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DRUG APPROVALS BY DR ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO
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Apigenin: this chemical breaks the immortality of cancer cells
apigeninCuba may have found cure for cancer
Cuban doctors have filed Wednesday in Havana, the result of 14 years of research, a solution of antitumor peptides whose natural analogue is able to offer positive dynamics in cancer treatments
http://youthandeldersja.wordpress.com/2014/03/22/cuba-may-have-found-cure-for-cancer/
ELLAGIC ACID A CANCER FIGHTING WONDER
ELLAGIC ACID
2,3,7,8-Tetrahydroxy-chromeno[5,4,3-cde]chromene-5,10-dione
as a very potent CK2 inhibitor
Ellagic acid is a natural phenol antioxidant found in numerous fruits and vegetables. The antiproliferative and antioxidant properties of ellagic acid have spurred preliminary research into the potential health benefits of ellagic acid consumption.
Ellagic acid is the dilactone of hexahydroxydiphenic acid.
Ellagic acid is an antioxidant and an anti-proliferative compound present in fruits, nuts and vegetables. In spite of evidences for anticancer activity in various cancer cell-lines, human cancer cells, the mechanistic role of ellagic acid is not conclusive enough to be recommended for a clinical use. The present review provides information about the chemopreventive role of ellagic acid in oral cancer and proposes molecular basis for ellagic acid’s inhibitory activity against oral cancer. We show that ellagic acid modulates growth of tumor cells through regulation of multiple cell signaling pathways including cell proliferation pathway (cyclin dependent kinase 2, cyclin A2, cyclin B1, cyclin D1, c-myc, PKCα), cell survival/apoptosis pathway (Bcl-XL, Bax, Caspase 9/3, Akt), tumor suppressor pathway (p53, p21), inflaming Metastasis pathways (IL-1 beta, TNF-α, matrix metalloproteinases 9/3, COX-2), angiogenesis pathways (VEGF), cell immortalization (TERT), NF-κβ.
Moringa Oleifera Kills 97% of Pancreatic Cancer Cells in Vitro
Moringa Oleifera Kills 97% of Pancreatic Cancer Cells in Vitro:
A hot-water extract of moringa leaves was shown to kill up to 97% of human pancreatic cancer cells (Panc-1) after 72 hours in this study. Moringa, also called the “miracle tree,” has a long history of use in traditional and Ayurvedic medicine due to its many beneficial properties as an anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, antidepressant, anti-diabetes, pain and fever reducer and even relief from asthma. But it also contains numerous powerful anti-cancer compounds such as kaempferol, rhamnetin, isoquercetin and others.
Latest research is now proving out moringa’s anti-cancer potential with positive results so far against ovarian cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, and melanoma. Moringa is now extensively cultivated throughout Southeast Asia, Oceania, the Caribbean and Central America, but the largest crop in the world is produced by India – where it grows natively.
That may be one reason why the death rate from pancreatic cancer in India is a stunning 84% lower than in the United States.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23957955
Carrots Cut Men’s Prostate Cancer Risk by 50%:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24519559
This Little Known Chinese Herb Kills 12,000 Cancer Cells For Every Healthy Cell
artemisininWormwood
Other common name(s): absinthium, absinth wormwood
Scientific/medical name(s): Artemisia absinthium
Description
Wormwood is a shrubby perennial plant whose upper shoots, flowers, and leaves are used in herbal remedies and as a bitter flavoring for alcoholic drinks. It is native to Europe, northern Africa, and western Asia, and now also grows in North America.
Overview
Available scientific evidence does not support claims that wormwood is effective in treating cancer, the side effects of cancer treatment, or any other conditions. The plant contains a volatile oil with a high level of thujone (see Thuja). There are reports that taking large doses of wormwood internally can cause serious problems with the liver and kidneys. It can also cause nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, headache, dizziness, seizures, numbness of the legs and arms, delirium, and paralysis.
Wormwood, or Artemisia absinthium, should not be confused with sweet wormwood, or Artemisia annua. Although wormwood is related to sweet wormwood, they are used in different ways. Extracts of sweet wormwood have been used in traditional herbal medicine, and an active ingredient, artemisinin, is now used in conventional medical treatment of malaria.
How is it promoted for use?
