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FDA approves new treatment Erleada (apalutamide) for a certain type of prostate cancer using novel clinical trial endpoint

February 15, 2018 12:57 am / Leave a comment

FDA approves new treatment Erleada (apalutamide) for a certain type of prostate cancer using novel clinical trial endpoint

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration today approved Erleada (apalutamide) for the treatment of patients with prostate cancer that has not spread (non-metastatic), but that continues to grow despite treatment with hormone therapy (castration-resistant). This is the first FDA-approved treatment for non-metastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer. Continue reading.

February 14, 2018

Release

“The FDA evaluates a variety of methods that measure a drug’s effect, called endpoints, in the approval of oncology drugs. This approval is the first to use the endpoint of metastasis-free survival, measuring the length of time that tumors did not spread to other parts of the body or that death occurred after starting treatment,” said Richard Pazdur, M.D., director of the FDA’s Oncology Center of Excellence and acting director of the Office of Hematology and Oncology Products in the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. “In the trial supporting approval, Erleada had a robust effect on this endpoint. This demonstrates the agency’s commitment to using novel endpoints to expedite important therapies to the American public.”

According to the National Cancer Institute (NCI) at the National Institutes of Health, prostate cancer is the second most common form of cancer in men in the U.S.. The NCI estimates approximately 161,360 men were diagnosed with prostate cancer in 2017, and 26,730 were expected to die of the disease. Approximately 10 to 20 percent of prostate cancer cases are castration-resistant, and up to 16 percent of these patients show no evidence that the cancer has spread at the time of the castration-resistant diagnosis.

Erleada works by blocking the effect of androgens, a type of hormone, on the tumor. These androgens, such as testosterone, can promote tumor growth.

The safety and efficacy of Erleada was based on a randomized clinical trial of 1,207 patients with non-metastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer. Patients in the trial either received Erleada or a placebo. All patients were also treated with hormone therapy, either with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analog therapy or with surgery to lower the amount of testosterone in their body (surgical castration). The median metastasis-free survival for patients taking Erleada was 40.5 months compared to 16.2 months for patients taking a placebo.

Common side effects of Erleada include fatigue, high blood pressure (hypertension), rash, diarrhea, nausea, weight loss, joint pain (arthralgia), falls, hot flush, decreased appetite, fractures and swelling in the limbs (peripheral edema).

Severe side effects of Erleada include falls, fractures and seizures.

This application was granted Priority Review, under which the FDA’s goal is to take action on an application within 6 months where the agency determines that the drug, if approved, would significantly improve the safety or effectiveness of treating, diagnosing or preventing a serious condition.

The sponsor for Erleada is the first participant in the FDA’s recently-announced Clinical Data Summary Pilot Program, an effort to provide stakeholders with more usable information on the clinical evidence supporting drug product approvals and more transparency into the FDA’s decision-making process. Soon after approval, certain information from the clinical summary report will post with the Erleada entry on Drugs@FDA and on the new pilot program landing page.

The FDA granted the approval of Erleada to Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies.

//////////////fda 2018, Erleada, apalutamide, Priority Review, Janssen

Abaloparatide, абалопаратид , أبالوباراتيد , 巴罗旁肽 ,

February 13, 2018 11:00 am / 1 Comment on Abaloparatide, абалопаратид , أبالوباراتيد , 巴罗旁肽 ,

Chemical structure for Abaloparatide

Abaloparatide

BA058
BIM-44058
UNII-AVK0I6HY2U

BA058; BIM-44058; CAS 247062-33-5

MW 3960.5896, MF C174 H300 N56 O49

абалопаратид [Russian] [INN]

أبالوباراتيد [Arabic] [INN]

巴罗旁肽 [Chinese] [INN]

