tetrahydrospiro[indoline-3, 1 ‘- pyrido[3, 4-b]indol]-2-one is useful in the treatment and/or prevention of infections such as those caused by Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale, Trypanosoma cruzi and parasites of the Leishmania genus such as, for example, Leishmania donovani., and it has the following structure:

(IVA)

(1 ‘R, 3’S)-5, 7′-dichloro-6′-fluoro-3′-methyl-2 3′, 4′, 9’-tetrahydrospiro[indoline-3, 1 – pyhdo[3, 4-b]indol]-2-one and a synthesis thereof are described in WO 2009/132921 Al in particular in Example 49 therein.

 

Example 10: Process for Conversion of Compound (IA) to Compound (IIA) in 30g Scale

458.97

152.48g /so-propylamine hydrochloride and 0.204g pyridoxalphosphate monohydrate were dissolved in 495ml water while stirring. To this yellow clear solution a solution of 30. Og ketone in 85ml poly ethylene glycol (average mol weight 200) within 15 minutes. Upon addition the ketone precipitates as fine particles which are evenly distributed in the reaction media. To the suspension 180ml triethanolamine buffer (0.1 mol/l, pH 7) were added and the pH was adjusted to 7 by additon of aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (1 mol/l). The reaction mixture is heated to 50°C and a solution of 1.62g transaminase SEQ ID NO: 134 dissolved in 162ml triethanolamine buffer (0 1 mol/l, pH 7) is added. The reaction mixture is continiously kept at pH 7 by addition of 1 mol/l aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. The reaction mixture is stirred 24h at 50°C and a stream of Nitrogen is blown over the surface of the reaction mixture to strip off formed acetone. The reaction mixture is then cooled to 25°C and filtered over a bed of cellulose flock. The pH of the filtrate is adjusted to «1 by addition of concentrated sulfuric acid. The acidified filtrated is extracted with 250 ml /so-Propyl acetate. The layers are separated and the pH of the aqueous phase is adjusted to ¾10 by additon of concentrated aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. The basified aqueous phase is extracted with /so-propyl acetate. The layers are seperated and the organic phase is washed with 100 ml water. The organic phase is concentrated by distillation to 2/3 of its origin volume. In a second reactor 33.98g (+)- camphor sulfonic acid is dissolved in 225 ml /so-propyl acetate upon refluxing and the concentrated organic phase is added within 10 minutes. After complete addition the formed thin suspension is cooled to 0°C within 2 hours and kept at 0°C for 15 hours. The precipitated amine-(+)-camphor sulfonate salt is filtered, washed with 70 ml /so-propyl acetate and dried at 40°C in vaccuum yielding 51.57g of colourless crystals (84.5% yield t.q.)

Analytical Data

IR:

v (crn 1)=3296, 3061 , 2962, 2635, 2531 , 2078, 1741 , 1625, 1577, 1518, 1461 , 1415, 1392, 1375, 1324, 1302, 1280, 1256, 1226, 1 170, 1 126, 1096, 1041 , 988, 966, 937, 868, 834, 814, 790, 766, 746, 719, 669, 615.

LC-MS (ESI +):

Ammonium ion: m/z =227 ([M+H]), 268 ([M+H+CH3CN]), 453 ([2M+H]).

Camphorsulfonate ion: m/z =250 ([M+NH4]), 482 ([2M+NH4]).

LC-MS (ESI -):

Camphorsulfonate ion: m/z=231 ([M-H]), 463 ([2M-H]).

1H-NMR (DMSO-d6, 400 MHz):

1 1.22 (br. s., 1 H), 7.75 (br. s., 3H), 7.59 (d, J = 10.3 Hz, 1 H), 7.54 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 1 H), 7.36 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1 H), 3.37 – 3.50 (m, 1 H), 2.98 (dd, J = 14.3, 5.8 Hz, 1 H), 2.91 (d, J = 14.8 Hz, 1 H), 2,81 (dd, J = 14.3, 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 2.63 – 2.74 (m, 1 H), 2.41 (d, J = 14.6 Hz, 1 H), 2.24 (dt, J = 18.3, 3.8 Hz, 1 H), 1 .94 (t, J = 4.4 Hz, 1 H), 1.86 (dt, J = 7.4, 3 6 Hz, 1 H), 1.80 (d, J = 18.1 Hz, H), 1.23 – 1 .35 (m, 2H), 1.15 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.05 (s, 3H), 0.74 (s, 3H)

Free Amine (obtained by evaporatig the iso-Propylacetate layer after extraction of the basified aqueous layer):

1H NMR (400MHz, DMSO-d6): 11 .04 (br. s., 1 H), 7.50 (d, J = 10.5 Hz, 1 H), 7.48 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 1 H), 7.25 (s, 1 H), 3.03 (sxt, J = 6.3 Hz, 1 H), 2.61 (dd, J – 14.3, 6.5 Hz, 1 H), 2.57 (dd, J = 14.1 , 6.5 Hz, 1 H), 1.36 (br. s., 2H), 0.96 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H)

Example 11: Process for Conversion of Compound (HA) to Compound (IVB)

3. solvent exchange to TP

13.62 g 5-chloroisatin is suspended in 35 ml /so-propanol and 2.3 g triethyl amine is added. The suspension is heated to reflux and a solution of 34.42g amine-(+)-camphor sulfonate salt dissolved in 300 ml /so-propanol is added within 50 minutes. The reaction mixture is stirred at reflux for 17 hours. The reaction mixture is cooled to 75°C and 17.4g (+)-camphorsulfonic acid are added to the reaction mixture. Approximately 300 ml /so- propanol are removed by vacuum distillation. Distilled off /so-propanol is replaced by iso- propyl acetate and vacuum distillation is continued. This is distillation is repeated a second time. To the distillation residue 19 ml ethanol and 265 ml ethyl acetate is added and the mixture is heated to reflux. The mixture is cooled in ramps to 0°C and kept at 0°C for 24 hours. The beige to off white crystals are filtered off, washed with 3 portions (each 25 ml) precooled (0°C) ethylacetate and dried in vacuum yielding 40.3 g beige to off white crystals. (86.3% yield t.q.)

IR:

v (crrr)= 3229, 3115, 3078, 3052, 2971 , 2890, 2841. 2772. 2722, 2675, 2605, 2434. 1741 , 1718, 1621 , 1606, 1483, 1460, 1408, 1391 , 1372, 1336, 1307, 1277, 1267, 1238, 1202, 1 184, 1 162, 1 149, 1 128, 1067, 1036, 987, 973, 939, 919, 896, 871 , 857, 843, 785, 771 , 756, 717, 690, 678, 613.

LC-MS (ESI +):

Ammonium ion: m/z =390 ([M+H]), 431 ([M+H+CH3CN]) Camphorsulfonate ion: m/z =250 ([M+NH4]), 482 ([2M+NH4])

LC-MS (ESI -):

Camphorsulfonate ion: m/z=231 ([M-H]), 463 ([2M-H])

1H NMR (DMSO-d6, 600 MHz):

11.49 (s, 1 H), 1 1.23 (s, 1 H), 10.29 – 10.83 (m, 1 H), 9.78 – 10.31 (m, 1 H), 7.55 – 7.60 (m, 2H), 7.52 (s, 1 H), 7.40 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, H), 7.16 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.52 – 4.63 (m, 1 H). 3.20 (dd, J = 16.3, 4.2 Hz, 1 H), 2.96 (dd, J = 16.1 , 11.3 Hz, 1 H), 2.90 (d, J = 15.0 Hz, 1 H), 2.56 – 2.63 (m, 1 H), 2.39 (d, J = 14.6 Hz, 1 H), 2.21 (dt, J = 18.0, 3.8 Hz, 1 H), 1.89 – 1.93 (m, 1 H), 1.81 (ddd, J = 15.3, 7.8, 3.7 Hz, 1 H), 1.76 (d, J = 18.3 Hz, 1 H), 1 .53 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 3H), 1.20 – 1.33 (m, 2H), 0.98 (s, 3H), 0.70 (s, 3H)

Example 12: Process for Preparing a Compound of formula (IVA) 1/z Hydrate

mw622.54 …………………………………………………………………..mw399.25

In a 750ml reactor with impeller stirrer 50g of compound (IVB) salt were dissolved in 300ml Ethanol (ALABD) and 100 ml deionised Water (WEM). The clear, yellowish sollution was heated to 58°C internal temperature. To the solution 85 g of a 10% aqueous sodium carbonate solution was added within 10 minutes. The clear solution was particle filtered into a second reaction vessel. Vessel and particle filter were each rinsed with 25 ml of a mixture of ethanohwater (3:1 v/v) in the second reaction vessel. The combined particle filtered solution is heated to 58°C internal temperature and 200ml water (WEM) were added dropwise within 15 minutes. Towards the end of the addition the solution gets turbid.

The mixture is stirred for 10 minutes at 58°C internal temperature and is then cooled slowely to room temperature within 4hours 30 minutes forming a thick, well stirable white suspension. To the suspension 200 ml water are added and the mixture is stirred for additional 15hours 20 minutes at room temperature. The suspension is filtered and the filter cake is washed twice with 25 ml portions of a mixture of ethanohwater 9: 1 (v/v). The colourless crystals are dried at 60°C in vacuum yielding 26.23g (=91.2% yield). H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6)

0.70 (s, 1H), 10.52 (s, 1H), 7.44 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (dd, J = 8.4, 2.1 Hz, 1H),.26 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 6.93 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 3.83 – 4.00 (m,H), 3.13 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H), 2.77 (dd, J = 15.1, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 2.38 (dd, J = 15.1, 10.5 Hz,H), 1.17 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H).

 

PAPER
 Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 2010 ,  vol. 53,   14  p. 5155 – 5164

(1R,3S)-5′,7-Dichloro-6-fluoro-3-methyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydrospiro[β-carboline-1,3′-indol]-2′(1′H)-one (19a)

1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 10.69 (s, 1H), 10.51 (s, 1H), 7.43 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (dd, J = 8.0, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 6.93 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 3.91 (m, 1H), 3.13 (bd, J = 6.2 Hz, 1H), 2.74 (dd, J = 15.0, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 2.35 (dd, J = 15.0, 10.3 Hz, 1H), 1.15 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 3H). MS (ESI) m/z 392.0 (M + 2H)+; [α]D25 = +255.4° (c = 0.102 g/L, methanol).
CLIPS

Z.Zhang, WO 2007 / 104714,2007).

 

Figure CN102432526AD00051

[0008] (2) year 2008 Roche pharmaceutical company disclosed a spiro [oxindole – cyclohexenone] skeleton biomedicine, PCT International Application No. W02008 / 055812. It also announced the preparation of anti-cancer agents and antagonists of the application of the compound is used as the interaction with MDM2 (reference:. Liu, J.-J; Zhang, Z; (Hoffmann-LaRoche AG), PCT Int App 1. . W02008 / 055812, 2008), its structural formula is as follows:

[0009]

Figure CN102432526AD00052

(3) Melchiorre research group abroad chiral amines and o-fluoro-3-benzyl benzoate as catalyst methylene-indole-2-one (3-benzylideneindolin-2-one, CAS Number: 3359-49- 7) with α, β – unsaturated ketone synthesis of chiral spiro [cyclohexane _1,3′- indole] _2,4 ‘- dione [s pir0 [cycl0hexane-l, 3’ -indoline] – 2 ‘, 4-diones] compounds (see:.. Bencivenni, G; ffu, LY; Mazzanti, A .; Giannichi, B.; Pesciaioli, F; Song, Μ P.; Bartoli, G.; Melchiorre, P …. .Angew Chem Int Ed 2009,48,7200), the structure of the total formula is as follows:

 

Figure CN102432526AD00061

(4) Gong Flow column team found to cyclohexanediamine derived Bronsted acid – a bifunctional catalyst Lewis base catalysis of 3-benzyl-methylene-indole-2-one and α, β- unsaturated 1,3 tandem reaction dicarbonyl compound (Nazarov reagent) can be obtained with high stereoselectivity chiral spiro [cyclohexane _1,3′- indol] -2 ‘, 4-dione [spiro [cyclohexane-l, 3 ‘-indoline] -2’, 4-diones] compounds; and by this method successfully synthesized 7 Roche pharmaceutical companies to develop chiral anti-tumor agents (see: Q Wei, L -Z Gong, Org Lett 2010….. , 12, 1008.).

(5) Wang Lixin research group recently reported that primary amines derived from cinchona alkaloids and Bronsted acid as catalyst N- protected indolone compounds and double Michael addition reaction of diketene generate hand spiro [cyclohexane-1, 3′-indol] -2 ‘, 4-dione [spiro [cyclohexane-l, 3’ -indoline] -2 ‘, 4-diones] type of tx ^ (: L. -L. Wang, L. Peng, J. -F. Bai, L. -N. Jia, X. -Y. Luo, QC Huang, L. -X. Wang, Chem. Commum. 2011,47, 5593.).

WO2009132921A1 * Apr 1, 2009 Nov 5, 2009 Novartis Ag Spiro-indole derivatives for the treatment of parasitic diseases
WO2010081053A2 * Jan 8, 2010 Jul 15, 2010 Codexis, Inc. Transaminase polypeptides
WO2012007548A1 * Jul 14, 2011 Jan 19, 2012 Dsm Ip Assets B.V. (r)-selective amination
AT507050A1 * Title not available
EP0036741A2 * Mar 17, 1981 Sep 30, 1981 THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY Phosphine compounds, transition metal complexes thereof and use thereof as chiral hydrogenation catalysts
EP0120208A2 * Jan 24, 1984 Oct 3, 1984 Degussa Aktiengesellschaft Microbiologically produced L-phenylalanin-dehydrogenase, process for obtaining it and its use
EP0135846A2 * Aug 31, 1984 Apr 3, 1985 Genetics Institute, Inc. Production of L-amino acids by transamination
GB974895A * Title not available
US3282959 * Mar 21, 1962 Nov 1, 1966 Parke Davis & Co 7-chloro-alpha-methyltryptamine derivatives
US4073795 * Jun 22, 1976 Feb 14, 1978 Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. Synthesis of tryptophans
WO2005009370A2 * Jul 22, 2004 Feb 3, 2005 Pharmacia Corp Beta-carboline compounds and analogues thereof and their use as mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase-2 inhibitors
EP0466548A1 * Jun 27, 1991 Jan 15, 1992 Adir Et Compagnie 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexahydroazepino[4,5-b]indole and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carbolines, processes for their preparation, and pharmaceutical compositions containing them

Рисунок из Science 2010, 329, 1175

Исследовательская группа Элизабет Винцелер (Elizabeth A. Winzeler) разработала новый препарат, первоначально проведя скрининг библиотеки, состоящей из 12000 соединений, а затем получив производные наиболее перспективных кандидатов. В результате долгой работы исследователи отобрали единственное соединение спироиндолоновой структуры, получившее регистрационный номер NITD609. В случае успешного прохождения экспертизы фармакологических и токсикологических свойств нового соединения исследователи надеются приступить к первой фазе его клинических испытаний уже в конце этого года.

Было обнаружено, что NITD609 быстро останавливает белковый синтез в организме возбудителя малярии, ингибируя ген аденозинтрифосфатазы, ответственной за транспорт катионов через мембрану клетки возбудителя. То, что механизм действия нового соединения отличается от механизма, характерного для других средств лечения малярии, объясняет причины успешного действия нового препарата в том числе и против штаммов малярии, выработавших резистентность.

 HPLC
Analyte quantization was performed byLC/MS/MS. Liquid chromatography was performed using an Agilent
1100 HPLC system(Santa Clara, CA), with the Agilent Zorbax XDB Phenyl (3.5μ, 4.6 x75 mm) column at
an oven temperature of 35 °C, coupled with a QTRAP4000 triple quadruple mass
spectrometer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Instrumentcontrol and dataacquisition were performed using Applied Biosystems software Analyst 1.4.2. Themobile phases used were A: water:acetic acid (99.8:0.2, v/v) and B: acetonitrile:aceticacid (99.8:0.2, v/v), using a gradient, with flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, and run time of 5minutes. Under these conditions the retention time of9a
was 3.2 minutes. Compounddetection on the mass spectrometer was performed in electrospraypositive ionizationmode and utilized multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) for specificity (9atransitions338.3/295.1, 338.3/259.2) together with their optimized MS parameters. The lower limitof quantification for9awas 70 ng/mL.
Extraction and LCMS analysis of 20a.Plasma samples were extracted withacetonitrile:methanol-acetic acid (90:9.8:0.2 v/v) for the analyte and internal standard(17a) using a 3.6 to 1 extractant to plasma ratio. Analyte quantitation was performed by
LC/MS/MS. Liquid chromatography was performed using an Agilent1100 HPLC systemS7(Santa Clara, CA), with the Agilent Zorbax XDB-Phenyl (3.5μ, 4.6x75mm) column atan oven temperature of 45 °C coupled with a QTRAP 4000 triple quadruple massSpectrometer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Instrumentcontrol and dataacquisition were performed using Applied Biosystems software Analyst 1.4.2. Themobile phases used were A: water:acetic acid (99.8:0.2, v/v) and B: methanol:acetic acid
(99.8:0.2, v/v), using gradient elution conditions with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and a runtime of 6 minutes
++++++++++++++++++++++==
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++=

References

  1.  “NITD 609”. Medicines for Malaria Venture.
  2.  Rottmann M, McNamara C, Yeung BK, Lee MC, Zou B, Russell B, Seitz P, Plouffe DM, Dharia NV, Tan J, Cohen SB, Spencer KR, González-Páez GE, Lakshminarayana SB, Goh A, Suwanarusk R, Jegla T, Schmitt EK, Beck HP, Brun R, Nosten F, Renia L, Dartois V, Keller TH, Fidock DA, Winzeler EA, Diagana TT (2010). “Spiroindolones, a potent compound class for the treatment of malaria”. Science329 (5996): 1175–80. doi:10.1126/science.1193225. PMC 3050001. PMID 20813948.

Ang, S. H., Krastel, P., Leong, S. Y., Tan, L. J., Wong, W. L. J., Yeung, B. K., and Zou, B. Spiro-indole derivatives for the treatment of parasitic diseases. WO2009132921 A1, November 5, 2009.