Wormwood is promoted as a sedative and anti-inflammatory. There are also claims that it can treat loss of appetite, stomach disorders, and liver and gallbladder complaints. In folk medicine it is used for a wide range of stomach disorders, fever, and irregular menstruation. It is also used to fight intestinal worms. Externally, it is applied to poorly healing wounds, ulcers, skin blotches, and insect bites. It is used in Moxibustion treatments for cancer (seeMoxibustion). Available scientific evidence does not support these claims.
What does it involve?
Wormwood is taken in small doses for a short period of time, usually a maximum of 4 weeks. It is available as a capsule and as a liquid that can be added to water to make a tincture. The whole herb is sometimes brewed as a tea. Wormwood oil, washes, or poultices can also be used on the skin. Although pure wormwood is not available, “thujone-free” wormwood extract has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in foods and as a flavoring in alcoholic drinks such as vermouth.
What is the history behind it?
Artemisia absinthium was used by Hippocrates, and the earliest references to wormwood in Western civilization can be found in the Bible. Extract of wormwood was also used in ancient Egypt. The herb is mentioned often in first-century Greek and Roman writings and reportedly was placed in the sandals of Roman soldiers to help soothe their sore feet. It was taken as a treatment for tapeworms as far back as the Middle Ages.
In 1797, Henri Pernod developed absinthe, an alcoholic drink containing distilled spirits of wormwood, fennel, anise and sometimes other herbs. Absinthe became very popular in Europe and the United States in the nineteenth century. It was eventually banned in several countries in the early twentieth century due to its purported ill effects and addictive qualities. More recent analysis has suggested that, when properly prepared and distilled, the thujone content in these drinks was very low. It appears more likely that the addictiveness and other ill effects of absinthe were due to its alcohol content, which is around 60% to 85%. Varying additives or impurities from different distillers may have also produced some of these effects. Even though absinthe is illegal in some countries, various types can be found in some European countries. However, their thujone content is strictly limited. Wormwood is also an ingredient in vermouth and other drinks.
What is the evidence?
Available scientific studies do not support the use of wormwood for the treatment of cancer or the side effects of conventional cancer treatment. There is not enough evidence available to support its use for other conditions. Wormwood oil has been tested in laboratory studies and appears to inhibit the growth of some fungi. However, human tests have not been completed.
Some derivatives of Artemisia annua, or sweet wormwood, a relative of wormwood, have been shown to be effective in the treatment of malaria. In fact, the World Health Organization approved artemisinin for use against malaria in Africa in 2004. These extracts also show some promise in laboratory studies as cancer treatment drugs. Further studies are required to find out whether the anti-cancer results apply to people. It is important to remember that extracted compounds are not the same as the whole herb, and study results are not likely to show the same effects.
Are there any possible problems or complications?
Wormwood should be avoided, especially by women who are pregnant or breast-feeding, by people who have had seizures, and by those with ulcers or stomach irritation. Thujone, a component of wormwood, is known to cause muscle spasms, seizures, and hallucinations if taken internally. In high doses it is known to damage the liver and the kidneys.
Because of its thujone content, large doses of wormwood taken internally can lead to vomiting, stomach and intestinal cramps, headaches, dizziness, nervous system problems, and seizures. Wormwood can also lead to liver failure. The New England Journal of Medicine reported that a man who ordered essential oil of wormwood over the Internet, thinking he had purchased absinthe, suffered liver failure shortly after drinking the oil. Wormwood may also make seizures more likely and may interfere with the anti-convulsant effects of medicines such as phenobarbital.
The plant is a relative of ragweed and daisies. Those with allergies to these types of plants may also be allergic to wormwood. Contact with wormwood can cause rash in some people.
Relying on this type of treatment alone and avoiding or delaying conventional medical care for cancer may have serious health consequences.
Aldoxorubicin…….Treatment of cancer …HIV-derived Kaposi’s Sarcoma, pancreatic cancer and for the treatment of soft tissue sarcoma.
