Home » Uncategorized (Page 8)

Category Archives: Uncategorized

Golcadomide (CC-99282)

June 7, 2025 9:00 am / Leave a comment

Golcadomide (CC-99282)

Gamcemetinib

June 6, 2025 3:04 am / Leave a comment

Gamcemetinib

CAS 1887069-10-4

CC-99677 , OS2IR8TV1O

Molecular Weight	469.94
Formula	C₂₂H₂₀ClN₅O₃S

(10R)-3-[[2-Chloro-5-(ethoxymethyl)-4-pyrimidinyl]oxy]-9,10,11,12-tetrahydro-10-methyl-8H-[1,4]diazepino[5′,6′:4,5]thieno[3,2-f]quinolin-8-one (ACI)
(10R)-3-{[2-chloro-5-(ethoxymethyl)pyrimidin-4-yl]oxy}-10-methyl-9,10,11,12-tetrahydro-8H-[1,4]diazepino[5′,6′:4,5]thieno[3,2-f]quinolin-8-one
BMS 986371
BMS-986371
CC 99677
CC-99677

(R)-3-((2-Chloro-5-(ethoxymethyl)pyrimidin-4-yl)oxy)-10-methyl-9,10,11,12-tetrahydro-8H-[1,4]diazepino[5′,6′:4,5]thieno[3,2-f]quinolin-8-one

OriginatorCelgene Corporation
ClassAnti-inflammatories
Mechanism of ActionMAP-kinase-activated kinase 2 inhibitors
Orphan Drug StatusNo

14 Nov 2024Efficacy and adverse events data from a phase II trial in Ankylosing Spondylitis presented at the ACR Convergence 2024 (ACR-2024)
27 Mar 2024Pharmacokinetics and adverse events data from a phase I trial (In volunteers) presented at the 125^th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2024 (ASCPT-2024)
26 Oct 2023Discontinued – Phase-I for Inflammation (In volunteers) in USA, United Kingdom (PO) prior to October 2023 (Bristol-Myers Squibb pipeline, October 2023)

Gamcemetinib (CC-99677) is a potent, covalent, and irreversible inhibitor of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase-activated protein kinase-2 (MK2) pathway in both biochemical (IC₅₀=156.3 nM) and cell based assays (EC₅₀=89 nM). Gamcemetinib is extracted from patent WO2020236636, compound 1.

SCHEME

SIDECHAIN

SIDECHAIN

MAIN

REF

WO2018170203

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2018170203&_cid=P11-MBK7CL-38003-1

PATENT

WO2018170199 CELGENE

WO2018170203

US20160075720

WO2020236636, compound 1

US9790235, Number I-82

US9790235, Number I-135

////////////Gamcemetinib, BMS 986371, BMS-986371, CC 99677, CC-99677, OS2IR8TV1O

Firibastat

June 2, 2025 10:07 am / Leave a comment

Firibastat

Fexagratinib

May 30, 2025 2:58 am / Leave a comment

Fexagratinib

AZD 4547; ADSK091 cas 1035270-39-3

WeightAverage: 463.582
Monoisotopic: 463.258339943

Chemical FormulaC₂₆H₃₃N₅O₃

N-(5-(2-(3,5-DIMETHOXYPHENYL)ETHYL)-1H-PYRAZOL-3-YL)-4-((3R,5S)-3,5-DIMETHYLPIPERAZIN-1-YL)BENZAMIDE

N-{5-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-1H-pyrazol-3-yl}-4-[(3R,5S)-3,5-dimethylpiperazin-1-yl]benzamide

OriginatorAstraZeneca
DeveloperAbbisko Therapeutics; AstraZeneca; Dust Diseases Authority; Institute of Respiratory Health; National Cancer Institute (USA); University of Glasgow; University of Leeds; University of Wisconsin-Madison
ClassAntineoplastics; Benzamides; Phenyl ethers; Piperazines; Pyrazoles; Small molecules
Mechanism of ActionType 1 fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonists; Type 3 fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonists; Type-2 fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonists

Phase IIGastric cancer; Lymphoma; Multiple myeloma; Solid tumours; Urogenital cancer
PreclinicalSkin cancer
No development reportedLiver cancer
DiscontinuedBladder cancer; Breast cancer; Glioblastoma; Head and neck cancer; Lung cancer; Mesothelioma; Non-small cell lung cancer; Oesophageal cancer

13 Sep 2024Pharmacodynamics data from the preclinical studies in Solid tumours presented at the 49^th European Society for Medical Oncology Congress (ESMO-2024)
28 Feb 2024No recent reports of development identified for preclinical development in Liver-cancer in China (PO)
23 Jan 2024Preclinical trials in Solid tumours (Monotherapy) in China (PO) (Abbisko Therapeutics pipeline, January 2024)

Fexagratinib (AZD4547) is an experimental drug which acts as an inhibitor of the fibroblast growth factor receptors, having high affinity for FGFR1, FGFR2 and FGFR3 and weaker activity at FGFR4. It has reached clinical trials in humans against several forms of cancer, but has had only limited use as a medicine due to an unfavorable side effect profile, though it may have some applications in combination with other drugs. However it is still widely used in cancer research.^{[1][2][3][4][5]}

SCHEME

SIDECHAIN

MAIN

SYN

At present, the preparation of AZD4547 mainly includes the following methods:

(1) Patent application WO2008075068A1 discloses a preparation method comprising the following steps:

In the preparation method, AZD4547 is prepared by three-step reactions using ethyl 3-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)propionate as a raw material, wherein the first step reaction needs to be purified by column chromatography, and the yield is only 42%; the second step reaction requires reflux reaction for 24 hours, hydrazine hydrate is prone to explosion in high-temperature reactions, and hydrazine hydrate is a highly toxic and genotoxic reagent, and direct high-temperature reaction is not friendly to humans and the environment; the third step reaction also requires column chromatography purification, and the total yield of the three-step reaction for preparing AZD4547 is only 21.08%; therefore, the multi-step reactions of the preparation method require column chromatography operations, have poor safety, low yield, are not suitable for industrialization, and cannot solve the problem of drug accessibility.

(2) Patent application CN111072638A discloses another preparation method, comprising the following steps:

In this preparation method, 3-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)propionic acid is used as the starting material, and AZD4547 is prepared through a five-step reaction with a total yield of 42.5%. In this preparation method, highly toxic reagent ethyl cyanoacetate and expensive reagents palladium carbon, stannous chloride, and Raney nickel are required, and it is not suitable for industrial production.

(3) In addition, patent application WO2016137506A1 discloses a method for preparing AZD4547 key intermediate 3-(3,5-dimethoxyphenethyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-amine, as follows:

In this preparation method, the first step of the reaction uses ethanol reflux reaction, the second step of the reaction uses a large amount of solvent, and needs to be reacted at an ultra-low temperature of -78°C. After the reaction is completed, column chromatography purification is required, which is not suitable for industrial application.

CN115819239

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=CN394502634&_cid=P11-MBA7JR-97597-1

Example 1

Add isopropanol (300 mL) and 3-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)propionic acid (60.0 g, 0.285 mol) to a 1L three-necked reaction bottle, raise the temperature to 40±5°C, and stir for 5 to 10 minutes to dissolve. Add SOCl dropwise at 40±5°C.₂(37.3g, 0.314mol), the dropping time is ≥0.5 hours (the dropping process is obviously exothermic), after the dropping is completed, the temperature is raised to 60±5℃, the reaction is stirred for 1 hour, and the reaction of the raw materials is complete when HPLC is detected. The reaction solution is cooled to 35±5℃, the temperature is controlled below 50℃ and the solution is concentrated under reduced pressure until there is no obvious fraction, methyl tert-butyl ether (300mL) is added to dissolve, 5% potassium carbonate aqueous solution is added under ice bath to adjust the pH value of the reaction solution to 8-9, the temperature is controlled at 25±5℃ and stirred for 0.5 hours, the solution is allowed to stand and the organic phase is separated, washed with saturated brine, and the solution is concentrated under reduced pressure at 45℃ to dryness to obtain 72.1g of light yellow oily 3-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl) propionic acid isopropyl ester, purity: 94%, yield: 94.3%.

¹HNMR(DMSO-d₆,400MHz)δ6.384-6.378(d,2H),6.318-6.306(t,1H),4.925-4.831(m,1H),3.706(s,6H),2.787-2.749(t,2H),2.571-2.533(t,2H),1.164-1.148(d,6H)。

Example 2

Under nitrogen protection, add isopropyl 3-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)propionate (20.0 g, 0.079 mol), anhydrous acetonitrile (80 ml), and anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (100 ml) to a 500 ml three-necked reaction bottle, cool the reaction solution to an internal temperature of about -20 ° C, slowly add lithium diisopropylamide (83 ml, 0.166 mol, 2M THF solution), and add the solution dropwise for about 25 minutes. Continue stirring for 5-10 minutes, and detect the reaction of the raw materials by HPLC. After the reaction mixture was completely dried, acetic acid solution (15 ml) was added to quench the reaction, the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, water (100 ml) was added, the pH was adjusted to neutral with 25% aqueous sodium carbonate solution, ethyl acetate (200 ml) was added for extraction (HPLC chart see Figure 2), the organic layer was concentrated under reduced pressure until there was no fraction, ethanol (200 ml) was added, stirred and slurried, filtered, and the filter cake was dried in vacuum at 45°C to obtain 14.8 g of 5-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-oxopentanonitrile with a purity of 98% and a yield of 76%.