Cipargamin
NITD609.svg
Names
IUPAC name

(1R,3S)-5’,7-Dichloro-6-fluoro-3-methyl-spiro[2,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrido[3,4-b]indole-1,3’-indoline]-2’-one
Identifiers
1193314-23-6
ChemSpider 24662493
Jmol interactive 3D Image
PubChem 44469321
Properties
C19H14Cl2FN3O
Molar mass 390.24 g·mol−1

SEE……….http://apisynthesisint.blogspot.in/2016/02/kae-609-nitd-609-cipargamin-for-malaria.html

////

C[C@H]1Cc2c3cc(c(cc3[nH]c2[C@]4(N1)c5cc(ccc5NC4=O)Cl)Cl)F

PDE4 Inhibitor, SB-207499, Cilomilast……….REVISTED


Cilomilast.png

Cilomilast (Ariflo, SB-207,499)

cas 153259-65-5

cis-{-4-cyano-4-[3- (trans-3-hydroxycyclopentyloxy)-4-methoxyphenyl]cyclohexane-l -carboxylic acid}

cis-4-Cyano-4-[3-(cyclopentyloxy)-4-(methoxyphenyl)]-r-1-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid

C20-H25-N-O4, 343.4205

GSK….INNOVATOR

 

  • Ariflo
  • Cilomilast
  • SB 207499
  • SB207499
  • UNII-8ATB1C1R6X

 

A selective phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor for treatment of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

CLINICAL   https://clinicaltrials.gov/search/intervention=Cilomilast

Cilomilast (Ariflo, SB-207,499) is a drug which was developed for the treatment of respiratory disorders such as asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). It is orally active and acts as a selective Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor.[1]

SB-207499 is a potent second-generation inhibitor of PDE4 (phosphodiesterase-4) with decreased side effects versus those of the well-known first-generation inhibitor, (R)-rolipram. SB-207499 is in clinical development both for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)……..J. Med. Chem. 1998, 41, 821

Cilomilast (Ariflo™, SB 207499) is an orally active, second-generation phosphodiesterase (PDE) 4 inhibitor that is being developed by GlaxoSmithkline for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The results of Phase I and Phase II studies have demonstrated that cilomilast significantly improves lung function and quality of life to a clinically meaningful extent, which has led to a comprehensive Phase III programme of research evaluating efficacy, safety and mechanism of action. However, the results of those Phase III studies are unremarkable and disappointing, raising doubt over the future of cilomilast as a novel therapy for COPD. This review summarizes data obtained from the Phase III clinical development programme, highlights some of the potential concerns both specific to cilomilast and to PDE4 inhibitors in general and assesses the likelihood that cilomilast will reach the market.

Cilomilast is GlaxoSmithKline’s selective phosphodiesterase type 4 (PDE4) inhibitor. The drug candidate had been preregistered in the U.S. for the maintenance of lung function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who are poorly responsive to albuterol. GlaxoSmithKline received an approval letter from the FDA in October 2003, however, in 2007, the company discontinued development of the compound. In 2008, the product was licensed to Alcon by GlaxoSmithKline for the treatment of eye disorders.

Chemical structure for Cilomilast

Phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors, such as theophylline, have been used to treat Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) for centuries; however, the clinical benefits of these agents have never been shown to out-weigh the risks of their numerous adverse effects. Four clinical trials were identified evaluating the efficacy of cilomilast, the usual randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled protocols were used. It showed reasonable efficacy for treating COPD, but side effects were problematic and it is unclear whether cilomalast will be marketed, or merely used in the development of newer drugs.[2][3]

Cilomilast is a second-generation PDE4 inhibitor with antiinflammatory effects that target bronchoconstriction, mucus hypersecretion, and airway remodeling associated with COPD.

Cilomilast.png

4-cyano-4-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid
Clinical data
Legal status
?
Identifiers
CAS number 153259-65-5 
ATC code None
PubChem CID 151170
ChemSpider 18826005 
UNII 8ATB1C1R6X 
Chemical data
Formula C20H25NO4 
Mol. mass 343.417 g/mol

Synthesis

Cilomilast synth.png

 

 

Christensen, Siegfried B.; Guider, Aimee; Forster, Cornelia J.; Gleason, John G.; Bender, Paul E.; Karpinski, Joseph M.; Dewolf,, Walter E.; Barnette, Mary S. et al. (1998). “1,4-Cyclohexanecarboxylates: Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Phosophodiesterase 4 for the Treatment of Asthma”. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 41 (6): 821–35. doi:10.1021/jm970090r. PMID 9526558.

The reaction of 3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde (I) with LiBr, trimethylsilyl chloride (TMS-Cl) and 1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane in acetonitrile gives the corresponding benzyl bromide (II), which by reaction with NaCN in DMF affords 2-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)acetonitrile (III).

The condensation of (III) with methyl acrylate (IV) by means of Triton B in refluxing acetonitrile yields the 4-cyanopimelate (V), which is cyclized by means of NaH in refluxing DME, giving the 2-oxocyclohexanecarboxylic ester (VI). The decarboxylation of (VI) by means of NaCl in DMSO/water at 150 C yields the cyclohexanone (VII), which is condensed with 2-(trimethylsilyl)-1,3-dithiane (VIII) by means of BuLi in THF, affording the cyclohexylidene-dithiane (IX).

The methanolysis of (IX) catalyzed by HgCl2 and HClO4 in refluxing methanol gives a mixture of the cis- and trans-4-cyano-4-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanecarboxylic acid methyl ester which is submitted to flash chromatography to obtain the cis-isomer (XII). Finally, this compound is hydrolyzed with KOH in methanol/THF/water.

 

Figure

Org. Proc. Res. Dev., 2003, 7 (1), pp 101–108
DOI: 10.1021/op025584z
Abstract Image

The synthesis of SB-207499 is described. Investigation and development of new strategies for the homologation of ketone, 4-cyano-4-[3-(cyclopentyloxy)-4-(methoxyphenyl)]-cyclohexan-1-one 2 are described which produce SB-207499. Our ultimate route of synthesis to SB-207499 is robust and operationally simple and produces the final drug substance in good yield and purity.

cis-4-Cyano-4-[3-(cyclopentyloxy)-4-(methoxyphenyl)]-r-1-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (1a):

mp 148−150 °C; IR (KBr pellet) cm1 3300−2400, 2231, 1707, 1694;

1H (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 11.75 (1Η, br s), 7.02 (1H, d, J = 2.3 Hz), 6.98 (1H, dd, J = 2.3, 8.4 Hz), 6.87 (1H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 4.82 (1H, m), 3.86 (3H, s), 2.43 (1H, tt, J = 3.7, 12.2 Hz), 2.29 (2H, br d, J = 15.6 Hz), 2.25 (2H, br d, J = 16.4 Hz), 2.05 (2H, m), 1.94 (4H, m), 1.86 (2H, m), 1.82 (2H, m), 1.64 (2H, m); 13C (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 180.5, 149.8, 147.8, 132.8, 122.2, 117.3, 112.9, 111.9, 80.7, 56.1, 43.0, 41.7, 36.4, 32.8, 25.9, 24.0.

………………………………………..

http://www.google.com/patents/WO1995024381A1?cl=en

cis-{-4-cyano-4-[3- (trans-3-hydroxycyclopentyloxy)-4-methoxyphenyl]cyclohexane-l -carboxylic acid} or the corresponding compounds as defined by Formula I. The preparation of any remaining compounds of the Formula (I) not described therein may be prepared by the analogous processes disclosed herein which comprise:

Example 1

Preparation of cis-r4-cvano-4-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cvclohexane- 1 – carboxylic acid]

1 fa (3-Cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenv acetonitrile

To a solution of 3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde (20 g, 90.8 mmol) in acetonitrile (100 mL) was added lithium bromide (15 g, 173 mmol) followed by the dropwise addition of trimethylsilylchloride (17.4 mL, 137 mmol). After 15 min, the reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C, 1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane (26.7 mL, 151 mmol) was added dropwise and the resulting mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. After stirring for 3 h, the mixture was separated into two layers. The lower layer was removed, diluted with methylene chloride and filtered through Celite®. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure, dissolved in methylene chloride and refiltered. The solvent was removed in vacuo to provide a light tan oil. To a solution of this crude a- bromo-3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxy toluene in dimethylformamide (160 mL) under an argon atmosphere was added sodium cyanide (10.1 g, 206 mmol) and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 h, then poured into cold water (600 mL) and extracted three times with ether. The organic extract was washed three times with water, once with brine and was dried (K2CO3). The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 10% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to provide an off-white solid ( m.p. 32-34g C); an additional quantity of slightly impure material also was isolated. Kb Dimethyl 4-cvano-4-(‘3-cvclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenv pimelate

To a solution of (3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)acetonitrile (7 g, 30.3 mmol) in acetonitrile (200 mL) under an argon atmosphere was added a 40% solution of Triton-B in methanol (1.4 mL, 3.03 mmol) and the mixture was heated to reflux. Methyl acrylate (27 mL, 303 mmol) was added carefully, the reaction mixture was maintained at reflux for 5 h and then cooled. The mixture was diluted with ether, was washed once with IN hydrochloric acid and once with brine, was dried (MgSO4) and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The solid residue was triturated with 5% ethanol/hexane to provide a white solid (m.p. 81-82° C); an additional quantity was also obtained from the filtrate. Anal. (C22H29NO6) calcd: C 65.49, H 7.25, N 3.47. found: C 65.47, H 7.11, N 3.49. 1. c) 2-Caf bomethoxy-4-cvano-4-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphen vDcvclohexan- 1 -one To a suspension of sodium methoxide (350 mL, 1.55 mol, 25% w/w in methanol) in toluene (2.45 L) heated to 80° C under a nitrogen atmosphere was added a solution of dimethyl 4-cyano-4-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)pimelate (350.0 g, 0.87 mol) in toluene (1.05 L) over 10 min. The reaction was heated to 85° C by distilling away 250 mL of solvent and was vigorously stirred under nitrogen for 2 hours. The reaction was cooled to 50° C and was quenched with 3N (aq) HC1 (700 mL, 2.1 mol). The organic layer was isolated, was washed once with deionized water (700 mL) and once with brine (700 mL). The organic layer was concentrated via low vacuum distillation to afford crude 2- carbomethoxy-4-cyano-4-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexane- 1 -one in toluene. This was dissolved in 4.2 L of dimethyl sulfoxide and used in the next step. 1 (d) 4-Cvano-4-f3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl cvclohexan- 1-one

To a suspension of sodium chloride (315 g, 5.39 mol) and deionized water ( 315 mL) was added the dimethyl sulfoxide (4.2 L) solution of 2-carbomethoxy-4-cyano-4-(3- cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexane-l-one ( 323 g, 0.87 mol) and the resulting suspension was heated to 155° C for 1.75 h. The reaction was cooled to 40° C, was quenched into 8 L of iced water (22 C) and was extracted with ethyl acetate (3.5 L). The aqueous layer was isolated and re-extracted with 2.5 L of ethyl acetate. The combined organic extract (6 L) was washed two times with deionized water (2 x 1 L) and once with brine (1 L). The organic layer was isolated and concentrated in vacuo to afford a residue. This residue was dissolved in refluxing isopropanol (500 mL), was cooled to 0° C and held at this temperature for 1 hour. The crystals were isolated by filtration, were washed with 250 mL of isopropanol (0° C), and were dried in a vacuum oven (45° C at 20 inches) to produce 4-cyano-4-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexan-l -one . m.p. 111-112° C; Anal. (C19H23NO ) calcd: C 72.82, H 7.40, N 4.47; found: C 72.72, H 7.39, N 4.48. 1 (e) 2-r4-Cyano-4-G-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cvclohexylidenel- 1.3-dithiane To a solution of 2-trimethylsilyl-l,3-dithiane (9.25 mL, 48.7 mmol) in dry tetrahydrofuran (80 mL) at 0° C under an argon atmosphere was added rapidly n- butyllithium (2.5M in hexanes, 19.2 mL, 48 mmol). After 10 min, the mixture was cooled to -78° C and a solution of 4-cyano-4-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexan-l- one (7.53 g, 23 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (40 mL) was added. After 10 min, aqueous sodium chloride was added, the mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and was diluted with water. This mixture was combined with the product of three substantially similar reactions conducted on ketone (3.04, 6.01 and 6.1 g, 48.3 mmol total), the combined mixture was extracted three times with methylene chloride, the extract was dried (MgSO4) and evaporated. Purification by flash chromatography (silica gel, 10% ethyl acetate/hexanes) provided a white solid, m.p. 115-116° C. \(f) cis-r4-Cyano-4-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexane- 1 -carboxylic acidl

To a suspension of 2-[4-cyano-4-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclo- hexylidene]-l,3-dithiane ( 140.0 g, 0.34 mol) in acetonitrile (500 mL) and deioinized water (140 mL) under nitrogen was added trifluoroacetic acid (136 g, 1.19 mol). The suspension was heated to 652 C for 1.25 h followed by the addition of 20% sodium hydroxide (420 g, 2.1 mol). The solution was heated at 70 to 75° C for an additional 1.25 h, was cooled to 45° C, deionized water (420 mL)was added followed by 3N (aq) HC1 (392 mL, 1.18 mol). The suspension was cooled to 5° C and held for 1 h. The suspension was filtered, was washed with cold (5e C) deionized water ( 200 mL), and was dried in a vacuum oven (40°C at 20 inches) to obtain crude cis-[4-cyano-4-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4- methoxyphenyl)cyclohexane-l -carboxylic acid]. This material was assayed at 98.5% and was found to a 98.8:1.2 mixture of cis-to-trans isomers, which was contaminated with 0.1% of residual 1,3-propanedithiol. This material was purified via an oxidative workup as follows.

To a hot solution (65° C) of crude cis-[4-cyano-4-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4- methoxyphenyl)cyclohexane-l -carboxylic acid] (85 g, 0.247 mol) in acetonitrile (425 mL) was added 1M sodium hydroxide ( 425 mL, 0.425 mol). To the solution (60° C) was added 4.25 g of calcium hypochlorite and the suspension was vigorously stirred for 2 h. The reaction was concentrated by distilling out 320 mL of solvent, followed by the addition of ethyl acetate ( 425 mL). The reaction was again concentrated by distilling out 445 mL of solvent, was cooled to 55° C followed by the addition of ethyl acetate (1.0 L) and 6N (aq.) HC1 (100 mL). The organic layer was isolated, was washed three times with deionized water (3 x 300 mL), was filtered and was concentrated by distilling out 530 mL of solvent. To the solution was added ethyl acetate (635 mL) with continued distillation to remove 750 mL of solvent. The solution was cooled to 65° C followed by the addition of hexane ( 340 mL). The suspension was cooled to 5° C, held at this temperature for 1 hour, was filtered and was washed with cold (5° C) 10% ethyl acetate/ hexane ( 200 mL). The solid was collected and was dried in a vacuum oven (40° C at 20 inches) to obtain cis- [4- cyano-4- (3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexane- 1 -carboxylic acid] . This material was found to contain no trans isomer. Anal.(C2θH25-Nθ4) calcd: C 69.95, H 7.34, N 4.08; found: C 69.90, H 7.35, N 4.02. Example 2

Preparation of cis-f 4-cvano-4-r3-(trans-3-hydroxycyclopentyloxy)-4-methoxyphenyll- cyclohexane-1 -carboxylic acid)

2(a’) cis-F4-Cyano-4-(3-hvdroxy-4-methoxyphenvDcyclohexane- 1 -carboxylic acid]

To a solution of boron tribromide in dichlorormethane (0.1M, 335 mL, 33.5 mmol) under an argon atmosphere at -78° C was slowly added a solution of cis-[4-cyano-4-(3- cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexane-l -carboxylic acid] (4.03 g, 11.7 mmol) in dichloromethane (180 mL). The mixture was stirred for 5 min, 15% sodium methoxide in methanol was added to pH 8-9 and the reaction was warmed to RT. Water (lOOmL) was added and the mixture was acidified with 3N aqueous hydrochloric acid to pH 1-2. The organic layer was separated, was dried (MgSO4/Na2SO4), was filtered and was evaporated. The residue was twice dissolved in chloroform and the solution was evaporated to yield a white solid. -1H NMR(400 MHz, CDCI3) δ 7.01 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.96 (d of d, J=2.4, 8.5 Hz, 1H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 2.31 (m, 1H), 2.21 (br t, J=13.6 Hz, 4H), 1.98 (m,2H), 1.77 (m, 2H); mp 190-193° C. Kb) Methyl cis- r-4-cvano-4-(3-hvdroxy-4-methoxyphenyl‘)cvclohexane-l-carboxylatel -Toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (0.015 g, 0.08 mmol) was added to a solution of the compound of Example 2(a) (0.70 g, 2.54 mmol) in dry methanol (20 mL) under an argon atmosphere and the reaction was stirred for 6 h at 45-509 C. The reaction was cooled to RT and was stirred for an additional 16 h. The solution was evaporated and the residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 50% hexane/ethyl acetate) to yield the tide compound as a white solid. -1H NMR(400 MHz, CDC13) δ 7.01 (m, 2H), 6.85 (d, J=9.1 Hz, IH), 3.90 (s, 3H), 3.72 (s, 3H), 2.35 (t of t, J=3.6, 12.2 Hz, IH), 2.14-2.25 (m, 4H), 2.00 (app q, J=13.4 Hz, IH), 1.99 (app q, J=13.4 Hz, IH), 1.77 (app t, J=13.4 Hz, IH), 1.76 (app t, J=13.4 Hz, IH); mp 106-107° C.

2(c) Methyl cis- f -4-cvano-4-r3-(trans-3-hydroxycvclopentyloxy )-4-methoxyphenyl – cvclohexane- 1 -carboxylate 1

The compound of Example 2(b) (0.69 g, 2.37 mmol) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (20 mL) under an argon atmosphere and was treated with triphenylphosphine (1.24 g, 4.74 mmol) and cis-l,3-cyclopentanediol (0.49 g, 4.74 mmol). Diethyl azodicarboxylate (0.83 g, 4.74 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at RT for 16 h. The solution was evaporated, the residue was diluted with ether and the white solid was removed by filtration. The filtrate was concentrated and the residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 50% hexane/ethyl acetate) to yield a mixture of the title compound and triphenylphosphine oxide. The mixture was diluted with ether and the white solid triphenylphosphine oxide was removed by filtration. Evaporation of the filtrate yielded the title compound as a sticky, colorless semi-solid. 1H NMR(400 MHz, CDCI3) δ 7.07 (d, J=2.4 Hz, IH), 7.02 (d of d, J=2.4, 8.8 Hz, IH), 6.87 (d, J=8.8 Hz, IH), 4.99 (m, IH), 4.37 (m, IH), 3.85 (s, 3H), 3.74 (s, 3H), 3.16 (d, J=9.1 Hz, IH), 2.39 (m, IH), 1.88-2.25 (m, 12H), 1.80 (br t, J=13.5 Hz, 2H).

2(d) cis-f-4-cyano-4-r3-(trans-3-hydroxycyclopentyloxy )-4- methoxyphenyllcyclohexane-1 -carboxylic acid )

The compound of Example 2(c) (0.10 g, 0.27 mmol) was dissolved in 5:5:2 tetrahydrofuran methanol/water (5 mL), sodium hydroxide (0.035 g, 0.88 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at RT for 3 h. The solvent was evaporated, the residue was partitioned between 5% aqueous NaOH and dichloromethane and the layers were separated. The aqueous layer was acidified to pH 3 with 3N aqueous hydrochloric acid and was extracted three times with 5% methanol in chloroform. The organic extracts were combined, were dried (MgSO4), filtered and evaporated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 90:10:1 chloroform/methanol water) to yield a solid which was slurried in ether, was collected by filtration and was dried in vacuo to afford the title compound. MS(d/NH3) m e 377 [M + NH ]+; 1H NMR(400 MHz, CDCI3) δ 7.08 (br s, IH), 7.03 (br d, J=8.5Hz, IH), 6.88 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 4.98 (m, IH), 4.38 (m, IH), 3.84 (s, IH), 2.41 (m, IH), 1.77-2.29 (m, 16H); Anal. (C2oH25NO5-»0.9 H2O) calcd: C, 63.95; H,7.19; N,3.73. found: C, 64.06; H, 6.88; N, 3.77; mp 161-163° C.