Aldoxorubicin
Click to access aldoxorubicin.pdf
in phase 3
(E)-N’-(1-((2S,4S)-4-(((2R,4S,5S,6S)-4-amino-5-hydroxy-6-methyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)-2,5,12-trihydroxy-7-methoxy-6,11-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydrotetracen-2-yl)-2-hydroxyethylidene)-6-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanehydrazide hydrochloride
1H-Pyrrole-1-hexanoic acid, 2,5-dihydro-2,5-dioxo-, (2E)-2-[1-[(2S,4S)-4-[(3-amino-
2,3,6-trideoxy-α-L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl)oxy]-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydro-2,5,12-trihydroxy-
7-methoxy-6,11-dioxo-2-naphthacenyl]-2-hydroxyethylidene]hydrazide
N’-[(1E)-1-{(2S,4S)-4-[(3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-α-L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl)oxy]-2,5,12-
trihydroxy-7-methoxy-6,11-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydrotetracen-2-yl}-2-
hydroxyethylidene]-6-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanohydrazide
MOLECULAR FORMULA C37H42N4O13
MOLECULAR WEIGHT 750.7
SPONSOR CytRx Corp.
CODE DESIGNATION INNO-206
CAS REGISTRY NUMBER 1361644-26-9
CAS: 151038-96-9 (INNO-206); 480998-12-7 (INNO-206 HCl salt), 1361644-26-9
hydrochloride
CAS: 151038-96-9
Chemical Formula: C37H42N4O13
Exact Mass: 750.27484
Molecular Weight: 750.75
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Certificate of Analysis: |
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QC data: |
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Safety Data Sheet (MSDS): |
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In vitro protocol: |
Clin Cancer Res. 2012 Jul 15;18(14):3856-67 |
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In vivo protocol: |
Clin Cancer Res. 2012 Jul 15;18(14):3856-67. Invest New Drugs. 2010 Feb;28(1):14-9. Invest New Drugs. 2012 Aug;30(4):1743-9. Int J Cancer. 2007 Feb 15;120(4):927-34. |
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Clinical study: |
Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2007 Jun;16(6):855-66. |
Aldoxorubicin (INNO-206): Aldoxorubicin, also known as INNO-206, is the 6-maleimidocaproyl hydrazone derivative prodrug of the anthracycline antibiotic doxorubicin (DOXO-EMCH) with antineoplastic activity. Following intravenous administration, doxorubicin prodrug INNO-206 binds selectively to the cysteine-34 position of albumin via its maleimide moiety. Doxorubicin is released from the albumin carrier after cleavage of the acid-sensitive hydrazone linker within the acidic environment of tumors and, once located intracellularly, intercalates DNA, inhibits DNA synthesis, and induces apoptosis. Albumin tends to accumulate in solid tumors as a result of high metabolic turnover, rapid angiogenesis, hyervasculature, and impaired lymphatic drainage. Because of passive accumulation within tumors, this agent may improve the therapeutic effects of doxorubicin while minimizing systemic toxicity.
“Aldoxorubicin has demonstrated effectiveness against a range of tumors in both human and animal studies, thus we are optimistic in regard to a potential treatment for Kaposi’s sarcoma. The current standard-of-care for severe dermatological and systemic KS is liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil®). However, many patients exhibit minimal to no clinical response to this agent, and that drug has significant toxicity and manufacturing issues,” said CytRx President and CEO Steven A. Kriegsman. “In addition to obtaining valuable information related to Kaposi’s sarcoma, this trial represents another opportunity to validate the value and viability of our linker technology platform.” The company expects to announce Phase-2 study results in the second quarter of 2015.
Kaposi’s sarcoma is an orphan indication, meaning that only a small portion of the population has been diagnosed with the disease (fewer than 200,000 individuals in the country), and in turn, little research and drug development is being conducted to treat and cure it. The FDA’s Orphan Drug Act may grant orphan drug designation to a drug such as aldoxorubicin that treats a rare disease like Kaposi’s sarcoma, offering market exclusivity for seven years, fast-track status in some cases, tax credits, and grant monies to accelerate research
INNO-206 is an anthracycline in early clinical trials at CytRx Oncology for the treatment of breast cancer, HIV-related Kaposi’s sarcoma, glioblastoma multiforme, stomach cancer and pancreatic cancer. In 2014, a pivotal global phase 3 clinical trial was initiated as second-line treatment in patients with metastatic, locally advanced or unresectable soft tissue sarcomas. The drug candidate was originally developed at Bristol-Myers Squibb, and was subsequently licensed to KTB Tumorforschungs. In August 2006, Innovive Pharmaceuticals (acquired by CytRx in 2008) licensed the patent rights from KTB for the worldwide development and commercialization of the drug candidate. No recent development has been reported for research that had been ongoing for the treatment of small cell lung cancer (SCLC).