¹HNMR(DMSO-d₆,400MHz)δ6.370-6.364(s,2H),6.320-6.309(s,1H),4.038(s,2H),3.709(s,6H),2.851-2.815(t,2H),2.739-2.702(t,2H)。

After preliminary separation, the HPLC, LCMS and ¹ HNMR spectra of the impurity-containing mother liquor are shown in Figures 3-5. After analysis, the main impurity is generated by the self-polymerization of 5-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-oxopentanonitrile, and the structure of the impurity compound [compound of formula (B’)] is as follows:

Example 3

Under nitrogen protection, 3-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)propionic acid isopropyl ester (11.29 g, 0.045 mol), anhydrous acetonitrile (40 ml) and anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (50 ml) were added to a 500 ml three-necked reaction bottle, the reaction solution was cooled to -20°C, diisopropylamide lithium tetrahydrofuran solution (47 ml, 0.094 mol) was slowly added dropwise, and the addition was completed in about 25 minutes. The reaction was continued with stirring for 5-10 minutes. HPLC detected that the raw material reaction was complete, anhydrous ethanol (20 ml) was added to quench the reaction, and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (50 g) was added for extraction. The pH of the aqueous layer was adjusted to neutral with hydrochloric acid, filtered, and the filter cake was dried in vacuo at 45°C to obtain 9.28 g of 5-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-oxopentanonitrile, purity: 99.5%, yield: 88.0%.

Example 4

Under nitrogen protection, a tetrahydrofuran solution containing isopropyl 3-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)propionate (120.0 g, 0.4756 mol), anhydrous acetonitrile (380 g, 9.25 mol), and anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (270 g) were added to a 3L three-necked reaction flask. The mixture was stirred until the internal temperature dropped to about -20°C. At this temperature, a tetrahydrofuran solution of lithium diisopropylamide (500 ml, 1 mol) was slowly added dropwise. After the addition was completed, the mixture was stirred at about -20°C for 1 minute. -2 hours, HPLC detected that the raw material was completely converted, ethanol (474g) was added to the reaction to quench the reaction, and the reaction was concentrated under reduced pressure. Purified water was added, the internal temperature was controlled at 0-15°C, HCl was slowly added, the pH was adjusted to 7.0, and a large amount of solid was precipitated. The reaction was stirred for 30 minutes and filtered, and the mixture was rinsed with purified water and ethanol in turn. The mixture was dried in vacuo at 45°C to obtain 98.7g of 5-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-oxopentanonitrile with a purity of 99.6% and a yield of 89.0%.

In addition, the inventors investigated the effects of the reaction raw materials, anhydrous acetonitrile, alkaline reagent, and reaction temperature on the reaction. The purity and reaction phenomena in the HPLC test were as follows:

From the above experimental investigation factors and experimental phenomena, it can be seen that the types of ester groups of different reaction raw materials, the amount of acetonitrile and the alkaline reagent have the following effects on the reaction:

(1) Effect of the type of ester group in the reaction raw materials on the reaction

When the reaction raw material is a compound of formula (A’) having a methyl ester group, a sticky mass will be formed during the reaction, affecting stirring, and the purity of the reaction is not high. Specifically, at the beginning of the reaction, a sticky mass appears in the reaction liquid, affecting stirring. As the reaction proceeds, the reaction liquid gradually becomes sticky, and even sticks to the wall, making it impossible to stir.

When the reaction raw material is a compound of formula (A”) having an ethyl ester group, the reaction purity is increased to 87%, but sticky lumps are still formed during the reaction, affecting stirring. The specific situation is similar to that when the reaction raw material is a compound of formula (A’) having a methyl ester group.

The appearance of viscous clumps during process scale-up can easily lead to incomplete reactions, and may even cause dangerous situations such as entanglement of stirring blades and burning of motors. Therefore, the above two preparation processes are not suitable for industrial scale-up production.

When the ester structure of the reaction raw material is changed to isopropyl ester, the reaction liquid is homogeneously clear without sticky micelles, and the reaction control purity is increased to more than 97%, which is suitable for industrial scale-up production. The inventors analyzed that the above experimental phenomenon may be due to the higher stability of the isopropyl ester structure, which reduces the formation of side reactions.

(2) Effect of acetonitrile dosage on the reaction

In Experiment 6 and Experiment 3 of the present invention, when the molar ratio of acetonitrile to the reaction raw material increased from 10eq to 20eq, the reaction control purity increased from 90.4% to 97.2%.

Comparing Experiment 2 and Experiment 3 in Experiment 1, when the molar ratio of acetonitrile to the reaction raw material increased from 1.2eq to 25eq, the reaction control purity increased from 60.8% to 92.8%.

(3) Effect of the selection and dosage of alkaline reagents on the reaction

From the above experimental results, it can be seen that the reaction control purity of NaHMDS, LDA and n-BuLi is relatively high.

The optimal molar ratio of alkaline reagent to reaction raw materials is 2.1eq. A molar ratio lower than 2eq may result in incomplete reaction.

Example 5

Step 1: Synthesis of 5-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-oxopentanonitrile (compound of formula (B))

Under nitrogen protection, add isopropyl 3-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)propionate (20.0 g, 0.079 mol), anhydrous acetonitrile (80 ml), and anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (100 ml) into a 500 ml three-necked reaction bottle, cool the reaction solution to -20°C, slowly add lithium diisopropylamide (83 ml, 0.166 mol, 2M THF solution) dropwise, add for about 25 min, stir and react for 5-10 minutes, HPLC detection shows that the raw material reaction is complete, add anhydrous ethanol (40 ml), concentrate under reduced pressure to a viscous state, add anhydrous ethanol (60 ml) to prepare an ethanol solution, and directly put into the next step reaction.

Step 2: Preparation of 3-(3,5-dimethoxyphenethyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-amine (compound of formula (C))

Add acetic acid (26.0 g, 0.436 mol), ethanol (100 ml), and 80% hydrazine hydrate (15.0 g, 0.238 mol) to a 500 ml three-necked reaction bottle, heat to an internal temperature of about 68°C, slowly add the product ethanol solution (18.5 g, 0.079 mol) obtained in step 1 to the mixed solution of acetic acid and hydrazine hydrate at this temperature, add for about 40 minutes, stir and react at an internal temperature of about 68°C for 1 hour, and HPLC detection shows that 5-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-oxopentanonitrile is completely converted; the reaction solution is concentrated under reduced pressure, water (100 ml), ethyl acetate (200 ml), and about 25% Na₂CO₃(40ml) adjust the pH value of the water layer to 7-8; separate the water layer, wash the layers with saturated brine (20ml), concentrate the organic layer under reduced pressure until there is no fraction, add isopropyl acetate (100ml) and reduce the pressure to bring it to a viscous state, add isopropyl acetate (120ml) and heat to dissolve, cool and crystallize, filter at about 10°C, and dry under vacuum at 50°C to obtain 16.3g of 3-(3,5-dimethoxyphenethyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-amine with a purity of 99.6% and a total yield of 83% in two steps.

¹HNMR(DMSO-d₆,400MHz)δ6.370-6.364(s,2H),6.320-6.309(s,1H),4.038(s,2H),3.709(s,6H),2.851-2.815(t,2H),2.739-2.702(t,2H)。

In addition, the inventors investigated the effect of the amount of acetic acid used in this step of the reaction on the reaction, and the purity was controlled by HPLC as follows:

In addition, the inventors also investigated that the solid compound of formula (B) obtained after purification of the product in step 1 was reacted with hydrazine hydrate in the presence of acetic acid, and the compound of formula (B) was also completely converted to obtain a high-purity compound of formula (C).

Example 6

3-(3,5-dimethoxyphenethyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-amine (100.0 g, 0.4044 mol), ethyl 4-((3R,5S)-3,5-dimethylpiperazin-1-yl)benzoate (132.5 g, 0.5050 mol), and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (1300 ml) were added to the reaction kettle, heated to 50-55°C and stirred for 1 hour, filtered through diatomaceous earth, and the filtrate was added to a clean reaction kettle, heated to atmospheric distillation with water, and the reaction temperature was controlled at 78°C-88°C, and 25% KO-tAm toluene solution (490.0 g) was slowly added dropwise for about 2 hours. After the addition was completed, the reaction temperature was adjusted to 83-88°C and stirred for 3-6 hours. Sampling was performed to detect whether the reaction of the raw materials was complete. The reaction system was cooled to 30-60°C, water (8 ml) was slowly added to quench the reaction, and the mixture was stirred at 30-60°C for 0.5 hour, then cooled to about 25°C, water (400 ml) was added, stirred and allowed to stand for stratification, the organic phase was separated, water (200 ml) was added, the mixture was heated to about 50°C and stirred for 0.5 hour, the water layer was separated, and this was repeated 2-3 times until the pH of the water layer was 7.0-9.5; the organic layer was concentrated under reduced pressure to remove part of the solvent, the residue was heated to 80-90°C and stirred for 1 hour, slowly cooled to 20-30°C, stirred for 2-5 hours, filtered, rinsed twice with ethyl acetate, and dried in vacuo at 45°C to obtain 155.6 g of a white amorphous solid product (AZD4547) with a purity of 98.5% and a yield of 83%.