Example 3 Preparation of cis- f 4-cvano-4-r3-(cis-3-hvdroxycvclopentyloxy)-4-methoxyphenyll- cyclohexane-1 -carboxylic acid) 3(a) Methyl cis-(-4-cvano-4-r3-(cis-3-formyloxycvclopentyloxy)-4-methoxyphenyll- cvclohexane- 1 -carboxylate ) The compound of Example 2(c) (0.68 g, 1.83 mmol) was dissolved in tetrahyrofuran (20 mL) under an argon atmosphere and was treated with triphenylphosphine ( 0.96 g, 3.66 mmol) and formic acid (0.17 g, 3.66 mmol). Diethyl azodicarboxylate (0.64 g, 3.66 mmol) was added and d e mixture was stirred at RT for 16 h. The solution was evaporated, ether was added and the white solid was removed by filtration. The filtrate was concentrated and die residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 65% hexane/ethyl acetate) to yield the title compound as a clear colorless oil. **-H NMR(400 MHz, CDC13) δ 8.02 (s,lH), 7.0 (d of d, J=2.4, 8.2 Hz, IH), 6.99 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.87 (d, J=8.2 Hz, IH), 5.48 (m, IH), 4.95 (m, IH), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.72 (s, 3H), 2.31-2.40 (m, 2H), 2.13-2.28 (m, 7H), 1.96-2.06 (m, 3H), 1.74-1.87 (m, 3H).

3(h) cis- ( -4-cvano-4-r3-(cis-3-hvdroxvcvclθDentvloxy)-4-methoχyphenyllcvclohexane- 1 -carboxylic acid)

The compound of Example 3(a) (0.52 g, 1.31 mmol) was dissolved in 5:5:2 tetrahydrofuran/methanol/water (20mL), sodium hydroxide (0.32 g, 8.0 mmol) was added and die mixture was stirred at RT for 2.5 h. The solvent was evaporated and the aqueous residue was acidified to pH 1-2 with 3N aqueous hydrochloric acid. The white solid product was collected, was washed with water and was dried in vacuo to afford the title compound as a white solid. MS(CI/NH3) m/e 377 [M + NH3]+;

IH NMR(250 MHz, CDCI3) δ 6.98 (m, 2H), 6.86 (d, J=8.2 Hz, IH), 4.97 (m, IH), 4.59 (m, IH), 3.85 (s, 3H), 1.64-2.47 (m, 17H);

mp 143-145° C.

 

References

  1. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/549357
  2. Torphy TJ, Barnette MS, Underwood DC, Griswold DE, Christensen SB, Murdoch RD, Nieman RB, Compton CH. Ariflo (SB 207499), a second generation phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor for the treatment of asthma and COPD: from concept to clinic. Pulmonary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1999;12(2):131-5. PMID 10373396
  3. Ochiai H, Ohtani T, Ishida A, Kusumi K, Kato M, Kohno H, Kishikawa K, Obata T, Nakai H, Toda M. Highly potent PDE4 inhibitors with therapeutic potential. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 2004 Jan 5;14(1):207-10. PMID 14684329

 

WO1993019747A1 * Mar 5, 1993 Oct 14, 1993 Siegfried B Christensen Iv Compounds useful for treating allergic and inflammatory diseases
WO1993019748A1 * Mar 5, 1993 Oct 14, 1993 Paul Elliot Bender Compounds useful for treating inflammatory diseases and for inhibiting production of tumor necrosis factor
WO1993019750A1 * Mar 12, 1993 Oct 14, 1993 Paul Elliot Bender Compounds useful for treating allergic or inflammatory diseases
US4795757 * Nov 20, 1986 Jan 3, 1989 Rorer Pharmaceutical Corporation Bisarylamines
US5096906 * Dec 5, 1990 Mar 17, 1992 University Of Virginia Alumni Patents Foundation Method of inhibiting the activity of leukocyte derived cytokines
WO1993019720A2 * Mar 12, 1993 Oct 14, 1993 Paul Elliot Bender Compounds

MSA 100 a serotonin receptor antagonist.


figure

(2E)-N-[2-[2-[(2S)-1-Methyl-2-piperidinyl]ethyl]phenyl]-3-phenyl-2-propenamide (1)

(S)-2′[2-1-(methyl-2-piperidyl) ethyl] cinnamanilide

(2E)-Λ/-[2-[2-[(2S)-1-Methyl-2-piperidinyl]ethyl]phenyl]-3-phenyl-2- propenamide

CAS  951155-17-2

C23H28 N2O, 348.48

 

It was reported that the (S)-enantiomer of 2′-[2-(1-methyl-2-piperidyl)ethyl]cinnamanilide (MSA100, 1) is an active 5-HT (5-hydroxytryptamine or serotonin) receptor antagonist; however, its (R)-isomer is totally or substantially devoid of the same activity.(1)

  • 1.

    (a) Amer, M. S., U.S. Patent 5,780, 487, 1998.

    (b) Prashad, M.; Liu, Y.; Hu, B.; Girgis, M. J.; Schaefer, F., WO2007/111705, 2007.

    (c) Prashad, M.; Liu, Y.; Hu, B.; Girgis, M. J.; Schaefer, F., WO2007/111706, 2007.

 

…………………………………………………………………..

http://www.google.com/patents/WO2007111706A2?cl=en

 

Figure imgf000003_0001

 

Figure imgf000010_0001

Example 4:

Synthesis of (2E)-/V-[2-[2-[(2S)~1 -Methyl-2-piperidinyl]ethyI]phenyl]-3-phenyl-2- propenamide

(a) Free Base Generation:

A 250-mL, 4-necked, round-bottomed flask, equipped with a mechanical stirrer, digital thermometer and nitrogen inlet-outlet, heating cooling bath, and addition funnel, is charged with 6.28 g (S)-2-[2-(1-methyl-2-piperidinyl)ethyl]-benzenamine (1R,3S)-(+)-camphoric acid salt (1 :1) and 60 mL of isopropyl acetate. Stir the mixture at 20-25 0C under nitrogen and add a solution of 1.60 g of sodium hydroxide in 20 mL of water over a period of 5 min while maintaining an internal temperature at 20-25 0C. Stir the suspension efficiently until all the solid dissolves (5 min). Separate the organic layer and save. Extract the aqueous layer with 20 mL of isopropyl acetate. Combine the organic layers and wash it with 20 mL of water. Separate the organic layer and concentrate it under vacuum (20-100 mbar) at an internal temperature at 20-40 0C (external temperature 30-60 0C) to obtain ~65 mL of a solution of (S)-2-[2-(1-methyl-2-piperidinyl)ethyl]-benzenamine (containing 3.28 g of free base) in isopropyl acetate. Save this solution for the next step and store it under nitrogen.

(b) Reaction:

A 250-mL, 4-necked, round-bottomed flask, equipped with a mechanical stirrer, digital thermometer, nitrogen inlet-outlet, heating mantle, condenser, and addition funnel is charged with -65 mL of a solution of (S)-2-[2-(1-methyl-2-piperidinyl)ethyl]-benzenamine (containing 3.28 g of free base) in isopropyl acetate and 6.22 g of potassium carbonate. Stir the reaction mixture under nitrogen at an internal temperature at 23 ± 3 0C to afford a suspension. Add 3.75 g of cinnamoyl chloride over a period of 5 min while maintaining an internal temperature at 23 ± 3 0C to obtain a slurry. Heat the reaction mixture to an internal temperature at 85 ± 5 0C (external temperature 90-100 0C) over a period of 30-60 min. Stir the reaction mixture at this temperature for an additional 2 h. Cool the reaction mixture to 23 ± 3 0C over a period of 1 h. Add 50 mL of water. Stir the reaction mixture at 23 ± 3 0C for 30-60 min to obtain a bi-phasic solution. Separate the organic layer. Add 80 mL of 0.5 N HCI solution over a period of 10 min while maintaining an internal temperature at 23 ± 3 0C to afford a bi-phasic solution. Separate the aqueous layer. Add 60 mL of isopropyl acetate. Stir the reaction mixture and add a solution of 2.00 g of sodium hydroxide in 25 mL of water over a period of 10 min while maintaining an internal temperature at 23 ± 3 0C to afford a bi- phasic solution. Separate the organic layer and save. Extract the aqueous layer with 60 mL of isopropyl acetate. Combine the organic layers and wash it with 40 mL of water. Separate the organic layer and concentrate it under vacuum (20-100 mbar) at an internal temperature at 20-40 0C (external temperature 30-60 0C) to obtain 22mL (19.3 g) of a solution of (iii) in isopropyl acetate. Stir and heat the reaction mixture to an internal temperature at 85 ± 5 0C (external temperature 90-100 0C) over a period of 30-60 min. Add 96 mL of hepatane over a period of 10 min while maintaining an internal temperature at 85 ± 5 0C. Stir and Cool the reaction mixture to 23 ± 3 0C over a period of 1 h. Stir the resulting slurry at 23 ± 3 0C for an additional 2 h. Collect the solid by filtration over a polypropylene filter paper in a Buchner funnel with suction. Wash the solid with a total of 28 mL of a mixture of isopropyl acetate and heptane (1/6) in two equal portions of 14 mL each. Dry the solid at 45-50 0C under vacuum (13-40 mbar) with nitrogen bleeding to obtain a constant weight (LOD < 1%, 4 h) of 4.06 g of (2£)-A/-[2-[2-[(2S)-1-methyl-2-piperidinyl]ethyl]phenyl]-3-phenyl-2-propenamide as an off white solid.

Theoretical Yield: 5.23 g

Yield: 77.6%

Purity: 99.8% (HPLC area %).

Enantiomeric purity: (R)-(iii) was not detected by Chiral HPLC. Example 5:

Alternative synthesis of (2£)-/V-[2-[2-[(2S)-1-MethyI-2-piperidinyl]ethyl]phenyI]-3- phenyl-2-propenamide

(a) Free base generation:

In a 500 ml round bottomed flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer the resolved camphoric acid salt (IV) (20 g) in isopropyl acetate (120 g) is added at an internal temperature of 20 to 25 0C (external temperature 20 0C). Then, at an internal temperature of 25 to 30 0C (external temperature 20 0C) a solution of sodium hydroxide (38.24 g) in water (60 g) is added to the reaction mixture over a period of 5 minutes. The reaction mixture (suspension) is then stirred for a further 30 minutes. The resulting orange emulsion is then allowed to separate into a two-phase mixture and the water phase is removed. The organic phase is then subjected to a rotary evaporator and the isopropyl acetate is distilled at an internal temperature of 60 0C and under reduced pressure (250 mbar). Approximately 90 g of isopropyl acetate is distilled. Prior to distilling, the organic phase is a clear, bright orange colour and of a volume of approximately 160 ml ( 13Og),

(b) Reaction:

In a 1.5 I flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer and at an internal temperature of 35 0C (external temperature 38 0C) and under inert conditions (nitrogen) 2-butanone (160 g) and isopropyl acetate (20 g) is added to the reaction mixture of part (a). Then, at an internal temperature of 35 0C (external temperature of 38 0C) a solution of cinnamoyl chloride (8.9 g) in 2-butanone (20 g) is added drop wise. Then, the reaction mixture is treated with more 2- butanone (2 x 5 g). The resulting suspension is then stirred for 20 minutes at an internal temperature of 350C. The pH of the mixture is between 6 and 8.

(c) Resolution:

The suspension of step (b) is then cooled to an internal temperature of 25 0C (external temperature 20 0C) and at the same time a mixture of water (200 g) and isopropyl acetate (60 g) is added. The reaction mixture is then stirred for a further 15 minutes at an internal temperature of 25 0C (external temperature 20 0C). The resulting two-phase reaction mixture is then separated and the water phase removed. The resulting yellow upper layer is then treated with 2.5 mol/l hydrochloric acid (200 g). The resulting two-phase mixture is then separated and the water phase is transferred into a 750 ml flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer. The organic phase is then washed with 2.5 mol/l hydrochloric acid (200 g) and the resulting two-phase mixture is separated and the water phase is added to the first water phase. The combined water phases are then treated with acetic acid (300 g) and sodium hydroxide (150 g) is added. The reaction mixture is then stirred at an internal temperature of 25 to 30 0C (external temperature 20 0C) for 15 minutes. The resulting two-phase reaction mixture is then separated.

(d) Crystallization

The organic phase from the above reaction step (c) is reduced in volume on a rorary evaporator at an external temperature of 60 0C and at 250 mbar. Then, the reduced-volume reaction mixture is treated with isopropanol (60 g) and the resulting reaction mixture is reduced in volume on a rotary evaporator at an external temperature of 60 0C and under a vacuum of 150 mbar. Then, at an internal temperature of 50 to 55 0C (external temperature 60 0C) the reaction mixture is treated with water (20 g) and the resulting suspension is further treated with the product (iv) (10 mg) in isopropanol (0.01 g). The reaction mixture is then stirred for a further 15 minutes at an internal temperature of 50 to 55 0C (external temperature 60 0C). Then, further water is added over a period of 15 to 30 minutes and the reaction mixture is maintained at an internal temperature of 50 to 55 0C (external temperature 60 0C). Then, the resulting suspension is cooled to an internal temperature of 22 to 22 0C (external temperature 20 0C. Then, the suspension is stirred for a further 30 minutes at an internal temperature of 22 to 22 0C (external temperature 20 0C) and the resulting solid is collected by filtration and washed with a mixture of water and isopropyl acetate (2 x 20 g), where the water: isopropyl acetate ratio is of 5:1 g/g. The resulting solid may then be dried under a vacuum at a temperature of 55 0C.

Yield: 14.8 g (89.3% of theory). mp: 127.3 to 130.2 0C

Example 6: Recrystallisation of (2E)-Λ/-[2-[2-[(2S)-1-Methyl-2-piperidinyl]ethyl]phenyl]-3-phenyl-2- propenamide

(a) In a 200 ml round bottomed flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer, containing the product (iv) (15 g) is added isopropanol (25 g) and heptane (heptane fraction from petroleum having a boiling point of 65 to 100 0C) (25 g) is added. Then, the reaction mixture is heated to an internal temperature of 75 0C (external temperature 95 0C) and refluxed for approximately 30 minutes, whilst stirring. Then, the reaction mixture is filtered over a glass fibre filter at an internal temperature of 70 to 75 0C (external temperature 85 0C) in to a 350 ml flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer. Then, a mixture of isopropanol (5 g) and heptane (5 g) is added and the reaction mixture is heated to an internal temperature of 70 0C (external temperature 95 0C). Then, further heptane is added drop wise to the reaction mixture at an internal temperature of 65 to 75 0C (external temperature 75 0C).

(b) Crystallization

The solution from step (a) is then cooled to an internal temperature of 40 0C (external temperature 40 0C) over a period of 15 minutes. The, at an internal temperature of 40 0C, the solution is treated with a suspension of the recrystallized product (v) (11 mg) in heptane is added and the reaction mixture is stirred for 30 minutes at an internal temperature of 40 0C (external temperature 40 to 45 0C). Then, the reaction mixture is treated with some further heptane (15 g) at an internal temperature of 40 0C. The resulting suspension is then cooled to an internal temperature of -10 0C (external temperature -10 to -15 0C) over a period of 30 minutes and then further stirred for a further hour. The reaction mixture is then filtered at an internal temperature of -10 0C (external temperature -10 to -15 0C) and the resulting solid may be washed in a mixture of isopropanol and heptane, where the isopropanohheptane ratio is 1 :1.5. The solid may be washed twice (2 x 11.25 g). The solid may then be dried in a vacuum at a temperature of 60 0C.

Yield: 17.8 g (89% of theory) mp: 127.4 to 132.0 0C.

………………………………………………………………..

Org. Process Res. Dev., Article ASAP
DOI: 10.1021/op5003402
Abstract Image

An efficient process was developed for the manufacture of MSA100, a serotonin receptor antagonist, via a five-step synthetic route furnishing a high quality of active pharmaceutical ingredient. Highlights of this synthesis include: (1) replacing carcinogenic methyl iodide with methyl p-toluenesulfonate as the methylating reagent; (2) a hydrogenation protocol with optimized temperature, pressure, and mass-transfer conditions that avoided one side product and reduced the other one effectively; (3) chemical resolution employing D-camphoric acid in a mixed-solvent system; (4) amidation under anhydrous conditions for controlling a Michael adduct impurity; and (5) plausible mechanisms for the formation of side products.

(2E)-N-[2-[2-[(2S)-1-Methyl-2-piperidinyl]ethyl]phenyl]-3-phenyl-2-propenamide (1)

To a mixture of 14 (6.28 g, 15 mmol) ……………………………………………………to obtain 1 (4.06 g, 78% yield) as an off-white solid: mp 125–127 °C (lit. ref 1a, mp 128 °C);
Chiral HPLC for (S)-1 (tR = 19.3 min), >99.9% ee; (R)-1 (tR = 18.5 min): Chiralcel AD-H, 250 × 4.6 mm, flow rate = 1.0 mL/min, 25 °C, 900:100:1 A:B:C isocratic; A = hexanes; B = ethanol; C = diethylamine; UV λ = 230 nm. HPLC for 1 (tR = 11.2 min) 99.8% purity; 8 (tR = 5.4 min); 9 (tR = 12.3 min): Waters Symmetry-C18 150 × 4.6 mm, flow rate = 1 mL/min, 25 °C, gradient elution from 93:7 A–B to 85:15 A–B over 5 min, to 10:90 A–B over 10 min and held for 2 min, to 93:7 A–B over 1 min; A = 0.1% TFA in water; B = acetonitrile; UV λ = 230 nm.
…………………

Example I PREPARATION AND CONFIRMATION OF S-MPEC

racemic-APEMEP-HI -5/1-

– 6 –

1. 2 – nitrobenzaldehyde

2. 2 – picoline

3. 2 – (o-nitrostyryl) pyridine (NSP)

4. 2 – (o-nitrostyryl)- 1 -methylpyridinium iodide 5. RS-2- (o-aminophenethyl)-l-methylpiperidine. HI

6. S-[2-(o-aminophenethyl)- 1 -methylpiperidine-dibenzoyl-L-tartrate] (S-APEMP. DBLT OR .L-DBT)

7. S-2′- [2-(l-methyl-2-piperidyl) ethyl] cinnamanilide (S-MPEC) 7a. Cinnamoyl chloride S-MPEC CHEMICAL PROCESS

(A) 2-(O-Nitrostyryl) – 1 -Methylpyridinium Iodide fNSMP-P

To a 50 L round bottomed flask was added 2-nitrobenzaldehyde (3,500 g. 23.2 moles), 2-picoline (3.2L., 32.8 moles) and acetic anhydride. The mixture was stirred efficiently under an inert atmosphere (nitrogen or another inert gas) and heated to reflux for 27 hrs. The mixture was cooled to under 100 C, for safe handling, and quenched in a suitable vessel equipped with external cooling and efficient stirring on 10.5 Kg. of ice. The pH was adjusted to 11 with 45% aqueous sodium hydroxide at a rate to keep the temperature below 50°C. After cooling to 20-30°C, the granular solid was collected by filtration, washed well with water. Yield 6572 g. of crude 2-(o-nitrostyryl) pyridine (NSP).