INNO-206 is a doxorubicin prodrug. Specifically, it is the 6-maleimidocaproyl hydrazone of doxorubicin. After administration, the drug candidate rapidly binds endogenous circulating albumin through the acid sensitive EMCH linker. Circulating albumin preferentially accumulates in tumors, bypassing uptake by other non-specific sites including the heart, bone marrow and the gastrointestinal tract. Once inside the acidic environment of the tumor cell, the EMCH linker is cleaved and free doxorubicin is released at the tumor site. Like other anthracyclines, doxorubicin inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis by intercalating between base pairs of the DNA/RNA strand, thus preventing the replication of rapidly-growing cancer cells. It also creates iron-mediated free oxygen radicals that damage the DNA and cell membranes. In 2011, orphan drug designation was assigned in the U.S. for the treatment of pancreatic cancer and for the treatment of soft tissue sarcoma.
CytRx Corporation (NASDAQ:CYTR) has announced it has initiated a pivotal global Phase 3 clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of aldoxorubicin as a second-line treatment for patients with soft tissue sarcoma (STS) under a Special Protocol Assessment with the FDA. Aldoxorubicin combines the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin with a novel linker-molecule that binds specifically to albumin in the blood to allow for delivery of higher amounts of doxorubicin (3.5 to 4 times) without several of the major treatment-limiting toxicities seen with administration of doxorubicin alone.
According to a news from Medicalnewstoday.com; CytRx holds the exclusive worldwide rights to INNO-206. The Company has previously announced plans to initiate Phase 2 proof-of-concept clinical trials in patients with pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer and soft tissue sarcomas, upon the completion of optimizing the formulation of INNO-206. Based on the multiple myeloma interim results, the Company is exploring the possibility of rapidly including multiple myeloma in its INNO-206 clinical development plans.
According to CytRx’s website, In preclinical models, INNO-206 was superior to doxorubicin with regard to ability to increase dosing, antitumor efficacy and safety. A Phase I study of INNO-206 that demonstrated safety and objective clinical responses in a variety of tumor types was completed in the beginning of 2006 and presented at the March 2006 Krebskongress meeting in Berlin. In this study, doses were administered at up to 4 times the standard dosing of doxorubicin without an increase in observed side effects over historically seen levels. Objective clinical responses were seen in patients with sarcoma, breast, and lung cancers.
INNO-206 – Mechanism of action:
According to CytRx’s website, the proposed mechanism of action is as the follow steps: (1) after administration, INNO-206 rapidly binds endogenous circulating albumin through the EMCH linker. (2) circulating albumin preferentially accumulates in tumors, bypassing uptake by other non-specific sites including heart, bone marrow and gastrointestinal tract; (3) once albumin-bound INNO-206 reaches the tumor, the acidic environment of the tumor causes cleavage of the acid sensitive linker; (4) free doxorubicin is released at the site of the tumor.
INNO-206 – status of clinical trials:
CytRx has announced that, in December 2011, CytRx initiated its international Phase 2b clinical trial to evaluate the preliminary efficacy and safety of INNO-206 as a first-line therapy in patients with soft tissue sarcoma who are ineligible for surgery. The Phase 2b clinical trial will provide the first direct clinical trial comparison of INNO-206 with native doxorubicin, which is dose-limited due to toxicity, as a first-line therapy. (source:http://cytrx.com/inno_206, accessed date: 02/01/2012).