¹HNMR(DMSO-d₆,400MHz)δ12.067(s,1H),10.275(s,1H),7.888-7.867(d,2H),6.943-6.922(d,2H),6.437-6.409(m,3H),6.317(s,1H),3.712-3.692(m,8H),2.861-2.803(m,6H),2.230-2.174(m,3H),1.036-1.020(d,6H)。

Example 7

3-(3,5-dimethoxyphenethyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-amine (10.0 g, 0.040 mol), ethyl 4-((3R,5S)-3,5-dimethylpiperazin-1-yl)benzoate (12.1 g, 0.047 mol), anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (170 ml) were added to the reaction bottle, heated and distilled at atmospheric pressure until about 100 ml remained, cooled to -30°C to -20°C, and NaHMDS (0.125 mol, 63 ml, 2M THF solution) was slowly added dropwise. The temperature of the reaction system was controlled at about -25°C and stirred for 20 minutes. HPLC detected that the raw materials were basically reacted. Water (30 ml) was slowly added under temperature control to quench, and glacial acetic acid (about 10 ml) was added to neutralize. The temperature was raised to about 0°C and stirred, and 20% Na₂CO₃(10ml), concentrated under reduced pressure until there is no fraction, added ethyl acetate (120ml) to the residue, heated to about 45°C, stirred and separated, the organic phase was separated, added with saturated brine (30ml), washed once, concentrated under reduced pressure to leave about (30ml), then added ethyl acetate (30ml), concentrated under reduced pressure again, repeated twice, a large amount of solid precipitated, added ethyl acetate to a material volume of about 50ml, stirred at 0-10°C for 1 hour, filtered, and dried in vacuo at 45°C to obtain 16.87g of white amorphous solid product (AZD4547) with a purity of 99.8% and a yield of 91%.

Heterocycles (2020), 100(2), 276-282 ,

CN111072638

PATENT

CN115819239

Nature Catalysis (2021), 4(5), 385-394

Shandong Huagong (2021), 50(7), 19-21

CN111072638

Heterocycles (2020), 100(2), 276-282

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics (2020), 22(17), 9656-9663

Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation (2019), 15(2), 1265-1277

Journal of Medicinal Chemistry (2017), 60(14), 6018-6035

Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters (2016), 26(20), 5082-5086

WO2016089208

WO2008075068

References

^ Gavine PR, Mooney L, Kilgour E, Thomas AP, Al-Kadhimi K, Beck S, et al. (April 2012). “AZD4547: an orally bioavailable, potent, and selective inhibitor of the fibroblast growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase family”. Cancer Research. 72 (8): 2045–2056. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-11-3034. PMID 22369928.
^ Katoh M, Nakagama H (March 2014). “FGF receptors: cancer biology and therapeutics”. Medicinal Research Reviews. 34 (2): 280–300. doi:10.1002/med.21288. PMID 23696246.
^ Katoh M (July 2016). “FGFR inhibitors: Effects on cancer cells, tumor microenvironment and whole-body homeostasis (Review)”. International Journal of Molecular Medicine. 38 (1): 3–15. doi:10.3892/ijmm.2016.2620. PMC 4899036. PMID 27245147.
^ Zengin ZB, Chehrazi-Raffle A, Salgia NJ, Muddasani R, Ali S, Meza L, et al. (February 2022). “Targeted therapies: Expanding the role of FGFR3 inhibition in urothelial carcinoma”. Urologic Oncology. 40 (2): 25–36. doi:10.1016/j.urolonc.2021.10.003. PMID 34840077.
^ Zarei P, Ghasemi F (2024). “The Application of Artificial Intelligence and Drug Repositioning for the Identification of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitors: A Review”. Advanced Biomedical Research. 13: 9. doi:10.4103/abr.abr_170_23. PMC 10958741. PMID 38525398.

Identifiers

showIUPAC name
CAS Number	1035270-39-3
PubChem CID	51039095
IUPHAR/BPS	7707
DrugBank	DB12247
ChemSpider	26333104
UNII	2167OG1EKJ
ChEBI	CHEBI:63453
ChEMBL	ChEMBL3348846
PDB ligand	66T (PDBe, RCSB PDB)
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID80145887
ECHA InfoCard	100.206.232
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C₂₆H₃₃N₅O₃
Molar mass	463.582 g·mol⁻¹
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
showSMILES
showInChI

////////////Fexagratinib, AZD 4547, ADSK091

GDC 0853, Fenebrutinib

May 29, 2025 11:14 am / Leave a comment

GDC 0853, Fenebrutinib

Ritlecitinib, PF 06651600

May 29, 2025 3:02 am / Leave a comment

Ritlecitinib, PF 06651600

ETRIPAMIL

May 28, 2025 2:57 am / Leave a comment

ETRIPAMIL

CAS 1593673-23-4

AS ACETATE 512.64 CAS 2891832-59-8

HCL SALT 2560549-35-9

WeightAverage: 452.595
Monoisotopic: 452.267507647

Chemical FormulaC₂₇H₃₆N₂O₄

12/12/2025, FDA 2025, APPROVALS 2025

Benzoic acid, 3-[2-[[(4S)-4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl]methylamino]ethyl]-, methyl ester

methyl 3-[2-[[(4S)-4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl]-methylamino]ethyl]benzoate

Methyl 3-[2-[[(4S)-4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl]methylamino]ethyl]benzoate
(-)-MSP 2017
MSP 2017

OriginatorMilestone Pharmaceuticals
DeveloperCorxel Pharmaceuticals; Milestone Pharmaceuticals
ClassAmines; Antiarrhythmics; Benzoates; Esters; Ischaemic heart disorder therapies; Small molecules
Mechanism of ActionCalcium channel antagonists

PreregistrationParoxysmal supraventricular tachycardia
Phase IIAtrial fibrillation
Phase IUnspecified
No development reportedAngina pectoris

14 May 2025Milestone Pharmaceuticals has patent protection for etripamil in the USA
28 Mar 2025Milestone pharmaceuticals plans to request a Type A meeting with USFDA to discuss the issues raised in the complete response letter
28 Mar 2025USFDA has issued a Complete Response Letter (CRL) regarding New Drug Application (NDA) for Etripamil for Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia

Etripamil has been used in trials studying the treatment of Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia (PSVT).

Etripamil (MSP-2017) is a short-acting, L-type calcium-channel antagonist. Etripamil inhibits calcium influx through slow calcium channels, thereby slowing AV node conduction and prolonging the AV node refractory period. Etripamil increases heart rate and decreases systolic blood pressure. Etripamil can be used in the study of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT).

To treat episodes of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia

SCHEME

SIDE CHAIN

MAIN

SYN

US20180110752/ U.S. Patent No. 10,117,848,

EXAMPLES

Example 1: Synthesis methyl 3-(2-((4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl)(methyl)amino)ethyl)benzoate

Part I: Synthesis of 5-Bromo-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-isopropylpentanenitrile

(MOL) (CDX)

Method A, Step 1:

To a solution of 9.99 g (56.4 mmol) of (3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)acetonitrile in 141 mL of tetrahydrofuran (THF) at −30° C., was slowly added 56.4 mL (56.4 mmol) of sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide ( NaHMDS, 1.0 M in THF). The mixture was stirred at −30° C. for 10 minutes and 10.6 mL (113.0 mmol) of 2-bromopropane was added. The mixture was heated to reflux for 2 hours (h) then left at 22° C. for about 16 h. A saturated aqueous solution of NH₄Cl was added and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried ( Na₂SO₄), filtered and evaporated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel eluting first with hexane and then gradually increasing to 15% ethyl acetate/hexane to give 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-methylbutanenitrile as an oil.

Method A, Step 2:

To a solution of 11.21 g (51.1 mmol) of 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-methylbutanenitrile in 126 mL of tetrahydrofuran (THF) at −30° C., was slowly added 46.0 mL (46.0 mmol) of sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide ( NaHMDS, 1.0 M in THF). The mixture was stirred at −30° C. for 10 minutes and 9.40 mL (256 mmol) of 1,3-dibromopropane was added dropwise. The mixture was warmed to 22° C. and stirred for about 16 h. A saturated aqueous solution of NH₄Cl was then added and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried ( Na₂SO₄), filtered and evaporated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel eluting first with hexane and then gradually increasing to 15% ethyl acetate/hexane to give 5-bromo-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-isopropylpentanenitrile as an oil.

Part II: Synthesis of methyl 3-(2-(methylamino)ethyl)benzoate

(MOL) (CDX)

To a solution of 5.71 g (24.9 mmol) of methyl 3-bromomethylbenzoate in 36 mL of methanol was added 2.11 g (32.4 mmol) of potassium cyanide. The mixture was refluxed for about 16 h, cooled to 22° C. and filtered. The filtrate was evaporated and the residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel, eluting first with hexane and then gradually increasing to 15% ethyl acetate/hexane to give methyl 3-(cyanomethyl)benzoate.

To a solution of 1.31 g (7.48 mmol) of methyl 3-(cyanomethyl)benzoate in 31 mL of THF stirred at −10° C. was slowly added 710 mg (18.7 mmol) of sodium borohydride followed by 1.44 mL (18.7 mmol) of trifluoroacetic acid. The mixture was warmed to 22° C. and stirred for about 16 h. About 100 mL of water was carefully added to the mixture (gas evolution). The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (5×50 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine, dried ( Na₂SO₄), filtered and evaporated to give methyl 3-(2-aminoethyl)benzoate which was used in the next step without purification.