This solid was transferred to a 50L, round bottomed flask, dissolved in acetone (14L.) and iodomethane (2.94L., 47.7 moles) (quaternizing methylating agent) was added. (Other such (alkylating) agents may be used, generally having the formula CH3X, X being an anion such as sulfate, methyl sulfate, halide (Cl, Br, I), etc.). The mixture was heated to reflux under an inert atmosphere (nitrogen or another inert gas) for 18 hrs. After cooling to 20°C. the precipitate was collected by filtration and washed with acetone or a 1 :1 mixture of acetone:ethyl acetate (3×3.5L.). Drying to constant weight at 50-60°C. yielded 6,839 g. (80%) of NSMP.I. (B) RS- 2-(o-Aminophenethyl)-l-Methylpiperidine. Hvdroiodide

ΓRS-APEMP.HΠ

In a 5 gallon reactor, a solution of NSNP.I (935 g., 2.5 moles) in – 7 – methanol (14L.) was reduced in a hydrogen atmosphere (Psi. 55) in the presence of Pt/C (5 or 10%, 98g.). After removal of the catalyst and evaporation of the filtrate in the usual manner, the residue was dissolved in hot methanol (2.8L.). Ethyl acetate (2.8L) was added to the hot mixture to induce crystallization, yield 516.3 g. (59%) of RS-APEMP.HI.

(C) S-[2-(o-Aminophenethv0- 1 -Methylpiperidine Dibenzoyl-L-Tartrate] (S- APEMP.DBLT)

A solution of RS-APEMP.HI (516g., 1.5 mole) ethyl acetate (5.5g.) (or other low boiling water immiscible solvent such as benzene, toluene etc.) was extracted with 5% aqueous sodium hydroxide to liberate the free base (organic phase), washing the organic phase with water, drying over a suitable drying agent (such as anhydr. sodium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, potassium carbonate etc.) After separating the solvent from the drying agent the solution was evaporated in vacuo and the residual RS-APEMP free base was dissolved in methanol (l .O.L.) and a solution of dibenzoyl-L-tartaric acid (540 g., 1.5 moles) in methanol (2.3 L.) was added. The mixture was held overnight at room temperature. The crystalline precipitate was collected and recrystallized from methanol (3.4 L.), yield 246g. of S-APEMP.DBLT. (28.6%, wt; 57.2% of the S-APEMP). (O) S-2′-r2-π-Methyl-2-Piperidvnethyll Cinnamanilide f S-MPEC) A solution of S-APEMP.DBLT (287 g, 0.5 mole) in ethyl acetate

(3.2 L.) (or other low boiling water immiscible solvent) was extracted with 7.5% aqueous sodium bicarbonate (3.2 L.) to liberate the S-APEMP. After a water wash and drying over a suitable drying agent the solvent was removed in vacuo. The oily residue, S-APEMP, was dissolved in ethyl acetate (1.0 L.) and anhydrous potassium carbonate (412 g, 3.0 moles) (or other suitable acid acceptor such as triethyl amine, pyridine etc.) was added. Cinnamoyl chloride (143 g., 0.7 mole) in 700 ml. of ethyl acetate was added slowly. After the initial reaction, the mixture was refluxed for 14 hrs. After cooling to room temperature the mixture was extracted with water (1.7 L.) and dried over a suitable drying agent. After removing the drying agent the solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was dissolved in hot ethyl acetate (280 ml.) and allowed to slowly cool to room temperature; filtration yielded S-MPEC, (136 g., 79% yield). Analysis: Calcd. For C, H, N : C, 79.27; H, 8.10;N, 8.04. Found: C, 79.27; H, 8.06; N, 8.07. HPLC(chiral)purity: 99.5%, [oc ]D25, -46° (c=0.01,EtOH); Melting point: 128°C.
TABLE 2 CERTIFICATE OF ANALYSIS Compound Name: (-)-2′-[2-(l-Methyl-2 piperidyl)ethyl]cinnamanilide(/-MPEC,S- MPEC

……………………………….

synthesis of 2′[2-1-(methyl -2-piperidyl) ethyl] cinnamanilide (Y1), which is a compound of formula (Y) where Ra is hydrogen and R1 is methyl:

Processes for the preparation of compounds of formula (Y) are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,931,195 which comprises the step of alkylating compounds of formula (i) (below) with an alkyl halide, such as methyl iodide for methylation. The same methylation step is described in EP0973741 for the synthesis of compound (Y1).

Thus, the processes described in the prior art involve the use of a highly toxic reagent (e.g. methyl iodide) and provides a yield of about 50%

US4064254 * Oct 21, 1976 Dec 20, 1977 Mead Johnson & Company Substituted piperidines therapeutic process and compositions
US5780487 * Feb 28, 1997 Jul 14, 1998 Amer Moh Samir S-2′- 2-(1-methyl-2-piperidyl) ethyl! cinnamanilide

Foretinib (Exelixis, GlaxoSmithKline, XL-880)


Foretinib.svg

Foretinib (Exelixis, GlaxoSmithKline) (XL-880)

CAS No.:849217-64-7, 937176-80-2
Formula:C34H34F2N4O6
M.Wt:632.24

GSK1363089, XL880

1-N’-[3-fluoro-4-[6-methoxy-7-(3-morpholin-4-ylpropoxy)quinolin-4-yl]oxyphenyl]-1-N-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxamide

Foretinib is an experimental drug candidate for the treatment of cancer.[1] It was discovered by Exelixis and is under development by GlaxoSmithKline.[2] It is currently in Phase II clinical trials.[3] As of December 2012 no phase III trials are registered.[3]

Foretinib is an inhibitor of the kinase enzymes c-Met and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2).[4]

Foretinib is an orally bioavailable small molecule with potential antineoplastic activity. MET/VEGFR2 inhibitor GSK1363089 binds to and selectively inhibits hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor c-MET and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), which may result in the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis, tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. The proto-oncogene c-MET has been found to be over-expressed in a variety of cancers. VEGFR2 is found on endothelial and hematopoietic cells and mediates the development of the vasculature and hematopoietic cells through VEGF signaling.

Foretinib (GSK1363089) is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of HGFR and VEGFR, mostly for Met and KDR with IC50 of 0.4 nM and 0.9 nM. Less potent against Ron, Flt-1/3/4, Kit, PDGFRα/β and Tie-2, and little activity to FGFR1 and EGFR. Phase 2.

 

Foretinib.png

 

………………………………..

Patent Submitted Granted
Preparation of a Quinolinyloxydiphenylcyclopropanedicarboxamide [US2010081805] 2010-04-01
C-Met Modulators and Method of Use [US2012022065] 2012-01-26
C-Met Modulators and Method of Use [US2011077233] 2011-03-31
c-Met modulators and methods of use [US7579473] 2009-07-02 2009-08-25
c-MET MODULATORS AND METHODS OF USE [US8067436] 2009-04-23 2011-11-29
C-MET MODULATORS AND METHOD OF USE [US8178532] 2007-09-27 2012-05-15
Method of Treating Cancer using a cMet and AXL Inhibitor and an ErbB Inhibitor [US2009274693] 2009-11-05
c-MET MODULATORS AND METHOD OF USE [US2007244116] 2007-10-18
c-Met modulators and methods of use [US2007054928] 2007-03-08

………………………………….

http://www.google.com/patents/WO2014067417A1?cl=en

Foretinib (GSK1363089, XL880) quinoline compounds are, an oral c-Met and VEGFR / KDR kinase inhibitor of c-Met kinase and KDR kinase IC 5Q Wo port respectively 0.4 0.8 nM, the current has entered Phase II clinical study (WO2010036831Al). Clinical studies have shown that, Foretinib variety of people, such as human lung cancer cells, human gastric cancer cells and other tumor cell lines showed a significant inhibitory effect, an IC 50 value of 0.004 g / mL.

Figure imgf000004_0001

 

 

 

……………………………

http://www.google.com/patents/WO2014145693A1?cl=en

Accordingly, small-molecule compounds that specifically inhibit, regulate, and/or modulate the signal transduction of kinases, particularly including Ret, c-Met, and VEGFR2 described above, are particularly desirable as a means to treat or prevent disease states associated with abnormal cell proliferation and angiogenesis. One such small-molecule is XL880, known variously as N-[3-fluoro-4-({6-(methyloxy)-7-[(3-morpholin-4- ylpropyl)oxy]quinolin-4-yl}oxy)phenyl]-N’-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropane-l,l- dicarboxamide and alternatively as foretimb. Foretimb has the chemical structure:

[0007] WO 2005/030140 describes the synthesis of foretinib (Example 44) and also discloses the therapeutic activity of this molecule to inhibit, regulate, and/or modulate the signal transduction of kinases (Assays, Table 4, entry 312). Example 44 begins at paragraph [0349] in WO 2005/030140.

Figure imgf000034_0001

 

 

Figure imgf000032_0001

……………………………………

 

WO 2012044577 A1…….Dual inhibitors of met and vegf for the treatment of castration resistant prostate cancer and osteoblastic bone metastases

Figure imgf000020_0003
Foretinib (Exelixis, GlaxoSmithKline) (aka XL-880)
Foretinib (Exelixis, GlaxoSmithKline) (aka XL-880)WO 2012044577 A1…….Dual inhibitors of met and vegf for the treatment of castration resistant prostate cancer and osteoblastic bone metastases
 http://www.google.com/patents/WO2012044577A1?cl=en

In another embodiment, the compound of Formula I is Compound 1 :
Figure imgf000005_0001
Compound 1
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Compound I is known as N-(4-{[6,7- bis(methyloxy)quinolin-4-yl]oxy}phenyl)-N’-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropane-l, l- dicarboxamide. WO 2005/030140 describes the synthesis of N-(4-{[6,7- bis(methyloxy)quinolin-4-yl]oxy }phenyl)-N’-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropane-l, l- dicarboxamide (Example 12, 37, 38, and 48) and also discloses the therapeutic activity of this molecule to inhibit, regulate and/or modulate the signal transduction of kinases, (Assays, Table 4, entry 289). Example 48 is on paragraph [0353] in WO 2005/030140.
[0013] In another embodiment, the compound of Formula I is Compound 2:
Figure imgf000005_0002
Compound 2
Foretinib (Exelixis, GlaxoSmithKline) (aka XL-880)
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Compound 2 is known as is N-[3-fluoro-4- ({6-(methyloxy)-7-[(3-morpholin-4-ylpropyl)oxy]quinolin-4-yl}oxy)phenyl]-N’-(4- fluorophenyl)cyc!opropane- 1,1 -dicarboxamide. WO 2005-030140 describes the synthesis of Compound (I) (Examples 25, 30, 36, 42, 43 and 44) and also discloses the therapeutic activity of this molecule to inhibit, regulate and/or modulate the signal transduction of kinases, (Assays, Table 4, entry 312). Compound 2 has been measured to have a c-Met IC50 value of about 0.6 nanomolar (nM). PC1YUS09/064341, which claims priority to U.S. provisional application 61/199,088, filed November 13, 2008, describes a scaled-up synthesis of Compound I.

Scheme 2

Preparation of 4-Chloro-6,7-dimethoxy-quinoIine

[00173] A reactor was charged sequentially with 6,7-dimethoxy-quinoline-4-ol (47.0 kg) and acetonitrile (318.8 kg). The resulting mixture was heated to approximately 60 °C and phosphorus oxychloride (POCl3, 130.6 kg) was added. After the addition of POCI3, the temperature of the reaction mixture was raised to approximately 77 °C. The reaction was deemed complete (approximately 13 hours) when less than 3% of the starting material remained (in-process high-performance liquid chromatography [HPLC] analysis). The reaction mixture was cooled to approximately 2-7 °C and then quenched into a chilled solution of dichloromethane (DCM, 482.8 kg), 26 percent NH4OH (251.3 kg), and water (900 L). The resulting mixture was warmed to approximately 20-25 °C, and phases were separated. The organic phase was filtered through a bed of AW hyflo super-cel NF (Celite; 5.4 kg) and the filter bed was washed with DCM (1 18.9 kg). The combined organic phase was washed with brine (282.9 kg) and mixed with water (120 L). The phases were separated and the organic phase was concentrated by vacuum distillation with the removal of solvent (approximately 95 L residual volume). DCM (686.5 kg) was charged to the reactor containing organic phase and concentrated by vacuum distillation with the removal of solvent (approximately 90 L residual volume). Methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE, 226.0 kg) was then charged and the temperature of the mixture was adjusted to -20 to -25 °C and held for 2.5 hours resulting in solid precipitate which was then filtered and washed with n-heptane (92.0 kg), and dried on a filter at approximately 25 °C under nitrogen to afford the title compound. (35.6 kg).

Preparation of -(6, 7 -Dimethoxy-quinoline- -yloxy)-phenylamine

[00174] 4-Aminophenol (24.4 kg) dissolved in N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA, 184.3 kg) was charged to a reactor containing 4-chloro-6,7-dimethoxyquinoline (35.3 kg), sodium t- butoxide (21.4 kg) and DMA (167.2 kg) at 20-25 °C. This mixture was then heated to 100- 105 °C for approximately 13 hours. After the reaction was deemed complete as determined using in-process HPLC analysis (less than 2 percent starting material remaining), the reactor contents were cooled at 15-20 °C and water (pre-cooled, 2-7 °C, 587 L) charged at a rate to maintain 15-30 °C temperature . The resulting solid precipitate was filtered, washed with a mixture of water (47 L) and DMA (89.1 kg) and finally with water (214 L). The filter cake was then dried at approximately 25 °C on filter to yield crude 4-(6, 7-dimethoxy-quinoline-4- yloxy)-phenylamine (59.4 kg wet, 41.6 kg dry calculated based on LOD). Crude 4-(6, 7- dimethoxy-quinoline-4-yloxy)-phenylamine was refluxed (approximately 75 °C) in a mixture of tetrahydrofuran (THF, 21 1.4 kg) and DMA (108.8 kg) for approximately lhour and then cooled to 0-5 °C and aged for approximately 1 hour after which time the solid was filtered, washed with THF (147.6 kg) and dried on a filter under vacuum at approximately 25 °C to yield 4-(6,7-dimethoxy-quinoline-4-yloxy)-phenylamine (34.0 kg). Alternative Preparation of 4-(6, 7-Dimethoxy-quinoIine-4-yloxy)-phenylamine

[00175] 4-chloro-6,7-dimethoxyquinoline (34.8 kg) and 4-aminophenoI (30.8 kg) and sodium tert pentoxide (1.8 equivalents) 88.7 kg, 35 weight percent in THF) were charged to a reactor, followed by N(N-dimethylacetamide (DMA, 293.3 kg). This mixture was then heated to 105-1 15 °C for approximately 9 hours. After the reaction was deemed complete as determined using in-process HPLC analysis (less than 2 percent starting material remaining), the reactor contents were cooled at 15-25 °C and water (315 kg) was added over a two hour period while maintaining the temperature between 20-30 °C. The reaction mixture was then agitated for an additional hour at 20-25 °C. The crude product was collected by filtration and washed with a mixture of 88kg water and 82.1 kg DMA, followed by 175 kg water. The product was dried on a filter drier for 53 hours. The LOD showed less than 1 percent w/w.

[00176] In an alternative procedure, 1.6 equivalents of sodium tert-pentoxide were used and the reaction temperature was increased from 1 10-120 °C. In addition , the cool down temperature was increased to 35-40 °C and the starting temperature of the water addition was adjusted to 35-40 °C, with an allowed exotherm to 45 °C.

Preparation of l-(4-Fluoro-phenylcarbamoyl)-cyclopropanecarboxylic acid

[00177] Triethylamine (19.5 kg) was added to a cooled (approximately 5 °C) solution of cyclopropane-l,l-dicarboxylic acid (24.7 kg) in THF (89.6 kg) at a rate such that the batch temperature did not exceed 5 °C. The solution was stirred for approximately 1.3 hours, and then thionyl chloride (23.1 kg) was added, keeping the batch temperature below 10 °C. When the addition was complete, the solution was stirred for approximately 4 hours keeping temperature below 10 °C. A solution of 4-fluoroaniline (18.0 kg) in THF (33.1 kg) was then added at a rate such that the batch temperature did not exceed 10 °C. The mixture was stirred for approximately 10 hours after which the reaction was deemed complete. The reaction mixture was then diluted with isopropyl acetate (218.1 kg). This solution was washed sequentially with aqueous sodium hydroxide (10.4 kg, 50 percent dissolved in 1 19 L of water) further diluted with water (415 L), then with water (100 L) and finally with aqueous sodium chloride (20.0 kg dissolved in 100 L of water). The organic solution was concentrated by vacuum distillation (100 L residual volume) below 40 °C followed by the addition of n- heptane (171.4 kg), which resulted in the precipitation of solid. The solid was recovered by filtration and washed with n-heptane ( 102.4 kg), resulting in wet, crude l-(4-fluoro- phenylcarbamoyl)-cyclopropanecarboxylic acid (29.0 kg). The crude, l-(4-fluoro- phenylcarbamoy -cyclopropanecarboxylic acid was dissolved in methanol (139.7 kg) at approximately 25 °C followed by the addition of water (320 L) resulting in slurry which was recovered by filtration, washed sequentially with water (20 L) and n-heptane (103.1 kg) and then dried on the filter at approximately 25 °C under nitrogen to afford the title compound (25.4 kg).

Preparation of l-(4-Fluoro-phenyIcarbamoyl)-cyclopropanecarbonyl chloride

[00178] Oxalyl chloride ( 12.6 kg) was added to a solution of I -(4-fluoro- phenylcarbamoyD-cyclopropanecarboxylic acid (22.8 kg) in a mixture of THF (96.1 kg) and N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF; 0.23 kg) at a rate such that the batch temperature did not exceed 25 °C. This solution was used in the next step without further processing.

Alternative Preparation of l-(4-Fluoro-phenylcarbamoyl)-cyclopropanecarbonyl chloride

[00179] A reactor was charged with l-(4-fluoro-phenylcarbamoyl)- cyclopropanecarboxylic acid (35 kg), 344 g DMF, and 175kg THF. The reaction mixture was adjusted to 12-17 °C and then to the reaction mixture was charged 19.9 kg of oxalyl chloride over a period of 1 hour. The reaction mixture was left stirring at 12-17 °C for 3 to 8 hours. This solution was used in the next step without further processing.

Preparation of cyclopropane-l,l-dicarboxylic acid [4-(6,7-dimethoxy-quinoline-4- yloxy)-phenyl]-amide (4-fluoro-phenyl)-amide

[00180] The solution from the previous step containing l-(4-fluoro-phenylcarbamoyl)- cyclopropanecarbonyl chloride was added to a mixture of compound 4-(6,7-dimethoxy- quinoline-4-yloxy)-phenylamine (23.5 kg) and potassium carbonate (31.9 kg) in THF (245.7 kg) and water (116 L) at a rate such that the batch temperature did not exceed 30 °C. When the reaction was complete (in approximately 20 minutes), water (653 L) was added. The mixture was stirred at 20-25 °C for approximately 10 hours, which resulted in the precipitation of the product. The product was recovered by filtration, washed with a pre-made solution of THF (68.6 kg) and water (256 L), and dried first on a filter under nitrogen at approximately 25 °C and then at approximately 45 °C under vacuum to afford the title compound (41.0 kg, 38.1 kg, calculated based on LOD). Alternative Preparation of cyclopropane-l,l-dicarboxylic acid [4-(6,7-dimethoxy- quinoIine-4-yloxy)-phenyl]-amide (4-fluoro-phenyl)-amide

[00181] A reactor was charged with 4-(6,7-dimethoxy-quinoline-4-yloxy)-phenylamine (35.7 kg, 1 equivalent), followed by 412.9 kg THF. To the reaction mixture was charged a solution of 48.3 K2C03 in 169 kg water. The acid chloride solution of described in the

Alternative Preparation of l-(4-Fluoro-phenylcarbamoyl)-cvclopropanecarbonyl chloride above was transferred to the reactor containing 4-(6,7-dimethoxy-quinoline-4-yloxy)- phenylamine while maintaining the temperature between 20-30 °C over a minimum of two hours. The reaction mixture was stirred at 20-25 °C for a minimum of three hours. The reaction temperature was then adjusted to 30-25 °C and the mixture was agitated. The agitation was stopped and the phases of the mixture were allowed to separate. The lower aqueous phase was removed and discarded. To the remaining upper organic phase was added 804 kg water. The reaction was left stirring at 15-25 °C for a minimum of 16 hours.