NAME………C2.29-methyl(22-L-glutamic acid(F>E),23-L-leucine(F>L),25-L-glutamic acid(H>E),26-L-lysine(H>K),28-L-leucine(I>L),30-L-lysine(E>K),31-L-leucine(I>L))human parathyroid hormone-related protein-(1-34)-proteinamide
L-Alaninamide, L-alanyl-L-valyl-L-seryl-L-alpha-glutamyl-L-histidyl-L-glutaminyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-histidyl-L-alpha-aspartyl-L-lysylglycyl-L-lysyl-L-seryl-L-isoleucyl-L-glutaminyl-L-alpha-aspartyl-L-leucyl-L-arginyl-L-arginyl-L-arginyl-L-alpha-glutamyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-alpha-glutamyl-L-lysyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-2-methylalanyl-L-lysyl-L-leucyl-L-histidyl-L-threonyl-

L-Alaninamide, L-alanyl-L-valyl-L-seryl-L-α-glutamyl-L-histidyl-L-glutaminyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-histidyl-L-α-aspartyl-L-lysylglycyl-L-lysyl-L-seryl-L-isoleucyl-L-glutaminyl-L-α-aspartyl-L-leucyl-L-arginyl-L-arginyl-L-arginyl-L-α-glutamyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-α-glutamyl-L-lysyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-2-methylalanyl-L-lysyl-L-leucyl-L-histidyl-L-threonyl-

C2.29-methyl(22-L-glutamic acid(F>E),23-L-leucine(F>L),25-L-glutamic acid(H>E),26-L-lysine(H>K),28-L-leucine(I>L),30-L-lysine(E>K),31-L-leucine(I>L))human parathyroid hormone-related protein-(1-34)-proteinamide

Biologic Depiction

IUPAC Condensed

H-Ala-Val-Ser-Glu-His-Gln-Leu-Leu-His-Asp-Lys-Gly-Lys-Ser-Ile-Gln-Asp-Leu-Arg-Arg-Arg-Glu-Leu-Leu-Glu-Lys-Leu-Leu-Aib-Lys-Leu-His-Thr-Ala-NH2

Sequence

AVSEHQLLHDKGKSIQDLRRRELLEKLLXKLHTA

HELM

PEPTIDE1{A.V.S.E.H.Q.L.L.H.D.K.G.K.S.I.Q.D.L.R.R.R.E.L.L.E.K.L.L.[Aib].K.L.H.T.A.[am]}$$$$

IUPAC

(N-(L-alanyl-L-valyl-L-seryl-L-alpha-glutamyl-L-histidyl-L-glutaminyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-histidyl-L-alpha-aspartyl-L-lysyl-glycyl-L-lysyl-L-seryl-L-isoleucyl-L-glutaminyl-L-alpha-aspartyl-L-leucyl-L-arginyl-L-arginyl-L-arginyl-L-alpha-glutamyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-alpha-glutamyl-L-lysyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl)-2-aminoisobutyryl)-L-lysyl-L-leucyl-L-histidyl-L-threonyl-L-alaninamide

Tymlos

FDA 4/28/2017

To treat osteoporosis in postmenopausal women at high risk of fracture or those who have failed other therapies
Drug Trials Snapshot

2D chemical structure of 247062-33-5

Image result for Abaloparatide

CLINICAL……….https://clinicaltrials.gov/search/intervention=Abaloparatide%20OR%20BA058%20OR%20BIM-44058

BIM-44058 is a 34 amino acid analog of native human PTHrP currently in phase III clinical trials at Radius Health for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Radius is also developing a microneedle transdermal patch using a 3M drug delivery system in phase II clinical trials. The drug candidate was originally developed at Biomeasure (a subsidiary of Ipsen), and was subsequently licensed to Radius and Teijin Pharma.

Abaloparatide (brand name Tymlos; formerly BA058) is a parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) analog drug used to treat osteoporosis. Like the related drug teriparatide, and unlike bisphosphonates, it is an anabolic (i.e., bone growing) agent.^[1] A subcutaneous injection formulation of the drug has completed a Phase III trial for osteoporosis.^[2] This single study found a decrease in fractures.^[3] In 28 April 2017, it was approved by Food and drug administration (FDA) to treat postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Image result for Abaloparatide

Therapeutics

Medical use

Abaloparatide is indicated to treat postmenopausal women with osteoporosis who are more susceptible to bone fractures.^[2]

Dosage

The dose recommended is 80mcg subcutaneous injection once a day, administered in the periumbilical area using a prefilled pen device containing 30 doses.^[4]