Method B:

To 5.12 g (28.6 mmol) of methyl 3-(2-aminoethyl)benzoate in 71 mL tetrahydrofuran (THF) was added 7.48 g (34.3 mmol) of BOC ₂O. The mixture was stirred for about 16 h at 22° C. and 100 mL of water was added. The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (2×100 mL) and the organic phase was washed with brine, dried ( Na₂SO₄) and evaporated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel, eluting first with hexane and then gradually increasing to 20% ethyl acetate/hexane to give methyl 3-(2-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)ethyl)benzoate which was further converted to III by Method C (described below).

Method C, Step 1:

To a solution of methyl 3-(2-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)ethyl)benzoate in dry THF under a nitrogen atmosphere was added dropwise NaHMDS (1.0 M in THF) at 0° C. After stirring for 10 min, dimethyl sulfate was added and the reaction was warmed to 22° C. and stirred for about 16 h. The reaction was quenched by adding 25 mL of saturated NaHCO₃ and the mixture was extracted with DCM (2×25 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried ( Na₂SO₄) and evaporated and the residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel, eluting first with hexane and then gradually increasing to 10% ethyl acetate/hexane to give methyl 3-(2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl(methyl)amino) ethyl)benzoate.

Method C, Step 2:

To a solution of methyl 3-(2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl(methyl)amino) ethyl)benzoate in DCM at 0° C. was added trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). The reaction was warmed to 22° C., stirred for 3 h and the solvents were then evaporated. The residue was partitioned between 100 mL of ethyl acetate and 100 mL of 1 N NaOH which had been saturated with NaCl. The aqueous layer was back-extracted with ethyl acetate (6×50 mL) and the combined organics were dried ( Na₂SO₄) and evaporated to give 2c as a colorless oil.

Part III: Reaction of Compound II with Compound III Produced Compound I

Analysis of the product by mass spectrometry revealed a peak with a mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of 453, corresponding to the M+H molecular ion of compound I.

Example 2: Concentrated Solution of Acetate Salt of Compound I

A concentrated aqueous solution of the acetate salt of compound I is formed according to the following protocol:

An aqueous solution of 7.5 M sulfuric acid is first made by diluting concentrated sulfuric acid in water and manually mixing in a sealed bottle, periodically venting the pressure by releasing the bottle cap. Separately, 175±1.0 g of compound I is dispensed from a pre-heated container into a glass bottle and maintained at a temperature of 50±2° C. in a water bath. Next, 96.7±0.2 mL of a 4.0 M acetic acid solution is added to compound I, followed by 83.3 mL±0.2 mL of a 31.8 mM solution of EDTA. The mixture containing the (−) enantiomer (S-enantiomer) of compound I is maintained at 50±2° C. and stirred using a magnetic stir bar during both additions. Heating and stirring is continued until the compound appears to be fully dispersed throughout the mixture.

Upon complete dispersion of compound I, the solution of 7.5 M sulfuric acid is added drop-wise to the compound I mixture until a pH of 5.0±0.1 is reached. At this point, heating is discontinued and the mixture continues to stir. The mixture is then allowed to cool to within 2° C. of ambient temperature. A solution of 0.9 M sulfuric acid is then added drop-wise to the mixture until a pH of 4.5±0.1 is reached. The mixture containing compound I is then diluted to 90% of the final target volume by the addition of water to the mixture, and the pH is monitored after this dilution. If necessary, the pH is lowered back to 4.5±0.1 by drop-wise addition of 0.9 M sulfuric acid. The mixture is then diluted to the final target volume by the addition of water.

This protocol readily can be adapted to provide a concentrated solution of the methanesulfonate salt of compound I.

PATENT

PRED BY CHIRAL SEPERATION

US20230065401

WO2016165014

EP4119137 chiral sepn done

[0034] In one embodiment the present invention is a kit for treating a cardiac arrhythmia (e.g., PSVT or atrial fibrillation), angina, or a migraine in a subject in need thereof wherein the kit comprises a nasal delivery system comprising two doses of a therapeutically effective amount of compound I having a structure according to the formula:

and instructions for nasally administering to the subject (i) a first dose, and, optionally, (ii) a second dose of an aqueous composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable acetate or methanesulfonate salt of compound I, or a racemate or enantiomer thereof, wherein the acetate or methanesulfonate salt of compound I, or the racemate or enantiomer thereof, is dissolved in the aqueous composition at a concentration of 350 mg/mL± 50 mg/mL, and wherein the second dose of the compound is to be administered between 5 minutes and 60 minutes after the first dose.

Cross ref U.S. Patent No. 10,117,848,

[0336]

1. A method of treating a cardiac arrhythmia in a subject in need thereof with a therapeutically effective amount of compound I having a structure according to the formula:

the method comprising nasally administering to the subject (i) a first dose, and (ii) a second dose of an aqueous composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable acetate or methanesulfonate salt of compound I, or a racemate or enantiomer thereof, wherein the acetate or methanesulfonate salt of compound I, or the racemate or enantiomer thereof, is dissolved in the aqueous composition at a concentration of 350 mg/mL ± 50 mg/mL, and wherein the second dose of the compound is administered between 5 minutes and 25 minutes after the first dose.

PATENT

Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2018), 72(5), 489-497

American Heart Journal (2022), 253, 20-29

Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs (2020), 29(1), 1-4

EP4119137 WO2016165014

WO2023108146

EP-2170050-B1

US-9737503-B2

US-4968717-A

EP-0231003-A2

[1]. Stambler BS, et al. Etripamil Nasal Spray for Rapid Conversion of Supraventricular Tachycardia to Sinus Rhythm. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 Jul 31;72(5):489-497. [Content Brief][2]. Milestone Pharmaceuticals Announces USAN Approval of Generic Name “Etripamil” for its Phase 2 Clinical Development Product for the Treatment of Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia.[3]. Ascah A, et al. Cardiovascular and Pharmacokinetic Profiles of Intravenous Etripamil in Conscious Telemetered Cynomolgus Monkeys. Int J Toxicol. 2025 Apr 1:10915818251327963. [Content Brief][4]. Pion J, et al. Preclinical Safety Evaluation of Etripamil Nasal Spray in Cynomolgus Macaques (Macaca fascicularis) to Assess for Safety in Patients With Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia. Int J Toxicol. 2024 Sep-Oct;43(5):503-510. [Content Brief]

//////////ETRIPAMIL, (-)-MSP 2017, MSP 2017, FDA 2025, APPROVALS 2025

ELUBIOL

May 25, 2025 2:56 am / Leave a comment

ELUBIOL

Dichlorophenyl imidazoldioxolan

CAS 67914-69-6

Elubiol
67914-69-6
OristaR DCI
Dichlorophenyl imidazoldioxolan
(+/-)-Dichlorophenyl imidazoldioxolan

AMY 925
C₂₇H₃₀Cl₂N₄O₅, 561.5 g/mol

ethyl 4-[4-[[(2R,4S)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy]phenyl]piperazine-1-carboxylate

Elubiol (Dichlorophenyl imidazoldioxolan) has moderate sebum-inhibiting activity and can be used in the treatment of oily skin or dandruff.

SCHEME

PATENT

DE2804096

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=DE102084041&_cid=P20-MB323Q-91006-1

PATENT

US4358449

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=US37288536&_cid=P20-MB3265-92366-1

PATENT

CN102070620

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=CN84648943&_cid=P20-MB329Q-94515-1

Example 1

According to the method of the present invention, bacteriostatic ester (±) cis-4-[4-[[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1-H-imidazolemethyl)-1,3-dioxolane-4-yl]methoxy]phenyl]-1-piperazinecarboxylic acid ethyl ester is prepared, comprising the following steps:

1. Condensation reaction

In a dry 500ml three-necked flask, add 473g of dimethyl sulfoxide, 130g of active lipid, 50g of N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)piperazine, and 21g of potassium hydroxide. Control the temperature at 30℃ and keep the reaction for 24 hours. After the reaction, add 520g of purified water. After the addition is completed, cool to 5℃, stir and keep warm for 2h, and filter to obtain the antibacterial ester condensate. The condensation yield is about 85%.

2. Esterification reaction

In a three-necked flask, 322g of dichloromethane, 50g of antibacterial ester condensate, and 52g of potassium carbonate were added, and then 11.9g of ethyl chloroformate was slowly added. After the addition was completed, the temperature was controlled at 25°C and the reaction was kept warm for 4 hours. After the reaction was completed, 108g of purified water was slowly added. After the addition was completed, stirring was continued for 2h. The organic layer was washed three times with purified water until the pH reached 7. After washing, dichloromethane was evaporated under reduced pressure. After evaporation, 60ml of methyl isobutyl ketone was added and the temperature was kept at 0-5°C for 2-4h. The antibacterial ester was obtained by suction filtration, and the esterification yield was about 80%.

Heat the antibacterial ester and dissolve it in 8 times the amount of acetone, add 0.5 times the amount of activated carbon, reflux and keep warm for 0.5 hours, cool down to no reflux, filter and remove the activated carbon, concentrate the filtrate to 5 times the weight of the antibacterial ester, add water and cool down to 0-5°C after concentration, keep warm for 1-3 hours under stirring, and filter to obtain an off-white crystalline powder. After analysis, the antibacterial ester content is greater than 97%.

PATENT

CN101665490

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=CN83857361&_cid=P20-MB32BE-95479-1

Synthesis of 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)piperazine:

Example 1

In a 1000ml reaction bottle, under nitrogen protection, add 500g of water, 178.5g of dichloroethylamine hydrochloride and 109g of p-hydroxyaniline, heat to 100°C, add 160g of 50% sodium hydroxide solution (80g of sodium hydroxide dissolved in 80g of water), reflux for 10 hours. Then cool to 35°C, add 400g of methanol, adjust the pH value to 8 with ammonia water, filter, and dry the filter cake in vacuum at 40°C to obtain 128g of 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)piperazine (HPLC content greater than 98%), with a yield of 71.9%.