[00182] The product precipitated. The product was filtered and washed with a mixture of 179 kg water and 157.9 kg THF in two portions. The crude product was dried under a vacuum for at least two hours. The dried product was then taken up in 285.1 kg THF. The resulting suspension was transferred to reaction vessel and agitated until the suspension became a clear (dissolved) solution, which required heating to 30-35 °C for approximately 30 minutes. 456 kg water was then added to the solution, as well as 20 kg SDAG-1 ethanol (ethanol denatured with methanol over two hours. The mixture was agitated at 15-25 °C fir at least 16 hours. The product was filtered and washed with a mixture of 143 kg water and 126.7 THF in two portions. The product was dried at a maximum temperature set point of 40 °C.

[00183] In an alternative procedure, the reaction temperature during acid chloride formation was adjusted to 10-15 °C. The recrystallization temperature was changed from 15-25 °C to 45-50 °C for 1 hour and then cooled to 15-25 °C over 2 hours.

Preparation of cyclopropane-l,l-dicarboxylic acid [4-(6,7-dimethoxy-quinoline-4- yloxy)-phenyl]-amide (4-fluoro-phenyI)-amide, malate salt

[00184] Cyclopropane- 1 , 1 -dicarboxylic acid [4-(6,7-dimethoxy-quinoline-4-yloxy)- phenyl]-amide (4-fluoro-phenyI)-amide (1-5; 13.3 kg), L-malic acid (4.96 kg), methyl ethyl ketone (MEK; 188.6 kg) and water (37.3 kg) were charged to a reactor and the mixture was heated to reflux (approximately 74 °C) for approximately 2 hours. The reactor temperature was reduced to 50 to 55 °C and the reactor contents were filtered. These sequential steps described above were repeated two more times starting with similar amounts of starting material (13.3 kg), L-Malic acid (4.96 kg), MEK (198.6 kg) and water (37.2 kg). The combined filtrate was azeotropically dried at atmospheric pressure using MEK (1 133.2 kg) (approximate residual volume 71 1 L; KF < 0.5 % w/w) at approximately 74 °C. The temperature of the reactor contents was reduced to 20 to 25 °C and held for approximately 4 hours resulting in solid precipitate which was filtered, washed with MEK (448 kg) and dried under vacuum at 50 °C to afford the title compound (45.5 kg).

Alternative Preparation of cyclopropane-l,l-dicarboxylic acid [4-(6,7-dimethoxy- quinoline-4-yIoxy)-phenyl]-amide (4-fluoro-phenyI)-amide, (L) malate salt

[00185] Cyclopropane- 1,1-dicarboxylic acid [4-(6,7-dimethoxy-quinoline-4-yloxy)- phenyl]-amide (4-fluoro-phenyI)-amide (47.9 kg), L-malic acid (17.2), 658.2 kg methyl ethyl ketone, and 129.1 kg water (37.3 kg) were charged to a reactor and the mixture was heated 50-55 °C for approximately 1-3 hours, and then at 55-60 °C for an addition al 4-5 hours. The mixture was clarified by filtration through a 1 μπι cartridge. The reactor temperature was adjusted to 20-25 °C and vacuum distilled with a vacuum at 150-200 mm Hg with a maximum jacket temperature of 55 °C to the volume range of 558-731 L.

[00186] The vacuum distillation was performed two more times with the charge of 380 kg and 380.2 kg methyl ethyl ketone, respectively. After the third distillation, the volume of the batch was adjusted to 18 v/w of cyclopropane- 1,1-dicarboxylic acid [4-(6,7-dimethoxy- quinoline-4-yloxy)-phenyl]-amide (4-fluoro-phenyI)-amide by charging 159.9 kg methyl ethyl ketone to give a total volume of 880L. An addition al vacuum distillation was carried out by adjusting 245.7 methyl ethyl ketone. The reaction mixture was left with moderate agitation at 20-25 °C for at least 24 hours. The product was filtered and washed with 415.1 kg methyl ethyl ketone in three portions. The product was dried under a vacuum with the jacket temperature set point at 45 °C.

[00187] In an alternative procedure, the order of addition was changed so that a solution of 17.7 kg L-malic acid dissolved in 129.9 kg water was added to cyclopropane- 1,1- dicarboxylic acid [4-(6,7-dimethoxy-quinoHne-4-yloxy)-phenyl]-amide (4-fluoro-phenyl)- amide (48.7 kg) in methyl ethyl ketone (673.3 kg).

Preparation of Compound 2

[00188] Compound 2 was prepared as provided in Scheme 3 and the accompanying experimental examples. Scheme 3

Toluene

[00189] In Scheme 1, Xb is Br or CI. For the names of the intermediates described within the description of Scheme 1 below, Xb is referred to as halo, wherein this halo group for these intermediates is meant to mean either Br or CI.Preparation of l-[5 methoxy-4 (3-halo propoxy)- 2 nitro-phenyl]- ethanone

[00190] Water (70 L) was charged to the solution of l-[4-(3-halo propoxy)- 3-methoxy phenyl] ethanone (both the bromo and the chloro compound are commercially available). The solution was cooled to approximately 4 °C. Concentrated sulfuric acid (129.5 kg) was added at a rate such that the batch temperature did not exceed approximately 18 °C. The resulting solution was cooled to approximately 5 °C and 70 percent nitric acid (75.8 kg) was added at a rate such that the batch temperature did not exceed approximately 10 °C. Methylene chloride, water and ice were charged to a separate reactor. The acidic reaction mixture was then added into this mixture. The methylene chloride layer was separated and the aqueous layer was back extracted with methylene chloride. The combined methylene chloride layers were washed with aqueous potassium bicarbonate solution and concentrated by vacuum distillation. 1- Butanol was added and the mixture was again concentrated by vacuum distillation. The resulting solution was stirred at approximately 20°C during which time the product crystallized. The solids were collected by filtration, washed with 1-butanol to afford compound the title compound, which was isolated as a solvent wet cake and used directly in the next step. ‘HNMR (400MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 7.69 (s, 1H), 7.24 (s, 1H); 4.23 (m, 2H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 3.78 (0-3.65 (t) (2H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 2.30-2.08 (m, 2H) LC/MS Calcd for [M(CI)+H]+ 288.1, found 288.0; Calcd for [M(Br)+H]+ 332.0, 334.0, found 331.9, 334.0.

Preparation of l-[5-methoxy-4-(3-morpholin-4-yl-propoxy)-2-nitro-phenyl]-ethanone

[00191] The solvent wet cake isolated in the previous step was dissolved in toluene. A solution of sodium iodide (67.9 kg) and potassium carbonate (83.4 kg) was added to this solution, followed by tetrabutylammonium bromide (9.92 kg) and morpholine (83.4 kg). The resulting 2 phase mixture was heated to approximately 85°C for about 9 hours. The mixture was then cooled to ambient temperature. The organic layer was removed. The aqueous layer was back extracted with toluene. The combined toluene layers were washed sequentially with two portions of saturated aqueous sodium thiosulfate followed by two portions of water. The resulting solution of the title compound was used in the next step without further processing. ‘HNMR (400MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 7.64 (s, 1 H), 7.22 (s, 1H), 4.15 (t, 2H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 3.57 (t, 4H), 2.52 (s, 3H), 2.44-2.30 (m, 6H), 1.90 (quin, 2H); LC/MS Calcd for [M+H]+ 339.2, found 339.2.

Preparation of l-[2-amino-5-methoxy-4-(3-morpholin-4-yl- propoxy)-phenyl]-ethanone

[00192] The solution from the previous step was concentrated under reduced pressure to approximately half of the original volume. Ethanol and 10 percent Pd C (50 percent water wet, 5.02 kg) were added; the resulting slurry was heated to approximately 48 °C and an aqueous solution of formic acid (22.0 kg) and potassium formate (37.0 kg) was added. When the addition was complete and the reaction deemed complete by thin layer chromatography (TLC), water was added to dissolve the by-product salts. The mixture was filtered to remove the insoluble catalyst. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and toluene was added. The mixture was made basic (pH of about 10) by the addition of aqueous potassium carbonate. The toluene layer was separated and the aqueous layer was back extracted with toluene. The combined toluene phases were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The drying agent was removed by filtration and the resulting solution was used in the next step without further processing. ‘HNMR (400MHZ, DMSO-d6): δ 7.1 1 (s, 1H)„ 7.01 (br s, 2H), 6.31 (s, 1H), 3.97 (t, 2H), 3.69 (s, 3H), 3.57 (t, 4H), 2.42 (s, 3H), 2.44-2.30 (m, 6H), 1.91 (quin, 2H LC/MS Calcd for [M+H]+ 309.2, found 309.1.

Preparation of 6-methoxy-7-(3-morpholin-4-yl-propoxy)-quinoiin- 4-ol, sodium salt

[00193] A solution of sodium ethoxide (85.0 kg) in ethanol and ethyl formate (70.0 kg) was added to the solution from the previous step. The mixture was warmed to approximately 44 °C for about 3 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to approximately 25°C. Methyl t- butyl ether (MTBE) was added which caused the product to precipitate. The product was collected by filtration and the cake was washed with MTBE and dried under reduced pressure at ambient temperature. The dried product was milled through a mesh screen to afford 60.2 kg of the title compound. ‘HNMR (400MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 1 1.22 (br s, 1H), 8.61 (d, 1H), 7.55 (s, 1H), 7.54 (s, 1H), 7.17 (d, 1H), 4.29 (t, 2 H), 3.99 (m, 2H), 3.96 (s, 3H), 3.84 (t, 2H), 3.50 (d, 2H), 3.30 (m, 2H), 3.1 1 (m, 2H), 2.35 (m, 2H), LC/MS Calcd for [M+H]+ 319.2, found 319.1.

Preparation of 4-chIor-6-methoxy-7-(3 morpholin-4-yl)-quinoline

[00194] Phosphorous oxychloride (26.32 kg) was added to a solution of 6-methoxy-7-(3- morphoIin-4-yl-propoxy)-quinolin-4-ol (5.00 kg) in acetonitrile that was heated to 50-55 °C. When the addition was complete, the mixture was heated to reflux (approximately 82 °C) and held at that temperature, with stirring for approximately 18 hours at which time it was sampled for in process HPLC analysis. The reaction was considered complete when no more than 5 percent starting material remained. The reaction mixture was then cooled to 20-25 °C and filtered to remove solids. The filtrate was then concentrated to a residue. Acetronitrile was added and the resulting solution was concentrated to a residue. Methylene chloride was added to the residue and the resulting solution was quenched with a mixture of methylene chloride and aqueous ammonium hydroxide. The resulting 2 phase mixture was separated and the aqueous layer was back extracted with methylene chloride. The combined methylene chloride solutions were dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to a solid. The solids were dried at 30-40 °C under reduced pressure to afford the title compound (1.480 kg). ‘HNMR (400MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 8.61 (d, 1H), 7.56 (d, 1H), 7.45 (s, 1H), 7.38 (s, 1H), 4.21 (t, 2 H), 3.97 (s, 3H), 3.58 (m, 2H), 2.50-2.30 (m, 6H), 1.97 (quin, 2H) LC MS Calcd for [M+Hf 458.2, found 458.0.

Preparation of 4-(2-fluoro-4-nitro-phenoxy)-6-methoxy-7-(3-morphoIin-4-yl

propoxy)quinoline

[00195] A solution of 4-chIoro-6-methoxy-7-(3 morpholin-4-yl)-quinoline (2.005 kg, 5.95 mol) and 2 fluoro-4-nitrophenol (1.169 kg, 7.44 mol) in 2,6-Iutidine was heated to 140-145 °C, with stirring, for approximately 2 hours, at which time it was sampled for in process HPLC analysis. The reaction was considered complete when less than 5 percent starting materia! remained. The reaction mixture was then cooled to approximately 75 °C and water was added. Potassium carbonate was added to the mixture, which was then stirred at ambient temperature overnight. The solids that precipitated were collected by filtration, washed with aqueous potassium carbonate, and dried at 55-60 °C under reduced pressure to afford the title compound (1.7 kg). ‘HNMR (400MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 8.54 (d, 1H), 8.44 (dd, 1H), 8.18 (m, 1H), 7.60 (m, 1H), 7.43 (s, 1H), 7.42 (s, 1H), 6.75 (d, 1H), 4.19 (t, 2H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 3.56 (t, 4H), 2.44 (t, 2H), 2.36 (m, 4H), 1.96 (m, 2H). LC/MS Calcd for [M+H]+ 337.1 , 339.1 , found 337.0, 339.0.

Preparation of 3-fluoro-4-[6-methoxy-7-(3-morpholin-4-yl-propoxy)-quinolin-4-yIoxy]- phenylamine

[00196] A reactor containing 4-(2-fluoro-4-nitro-phenoxy)-6-methoxy-7-(3-morpholin-4- yl propoxy)quinoline (2.5 kg) and 10 percent palladium on carbon (50 percent water wet, 250 g) in a mixture of ethanol and water containing concentrated hydrochloric acid (1.5 L) was pressurized with hydrogen gas (approximately 40 psi). The mixture was stirred at ambient temperature. When the reaction was complete (typically 2 hours), as evidenced by in process HPLC analysis, the hydrogen was vented and the reactor inerted with argon. The reaction mixture was filtered through a bed of Celite® to remove the catalyst. Potassium carbonate was added to the filtrate until the pH of the solution was approximately 10. The resulting suspension was stirred at 20-25 °C for approximately 1 hour. The solids were collected by filtration, washed with water and dried at 50-60 °C under reduced pressure to afford the title compound (1.164 kg)._’H NMR (400MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 8.45 (d, 1H), 7.51 (s, 1H), 7.38 (s, 1H), 7.08 (t, 1H), 6.55 (dd, 1H), 6.46 (dd, 1H), 6.39 (dd, 1H), 5.51 (br. s, 2H), 4.19 (t, 2H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 3.59 (t, 4H), 2.47 (t, 2H), 2.39 (m, 4H), 1.98 (m, 2H). LC/MS Calcd for

[M+H]+ 428.2, found 428.1.

Preparation of l-(4-fluoro-phenylcarbamoyl)-cycIopropanecarboxylic acid

[00197] Triethylamine (7.78 kg) was added to a cooled (approximately 4°C) solution of commercially available cyclopropanel.l-dicarboxylic acid (9.95 kg) in THF, at a rate such that the batch temperature did not exceed 10 °C. The solution was stirred for approximately 30 minutes and then thionyl chloride (9.14 kg) was added, keeping the batch temperature below 10 °C. When the addition was complete, a solution of 4 fluoroaniline (9.4 kg) in THF was added at a rate such that the batch temperature did not exceed 10 °C. The mixture was stirred for approximately 4 hours and then diluted with isopropyl acetate. The diluted solution was washed sequentially with aqueous sodium hydroxide, water, and aqueous sodium chloride. The organic solution was concentrated by vacuum distillation. Heptane was added to the concentrate. The resulting slurry was filtered by centrifugation and the solids were dried at approximately 35 °C under vacuum to afford the title compound (10.2 kg). Ή NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 13.06 (br s, 1H), 10.58 (s, 1H), 7.65-7.60 (m, 2H), 7.18-7.12 (m, 2H), 1.41 (s, 4H), LC/MS Calcd for [M+H]+ 224.1 , found 224.0.

Preparation of l-(4-fluoro-phenylcarbamoyl)-cyclopropanecarbonylchloride

[00198] Oxalyl chloride (291 mL) was added slowly to a cooled (approximately 5°C) solution of l-(4-fluoro-phenylcarbamoyl)-cyclopropanecarboxylic acid in THF at a rate such that the batch temperature did not exceed 10°C. When the addition was complete, the batch was allowed to warm to ambient temperature and held with stirring for approximately 2 hours, at which time in process HPLC analysis indicated the reaction was complete. The solution was used in the next step without further processing.

Preparation of cyclopropane-l,l-dicarbox lic acid {3-fluoro-4-[6-methoxy-7-(3- morphoIin-4-yl-propoxy)-quinolin-4-ylamino]phenyl}-amide-(4 fluorophenyl)-amide

[00199] The solution from the previous step was added to a mixture of 3-fluoro-4-[6- methoxy-7-(3-mo holin-4-yl-propox )-quinolin-4-ylo y]-phenylamine (1 160 kg) and potassium carbonate (412.25 g) in THF and water at a rate such that the batch temperature was maintained at approximately 15-21 °C. When the addition was complete, the batch was warmed to ambient temperature and held with stirring for approximately 1 hour, at which time in process HPLC analysis indicated the reaction was complete. Aqueous potassium carbonate solution and isopropyl acetate were added to the batch. The resulting 2-phase mixture was stirred and then the phases were allowed to separate. The aqueous phase was back extracted with isopropyl acetate. The combined isopropyl acetate layers were washed with water followed by aqueous sodium chloride and then slurried with a mixture of magnesium sulfate and activated carbon. The slurry was filtered over Celite® and the filtrate was concentrated to an oil at approximately 30°C under vacuum to afford the title compound which was carried into the next step without further processing. Ή NMR (400MHz, DMSO- d6): δ 10.41 (s, 1H), 10.03 (s, 1H), 8.47 (d, 1H), 7.91 (dd, 1H), 7.65 (m, 2H), 7.53 (m, 2H), 7.42 (m, 2H), 7.16 (t, 2H), 6.41 (d, 1H), 4.20 (t, 2H), 3.95 (s, 3H), 3.59 (t, 4H), 2.47 (t, 2H), 2.39 (m, 4H), 1.98 (m, 2H), 1.47 (m, 4H). LC MS Calcd for [M+H]+ 633.2, found 633.1.

Preparation of the bisphosphate salt of cyclopropane-l,l-dicarboxylic acid {3-fluoro-4- [6-methoxy-7-(3-morpholin-4-yl-propoxy)-quinolin-4-ylamino]phenyl}-amide (4-fluoro- phenyl)-amide

[00200] Cyclopropane- 1,1-dicarboxy lie acid {3-fluoro-4-[6-methoxy-7-(3-morpholin-4-yl- propoxy)-quinolin-4-ylamino]phenyl}-amide-(4 fluoro phenyl)-amide from the previous step was dissolved in acetone and water. Phosphoric acid (85%, 372.48 g) was added at a rate such that the batch temperature did not exceed 30 °C. The batch was maintained at approximately 15- 30 °C with stirring for 1 hour during which time the product precipitated. The solids were collected by filtration, washed with acetone and dried at approximately 60 °C under vacuum to afford the title compound (1.533 kg). The title compound has a c-Met IC50 value of less than 50 nM. The bisphosphate salt is not shown in scheme 1. Ή NMR (400

MHz, DMSO-d6): (diphosphate) δ 10.41 (s, 1H), 10.02 (s, 1H), 8.48 (d, 1 H), 7.93 (dd, 1H), 7.65 (m, 2H), 7.53 (d, 2H), 7.42 (m, 2H), 7.17 (m, 2H), 6.48 (d, 1H), 5.6 (br s, 6H), 4.24 (t, 2H), 3.95 (s, 3H), 3.69 (bs, 4H), 2.73 (bs, 6H), 2.09 (t, 2H), 1.48 (d, 4H).