Results of Phase I study:
In a phase I study a starting dose of 20 mg/m2 doxorubicin equivalents was chosen and 41 patients with advanced cancer disease were treated at dose levels of 20–340 mg/m2 doxorubicin equivalents . Treatment with INNO-206 was well tolerated up to 200 mg/m2 without manifestation of drug-related side effects which is a ~3-fold increase over the standard dose for doxorubicin (60 mg/kg). Myelosuppression and mucositis were the predominant adverse effects at dose levels of 260 mg/m2 and became dose-limiting at 340 mg/m2. 30 of 41 patients were assessable for analysis of response. Partial responses were observed in 3 patients (10%, small cell lung cancer, liposacoma and breast carcinoma). 15 patients (50%) showed a stable disease at different dose levels and 12 patients (40%) had evidence of tumor progression. (source: Invest New Drugs (2010) 28:14–19)
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References |
1: Kratz F, Azab S, Zeisig R, Fichtner I, Warnecke A. Evaluation of combination therapy schedules of doxorubicin and an acid-sensitive albumin-binding prodrug of doxorubicin in the MIA PaCa-2 pancreatic xenograft model. Int J Pharm. 2013 Jan 30;441(1-2):499-506. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.11.003. Epub 2012 Nov 10. PubMed PMID: 23149257.
2: Walker L, Perkins E, Kratz F, Raucher D. Cell penetrating peptides fused to a thermally targeted biopolymer drug carrier improve the delivery and antitumor efficacy of an acid-sensitive doxorubicin derivative. Int J Pharm. 2012 Oct 15;436(1-2):825-32. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.07.043. Epub 2012 Jul 28. PubMed PMID: 22850291; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3465682.
3: Kratz F, Warnecke A. Finding the optimal balance: challenges of improving conventional cancer chemotherapy using suitable combinations with nano-sized drug delivery systems. J Control Release. 2012 Dec 10;164(2):221-35. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.05.045. Epub 2012 Jun 13. PubMed PMID: 22705248.
4: Sanchez E, Li M, Wang C, Nichols CM, Li J, Chen H, Berenson JR. Anti-myeloma effects of the novel anthracycline derivative INNO-206. Clin Cancer Res. 2012 Jul 15;18(14):3856-67. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-3130. Epub 2012 May 22. PubMed PMID: 22619306.
5: Kratz F, Elsadek B. Clinical impact of serum proteins on drug delivery. J Control Release. 2012 Jul 20;161(2):429-45. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.11.028. Epub 2011 Dec 1. Review. PubMed PMID: 22155554.
6: Elsadek B, Kratz F. Impact of albumin on drug delivery–new applications on the horizon. J Control Release. 2012 Jan 10;157(1):4-28. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.09.069. Epub 2011 Sep 16. Review. PubMed PMID: 21959118.
7: Kratz F, Fichtner I, Graeser R. Combination therapy with the albumin-binding prodrug of doxorubicin (INNO-206) and doxorubicin achieves complete remissions and improves tolerability in an ovarian A2780 xenograft model. Invest New Drugs. 2012 Aug;30(4):1743-9. doi: 10.1007/s10637-011-9686-5. Epub 2011 May 18. PubMed PMID: 21590366.
8: Boga C, Fiume L, Baglioni M, Bertucci C, Farina C, Kratz F, Manerba M, Naldi M, Di Stefano G. Characterisation of the conjugate of the (6-maleimidocaproyl)hydrazone derivative of doxorubicin with lactosaminated human albumin by 13C NMR spectroscopy. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2009 Oct 8;38(3):262-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ejps.2009.08.001. Epub 2009 Aug 18. PubMed PMID: 19695327.
9: Graeser R, Esser N, Unger H, Fichtner I, Zhu A, Unger C, Kratz F. INNO-206, the (6-maleimidocaproyl hydrazone derivative of doxorubicin), shows superior antitumor efficacy compared to doxorubicin in different tumor xenograft models and in an orthotopic pancreas carcinoma model. Invest New Drugs. 2010 Feb;28(1):14-9. doi: 10.1007/s10637-008-9208-2. Epub 2009 Jan 8. PubMed PMID: 19148580.
10: Kratz F. Albumin as a drug carrier: design of prodrugs, drug conjugates and nanoparticles. J Control Release. 2008 Dec 18;132(3):171-83. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.05.010. Epub 2008 May 17. Review. PubMed PMID: 18582981.
11: Unger C, Häring B, Medinger M, Drevs J, Steinbild S, Kratz F, Mross K. Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of the (6-maleimidocaproyl)hydrazone derivative of doxorubicin. Clin Cancer Res. 2007 Aug 15;13(16):4858-66. PubMed PMID: 17699865.
12: Lebrecht D, Walker UA. Role of mtDNA lesions in anthracycline cardiotoxicity. Cardiovasc Toxicol. 2007;7(2):108-13. Review. PubMed PMID: 17652814.