Example 2

In a 1000ml reaction bottle, under nitrogen protection, add 500g of water, 178.5g of dichloroethylamine hydrochloride and 218g of p-hydroxyaniline, heat to 70°C, add 112g of 50% potassium hydroxide solution (56g of potassium hydroxide dissolved in 56g of water), and react for 5 hours. Then cool to 35°C, add 400g of methanol, adjust the pH value to 8 with ammonia water, filter, and dry the filter cake in vacuum at 40°C to obtain 112g of 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)piperazine (HPLC content greater than 98%), with a yield of 62.9%.

Example 3

In a 1000ml reaction bottle, under nitrogen protection, add 500g of water, 312g of dichloroethylamine hydrobromide and 150g of p-hydroxyaniline, stir at room temperature (25°C), add 200g of 50% potassium bicarbonate solution (100g of potassium bicarbonate dissolved in 100g of water), react for 1 hour, then cool to 35°C, add 400g of methanol, adjust the pH value to 8 with ammonia water, filter, and dry the filter cake in vacuum at 40°C to obtain 87g of 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)piperazine (HPLC content greater than 98%), with a yield of 48.8%.

Example 4

In a 1000ml reaction bottle, under nitrogen protection, add 500g of water, 452g of dichloroethylamine hydroiodide and 327g of p-hydroxyaniline, heat to 100°C, add 480g of 50% sodium hydroxide solution (240g of sodium hydroxide dissolved in 240g of water), reflux for 10 hours. Then cool to 35°C, add 600g of methanol, adjust the pH value to 8 with ammonia water, filter, and dry the filter cake in vacuum at 40°C to obtain 154g of 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)piperazine (HPLC content greater than 98%), with a yield of 86.5%.

Synthesis of Ethyl [4-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)]-1-piperazinecarboxylate

Example 5

In a 2000 ml reaction bottle, add 178 g of 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)piperazine, 150 g of sodium bicarbonate and 500 g of acetone, cool to -20°C with ice brine, add 110 g of ethyl chloroformate dropwise, and keep the temperature in the bottle not higher than zero degrees. After the addition is complete, heat to room temperature and react for 5 hours;

Add 700g of water, stir for 1 hour and filter. Add the filter cake obtained by filtration to a 1000ml reaction bottle, add 300g of 75% ethanol solution by volume, heat to dissolve, cool to zero degrees with ice brine, filter, and dry the filter cake in vacuum at 40°C to obtain 146g of [4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)]-1-piperazinecarboxylic acid ethyl ester (HPLC content greater than 99%), 58.4%.

Example 6

In a 2000ml reaction bottle, add 178g of 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)piperazine, 180g of sodium carbonate and 500g of acetone, cool to -10°C with ice brine, add 165g of ethyl chloroformate dropwise, and keep the temperature in the bottle not higher than zero degrees. After the addition is complete, heat to 50 degrees and react for 1 hour;

Add 700g of water, stir for 1 hour and filter. Add the filter cake obtained by filtration to a 1000ml reaction bottle, add 300g of 75% ethanol solution by volume, heat to dissolve, cool to zero degrees with ice brine, filter, and dry the filter cake in vacuum at 40°C to obtain 156g of [4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)]-1-piperazinecarboxylic acid ethyl ester (HPLC content greater than 99%), 62.4%.

Example 7

In a 2000ml reaction bottle, add 178g of 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)piperazine, 400g of potassium bicarbonate and 1000g of acetone, cool to 0°C with ice brine, add 440g of ethyl chloroformate dropwise, and keep the temperature in the bottle not higher than zero degrees. After the addition is completed, react at about 0°C for 10 hours;

Add 1000g of water, stir for 1 hour and filter. Add the filter cake obtained by filtration to a 1000ml reaction bottle, add 500g of 75% ethanol solution by volume, heat to dissolve, cool to zero degrees with ice brine, filter, and dry the filter cake in vacuum at 40°C to obtain 216g of [4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)]-1-piperazinecarboxylic acid ethyl ester (HPLC content greater than 99%), 86.4%.

Example 8

In a 2000ml reaction bottle, add 178g of 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)piperazine, 140g of triethylamine, and 500g of acetone; cool to -10°C with ice brine, add 110g of ethyl chloroformate dropwise, and keep the temperature in the bottle not higher than zero degrees. After the addition is complete, react at -10°C for 10 hours;

Add 700g of water, stir for 1 hour and filter. Add the filter cake obtained by filtration to a 1000ml reaction bottle, add 300g of 75% ethanol solution by volume, heat to dissolve, cool to zero degrees with ice brine, filter, and dry the filter cake in vacuum at 40°C to obtain 126g of [4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)]-1-piperazinecarboxylic acid ethyl ester (HPLC content greater than 99%), 50.4%.

Synthesis of Ketoconazole Derivatives:

Example 9

In a 1000ml reaction bottle, add 45g of cis-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2(1H-imidazol-1-yl-methyl)-1,3-dioxopentyl]-4-methyl-p-toluenesulfonate, 25g of ethyl [4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)]-1-piperazinecarboxylate, 5.6g of potassium hydroxide and 180g of dimethyl sulfoxide; react at 25°C for 20 hours. After the reaction, add 450g of ice water to the reaction bottle to reduce the temperature in the reaction bottle to 10°C, and filter; wash the filter cake with water until it is neutral and dry; obtain 42g of crude ketoconazole derivative (HPLC content is 94%).

In a 1000ml reaction bottle, add 42g of crude ketoconazole derivative and 350g of ethyl acetate, heat to dissolve, add 0.5g of activated carbon, reflux for half an hour, filter, wash the filter cake with hot ethyl acetate, combine the ethyl acetate, and concentrate to 230g; cool naturally to room temperature, then continue to cool to 0°C with ice water, and keep warm for 1 hour, filter, and vacuum dry to obtain 39g of white powder (HPLC content greater than 99%), with a yield of 73.6%.

Example 10

In a 1000 ml reaction bottle, add 45 g of cis-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2(1H-imidazol-1-yl-methyl)-1,3-dioxolane]-4-methyl-p-toluenesulfonate, 50 g of ethyl [4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)]-1-piperazinecarboxylate, 11.2 g of sodium hydroxide and 200 g of dioxane; react at 50° C. for 10 hours. After the reaction, add 450 g of ice water to the reaction bottle to reduce the temperature in the reaction bottle to 10° C. and filter; wash the filter cake with water until it is neutral and dry; obtain 41 g of crude ketoconazole derivative (HPLC content is 94%).

In a 1000ml reaction bottle, add 41g of crude ketoconazole derivative and 340g of ethyl acetate, heat to dissolve, add 0.5g of activated carbon, reflux for half an hour; filter, wash the filter cake with hot ethyl acetate, combine ethyl acetate, and concentrate to 230g; cool naturally to room temperature, then continue to cool to 0°C with ice water, and keep warm for 1 hour, filter, and vacuum dry to obtain 37g of white powder (HPLC content greater than 99%), with a yield of 69.8%.

Embodiment 11

In a 1000ml reaction bottle, add 45g of cis-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2(1H-imidazol-1-yl-methyl)-1,3-dioxopentyl]-4-methyl-p-toluenesulfonate, 100g of ethyl [4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)]-1-piperazinecarboxylate, 22.4g of sodium methoxide and 300g of tetrahydrofuran; react at 0°C for 50 hours. After the reaction, add 500g of ice water to the reaction bottle to reduce the temperature in the reaction bottle to 10°C, filter; wash the filter cake with water until neutral and dry; obtain 49g of crude ketoconazole derivative (HPLC content is 94%).

In a 1000ml reaction bottle, add 49g of crude ketoconazole derivative and 350g of ethyl acetate, heat to dissolve, add 0.5g of activated carbon, reflux for half an hour; filter, wash the filter cake with hot ethyl acetate, combine ethyl acetate, and concentrate to 250g; cool naturally to room temperature, then continue to cool to 0°C with ice water, and keep warm for 1 hour, filter, and vacuum dry to obtain 43.9g of white powder (HPLC content greater than 99%), with a yield of 82.8%.

Example 12

In a 1000ml reaction bottle, add 45g of cis-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2(1H-imidazol-1-yl-methyl)-1,3-dioxopentyl]-4-methyl-p-toluenesulfonate, 42g of ethyl [4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)]-1-piperazinecarboxylate, 15g of sodium ethoxide and 300g of N,N-dimethylformamide; react at 10°C for 30 hours. After the reaction, add 500g of ice water to the reaction bottle to reduce the temperature in the reaction bottle to 10°C, and filter; wash the filter cake with water until it is neutral and dry; obtain 51.2g of crude ketoconazole derivative (HPLC content is 94%).

In a 1000ml reaction bottle, add 51.2g of crude ketoconazole derivative and 400g of ethyl acetate, heat to dissolve, add 0.5g of activated carbon, reflux for half an hour; filter, wash the filter cake with hot ethyl acetate, combine ethyl acetate, and concentrate to 250g; cool naturally to room temperature, then continue to cool to 0°C with ice water, and keep warm for 1 hour, filter, and vacuum dry to obtain 44.8g of white powder (HPLC content greater than 99%), with a yield of 84.5%.