Foretinib
Foretinib.svg
Identifiers
CAS number 849217-64-7 Yes
ChemSpider 24608641
UNII 81FH7VK1C4
Jmol-3D images Image 1
Properties
Molecular formula C34H34F2N4O6
Molar mass 632.65 g mol−1
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C (77 °F), 100 kPa)

References

  1. Hedgethorne, K., Huang, P.H. (2010). “Foretinib. c-Met and VEGFR-2 inhibitor, Oncolytic”. Drugs Fut 35 (11): 893–901. doi:10.1358/dof.2010.35.11.1529012 (inactive 2014-03-22).
  2. “XL880 (GSK1363089)”. Exelixis, Inc.
  3. “Foretinib”. clinicaltrials.gov.
  4. Qian, F; Engst, S; Yamaguchi, K; Yu, P; Won, KA; Mock, L; Lou, T; Tan, J et al. (2009). “Inhibition of tumor cell growth, invasion, and metastasis by EXEL-2880 (XL880, GSK1363089), a novel inhibitor of HGF and VEGF receptor tyrosine kinases”. Cancer Research 69 (20): 8009–16. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-4889. PMID 19808973.

 

CN102227164A * Sep 25, 2009 Oct 26, 2011 葛兰素史密斯克莱有限责任公司 Preparation of quinolinyloxydiphenylcyclopropanedicarboxamide
CN102977014A * Nov 5, 2012 Mar 20, 2013 沈阳药科大学 New quinoline compounds and uses thereof

Non-Patent Citations
Reference
1 * BAOHUI QI ET AL.: ‘Discovery and optimization of novel 4-Phenoxy-6, 7-disubstituted Quinolines Possessing Semicarbazones as c-Met Kinase Inhibitors.‘ BIOORGANIC & MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY. vol. 21, 19 June 2013, pages 5246 – 5260
2 * BAOHUI QI ET AL.: ‘Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 4-Phenoxy-6, 7-disubstituted Quinolines Possessing Semicarbazone Scaffolds as Selective c-Met Inhibitors.‘ ARCH. PHARM. CHEM. LIFE SCI. vol. 346, no. 8, 2013, pages 596 – 609

Bafetinib


Structure of Bafetinib

Bafetinib

4-[[(3S)-3-(dimethylamino)pyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl]-N-[4-methyl-3-[(4-pyrimidin-5-ylpyrimidin-2-yl)amino]phenyl]-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide, cas 859212-16-1

4-[(S)-3-(dimethylamino)pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl]-3-trifluoromethyl-N-{4-methyl-3-[4-(5-pyrimidinyl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino]phenyl}benzamide

859212-07-0 (hydrochloride)

  1. bafetinib
  2. INNO-406
  3. NS-187

Bafetinib , previously as INNO-406 , NS-187 and CNS-9 refers is an experimental drug from the substance group ofbenzamides , who as Tyrosinkinasehemmstoff to be used. [2] It was originally developed by the Japanese company Nippon Shinyaku and 2006 Innovive Pharmaceuticals licensed. [3] Innovive was established in June 2008 by the CytRx Corp. adopted. [4]

Bafetinib, also known as INNO-406,  is an orally bioavailable 2-phenylaminopyrimidine derivative with potential antineoplastic activity. Bafetinib specifically binds to and inhibits the Bcr/Abl fusion protein tyrosine kinase, an abnormal enzyme produced by Philadelphia chromosomal translocation associated with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). This agent also inhibits the Src-family member Lyn tyrosine kinase, upregulated in imatinib-resistant CML cells and in a variety of solid cancer cell types. The inhibitory effect of bafetinib on these specific tyrosine kinases may decrease cellular proliferation and induce apoptosis in tumor cells that overexpress these kinases. CML patients may be refractory to imatinib, which sometimes results from point mutations occurring in the kinase domain of the Bcr/Abl fusion product. Due to its dual inhibitory activity, the use of bafetinib has been shown to overcome this particular drug resistance.

INNO-406 (formerly NS-187) is a potent, orally available, rationally designed, dual Bcr-Abl and Lyn kinase inhibitor that is currently in early clinical studies at CytRx Oncology for the treatment of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, metastatic prostate cancer and glioblastoma multiforme. CytRx is also conducting phase I clinical studies for the treatment of recurrent high-grade glioma or metastatic disease to the brain that has progressed after treatment with whole brain radiation therapy or stereotactic radiosurgery.

The company is developing INNO-406 in preclinical studies for the prevention of bone loss in multiple myeloma patients. Nippon Shinyaku is also evaluating the compound for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia. The compound had been under evaluation for the treatment of certain forms of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) that are refractory or intolerant of other approved treatments; however, no recent development has been reported for this indication.

Based on its mechanisms of action, INNO-406 is expected to be effective in treating Gleevec-resistant CML and may delay or even prevent the onset of resistance in treatment naive CML patients. The ability of INNO-406 to specifically target the Bcr-Abl and Lyn kinases may result in a better side effect profile than compounds that target multiple kinases such as a pan-Src inhibitor.

In 2005, the compound was licensed to Innovive Pharmaceuticals (acquired by CytRx Oncology in 2008) by Nippon Shinyaku on a worldwide basis, with the exception of Japan, for the treatment of CML. Orphan drug designation was assigned to the compound for the treatment of CML in the U.S in 2007 and in the E.U. in 2010.

Pharmacology

Bafetinib is an inhibitor of tyrosine kinases . It affects the formation of the fusion protein Bcr-Abl , as well as that of theenzyme Lyn kinase and should in mice ten times stronger effect than the imported Tyrosinkinasehemmstoff imatinib .[5]

Patent Submitted Granted
Amide Derivative and Medicine [US7728131] 2008-11-27 2010-06-01

Clinical Development 

Bafetinib currently has no indication for an authorization as medicines .

The drug is intended for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia are developed (CLL). For this indication is Bafetinib is in the development phase II (June 2011). [6]

Bafetinib is also in phase II for the treatment of hormone-refractory prostate cancer . [7]

The US regulatory authority FDA had Bafetinib end of 2006, the status of a drug orphan (orphan drug) awarded. [8]This status could allow an accelerated development and approval.

N-[3-([5,5′-Bipyrimidin]-2-ylamino)-4-methylphenyl]-4-[[(3S)-3-(dimethyl-amino)-1-pyrrolidinyl]methyl]-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide

CAS No .:         887650-05-7

MW:  576.62

Formula: C 30 H 31 F 3 N 8 O

Synonym:        INNO-406, NS-187

Synthesis of Bafetinib

Analytical Chemistry Insights 2007:2 93–106
U.S. Patent 7,728,131
Reference Example 31
4-(bromomethyl)-3-trifluoromethyl-N-{4-methyl-3-[4-(5-pyrimidinyl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino]phenyl}benzamideStep 1

4-(bromomethyl)-3-trifluoromethylbenzoic acidTo 60.0 g of 4-methyl-3-trifluoromethylbenzoic acid was added 600 ml of isopropyl acetate. Under stirring at room temperature, a solution of 133.0 g of sodium bromate in 420 ml of water and a solution of 91.7 g of sodium hydrogensulfite in 180 ml of water were added in turn. The mixture was gradually heated from 30° C. up to 50° C. at intervals of 10° C. and stirred until the color of the reaction solution disappeared. The aqueous layer was separated to remove, and to the organic layer were added a solution of 133.0 g of sodium bromate in 420 ml of water and a solution of 91.7 g of sodium hydrogensulfite in 180 ml of water, and then the mixture was gradually heated up to 60° C. as above. After separation, to the organic layer were further added a solution of 133.0 g of sodium bromate in 420 ml of water and a solution of 91.7 g of sodium hydrogensulfite in 180 ml of water, and the mixture was gradually heated as above and heated to the temperature the mixture was finally refluxed. After the completion of the reaction, the reaction solution was separated, the organic layer was washed twice with a 5% aqueous sodium thiosulfate solution and twice with 15% saline, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and, then the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure. To the residue was added 120 ml of n-heptane, the mixture was stirred, and then the crystals were collected by filtration to obtain 50.0 g of the objective compound as colorless crystals.

Melting point: 140-143° C.

Step 2

4-(bromomethyl)-3-trifluoromethyl-N-{4-methyl-3-[4-(5-pyrimidinyl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino]phenyl}benzamide7.69 g of 4-(bromomethyl)-3-trifluoromethylbenzoic acid obtained in the step 1 was suspended in 154 ml of anhydrous dichloromethane. Under ice-cool stirring, 6.59 ml of oxalyl chloride and 0.1 ml of anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide were added dropwise. Under ice cooling, the mixture was further stirred for 3 hours, and then the reaction solution was concentrated under reduced pressure. To the residue was added 70 ml of anhydrous 1,4-dioxane, and then 7.00 g of 4-methyl-3-[4-(5-pyrimidinyl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino]aniline (Reference Example 18) and 4.18 g of potassium carbonate were added in turn, followed by stirring at room temperature for 18 hours. To the reaction solution was added 175 ml of water, and the mixture was violently stirred for one hour. Then, the deposit was collected by filtration and washed in turn with water, a small amount of acetonitrile, ethyl acetate and diisopropyl ether to obtain 8.10 g of the objective compound as pale yellow crystals.

Melting point: 198-202° C. (with decomposition)

Example 47
4-[(S)-3-(dimethylamino)pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl]-3-trifluoromethyl-N-{4-methyl-3-[4-(5-pyrimidinyl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino]phenyl}benzamide

To a solution of 6.00 g of 4-(bromomethyl)-3-trifluoromethyl-N-{4-methyl-3-[4-(5-pyrimidinyl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino]phenyl}benzamide (Reference Example 31) in 60 ml of anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide were added 1.51 g of (S)-(−)-3-(dimethylamino)pyrrolidine and 1.83 g of potassium carbonate, followed by stirring at room temperature for 14 hours. To the reaction solution were added water and an aqueous saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate solution, and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. The solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to obtain 4.57 g of pale yellow crystals.

Melting point: 179-183° C. (with decomposition)

……………………………..
Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006, 16(5): 1421

A series of 3-substituted benzamide derivatives of STI-571 (imatinib mesylate) was prepared and evaluated for antiproliferative activity against the Bcr-Abl-positive leukemia cell line K562. Several 3-halogenated and 3-trifluoromethylated compounds, including NS-187, showed excellent potency.

Full-size image (6 K)

 

Full-size image (12 K)Bafetinib

Figure 1.

Chemical structures of STI-571 and NS-187 (9b).

 

Full-size image (32 K)

Scheme 2.

Reagents and conditions: (a) NaBrO3, NaHSO3, EtOAc; (b) (COCl)2, cat. DMF, CH2Cl2, rt; (c) 7, K2CO3, dioxane, rt; (d) cyclic amines, K2CO3, DMF, rt.

 

………………………………

Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 2007 ,  vol. 17,  10  pg. 2712 – 2717

 

CHEMBL206834.pngBafetinib

References 

  1.  This substance has not yet been rated on their dangerousness either in terms of which a reliable and quotable source for this purpose has not been found.
  2.  A. Quintas-Cardama include: Flying under the radar: the new wave of BCR-ABL inhibitors. In: Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 6/2007, pp 834-848, PMID 17853901 .
  3. Nippon Shinyaku. press release dated January 5, 2006 (s.) , accessed on 25 February 2011th
  4.  Drugs.com: Signs Definitive Agreement Cytrx Corporation to Acquire Innovive Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Retrieved June 17, 2011
  5. H. Naito include: In vivo antiproliferative effect of NS-187, a dual Bcr-Abl / Lyn tyrosine kinase inhibitor, on leukemic cells harbourage ring-Abl kinase domain mutations.In: . Leukemia Research 30/2006, pp 1443-1446, PMID 16546254 .
  6.  ClinicalTrials.gov: Study of Bafetinib as Treatment for relapsed or Refractory Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia B-Cell (B-CLL). Retrieved on June 17, 2011th
  7. ClinicalTrials.gov: Study of Bafetinib (INNO-406) as Treatment for Patients With Hormone-Refractory Prostate Cancer (PROACT). Retrieved on June 17, 2011th
  8.  Food and Drug Administration: Database summary of 27 December of 2006. Accessed on 16 September, 2009.

Literature 

External links 

References

1: Peter B, Hadzijusufovic E, Blatt K, Gleixner KV, Pickl WF, Thaiwong T, Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan V, Willmann M, Valent P. KIT polymorphisms and mutations determine responses of neoplastic mast cells to bafetinib (INNO-406). Exp Hematol. 2010 Sep;38(9):782-91. doi: 10.1016/j.exphem.2010.05.004. Epub 2010 May 26. PubMed PMID: 20685234.

2: Kantarjian H, le Coutre P, Cortes J, Pinilla-Ibarz J, Nagler A, Hochhaus A, Kimura S, Ottmann O. Phase 1 study of INNO-406, a dual Abl/Lyn kinase inhibitor, in Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemias after imatinib resistance or intolerance. Cancer. 2010 Jun 1;116(11):2665-72. doi: 10.1002/cncr.25079. PubMed PMID: 20310049; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2876208.

3: Rix U, Remsing Rix LL, Terker AS, Fernbach NV, Hantschel O, Planyavsky M, Breitwieser FP, Herrmann H, Colinge J, Bennett KL, Augustin M, Till JH, Heinrich MC, Valent P, Superti-Furga G. A comprehensive target selectivity survey of the BCR-ABL kinase inhibitor INNO-406 by kinase profiling and chemical proteomics in chronic myeloid leukemia cells. Leukemia. 2010 Jan;24(1):44-50. doi: 10.1038/leu.2009.228. Epub 2009 Nov 5. PubMed PMID: 19890374.

4: Kamitsuji Y, Kuroda J, Kimura S, Toyokuni S, Watanabe K, Ashihara E, Tanaka H, Yui Y, Watanabe M, Matsubara H, Mizushima Y, Hiraumi Y, Kawata E, Yoshikawa T, Maekawa T, Nakahata T, Adachi S. The Bcr-Abl kinase inhibitor INNO-406 induces autophagy and different modes of cell death execution in Bcr-Abl-positive leukemias. Cell Death Differ. 2008 Nov;15(11):1712-22. doi: 10.1038/cdd.2008.107. Epub 2008 Jul 11. PubMed PMID: 18617896.

5: Morinaga K, Yamauchi T, Kimura S, Maekawa T, Ueda T. Overcoming imatinib resistance using Src inhibitor CGP76030, Abl inhibitor nilotinib and Abl/Lyn inhibitor INNO-406 in newly established K562 variants with BCR-ABL gene amplification. Int J Cancer. 2008 Jun 1;122(11):2621-7. doi: 10.1002/ijc.23435. PubMed PMID: 18338755.

6: Deguchi Y, Kimura S, Ashihara E, Niwa T, Hodohara K, Fujiyama Y, Maekawa T. Comparison of imatinib, dasatinib, nilotinib and INNO-406 in imatinib-resistant cell lines. Leuk Res. 2008 Jun;32(6):980-3. doi: 10.1016/j.leukres.2007.11.008. Epub 2008 Jan 8. PubMed PMID: 18191450.

7: Pan J, Quintás-Cardama A, Manshouri T, Cortes J, Kantarjian H, Verstovsek S. Sensitivity of human cells bearing oncogenic mutant kit isoforms to the novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor INNO-406. Cancer Sci. 2007 Aug;98(8):1223-5. Epub 2007 May 22. PubMed PMID: 17517053.

8: Kuroda J, Kimura S, Strasser A, Andreeff M, O’Reilly LA, Ashihara E, Kamitsuji Y, Yokota A, Kawata E, Takeuchi M, Tanaka R, Tabe Y, Taniwaki M, Maekawa T. Apoptosis-based dual molecular targeting by INNO-406, a second-generation Bcr-Abl inhibitor, and ABT-737, an inhibitor of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins, against Bcr-Abl-positive leukemia. Cell Death Differ. 2007 Sep;14(9):1667-77. Epub 2007 May 18. PubMed PMID: 17510658.

9: Maekawa T. [Innovation of clinical trials for anti-cancer drugs in Japan–proposals from academia with special reference to the development of novel Bcr-Abl/Lyn tyrosine kinase inhibitor INNO-406 (NS-187) for imatinib-resistant chronic myelogenous leukemia]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 2007 Feb;34(2):301-4. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 17301549.

10: Niwa T, Asaki T, Kimura S. NS-187 (INNO-406), a Bcr-Abl/Lyn dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Anal Chem Insights. 2007 Nov 14;2:93-106. PubMed PMID: 19662183; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2716809.

11: Yokota A, Kimura S, Masuda S, Ashihara E, Kuroda J, Sato K, Kamitsuji Y, Kawata E, Deguchi Y, Urasaki Y, Terui Y, Ruthardt M, Ueda T, Hatake K, Inui K, Maekawa T. INNO-406, a novel BCR-ABL/Lyn dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor, suppresses the growth of Ph+ leukemia cells in the central nervous system, and cyclosporine A augments its in vivo activity. Blood. 2007 Jan 1;109(1):306-14. Epub 2006 Sep 5. PubMed PMID: 16954504.

Bafetinib

Bafetinib in its binding site

Brivanib alaninate ブリバニブアラニンエステル


Brivanib alaninate.svgBMS-582664,  brivanib alaninate

((S)-((R)-1-(4-(4-Fluoro-2-methyl-1H-indol-5-yloxy)-5-
methylpyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-6-yloxy)propan-2-yl) 2-aminopropanoate

Brivanib alaninate  is a new oncology therapy with potential applications against a wide variety of tumor types and several stages of disease progression

A prodrug of BMS-540215.

  • BMS-540215
  • BMS540215
  • Brivanib
  • UNII-DDU33B674I

BMS 540215, 649735-46-6

(S)-(R)-1-((4-((4-fluoro-2-methyl-1H-indol-5-yl)oxy)-5-methylpyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-6-yl)oxy)propan-2-yl 2-aminopropanoate
Clinical data
Legal status
  • Investigational new drug
Routes Oral
Identifiers
CAS number 649735-63-7
ATC code None
PubChem CID 11154925
ChemSpider 9330033
ChEMBL CHEMBL270995
Chemical data
Formula C22H24FN5O4 
Mol. mass 441.5 g/mol

C22H24FN5O4 : 441.46
[649735-63-7]

Brivanib alaninate (INN/USAN) also known as BMS-582664 is an investigational, anti-tumorigenic drug for oral administration. The drug is being developed by Bristol-Myers Squibb for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma or HCC (also called malignant hepatoma), the most common type of liver cancer. Hepatocellular carcinoma [1] is a primary cancer of the liver and is more common in men than in women. The disease occurs mostly in people who have scarring of the liver (cirrhosis) or after infection with hepatitis B or hepatitis C. Symptoms include pain and swelling in the abdomen, weight loss, weakness, loss of appetite and nausea. Hepatocellular carcinoma is a severe and life-threatening disease that is associated with poor overall survival. [2] While the choice of treatment depends mainly on how advanced the disease is, the only proven therapies to cure the cancer is surgery to remove the tumor and liver transplantation, but these therapies can only be carried out in very few patients. Other treatments includechemotherapy and immunotherapy. Radiofrequency ablation and ethanol injection are also used to remove small tumors.[3]

As a result of poor liver function, metastases, or both, only 10% to 20% of patients undergo surgery. In patients having surgery, the 5-year survival rate is only 25% to 50%. Several chemotherapeutic agents have been evaluated for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Doxorubicin (trade name Adriamycin; also known as hydroxydaunorubicin), the most widely used agent in HCC, has shown a 4% to 10.5% response rate in patients with HCC.