13: Kratz F. DOXO-EMCH (INNO-206): the first albumin-binding prodrug of doxorubicin to enter clinical trials. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2007 Jun;16(6):855-66. Review. PubMed PMID: 17501697.
14: Kratz F, Ehling G, Kauffmann HM, Unger C. Acute and repeat-dose toxicity studies of the (6-maleimidocaproyl)hydrazone derivative of doxorubicin (DOXO-EMCH), an albumin-binding prodrug of the anticancer agent doxorubicin. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2007 Jan;26(1):19-35. PubMed PMID: 17334177.
15: Lebrecht D, Geist A, Ketelsen UP, Haberstroh J, Setzer B, Kratz F, Walker UA. The 6-maleimidocaproyl hydrazone derivative of doxorubicin (DOXO-EMCH) is superior to free doxorubicin with respect to cardiotoxicity and mitochondrial damage. Int J Cancer. 2007 Feb 15;120(4):927-34. PubMed PMID: 17131338.
16: Di Stefano G, Lanza M, Kratz F, Merina L, Fiume L. A novel method for coupling doxorubicin to lactosaminated human albumin by an acid sensitive hydrazone bond: synthesis, characterization and preliminary biological properties of the conjugate. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2004 Dec;23(4-5):393-7. PubMed PMID: 15567293.
| EP0169111A1 * | Jun 18, 1985 | Jan 22, 1986 | Sanofi | Cytotoxic conjugates useful in therapy, and process for obtaining them |
| EP0269188A2 * | Jun 18, 1985 | Jun 1, 1988 | Elf Sanofi | Cytotoxic conjugates useful in therapy, and process for obtaining them |
| EP0306943A2 * | Sep 8, 1988 | Mar 15, 1989 | Neorx Corporation | Immunconjugates joined by thioether bonds having reduced toxicity and improved selectivity |
| EP0328147A2 * | Feb 10, 1989 | Aug 16, 1989 | Bristol-Myers Squibb Company | Anthracycline immunoconjugates having a novel linker and methods for their production |
| EP0398305A2 * | May 16, 1990 | Nov 22, 1990 | Bristol-Myers Squibb Company | Anthracycline conjugates having a novel linker and methods for their production |
| EP0457250A2 * | May 13, 1991 | Nov 21, 1991 | Bristol-Myers Squibb Company | Novel bifunctional linking compounds, conjugates and methods for their production |
Replacing insulin though stem cell-derived pancreatic cells under the skin
Microscopic view of Islet of Langerhans in the pancreas. Beta cells in the Islets are responsible for producing insulin
Sanford-Burnham and UC San Diego School of Medicine scientists have shown that by encapsulating immature pancreatic cells derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESC), and implanting them under the skin in animal models of diabetes, sufficient insulin is produced to maintain glucose levels without unwanted potential trade-offs of the technology. The research suggests that encapsulated hESC-derived insulin-producing cells hold great promise as an effective and safe cell-replacement therapy for insulin-dependent diabetes. “Our study critically evaluates some of the potential pitfalls of using stem cells to treat insulin-dependent diabetes,” said Pamela Itkin-Ansari, Ph.D., adjunct assistant professor in the Development, Aging, and Regenerative Program at Sanford-Burnham, with a joint appointment at UC San Diego. – See more at: http://beaker.sanfordburnham.org/2014/03/replacing-insulin-though-stem-cell-derived-pancreatic-cells-under-the-skin/#sthash.GDnpkm3h.dpuf
See more at: http://beaker.sanfordburnham.org/2014/03/replacing-insulin-though-stem-cell-derived-pancreatic-cells-under-the-skin/
Licorice मुलेठी, 甘草, شیرین بیان Inhibits 92% of Breast Cancer Cells & Slows Growth by 83% in Vivo:
IsoliquiritigeninLiquorice or licorice (/ˈlɪk(ə)rɪʃ/ lik-(ə-)rish or /ˈlɪk(ə)rɪs/ lik-(ə-)ris)[2] is the root of Glycyrrhiza glabra from which a somewhat sweet flavor can be extracted. The liquorice plant is a legume that is native to southern Europe and parts of Asia. It is not botanically related to anise, star anise, or fennel, which are sources of similar flavouring compounds. The word ‘liquorice’/’licorice’ is derived (via the Old French licoresse), from the Greek γλυκύρριζα (glukurrhiza), meaning “sweet root”,[3] from γλυκύς (glukus), “sweet”[4] + ῥίζα (rhiza), “root”,[5][6] the name provided by Dioscorides.[7]
Description
It is a herbaceous perennial, growing to 1 m in height, with pinnate leaves about 7–15 cm (3–6 in) long, with 9–17 leaflets. The flowers are 0.8–1.2 cm (⅓–½ in) long, purple to pale whitish blue, produced in a loose inflorescence. The fruit is an oblong pod, 2–3 cm (1 in) long, containing several seeds.[8]The roots are stoloniferous.[9]
Chemistry
The scent of liquorice root comes from a complex and variable combination of compounds, of which anethole is the most minor component (0-3% of total volatiles). Much of the sweetness in liquorice comes from glycyrrhizin, which has a sweet taste, 30–50 times the sweetness of sugar. The sweetness is very different from sugar, being less instant and lasting longer.