REF

[1]. Pierard GE, et al. Modulation of sebum excretion from the follicular reservoir by a dichlorophenyl-imidazoldioxolan. Int J Cosmet Sci. 1996 Oct;18(5):219-27. [Content Brief]

////////////ELUBIOL, AMY 925, Dichlorophenyl imidazoldioxolan, OristaR DCI

Elfucose

May 24, 2025 2:58 am / Leave a comment

Elfucose

Cas 87-96-7

Chemical Formula: C6H12O5
Exact Mass: 164.07
Molecular Weight: 164.157

L-fucopyranose (6-deoxy-L-galactopyranose)

(3S,4R,5S,6S)-6-methyloxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol

6-Deoxy-L-galactose (ACI)
Fucose, L- (8CI)
(-)-Fucose
46: PN: US20220380460 SEQID: 47 claimed sequence
6-Desoxygalactose
L-(-)-Fucose
L-Fucose
L-Galactomethylose
L-Galactopyranose, 6-deoxy-
CERC 803
Elfucose
Fucose
NSC 1219
congenital glycosylation disorders
6-Deoxy-L-galactopyranose
L-galactomethylose
87-96-7
Fucose, L-
6-deoxy-galactose

Fucose is under investigation in clinical trial NCT03354533 (Study of ORL-1F (L-fucose) in Patients With Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency Type II).

L-fucopyranose is the pyranose form of L-fucose. It has a role as an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a L-fucose and a fucopyranose.

SCHEME

PATENT

PATENT

WO2016150629

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2016150629&_cid=P10-MB1MYE-34318-1

Examples

The invention will now be illustrated in more detail by the following non-limiting examples.

Example 1: Production of L-fucose by biocatalytic oxidation of L-fucitol with galactose oxidase in the presence of peroxidase and catalase

A solution of L-fucitol (6.0 mL aqueous solution containing 600 mg L-fucitol, CAS 13074-06-1, Santa Cruz Biotechnology) was added to a round-bottom three-neck bottle (50 mL), followed by the addition of 1.2 mL K2HPO4 _/ KH2PO4 ₍₁₀₀₀_mM , pH=7.0) and 0.095 mL catalase (from bovine liver, SIGMA, 21,300 U/mg, 34 mg/mL), 0.120 mL peroxidase (from horseradish, 173 U/mg solid, SIGMA ) and 2.218 mL galactose oxidase (38.4 mg/mL, 2,708 U/mL). The resulting solution was purged with O ₂ at room temperature until all L-fucitol was converted to L-fucose. The reaction was monitored by HLPC. The final product was isolated and analyzed by 1 H and 13C NMR. The results are summarized in Table 1.

[Table 1]

Reaction time [h] Conversion [%]

3,5 54,0

24 95,8

29 96,0

PATENT

WO2010022244

WO2007021879

////////////Elfucose, 6-Deoxy-L-galactose, Fucose, L- , (-)-Fucose, 6-Desoxygalactose, L-(-)-Fucose, L-Fucose, L-Galactomethylose, L-Galactopyranose, 6-deoxy-, CERC 803, Elfucose, Fucose, NSC 1219, congenital glycosylation disorders, 6-Deoxy-L-galactopyranose, L-galactomethylose, 87-96-7, Fucose, L-, 6-deoxy-galactose

Deupsilocin

May 17, 2025 2:57 am / Leave a comment

Deupsilocin, Psilocin-d10

Psilocin-D10
Deupsilocin
Psilocine-d10

Molecular Formula	C12H16N2O
Molecular Weight	214.3299

KXD3HS8D6X

CAS 1435934-64-7

3-[2-[Di(methyl-d₃)amino]ethyl-1,1,2,2–d₄]-1H-indol-4-ol

3-[2-[bis(trideuteriomethyl)amino]-1,1,2,2-tetradeuterioethyl]-1H-indol-4-ol

1H-Indol-4-ol, 3-[2-[di(methyl-d3)amino]ethyl-1,1,2,2-d4]-

Mental health disorders, or mental illness, refer to a wide range of disorders that include, but are not limited to, depressive disorders, anxiety and panic disorders, schizophrenia, eating disorders, substance misuse disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder. The severity of symptoms varies such that some individuals experience debilitating disease that precludes normal social function, while others suffer with intermittent repeated episodes across their lifespan. Although the presentation and diagnostic criteria among mental illness conditions are distinct in part, there are common endophenotypes of note across the diseases, and often comorbidities exist. Specifically, there exist phenotypic endophenotypes associated with alterations in mood, cognition and behavior. Interestingly, many of these endophenotypes extend to neurological conditions as well. For example, attentional deficits are reported in patients with attention deficit disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, eating disorders, substance use disorders, schizophrenia, depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, traumatic brain injury, Fragile X, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and frontotemporal dementia.
      Many mental health disorders, as well as neurological disorders, are impacted by alterations, dysfunction, degeneration, and/or damage to the brain’s serotonergic system, which may explain, in part, common endophenotypes and comorbidities among neuropsychiatric and neurological diseases. Many therapeutic agents that modulate serotonergic function are commercially available, including serotonin reuptake inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and, while primarily developed for depressive disorders, many of these therapeutics are used across multiple medical indications including, but not limited to, depression in Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative disease, chronic pain, existential pain, bipolar disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, anxiety disorders and smoking cessation. However, in many cases, the marketed drugs show limited benefit compared to placebo, can take six weeks to work and for some patients, and are associated with several side effects including trouble sleeping, drowsiness, fatigue, weakness, changes in blood pressure, memory problems, digestive problems, weight gain and sexual problems.
      The field of psychedelic neuroscience has witnessed a recent renaissance following decades of restricted research due to their legal status. Psychedelics are one of the oldest classes of psychopharmacological agents known to man and cannot be fully understood without reference to various fields of research, including anthropology, ethnopharmacology, psychiatry, psychology, sociology, and others. Psychedelics (serotonergic hallucinogens) are powerful psychoactive substances that alter perception and mood and affect numerous cognitive processes. They are generally considered physiologically safe and do not lead to dependence or addiction. Their origin predates written history, and they were employed by early cultures in many sociocultural and ritual contexts. After the virtually contemporaneous discovery of (5R,8R)-(+)-lysergic acid-N,N-diethylamide (LSD) and the identification of serotonin in the brain, early research focused intensively on the possibility that LSD and other psychedelics had a serotonergic basis for their action. Today there is a consensus that psychedelics are agonists or partial agonists at brain serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 2 A (5-HT2A) receptors, with particular importance on those expressed on apical dendrites of neocortical pyramidal cells in layer V, but also may bind with lower affinity to other receptors such as the sigma-1 receptor. Several useful rodent models have been developed over the years to help unravel the neurochemical correlates of serotonin 5-HT2A receptor activation in the brain, and a variety of imaging techniques have been employed to identify key brain areas that are directly affected by psychedelics.
      Psychedelics have both rapid onset and persisting effects long after their acute effects, which includes changes in mood and brain function. Long lasting effects may result from their unique receptor affinities, which affect neurotransmission via neuromodulatory systems that serve to modulate brain activity, i.e., neuroplasticity, and promote cell survival, are neuroprotective, and modulate brain neuroimmune systems. The mechanisms which lead to these long-term neuromodulatory changes are linked to epigenetic modifications, gene expression changes and modulation of pre- and post-synaptic receptor densities. These, previously under-researched, psychedelic drugs may potentially provide the next-generation of neurotherapeutics, where treatment resistant psychiatric and neurological diseases, e.g., depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, dementia and addiction, may become treatable with attenuated pharmacological risk profiles.
      Although there is a general perception that psychedelic drugs are dangerous, from a physiologic safety standpoint, they are one of the safest known classes of CNS drugs. They do not cause addiction, and no overdose deaths have occurred after ingestion of typical doses of classical psychotic agents, such as LSD, psilocybin, or mescaline (Scheme 1). Preliminary data show that psychedelic administration in humans results in a unique profile of effects and potential adverse reactions that need to be appropriately addressed to maximize safety. The primary safety concerns are largely psychologic, rather than physiologic, in nature. Somatic effects vary but are relatively insignificant, even at doses that elicit powerful psychologic effects. Psilocybin, when administered in a controlled setting, has frequently been reported to cause transient, delayed headache, with incidence, duration, and severity increased in a dose-related manner [Johnson et al., Drug Alcohol Depend, 2012, 123 (1-3):132-140]. It has been found that repeated administration of psychedelics leads to a very rapid development of tolerance known as tachyphylaxis, a phenomenon believed to be mediated, in part, by 5-HT2A receptors. In fact, several studies have shown that rapid tolerance to psychedelics correlates with downregulation of 5-HT2A receptors. For example, daily LSD administration selectively decreased 5-HT2 receptor density in the rat brain [Buckholtz et al., Eur. J. Pharmacol., 1990, 109:421-425. 1985; Buckholtz et al., Life Sci. 1985, 42:2439-2445].

SCHEME

PATENT

Mindset Pharma Inc., US11591353

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=US376433397&_cid=P10-MARMO8-36145-1

PATENT

WO2021155470

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2021155470&_cid=P10-MARMST-39096-1

PATENT

Cybin IRL Limited, WO2023247665

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2023247665&_cid=P10-MARMVV-41020-1

PATENT

WO2023078604

WO2022195011

Classic psychedelics and dissociative psychedelics are known to have rapid onset antidepressant and anti-addictive effects, unlike any currently available treatment. Randomized clinical control studies have confirmed antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of classic psychedelics in humans. Ketamine also has well established antidepressant and anti-addictive effects in humans mainly through its action as an NMDA antagonist. Ibogaine has demonstrated potent anti-addictive potential in pre-clinical studies and is in the early stages of clinical trials to determine efficacy in robust human studies [Barsuglia et al., Prog Brain Res, 2018, 242:121-158; Corkery, Prog Brain Res, 2018, 242:217-257].

Psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltrypatmine (iii, Scheme 1) has the chemical formula C ₁₂H ₁₇N ₂O ₄P. It is a tryptamine and is one of the major psychoactive constituents in mushrooms of the psilocybe species. It was first isolated from psilocybe mushrooms by Hofmann in 1957, and later synthesized by him in 1958 [Passie et al. Addict Biol., 2002, 7 (4):357-364], and was used in psychiatric and psychological research and in psychotherapy during the early to mid-1960 s up until its controlled drug scheduling in 1970 in the US, and up until the 1980 s in Germany [Passie 2005; Passie et al., Addict Biol., 2002, 7 (4):357-364]. Research into the effects of psilocybin resumed in the mid-1990 s, and it is currently the preferred compound for use in studies of the effects of serotonergic hallucinogens [Carter et al. J. Cogn. Neurosci., 2005 17 (10):1497-1508; Gouzoulis-Mayfrank et al. Neuropsychopharmacology 1999, 20 (6):565-581; Hasler et al, Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2004, 172 (2):145-156], likely because it has a shorter duration of action and suffers from less notoriety than LSD. Like other members of this class, psilocybin induces sometimes profound changes in perception, cognition and emotion, including emotional lability.

In humans as well as other mammals, psilocybin is transformed into the active metabolite psilocin, or 4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (iv, Scheme 1). It is likely that psilocin partially or wholly produces most of the subjective and physiological effects of psilocybin in humans and non-human animals. Recently, human psilocybin research confirms the 5HT2A activity of psilocybin and psilocin, and provides some support for indirect effects on dopamine through 5HT2A activity and possible activity at other serotonin receptors. In fact, the most consistent finding for involvement of other receptors in the actions of psychedelics is the 5-HT1 A receptor. That is particularly true for tryptamines and LSD, which generally have significant affinity and functional potency at this receptor. It is known that 5-HT1 A receptors are colocalized with 5-HT2A receptors on cortical pyramidal cells [Martin-Ruiz et al. J Neurosci. 2001, 21 (24):9856-986], where the two receptor types have opposing functional effects [Araneda et al. Neuroscience, 1991, 40 (2):399-412].

Although the exact role of the 5-HT2A receptor, and other 5-HT2 receptor family members, is not well understood with respect to the amygdala, it is evident that the 5-HT2A receptor plays an important role in emotional responses and is an important target to be considered in the actions of 5-HT2A agonist psychedelics. In fact, a majority of known 5HT2A agonists produce hallucinogenic effects in humans, and rodents generalize from one 5HT2A agonist to others, as between psilocybin and LSD [Aghajanian et al., Eur J Pharmacol., 1999, 367 (2-3):197-206; Nichols at al., J Neurochem., 2004, 90 (3):576-584]. Psilocybin has a stronger affinity for the human 5HT2A receptor than for the rat receptor and it has a lower K(i) for both 5HT2A and 5HT2C receptors than LSD. Moreover, results from a series of drug-discrimination studies in rats found that 5HT2A antagonists, and not 5HT1 A antagonists, prevented rats from recognizing psilocybin [Winter et al., Pharmacol Biochem Behav., 2007, 87 (4):472-480]. Daily doses of LSD and psilocybin reduce 5HT2 receptor density in rat brain.

Clinical studies in the 1960 s and 1970 s showed that psilocybin produces an altered state of consciousness with subjective symptoms such as “marked alterations in perception, mood, and thought, changes in experience of time, space, and self.” Psilocybin was used in experimental research for the understanding of etiopathogenesis of selective mental disorders and showed psychotherapeutic potential [Rucker et al., Psychopharmacol., 2016, 30 (12):1220-1229]. Psilocybin became increasingly popular as a hallucinogenic recreational drug and was eventually classed as a Schedule I controlled drug in 1970. Fear of psychedelic abuse led to a significant reduction in research being done in this area until the 1990 s when human research of psilocybin was revived when conditions for safe administration were established [Johnson et al., Psychopharmacol., 2008, 22 (6):603-620]. Today, psilocybin is one of the most widely used psychedelics in human studies due to its relative safety, moderately long active duration, and good absorption in subjects. There remains strong research and therapeutic potential for psilocybin as recent studies have shown varying degrees of success in neurotic disorders, alcoholism, depression in terminally ill cancer patients, obsessive compulsive disorder, addiction, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder and even cluster headaches. It could also be useful as a psychosis model for the development of new treatments for psychotic disorders. [Dubovyk and Monahan-Vaughn, ACS Chem. Neurosci., 2018, 9 (9):2241-2251].

Recent developments in the field have occurred in clinical research, where several double-blind placebo-controlled phase 2 studies of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy in patients with treatment resistant, major depressive disorder and cancer-related psychosocial distress have demonstrated unprecedented positive relief of anxiety and depression. Two recent small pilot studies of psilocybin assisted psychotherapy also have shown positive benefit in treating both alcohol and nicotine addiction. Recently, blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging and magnetoencephalography have been employed for in vivo brain imaging in humans after administration of a psychedelic, and results indicate that intravenously administered psilocybin and LSD produce decreases in oscillatory power in areas of the brain’s default mode network [Nichols D E. Pharmacol Rev., 2016 68 (2):264-355].

Preliminary studies using positron emission tomography (PET) showed that psilocybin ingestion (15 or 20 mg orally) increased absolute metabolic rate of glucose in frontal, and to a lesser extent in other, cortical regions as well as in striatal and limbic subcortical structures in healthy participants, suggesting that some of the key behavioral effects of psilocybin involve the frontal cortex [Gouzoulis-Mayfrank et al., Neuropsychopharmacology, 1999, 20 (6):565-581; Vollenweider et al., Brain Res. Bull. 2001, 56 (5):495-507]. Although 5HT2A agonism is widely recognized as the primary action of classic psychedelic agents, psilocybin has lesser affinity for a wide range of other pre- and post-synaptic serotonin and dopamine receptors, as well as the serotonin reuptake transporter [Tyls et al., Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2014, 24 (3):342-356]. Psilocybin activates 5HT1 A receptors, which may contribute to antidepressant/anti-anxiety effects.

Depression and anxiety are two of the most common psychiatric disorders worldwide. Depression is a multifaceted condition characterized by episodes of mood disturbances alongside other symptoms such as anhedonia, psychomotor complaints, feelings of guilt, attentional deficits and suicidal tendencies, all of which can range in severity. According to the World Health Organization, the discovery of mainstream antidepressants has largely revolutionized the management of depression, yet up to 60% of patients remain inadequately treated. This is often due to the drugs’ delayed therapeutic effect (generally 6 weeks from treatment onset), side effects leading to non-compliance, or inherent non-responsiveness to them. Similarly, anxiety disorders are a collective of etiologically complex disorders characterized by intense psychosocial distress and other symptoms depending on the subtype. Anxiety associated with life-threatening disease is the only anxiety subtype that has been studied in terms of psychedelic-assisted therapy. This form of anxiety affects up to 40% of individuals diagnosed with life-threatening diseases like cancer. It manifests as apprehension regarding future danger or misfortune accompanied by feelings of dysphoria or somatic symptoms of tension, and often coexists with depression. It is associated with decreased quality of life, reduced treatment adherence, prolonged hospitalization, increased disability, and hopelessness, which overall contribute to decreased survival rates. Pharmacological and psychosocial interventions are commonly used to manage this type of anxiety, but their efficacy is mixed and limited such that they often fail to provide satisfactory emotional relief. Recent interest into the use of psychedelic-assisted therapy may represent a promising alternative for patients with depression and anxiety that are ineffectively managed by conventional methods.

Generally, the psychedelic treatment model consists of administering the orally-active drug to induce a mystical experience lasting 4-9 h depending on the psychedelic [Halberstadt, Behav Brain Res., 2015, 277:99-120; Nichols, Pharmacol Rev., 2016, 68 (2): 264-355]. This enables participants to work through and integrate difficult feelings and situations, leading to enduring anti-depressant and anxiolytic effects. Classical psychedelics like psilocybin and LSD are being studied as potential candidates. In one study with classical psychedelics for the treatment of depression and anxiety associated with life-threatening disease, it was found that, in a supportive setting, psilocybin, and LSD consistently produced significant and sustained anti-depressant and anxiolytic effects.

Psychedelic treatment is generally well-tolerated with no persisting adverse effects. Regarding their mechanisms of action, they mediate their main therapeutic effects biochemically via serotonin receptor agonism, and psychologically by generating meaningful psycho-spiritual experiences that contribute to mental flexibility. Given the limited success rates of current treatments for anxiety and mood disorders, and considering the high morbidity associated with these conditions, there is potential for psychedelics to provide symptom relief in patients inadequately managed by conventional methods.