Studies have shown that the overall response (OR) rate, but not overall survival (OS), doubles when doxorubicin was given in combination with cisplatin, IFN, and 5-fluorouracil. The multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor sorafenib (trade name Nexavar), which inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), platelet-derived growth factor receptor, raf, c-kit, and flt-3, has been shown to inhibit HCC-induced proliferation and angiogenesis.

Sorafenib has also been shown to provide a significant improvement in OS in patients with HCC. Based on these results, researchers concluded that this class of agents may be effective in the treatment of HCC. Brivanib alaninate also inhibits VEGFR and fibroblast growth factorreceptors (FGFR), which is known to play a major role in the etiopathogenesis of HCC. To date, brivanib alaninate has been investigated in 29 studies, including more than 4,000 patients around the world.

 Brivanib alaninate.png
Org. Process Res. Dev., Article ASAP
DOI: 10.1021/op500126u
Abstract Image

This manuscript describes the control strategy for the commercial process to manufacture brivanib alaninate. The active pharmaceutical ingredient is a prodrug which is susceptible to hydrolysis. In addition to controlling hydrolysis, a robust strategy was required in order to control input and process-related impurities. Three significant aspects of control include understanding of the reaction parameters in order to minimize the regioisomer during the alkylation with (R)-propylene oxide, development of a design space through statistical models to control impurity formation, and the use of in situ FT-IR to monitor the hydrogenolysis of the Cbz protecting group.

(S)-((R)-1-(4-(4-Fluoro-2-methyl-1H-indol-5-yloxy)-5-methylpyrrolo[1,2-f][1,2,4]triazin-6-yloxy)propan-2-yl)-2-aminopropanonate (1)

Brivanib alaninate.svg

1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 8.31 (1 H, s), 7.83 (1 H, s), 7.25 (1 H, s), 7.00 (1 H, d, J= 8.6 Hz), 6.95 (1 H, dd, J = 15.4, 8.6 Hz), 6.28 (1 H, s), 5.36–5.30 (1 H, m), 4.08–4.00 (2 H, m), 3.57 (1 H, dd, J = 14.0, 6.9 Hz), 2.47 (3 H, s), 2.40 (3 H, s), 1.66 (3 H, s), 1.38 (3 H, d, J = 6.4 Hz), 1.35 (3 H, d, J = 7.1 Hz).

(S)-((R)-1-(4-(4-Fluoro-2-methyl-1H-indol-5-yloxy)-5-methylpyrrolo[1,2-f][1,2,4]triazin-6-yloxy)propan-2-yl)-2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)propanonate

1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 8.17 (1 H, br s), 7.84 (1 H, s), 7.41 (1 H, s), 7.35–7.28 (5 H, m), 7.03 (1 H, d, J = 8.6 Hz), 6.95 (1 H, t, J = 7.7 Hz), 6.30 (1 H, s), 5.36–5.32 (2 H, m), 5.11 (2 H, br s), 4.43–4.40 (1 H, m), 4.02–3.99 (2 H, m), 2.46 (3 H, s), 2.41 (3 H, s), 1.44 (3 H, d, J = 7.2 Hz), 1.38 (3 H, d, J = 7.2 Hz).

Ongoing clinical development program

To further investigate the benefits of brivanib in patients with advanced HCC, a broad-spectrum, global, phase III clinical development plan called the Brivanib studies in HCC patients at RISK (BRISK), has been initiated. Clinical benefits seen with brivanib in the first-line setting, and following the failure of sorafenib therapy, highlight the potential to improve the clinical course of patients with advanced HCC. Brivanib may provide a novel therapeutic option to a growing number of patients for whom no other treatment choice exists.

Regulatory status

On 27 October 2011, orphan designation (EU/3/11/918) was granted by the European Commission to Bristol-Myers Squibb for brivanib alaninate for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.[11] Designated orphan medicinal products are products that are still under investigation and are considered for orphan designation on the basis of potential activity. An orphan designation is not a marketing authorization. As a consequence, demonstration of quality, safety and efficacy is necessary before a product can be granted a marketing authorization. At the time of the orphan designation, several medicines were authorized in the EU for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Submission and application

At the time of submission of the application for orphan designation, clinical trials with brivanib alaninate in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma were ongoing. As part of the submission process, Bristol-Myers Squibb has provided sufficient information to show that brivanib alaninate might be of significant benefit for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma because it could provide an alternative for patients who cannot take or for whom existing treatments do not work. Early studies show that it might improve the treatment of patients with this condition, particularly if used when existing treatment had failed. However, this assumption needs to be confirmed at the time of EU marketing authorization, in order to maintain the orphan status.

Synthesis of Brivanib

Route 1

Route 2
…………………………….

[(1R), 2S]-2-Aminopropionic acid 2-[4-(4-fluoro-2-methyl-1H-indol-5-yloxy)-5-methylpyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-6-yloxy]-1-methylethyl ester, has the structure of formula I:

Figure US07932383-20110426-C00001

and is referred to herein as “Compound I”. Compound I, compositions comprising Compound I, and methods of using Compound I are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,869,952 B2, which is assigned to the present assignee and is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.Compound I, a prodrug, is suitable for inhibiting tyrosine kinase activity of growth factor receptors such as VEGFR-2 and FGFR-1 and is useful in the treatment of cancer. Compound I is also useful in the treatment of diseases, other than cancer, which are associated with signal transduction pathways operating through growth factors and anti-angiogenesis receptors such as VEGFR-2.

Typically, in the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition, a form of the active ingredient having desired properties such as dissolution rate, solubility, bioavailability, and/or storage stability is sought. For example, a form of the active ingredient, which has the desired solubility and bioavailability, has sufficient stability that it does not convert during manufacture or storage of the pharmaceutical composition to a different form having different solubility and/or bioavailibility. A form of Compound I is desired having properties and stability that allow the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions suitable for the treatment of diseases such as cancer.

…………………………………..

 http://www.google.com/patents/US6869952

EXAMPLE 81

Figure US06869952-20050322-C00100

[(1R), 2S]-2-Aminopropionic acid 2-[4-(4-fluoro-2-methyl-1H-indol-5-yloxy)-5-methylpyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-6-yloxy]-1-methylethyl ester

Step A

A mixture of Example 15 (60 mg, 0.0.16 mmol), N-Cbz-L-alanine (89 mg, 0.4 mmol), HATU (253 mg, 0.4 mmol), DIPEA (103 mg, 0.8 mmol), and DMAP (5 mg) in DMF (1 mL) was stirred overnight. The volatiles were removed in vacuo, and the residue was purified by preparative HPLC to afford homochiral 2-benzyloxyearbonylamino-propionic acid [2-[4-(4-fluoro-2-methyl-1H-indol-5-yloxy)-5-methylpyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-6-yloxy]]-l-methylethyl ester as a white solid (77 mg, 84% yield).

Step B

A mixture of the compound from step A above (60 mg, 0.11 mmol), Pd/C (6 mg), and ammonium formate (200 mg) in DMF (1.5 mL) were stirred at RT for 30 min. The mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate, and then filtered through a pad of Celite®. The filtrate was washed with water, dried over Na2SO4, and concentrated. The product was mixed with 1 N aqueous HCl and lyophilized to afford the title compound as a white solid (53 mg, 99% yield). MS: (M+H)+=442. 1HNMR (CD3OD): δ 1.45 (d, 3H, J=6.60 Hz), 1.56 (d, 3H, J=7.47 Hz), 2.44 (s, 3H), 2.46 (s, 3H), 4.13 (q, 1H), 4.18 (d, 2H, J=3.96 Hz), 5.45 (m 1H); 6.23 (s, 1H); 6.90 (dd, 1H); 7.10 (d, 1H); 7.66 (s, 1H), 7.75 (s, 1H).

…………………………

Discovery of brivanib alaninate ((S)-((R)-1-(4-(4-fluoro-2-methyl-1H-indol-5-yloxy)-5-methylpyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-6-yloxy)propan-2-yl)2-aminopropanoate), a novel prodrug of dual vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 and fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 kinase inhibitor (BMS-540215)
J Med Chem 2008, 51(6): 1976

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jm7013309

Abstract Image

A series of amino acid ester prodrugs of the dual VEGFR-2/FGFR-1 kinase inhibitor 1 (BMS-540215) was prepared in an effort to improve the aqueous solubility and oral bioavailability of the parent compound. These prodrugs were evaluated for their ability to liberate parent drug1 in in vitro and in vivo systems. The l-alanine prodrug 8 (also known as brivanib alaninate/BMS-582664) was selected as a development candidate and is presently in phase II clinical trials.

(R)-1-(4-(4-Fluoro-2-methyl-1H-indol-5-yloxy)-5-methylpyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-6-yloxy)propan-2-ol (1)

A mixture of 6 (7.5 g, 24 mmol), R-(+)-propylene oxide (120 mmol), LiCl (3.02 g, 72 mmol), and NEt3 (300 μL) in EtOH (50 mL)………………………………………..o afford 1 (7.2 g, 81% yield) as an off-white solid. MS (ESI+) m/z 371.2 (M + H)+. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CD3OD) δ 7.72 (s, 1H), 7.61 (s, 1H), 7.10 (d, 1H, J = 8.80 Hz), 6.90 (t, 1H, J = 7.15 Hz), 6.23 (s, 1H), 4.12–4.20 (m, 1H), 3.92 (d, 2H, J = 6.55 Hz), 2.48 (s, 3H), 2.43 (s, 3H), 1.29 (d, 3H, J = 6.6 Hz). Mp 208–210 °C. Anal. (C19H19FN4O3): C, H, N, F.

 (S)-((R)-1-(4-(4-Fluoro-2-methyl-1H-indol-5-yloxy)-5-methylpyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-6-
yloxy)propan-2-yl) 2-aminopropanoate (8)
1H NMR (500 MHz, CD3OD): 7.75 (s, 1H), 7.66 (s, 1H), 7.10 (d, 1H, J= 10.95 Hz), 6.90 (t, 1H,
J=9.60 Hz), 6.23 (s, 1H), 5.45 (m 1H), 4.18 (d, 2H, J= 3.96 Hz), 4.13 (q, 1H), 2.46 (s, 3H), 2.44 (s,3H), 1.56 (d, 3H, J=7.47 Hz), 1.45 (d, 3H, J=6.60 Hz). LC/MS(ESI+) m/z 442.1 (M+H)+.
M.p. 136-142 oC. Elemental analysis: (C22H24FN5O4:1H2O:1.09HCl): Calc’d: C, 52.95; H, 5.47; N,14.03; F, 3.81; Cl, 7.74. Found: C, 53.16; H, 5.35; N, 14.07; F, 3.72; Cl, 7.74HRMS (calc’d for C22H24FN5O4 M+H+): 442.1891, found: 442.1897.

……………………..

Discovery and preclinical studies of (R)-1-(4-(4-fluoro-2-methyl-1H-indol-5-yloxy)-5-methylpyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-6-yloxy)propan-2-ol (BMS-540215), an in vivo active potent VEGFR-2 inhibitor
J Med Chem 2006, 49(7): 2143

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jm051106d

Abstract Image

A series of substituted 4-(4-fluoro-1H-indol-5-yloxy)pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine-based inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 kinase is reported. Structure−activity relationship studies revealed that a methyl group at the 5-position and a substituted alkoxy group at the 6-position of the pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine core gave potent compounds. Biochemical potency, kinase selectivity, and pharmacokinetics of the series were optimized and in vitro safety liabilities were minimized to afford BMS-540215 (12), which demonstrated robust preclinical in vivo activity in human tumor xenograft models. The l-alanine prodrug of12, BMS-582664 (21), is currently under evaluation in clinical trials for the treatment of solid tumors.

 Preparation of (R)-1-(4-(4-fluoro-2-methyl-1H-indol-5-yloxy)-5-methylpyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-6-yloxy)propan-2-ol (12).
A mixture of 7 (650 mg, 2.08 mmol), (R)-(+)-propylene oxide (595 mg, 10.4 mmol), and
triethylamine (30 µl) in ethanol (8 mL) was heated at 70 °C in a sealed tube. After 2 h, the solvent was removed in vacuo and the product was purified by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 20% EtOAc/ CH2Cl2) to afford a solid, which was triturated with 50% Et2O in CH2Cl2 to give 12 (410 mg,53% yield) as an off-white solid. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.84 (s, 1H), 7.41 (s, 1H), 7.11 (d, 1H,J = 11 Hz), 7.02 (t, 1H, J = 8.8 Hz), 6.39 (s, 1H), 4.20-4.30 (m, 1H), 3.8-4.00 (m, 2H), 2.51 (s, 3H),2.45 (s, 3H), 1.31 (d, 3H, J = 8.2 Hz). 13C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.36, 13.3, 20.0, 64.5, 76.36,95.1, 100.0, 105.75, 106.66, 110.17, 115.47, 117.66, 117.8, 129.83, 136.34, 137.64, 144.13, 144.6,146.53, 148.15, 160.71. LC/MS (ESI) m/z 371 ((M+H)+. HPLC Method / tR / purity: method A/ 3.95min/ 99%. HRMS for C19H20FN4O3, calcd: 371.1519, found: 371.1522. Anal. (Calcd. ForC19H19FN4O3): theoretical %C 61.61, %H 5.17, %N 15.13, %F 5.13; found %C 61.35, %H 5.06, %N 14.99, %F 4.88.

…….

References

  1.  National Cancer Institute Dictionary of Cancer Terms
  2.  National Cancer Institute Adult Primary Liver Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)
  3.  National Cancer Institute Adult Primary Liver Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)/Treatment Option Overview
  4.  Huynh, H.; Ngo, V. C.; Fargnoli, J.; Ayers, M.; Soo, K. C.; Koong, H. N.; Thng, C. H.; Ong, H. S. et al. (2008). “Brivanib Alaninate, a Dual Inhibitor of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor and Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinases, Induces Growth Inhibition in Mouse Models of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma”. Clinical Cancer Research 14 (19): 6146–53. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-0509. PMID 18829493.
  5.  Cai, Zhen-wei; Zhang, Yongzheng; Borzilleri, Robert M.; Qian, Ligang; Barbosa, Stephanie; Wei, Donna; Zheng, Xiaoping; Wu, Lawrence et al. (2008). “Discovery of Brivanib Alaninate ((S)-((R)-1-(4-(4-Fluoro-2-methyl-1H-indol-5-yloxy)-5-methylpyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-6-yloxy)propan-2-yl)2-aminopropanoate), A Novel Prodrug of Dual Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 and Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor-1 Kinase Inhibitor (BMS-540215)”. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 51 (6): 1976–80. doi:10.1021/jm7013309. PMID 18288793.
  6.  Ayers, M.; Fargnoli, J.; Lewin, A.; Wu, Q.; Platero, J. S. (2007). “Discovery and Validation of Biomarkers that Respond to Treatment with Brivanib Alaninate, a Small-Molecule VEGFR-2/FGFR-1 Antagonist”. Cancer Research 67 (14): 6899–906. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-4555. PMID 17638901.
  7.  Bhide, Rajeev S.; Cai, Zhen-Wei; Zhang, Yong-Zheng; Qian, Ligang; Wei, Donna; Barbosa, Stephanie; Lombardo, Louis J.; Borzilleri, Robert M. et al. (2006). “Discovery and Preclinical Studies of (R)-1-(4-(4-Fluoro-2-methyl-1H-indol-5-yloxy)-5- methylpyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-6-yloxy)propan- 2-ol (BMS-540215), an in Vivo Active Potent VEGFR-2 Inhibitor”. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 49 (7): 2143–6. doi:10.1021/jm051106d. PMID 16570908.
  8.  ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00640471 Cetuximab With or Without Brivanib in Treating Patients With K-Ras Wild Type Tumours and Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
  9.  Allen, E.; Walters, I. B.; Hanahan, D. (2011). “Brivanib, a Dual FGF/VEGF Inhibitor, is Active Both First and Second Line against Mouse Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors Developing Adaptive/Evasive Resistance to VEGF Inhibition”. Clinical Cancer Research 17 (16): 5299–310. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-2847. PMC 3156934. PMID 21622725.
  10.  Finn, R. S.; Kang, Y.-K.; Mulcahy, M.; Polite, B. N.; Lim, H. Y.; Walters, I.; Baudelet, C.; Manekas, D.; Park, J.-W. (2012). “Phase II, Open-label Study of Brivanib as Second-line Therapy in Patients with Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma”. Clinical Cancer Research 18 (7): 2090–8. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-1991. PMID 22238246.
  11.  orphan designation

External links

US6869952 * Jul 18, 2003 Mar 22, 2005 Bristol Myers Squibb Company Such as 4-(4-fluoro-2-methyl-1H-indol-5-yloxy)-5-methyl-pyrrolo(2,1-f)(1,2,4)triazin-6-ol; for treament of cancer
US6982265 May 18, 2000 Jan 3, 2006 Bristol Myers Squibb Company Pyrrolotriazine inhibitors of kinases
US7671199 * Apr 20, 2007 Mar 2, 2010 Britsol-Myers Squibb Company dual inhibitor of VEGFR and FGFR tyrosine kinases; cancer
WO2006030941A1 Sep 13, 2005 Mar 23, 2006 Eisai Co Ltd Simultaneous use of sulfonamide-containing compound and angiogenesis inhibitor
WO2006124689A2 May 12, 2006 Nov 23, 2006 Squibb Bristol Myers Co Combination therapy
NON-PATENT CITATIONS
Reference
1 Bennett, J.C. et al., eds., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 20th Edition, vol. 1, W.B. Saunders Company, publ., pp. 1004-1010 (1996).
2 Fabbro, D. et al., “Protein kinases as targets for anticancer agents: from inhibitors to useful drugs“, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, vol. 93, pp. 79-98 (2002).
3 Gautschi, O. et al., “Aurora Kinases as Anticancer Drug Targets“, Clin. Cancer Res., vol. 14, No. 6, pp. 1639-1648 (2008).
4 Huynh, H. et al., “Brivanib Alaninate, a Dual Inhibitor of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor and Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinases, Induces Growth Inhibition in Mouse Models of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma“, Clin. Cancer Res., vol. 14, No. 19, pp. 6146-6153 (2008).
5 Mass, R.D. , “The HER Receptor Family: a Rich Target for Therapeutic Development“, Int, J. Radiation Oncology Biol. Phys., vol. 58, No. 3, pp. 932-940 (2004).
6 Mountzios, G. et al., “Aurora kinases as targets for cancer therapy“, Cancer Treatment Reviews, vol. 34, pp. 175-182 (2008).
7 National Cancer Institute, http://www.cancer.gov, Brivanib Active Trial Listing (ID#: 5552473) (Dec. 15, 2008).