The isoflavene glabrene and the isoflavane glabridin, found in the roots of liquorice, are xenoestrogens.[10][11]
A, phase I metabolites of ILG formed during incubation with rat liver microsomes and NADPH. Based on accurate mass measurements, HPLC retention times, MS/MS analyses, and comparison with data reported by Guo et al. (18), the structures of metabolites M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6, and M7 were assigned as liquiritigenin, 7,8,4′-trihydroxychalcone, sulfuretin, 7,3′,4′-trihydroxychalcone, davidigenin, trans-6,4′-dihydroxyaurone, and cis-6,4′-dihydroxyaurone, respectively. B, structures of ILG glucuronide conjugates formed by rat liver microsomes in the presence of UDPGA.
Cultivation and uses
Liquorice grows best in deep valleys, well-drained soils, with full sun, and is harvested in the autumn, two to three years after planting.[8] Countries producing liquorice include Iran, Afghanistan, the People’s Republic of China, Pakistan, Iraq, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Turkey.[12]
The world’s leading manufacturer of liquorice products is M&F Worldwide, which manufactures more than 70% of the worldwide liquorice flavors sold to end-users.[13]
Tobacco
Most liquorice is used as a flavoring agent for tobacco. For example, M&F Worldwide reported in 2011 that approximately 63% of its liquorice product sales are to the worldwide tobacco industry for use as tobacco flavor enhancing and moistening agents in the manufacture of American blend cigarettes, moist snuff, chewing tobacco and pipe tobacco.[12] American blend cigarettes made up a larger portion of worldwide tobacco consumption in earlier years,[14] and the percentage of liquorice products used by the tobacco industry was higher in the past. M&F Worldwide sold approximately 73% of its liquorice products to the tobacco industry in 2005,[15] and a consultant to M&F Worldwide’s predecessor company stated in 1975 that it was believed that well over 90% of the total production of liquorice extract and its derivatives found its way into tobacco products.[16]
Liquorice provides tobacco products with a natural sweetness and a distinctive flavor that blends readily with the natural and imitation flavoring components employed in the tobacco industry, represses harshness, and is not detectable as liquorice by the consumer.[16] Tobacco flavorings such as liquorice also make it easier to inhale the smoke by creating bronchodilators, which open up the lungs.[17] Chewing tobacco requires substantially higher levels of liquorice extract as emphasis on the sweet flavor appears highly desirable.[16]
Food and candy
Liquorice flavour is found in a wide variety of liquorice candies or sweets. In most of these candies the taste is reinforced by aniseed oil, and the actual content of liquorice is very low. Liquorice confections are primarily purchased by consumers in the European Union.[12]
In the Netherlands, where liquorice candy (“drop”) is one of the most popular forms of sweet, only a few of the many forms that are sold contain aniseed, although mixing it with mint, menthol or with laurel is quite popular. Mixing it with ammonium chloride (‘salmiak’) is also popular. The most popular liquorice, known in the Netherlands as zoute drop (salty liquorice) actually contains very little salt, i.e. sodium;[18] the salty taste is probably due to ammonium chloride, and the blood pressure raising effect is due to glycyrrhizin, see below. Strong, salty candies are popular in Scandinavia.