Further emerging clinical research and evidence suggest psychedelic-assisted therapy, also shows potential as an alternative treatment for refractory substance use disorders and mental health conditions, and thus may be an important tool in a crisis where existing approaches have yielded limited success. A recent systematic review of clinical trials published over the last 25 years summarizes some of the anti-depressive, anxiolytic, and anti-addictive effects of classic psychedelics. Among these, are encouraging findings from a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of LSD therapy and a recent pilot study of psilocybin-assisted therapy for treating alcohol use disorder [dos Santos et al., Ther Adv Psychopharmacol., 2016, 6 (3):193-213]. Similarly encouraging, are findings from a recent pilot study of psilocybin-assisted therapy for tobacco use disorder, demonstrating abstinence rates of 80% at six months follow-up and 67% at 12 months follow-up [Johnson et al., J Drug Alcohol Abuse, 2017, 43 (1):55-60; Johnson et al., Psychopharmacol. 2014, 28 (11):983-992], such rates are considerably higher than any documented in the tobacco cessation literature. Notably, mystical-type experiences generated from the psilocybin sessions were significantly correlated with positive treatment outcomes. These results coincide with bourgeoning evidence from recent clinical trials lending support to the effectiveness of psilocybin-assisted therapy for treatment-resistant depression and end-of-life anxiety [Carhart-Harris et al. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2017, 42 (11):2105-2113]. Research on the potential benefits of psychedelic-assisted therapy for opioid use disorder (OUD) is beginning to emerge, and accumulating evidence supports a need to advance this line of investigation. Available evidence from earlier randomized clinical trials suggests a promising role for treating OUD: higher rates of abstinence were observed among participants receiving high dose LSD and ketamine-assisted therapies for heroin addiction compared to controls at long-term follow-ups. Recently, a large United States population study among 44,000 individuals found that psychedelic use was associated with 40% reduced risk of opioid abuse and 27% reduced risk of opioid dependence in the following year, as defined by DSM-IV criteria [Pisano et al., J Psychopharmacol., 2017, 31 (5):606-613]. Similarly, a protective moderating effect of psychedelic use was found on the relationship between prescription opioid use and suicide risk among marginalized women [Argento et al., J Psychopharmacol., 2018, 32 (12):1385-1391]. Despite the promise of these preliminary findings with classical psychedelic agents, further research is warranted to determine what it may contribute to the opioid crisis response given their potential toxicity. Meanwhile, growing evidence on the safety and efficacy of psilocybin for the treatment of mental and substance use disorders should help to motivate further clinical investigation into its use as a novel intervention for OUD.

Regular doses of psychedelics also ameliorate sleep disturbances, which are highly prevalent in depressive patients with more than 80% of them having complaints of poor sleep quality. The sleep symptoms are often unresolved by first-line treatment and are associated with a greater risk of relapse and recurrence. Interestingly, sleep problems often appear before other depression symptoms, and subjective sleep quality worsens before the onset of an episode in recurrent depression. Brain areas showing increased functional connectivity with poor sleep scores and higher depressive symptomatology scores included prefrontal and limbic areas, areas involved in the processing of emotions. Sleep disruption in healthy participants has demonstrated that sleep is indeed involved in mood, emotion evaluation processes and brain reactivity to emotional stimuli. An increase in negative mood and a mood-independent mislabeling of neutral stimuli as negative was for example shown by one study while another demonstrated an amplified reactivity in limbic brain regions in response to both negative and positive stimuli. Two other studies assessing electroencephalographic (EEG) brain activity during sleep showed that psychedelics, such as LSD, positively affect sleep patterns. Moreover, it has been shown that partial or a full night of sleep deprivation can alleviate symptoms of depression suggested by resetting circadian rhythms via modification of clock gene expression. It further was suggested that a single dose of a psychedelic causes a reset of the biological clock underlying sleep/wake cycles and thereby enhances cognitive-emotional processes in depressed people but also improving feelings of well-being and enhances mood in healthy individuals [Kuypers, Medical Hypotheses, 2019, 125:21-24].

In a systematic meta-analysis of clinical trials from 1960-2018 researching the therapeutic use of psychedelic treatment in patients with serious or terminal illnesses and related psychiatric illness, it was found that psychedelic therapy (mostly with LSD) may improve cancer-related depression, anxiety, and fear of death. Four randomized controlled clinical trials were published between 2011 and 2016, mostly with psilocybin treatment, that demonstrated psychedelic-assisted treatment can produce rapid, robust, and sustained improvements in cancer-related psychological and existential distress. [Ross S, Int Rev Psychiatry, 2018, 30 (4):317-330]. Thus, the use of psychedelics in the fields of oncology and palliative care is intriguing for several reasons. First, many patients facing cancer or other life-threatening illnesses experience significant existential distress related to loss of meaning or purpose in life, which can be associated with hopelessness, demoralization, powerlessness, perceived burdensomeness, and a desire for hastened death. Those features are also often at the core of clinically significant anxiety and depression, and they can substantially diminish quality of life in this patient population. The alleviation of those forms of suffering should be among the central aims of palliative care. Accordingly, several manualized psychotherapies for cancer-related existential distress have been developed in recent years, with an emphasis on dignity and meaning-making. However, there are currently no pharmacologic interventions for existential distress per se, and available pharmacologic treatments for depressive symptoms in patients with cancer have not demonstrated superiority over placebo. There remains a need for additional effective treatments for those conditions [Rosenbaum et al., Curr. Oncol., 2019, 26 (4): 225-226].

Recently, there has been growing interest in a new dosing paradigm for psychedelics such as psilocybin and LSD referred to colloquially as microdosing. Under this paradigm, sub-perceptive doses of the serotonergic hallucinogens, approximately 10% or less of the full dose, are taken on a more consistent basis of once each day, every other day, or every three days, and so on. Not only is this dosing paradigm more consistent with current standards in pharmacological care, but may be particularly beneficial for certain conditions, such as Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative diseases, attention deficit disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and for certain patient populations such as elderly, juvenile and patients that are fearful of or opposed to psychedelic assisted therapy. Moreover, this approach may be particularly well suited for managing cognitive deficits and preventing neurodegeneration. For example, subpopulations of low attentive and low motivated rats demonstrate improved performance on 5 choice serial reaction time and progressive ratio tasks, respectively, following doses of psilocybin below the threshold for eliciting the classical wet dog shake behavioral response associated with hallucinogenic doses (Blumstock et al., WO 2020/157569 A1). Similarly, treatment of patients with hallucinogenic doses of 5HT2A agonists is associated with increased BDNF and activation of the mTOR pathway, which are thought to promote neuroplasticity and are hypothesized to serve as molecular targets for the treatment of dementias and other neurodegenerative disorders (Ly et al. Cell Rep., 2018, 23 (11):3170-3182). Additionally, several groups have demonstrated that low, non-hallucinogenic and non-psychomimetic, doses of 5HT2A agonists also show similar neuroprotective and increased neuroplasticity effects (neuroplastogens) and reduced neuroinflammation, which could be beneficial in both neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases and chronic disorders (Manfredi et al., WO 2020/181194, Flanagan et al., Int. Rev. Psychiatry, 2018, 13:1-13; Nichols et al., 2016, Psychedelics as medicines; an emerging new paradigm). This repeated, lower, dose paradigm may extend the utility of these compounds to additional indications and may prove useful for wellness applications.

Psychosis is often referred to as an abnormal state of mind that is characterized by hallucinatory experiences, delusional thinking, and disordered thoughts. Moreover, this state is accompanied by impairments in social cognition, inappropriate emotional expressions, and bizarre behavior. Most often, psychosis develops as part of a psychiatric disorder, of which, it represents an integral part of schizophrenia. It corresponds to the most florid phase of the illness. The very first manifestation of psychosis in a patient is referred to as first-episode psychosis. It reflects a critical transitional stage toward the chronic establishment of the disease, that is presumably mediated by progressive structural and functional abnormalities seen in diagnosed patients. [ACS Chem. Neurosci. 2018, 9, 2241-2251]. Anecdotal evidence suggests that low, non-hallucinogenic, doses (microdosing) of psychedelics that are administered regularly can reduce symptoms of schizophrenia an

/////////Deupsilocin, Psilocin-d10, KXD3HS8D6X, Psilocin-D10, Deupsilocin, Psilocine-d10

	shivkr2 on SPSR Excellence Award 2025 – S…
	Bonkasaurus on Infigratinib phosphate
	PALOVAROTENE \| ORGAN… on Palovarotene
	Pfizer just purchase… on Temanogrel
	Pfizer To Cash In On… on Temanogrel

New Drug Approvals

Category Archives: Uncategorized

SEARCH THIS BLOG

Blog Stats

Flag and hits

Follow Blog via Email

Pages

Archives

Categories

Recent Posts

ORGANIC SPECTROSCOPY

SUBSCRIBE

Follow Blog via Email

DR ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO Ph.D

Verified Services

Pages

Archives

Categories

Recent Comments

SEARCH THIS BLOG

Golcadomide (CC-99282)

Gamcemetinib

Firibastat

Fexagratinib

References

GDC 0853, Fenebrutinib

Ritlecitinib, PF 06651600

ETRIPAMIL

ELUBIOL

Elfucose

Deupsilocin

Post navigation

SEARCH THIS BLOG

FLAGS AND HITS

Follow Blog via Email

Category Archives: Uncategorized

SEARCH THIS BLOG

Blog Stats

Flag and hits

Follow Blog via Email

Pages

Archives

Categories

Recent Posts

ORGANIC SPECTROSCOPY

SUBSCRIBE

Follow Blog via Email

Verified Services

Pages

Archives

Categories

Recent Comments

SEARCH THIS BLOG

Share this:

Share this:

Share this:

References

Share this:

Share this:

Share this:

Share this:

Share this:

Share this:

Share this:

Post navigation

SEARCH THIS BLOG

FLAGS AND HITS

Follow Blog via Email