 

hplc

HPLC methods
Method A :A linear gradient program using 10% methanol, 90% water, 0.2% H3PO4 (solvent A) and
90% methanol, 10% water, 0.2% H3PO4 (solvent B); t = 0 min, 0% B, t = 4 min, 100% B was
employed on a YMC S5 Combiscreen 4.6 × 50 mm column. Flow rate was 4 mL/min and UV detection
was set to 220 nm. The LC column was maintained at ambient temperature.
Method B: A linear gradient program using 10% methanol, 90% water, 0.2% H3PO4 (solvent A) and
90% methanol, 10% water, 0.2% H3PO4 (solvent B); t = 0 min, 0% B, t = 4 min, 100% B was
employed on a YMC ODS 4.6 x 50 mm column. Flow rate was 4 mL/min and UV detection was set to
220 nm. The LC column was maintained at ambient temperature.
Method C: A linear gradient program using 10% methanol, 90% water, 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)
(solvent A) and 90% methanol, 10% water, 0.1% TFA (solvent B); t = 0 min, 0% B, t = 4 min, 100% B
was employed on a Chromolith SpeedROD, 4.6 × 50 mm column. Flow rate was 4 mL/min and UV
detection was set to 254 nm. The LC column was maintained at ambient temperature.
Method D: A linear gradient program using 10% methanol, 90% water, 0.1% TFA (solvent A) and 90%
methanol, 10% water, 0.1% TFA (solvent B); t = 0 min, 0% B, t = 2 min, 100% B was employed on a
Waters Xterra 5 m, 4.6 mm × 30 mm column. Flow rate was 4 mL/min and UV detection was set to
220 nm. The LC column was maintained at ambient temperature.

 

http://www.google.com/patents/EP2364699A1?cl=en

  • (R)-1-(4-(4-fluoro-2-methyl-1H-indol-5-yloxy)-5-methylpyrrolo[1,2-f][1,2,4]triazin-6-yloxy)propan-2-ol (hereinafter also referred to as “BMS-540215”; Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research., 46, (Abstract 3033), 2005) (see Formula (XXXIII)):
    Figure imgb0052

    and

  • (28) (S)-((R)-1-(4-(4-fluoro-2-methyl-1H-indol-5-yloxy)-5-methylpyrrolo[1,2-f][1,2,4]triazin-6-yloxy)propan-2-ol) 2-aminopropanonate (hereinafter also referred to as “BMS-582664”; Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research., 46, (Abstract 3033), 2005) (see Formula (XXXIV)):
    Figure imgb0053

Radius Announces Positive Phase 3 Top-Line Results for Its Investigational Drug Abaloparatide-SC in Postmenopausal Women With Severe Osteoporosis


Chemical structure for Abaloparatide

Abaloparatide

WALTHAM, Mass., Dec. 21, 2014 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) — Radius Health, Inc. today announced positive top-line 18-month fracture results from the Company’s Phase 3 clinical trial (ACTIVE) evaluating the investigational drug abaloparatide-SC for potential use in the reduction of fractures in postmenopausal osteoporosis.

https://in.finance.yahoo.com/news/radius-announces-positive-phase-3-042531179.html

Chemical structure for Abaloparatide

Abaloparatide
BA058
BIM-44058
UNII-AVK0I6HY2U

BA058; BIM-44058; CAS  247062-33-5

MW 3960.5896, MF C174 H300 N56 O49

NAME………C2.29-methyl(22-L-glutamic acid(F>E),23-L-leucine(F>L),25-L-glutamic acid(H>E),26-L-lysine(H>K),28-L-leucine(I>L),30-L-lysine(E>K),31-L-leucine(I>L))human parathyroid hormone-related protein-(1-34)-proteinamide
L-Alaninamide, L-alanyl-L-valyl-L-seryl-L-alpha-glutamyl-L-histidyl-L-glutaminyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-histidyl-L-alpha-aspartyl-L-lysylglycyl-L-lysyl-L-seryl-L-isoleucyl-L-glutaminyl-L-alpha-aspartyl-L-leucyl-L-arginyl-L-arginyl-L-arginyl-L-alpha-glutamyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-alpha-glutamyl-L-lysyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-2-methylalanyl-L-lysyl-L-leucyl-L-histidyl-L-threonyl-

L-​Alaninamide, L-​alanyl-​L-​valyl-​L-​seryl-​L-​α-​glutamyl-​L-​histidyl-​L-​glutaminyl-​L-​leucyl-​L-​leucyl-​L-​histidyl-​L-​α-​aspartyl-​L-​lysylglycyl-​L-​lysyl-​L-​seryl-​L-​isoleucyl-​L-​glutaminyl-​L-​α-​aspartyl-​L-​leucyl-​L-​arginyl-​L-​arginyl-​L-​arginyl-​L-​α-​glutamyl-​L-​leucyl-​L-​leucyl-​L-​α-​glutamyl-​L-​lysyl-​L-​leucyl-​L-​leucyl-​2-​methylalanyl-​L-​lysyl-​L-​leucyl-​L-​histidyl-​L-​threonyl-

 

CLINICAL……….https://clinicaltrials.gov/search/intervention=Abaloparatide%20OR%20BA058%20OR%20BIM-44058

BIM-44058 is a 34 amino acid analog of native human PTHrP currently in phase III clinical trials at Radius Health for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Radius is also developing a microneedle transdermal patch using a 3M drug delivery system in phase II clinical trials. The drug candidate was originally developed at Biomeasure (a subsidiary of Ipsen), and was subsequently licensed to Radius and Teijin Pharma.

………………………….

PATENT

http://www.google.com/patents/EP2206725A1?cl=en

  1. A peptide of the formula:

    [Glu22, 25, Leu23, 28, 31, Lys26, Aib29, Nle30]hPTHrP(1-34)NH2;
    [Glu22, 25, Leu23, 28, 30, 31, Lys26, Aib29]hPTHrP(1-34)NH2; [Glu22, 25,29, Leu23, 28, 30, 31, Lys26]hpTHrP(1-34)NH2; [Glu22, 25, 29, Leu23, 28, 31, Lys26, Nle30]hPTHrP(1-34)NH2; [Ser1, Ile5, Met8, Asn10, Leu11, 23, 28, 31, His14, Cha15, Glu22, 25, Lys26, 30, Aib29]hPTHrP (1-34)NH2; [Cha22, Leu23, 28, 31, Glu25, 29, Lys26, Nle30]hPTHrP(1-34)NH2; [Cha7, 11, 15]hPTHrP(1-34)NH2; [Cha7, 8, 15]hPTHrP(1-34)NH2; [Glu22, Leu23, 28, Aib25, 29, Lys26]hpTHrP(1-34)NH2; [Aib29]hPTHrP(1-34)NH2; [Glu22, 25, Leu23, 28, 31, Lys26, Aib29, 30]hPTHrP(1-34)NH2; [Glu22, 25, Leu23, 28, 31, Lys26, Aib29]hPTHrP(1-34)NH2; [Glu22, 25, Leu23, 28, 31, Aib26, 29, Lys30] hPTHrP(1-34)NH2; or [Leu27, Aib29]hPTH(1-34)NH2; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

…………………

SEE……http://www.google.com.ar/patents/US8148333?cl=en

………………..

SEE…………http://www.google.im/patents/US20090227498?cl=pt

EP5026436A Title not available
US3773919 Oct 8, 1970 Nov 20, 1973 Du Pont Polylactide-drug mixtures
US4767628 Jun 29, 1987 Aug 30, 1988 Imperial Chemical Industries Plc Polylactone and acid stable polypeptide
WO1994001460A1 * Jul 13, 1993 Jan 20, 1994 Syntex Inc Analogs of pth and pthrp, their synthesis and use for the treatment of osteoporosis
WO1994015587A2 Jan 5, 1994 Jul 21, 1994 Steven A Jackson Ionic molecular conjugates of biodegradable polyesters and bioactive polypeptides
WO1997002834A1 * Jul 3, 1996 Jan 30, 1997 Biomeasure Inc Analogs of parathyroid hormone
WO1997002834A1 * 3 Jul 1996 30 Jan 1997 Biomeasure Inc Analogs of parathyroid hormone
WO2008063279A2 * 3 Oct 2007 29 May 2008 Radius Health Inc A stable composition comprising a bone anabolic protein, namely a pthrp analogue, and uses thereof
US5695955 * 23 May 1995 9 Dec 1997 Syntex (U.S.A.) Inc. Gene expressing a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide for treating bone disorder
US20030166836 * 6 Nov 2002 4 Sep 2003 Societe De Conseils De Recherches Et D’application Scientefiques, S.A.S., A France Corporation Analogs of parathyroid hormone
US20050282749 * 14 Jan 2005 22 Dec 2005 Henriksen Dennis B Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1); immunotherapy; for treatment of obesity

Automation of Process Control within the Pharmaceutical Industry


Valve Systems for Pharmaceutical Applications logo

Automation of Process Control within the Pharmaceutical Industry

While most pharmaceutical businesses have adopted process automation in one format or another, the technology has evolved considerably over the past few years, leading to improvements in design, efficiency and reliability.

One of the major drivers for businesses to increase levels of automation is legislation, but the need to compete in the market place and reduce production costs has also played a significant part.

Within the pharmaceutical industry, the key to finding the best automation solution is a thorough analysis of each individual part of the plant or installation.

By carrying out an in-depth analysis of the application, it can be determined if a centralized control system using non-intelligent nodes, will deliver the required performance, or if the sheer size of the system means that the control has to be decentralised using a fieldbus system working with field controls, intelligent valves and actuators.

Download to find out more.

Available Downloads

  • Automation of Process Control within the Pharmaceutical Industry 
    Download

http://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/downloads/whitepapers/process_automation/automation_process_control-pharma/?WT.mc_id=WN_WP

Elemental Impurity Analysis in Pharmaceuticals.free download from Butterworth labs


 

Contract Analytical Chemistry Services and Quality Control Testing logo

Elemental Impurity Analysis in Pharmaceuticals

A method to identify the presence of heavy metals in pharmaceuticals was introduced in the United States Pharmacopeia more than 100 years ago.

Pharmaceutical companies are still using essentially the same method, known as the USP Heavy Metals Limit Test.

This paper will provide an overview of current method limitations, considerations for the new methodology and risk-based assessments being carried out by manufacturers.

Boswellia serrata, -The cure for osteoarthritis in ayurveda, Shallaki,


Boswellia serrata (Salai) in Kinnarsani WS, AP W2 IMG 5840.jpg

in Kinnerasani Wildlife Sanctuary,Andhra Pradesh, India.

Boswellia serrata, -The cure for osteoarthritis in ayurveda, Shallaki,

Shallaki-Boswellia serrata

In degenerative and inflammatory pathologies invoving joints, there is no other drug as useful as Guggulu. Many international companies today use shallaki for the manufacture of drugs, ayurvedic and allopathic alike.

Family : Berseraceae

Scientific name : Boswellia serrata

Nomenclature in other languages :

Sanskrit : Shallaki, Susrava, Gajabhakshya

Hindi : Salei

Gujarathi : Dhoopa

Bengali : Salei

Tamil : Olibana

English : Indian Olibanum

Distribution : Gujarat, Rajasthan, Bihar are most commonly the residence of this plant.

Botanical description : It’s a resinous tree that grows to a height of 12m. A tree of moderate height , its bark are grey in colour. Upon time the bark sheds off like scales of a snake. The younger branches and leaflets of this tree are very smooth. The leaves which are compound(pinnate) in nature are 20-37 cm long. The leaflets are 2-5cm long and 1-2.5cm wide. The leaflets are oval shaped. The leaves contains 8 pairs or more of the leaflets . The margins of leaflets are serrated. Flowers are many and the inflorescence is terminal raceme, with it seen in the axilla of the leaf and stem. The petals and sepals are hairy and five in number. The stamen are 10 in number, they are diercted inwards. The fruits are seen in 3-4 numbers and are seen as drupes along with cones. The flowering season in April-May.

C hemical constituents and action

The bark contains carbohydrates, glycosides, beta-sitosterol. The resin contains ditrepene alcohol. This is knownn by the name sitosterol. In addition to that 11-keto-b-boswellic acid also has been extracted from the resin.

Ayurvedic Pharmacoepia

Rasa : kashaya, tikta, madhura

Guna : laghu, rooksha

Veerya : sheeta

Vipaka : katu

Medicinal properties :

Alleiviates vata kapha disorders. Also cures chronic skin lesions of all kinds infective and inflammatory, ulcers, wounds, piles, diseases of mouth, diarhhoea, hepatic disorders etc.

Useful parts : Bark, Resin

Therapeutic uses :

-1gm of resin taken in tablet form daily three times cures rheumatic, neurologic complaints and rheumatic fever.

-for gangrenes in diabetes the resin of this palnt may be applied externally and it taken internally as pills regularly

-the resin of this plant when chewed cures bad odour of mouth and mouth ulcers.

Medical uses

In Ayurvedic medicine Indian frankincense (Boswellia serrata) has been used for hundreds of years for treating arthritis.

Extracts of Boswellia serrata have been clinically studied for osteoarthritis and joint function, particularly for osteoarthritis of the knee, with the research showing a slight improvement of both pain and function compared to a placebo. Positive effects of Boswellia in some chronic inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, bronchial asthma, osteoarthritis, ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease have been reported. A Boswellia extract marketed under the name Wokvel has undergone human efficacy, comparative, pharmacokinetic studies. Some see Boswellia serrata as a promising alternative to NSAIDs, warranting further investigation in pharmacological studies and clinical trials.

Topical application

Boswellia serrata has been recently developed for topical use in a patent-pending formula in Sano Relief Gel. Boswellia serrata is used in the manufacture of the supposed anti-wrinkle agent “Boswelox”,which has been criticised as being ineffective.

Potential for anti-cancer activity

Boswellic acid, an extract from Boswellia serrata, has been studied for anti-neoplastic activity, especially in experimental primary and secondary brain tumors, indicating potential efficacy from in vitro and limited clinical research. Boswellic acid is also undergoing an early-stage clinical trial at the Cleveland Clinic.

Active constituents

Boswellic acid and other pentacyclic triterpene acids are present. Beta-boswellic acid is the major constituent.

Mechanism of action

Animal studies performed in India show ingestion of a defatted alcoholic extract of Boswellia decreased polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration and migration, decreased primary antibody synthesis and almost totally inhibited the classical complement pathway.

Properties

Shallaki has potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects that can reduce the pain and inflammation of joints.

Frankincense ‘can ease arthritis’ researches have suggested

Extracts from Boswellia serrata, a similar species to the variety famous for its role in the Christian nativity, were tested on dozens of patients.

Those who received it reported better movement and less pain and stiffness.

The herb has been used for thousands of years in Indian Ayurvedic medicine, reports the journal Arthritis Research and Therapy.
Osteoarthritis is the most common form of the condition, and normally affects the weight bearing joints such as hands, wrists, feet and spine.

Current treatments carry a great many adverse effects, and scientists have been hunting for an alternative.

The investigation into the properties of Boswellia serrata was led by Dr Siba Raychaudhuri at the University of California, Davis.

Eventually they tested an extract of the plant enriched with the chemical – AKBA – thought to be its active ingredient.

Some of the 70 patients with severe arthritis in their knees recruited into the trial were given a low-dose capsule, some a higher dose capsule, and the remainder were given a dummy pill with no active ingredients.

In as little as seven days, patients taking the frankincense drug reported improvements in their pain and stiffness levels compared with the placebo group, and these continued until the 90-day mark, when the study ended.

Alternative therapies

Tests of the fluid within affected joints also revealed falls in levels of enzymes linked to the condition.

Dr Raychaudhuri said: “We have shown that B. serrata enriched with AKBA can be an effective treatment for osteoarthritis of the knee.”

However, UK experts urged caution. Professor Philip Conaghan, from Leeds University, and a spokesman for the Arthritis Research Campaign, said: “Certainly osteoarthritis is in need of new safe analgesics, although many effective therapies that reduce pain such as muscle strengthening exercises, shock-absorbing footwear and weight loss have very few bad side-effects.

“This report on treating knee pain with a chemical derivative of B. serrata is interesting but the patient numbers are small, there were some problems with the reported trial design and we need more information on its medium to long-term safety.”

Boswellia serrata: an overall assessment of in vitro, preclinical, pharmacokinetic and clinical data.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) intake is associated with high prevalence of gastrointestinal or cardiovascular adverse effects. All efforts to develop NSAIDs that spare the gastrointestinal tract and the cardiovasculature are still far from achieving a breakthrough. In the last two decades, preparations of the gum resin of Boswellia serrata (a traditional ayurvedic medicine) and of other Boswellia species have experienced increasing popularity in Western countries. Animal studies and pilot clinical trials support the potential of B. serrata gum resin extract (BSE) for the treatment of a variety of inflammatory diseases like inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and asthma. Moreover, in 2002 the European Medicines Agency classified BSE as an ‘orphan drug’ for the treatment of peritumoral brain oedema. Compared to NSAIDs, it is expected that the administration of BSE is associated with better tolerability, which needs to be confirmed in further clinical trials. Until recently, the pharmacological effects of BSE were mainly attributed to suppression of leukotriene formation via inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) by two boswellic acids, 11-keto-β-boswellic acid (KBA) and acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA). These two boswellic acids have also been chosen in the monograph of Indian frankincense in European Pharmacopoiea 6.0 as markers to ensure the quality of the air-dried gum resin exudate of B. serrata. Furthermore, several dietary supplements advertise the enriched content of KBA and AKBA. However, boswellic acids failed to inhibit leukotriene formation in human whole blood, and pharmacokinetic data revealed very low concentrations of AKBA and KBA in plasma, being far below the effective concentrations for bioactivity in vitro. Moreover, permeability studies suggest poor absorption of AKBA following oral administration. In view of these results, the previously assumed mode of action – that is, 5-LO inhibition – is questionable. On the other hand, 100-fold higher plasma concentrations have been determined for β-boswellic acid, which inhibits microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 and the serine protease cathepsin G. Thus, these two enzymes might be reasonable molecular targets related to the anti-inflammatory properties of BSE. In view of the results of clinical trials and the experimental data from in vitro studies of BSE, and the available pharmacokinetic and metabolic data on boswellic acids, this review presents different perspectives and gives a differentiated insight into the possible mechanisms of action of BSE in humans. It underlines BSE as a promising alternative to NSAIDs, which warrants investigation in further pharmacological studies and clinical trials.

Reference :

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21553931

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boswellia_serrata

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7535733.stm

Follow New Drug Approvals on WordPress.com

Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email.

Join 37.9K other subscribers

ORGANIC SPECTROSCOPY

Read all about Organic Spectroscopy on ORGANIC SPECTROSCOPY INTERNATIONAL 

DISCLAIMER

I , Dr A.M.Crasto is writing this blog to share the knowledge/views, after reading Scientific Journals/Articles/News Articles/Wikipedia. My views/comments are based on the results /conclusions by the authors(researchers). I do mention either the link or reference of the article(s) in my blog and hope those interested can read for details. I am briefly summarising the remarks or conclusions of the authors (researchers). If one believe that their intellectual property right /copyright is infringed by any content on this blog, please contact or leave message at below email address amcrasto@gmail.com. It will be removed ASAP