Pontefract in Yorkshire was the first place where liquorice mixed with sugar began to be used as a sweet in the same way it is in the modern day.[19] Pontefract cakes were originally made there. In County Durham, Yorkshire and Lancashire it is colloquially known as Spanish, supposedly because Spanish monks grew liquorice root at Rievaulx Abbey near Thirsk.[20]
Liquorice root
Various liquorice products.
Different flavoured liquorice sticks
Liquorice is popular in Italy (particularly in the South) and Spain in its natural form. The root of the plant is simply dug up, washed and chewed as a mouth freshener. Throughout Italy unsweetened liquorice is consumed in the form of small black pieces made only from 100% pure liquorice extract; the taste is bitter and intense. In Calabria a popular liqueur is made from pure liquorice extract. Liquorice is also very popular in Syria where it is sold as a drink. Dried liquorice root can be chewed as a sweet. Black liquorice contains approximately 100 calories per ounce (15 kJ/g).[21]
Medicine
Foliage
Glycyrrhiza glabra from Koehler’sMedicinal-Plants
The compound glycyrrhizin (or glycyrrhizic acid), found in liquorice, has been proposed as being useful for liver protection in tuberculosis therapy, however evidence does not support this use which may in fact be harmful.[22] Glycyrrhizin has also demonstrated antiviral, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and blood-pressure increasing effects in vitro and in vivo, as is supported by the finding that intravenous glycyrrhizin (as if it is given orally very little of the original drug makes it into circulation) slows the progression of viral and autoimmune hepatitis.[23][24][25][26] Liquorice has also demonstrated promising activity in one clinical trial, when applied topically, against atopic dermatitis.[27] Additionally liquorice has also proven itself effective in treating hyperlipidaemia (a high amount of fats in the blood).[28] Liquorice has also demonstrated efficacy in treating inflammation-induced skin hyperpigmentation.[29][30] Liquorice may also be useful in preventing neurodegenerative disorders and cavities.[31][32][33] Anti-ulcer, laxative, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antitumour and expectorant properties of liquorice have also been noted.[34][35][36]
In traditional Chinese medicine, liquorice (मुलेठी, 甘草, شیرین بیان) is commonly used in herbal formulae to “harmonize” the other ingredients in the formula and to carry the formula to the twelve “regular meridians”.[37]
Liquorice may be useful in conventional and naturopathic medicine for both mouth ulcers[38] and peptic ulcers.[39]
Its major dose-limiting toxicities are corticosteroid, in nature, due to the inhibitory effect its chief active constituents, glycyrrhizin and enoxolone have oncortisol degradation and include: oedema, hypokalaemia, weight gain or loss and hypertension.[40][41]
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Sliver of liquorice root
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Various liquorice root slivers
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Liquorice root with bark
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Inflorescence ofGlycyrrhiza glabra
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References
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- M & F Worldwide Corp., Annual Report on Form 10-K for the Year Ended December 31, 2010.
- M & F Worldwide Corp., Annual Report on Form 10-K for the Year Ended December 31, 2001.
- Erik Assadourian, Cigarette Production Drops, Vital Signs 2005, at 70.
- M & F Worldwide Corp., Annual Report on Form 10-K for the Year Ended December 31, 2005.
- Marvin K. Cook, The Use of Licorice and Other Flavoring Material in Tobacco (Apr. 10, 1975).
- Boeken v. Phillip Morris Inc., 127 Cal. App. 4th 1640, 1673, 26 Cal. Rptr. 3d 638, 664 (2005).
- [1] the online Dutch food composition database]
- “Right good food from the Ridings”. AboutFood.com. 25 October 2007.
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- Licorice Calories
- Liu Q, Garner P, Wang Y, Huang B, Smith H (2008). “Drugs and herbs given to prevent hepatotoxicity of tuberculosis therapy: systematic review of ingredients and evaluation studies”. BMC Public Health (Systematic review) 8: 365. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-8-365. PMC 2576232.PMID 18939987.
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National Institute of Health – Medline- PDRhealth.com – Profile of Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice (DGL)
- Chemical & Engineering News article on Licorice
- Non-profit site on the health aspects of licorice/liquorice
- Medical use of irritation on chest
Brisbane scientists make cancer treatment breakthrough
New Drug Approvals 