Warnings and Precautions

Preclinical studies revealed that abaloparatide systemic daily administration leads to a dose- and time-dependent increase in the incidence of osteosarcoma in rodents.^[5] However, whether abaloparatide-SC will cause osteosarcoma in humans is unknown. Thus, the use of abaloparatide is not recommended for individuals at increased risk of osteosarcoma. Additionally, its use is not advised for more than 2 years during a patient’s lifetime.^[4]^[6]

Image result for Abaloparatide

Side Effects

The most common side effects reported by more than 2% of clinical trials subjects are hypercalciuria, dizziness, nausea, headache, palpitations, fatigue, upper abdominal pain and vertigo.^[4]

Pharmacology

Abaloparatide is 34 amino acid synthetic analog of PTHrP. It has 41% homology to parathyroid hormone (PTH) (1-34) and 76% homology to parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) (1-34).^[7] It works as an anabolic agent for the bone, through selective activation of the parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R), a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) expressed in the osteoblasts and osteocytes. Abaloparatide preferentially binds the RG conformational state of the PTH1R, which in turn elicits a transient downstream cyclic AMP signaling response towards to a more anabolic signaling pathway.^[8]^[9]

History

Preclinical studies

Abaloropatide was previously known as BA058 and BIM-44058 while under development. The anabolic effects of abaloparatide on bone were demonstrated in two preclinical studies conducted in ovarectomized rats. Both studies showed increased cortical and trabecular bone volume and density, and trabecular microarchitecture improvement in vertebral and nonvertebral bones after short-term^[10] and long-term^[11] daily subcutaneous injection of abaloparatide compared to controls. Recent studies indicated a dose-dependent increased in bone mass and strength in long-term abalorapatide treatment.^[12] However, it was also indicated that prolonged abalorapatide-SC treatment leads to increased incidence of osteosarcoma.^[5] To date, there is no yet evidence for increased risk of bone tumors due to prolonged abalorapatide systemic administration in humans. Based on this preclinical data, the FDA does not advised the use of abaloparatide-SC for more than 2 years, or in patients with history of Paget disease and/or other conditions that exacerbates the risk of developing osteosarcoma.^[4]

Clinical Trials

Phase II trials were initiated in 2008. A 24-week randomized trial was conducted in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis (n=222) assessing bone mass density (BMD) changes as the primary endpoint.^[13] Significant BMD increase at doses of 40 and 80 mcg were found in the lumbar spine, femur and hips of abaloparatide-treated participants compared to placebo. Additionally, abaloparatide showed superior anabolic effects on the hips compared to teriparatide.^[14]

In the phase III (2011-2014) Abaloparatide Comparator Trial in Vertebral Endpoints (ACTIVE) trial, a 18-months randomized, multicenter, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study evaluated the long-term efficacy of abaloparatide compared to placebo and teriparatide in 2,463 postmenopausal women (± 69 years old).^[2] Women who received daily injections of abaloparatide experienced substantial reduction in the incidence of fractures compared to placebo. Additionally, greater BMD increase at 6, 12 and 18 months in spinal, hips and femoral bones was observed in abaloparatide compared to placebo and teriparatide-treated subjects.^[3]

Participants who completed 18 months of abaloparatide or placebo in the ACTIVE study were invited to participate in an extended open-labeled study – ACTIVExtend study (2012-2016).^[15] Subjects (n=1139) received additional 2 years of 70 mg of alendronate, Vitamin D (400 to 800 IU), and calcium (500–1000 mg) supplementation daily. Combined abaloparatide and alendronate therapy reduced significantly the incidence of vertebral and nonvertebral fractures.^[16]

A clinical trial assessing the effectiveness of abaloparatide in altering spinal bone mineral density (BMD) in male subjects is expected to start in the first quarter of 2018. If successful, Radius Health aims to submit a sNDA to expand the use of abaloparatide-SC to treat men with osteoporosis.^[17]

In addition to the injectable form of abaloparatide, a transdermal patch is also in development.^[1]

Commercialization

As previously noted, abaloparatide-SC is manufactured by Radius Health, Inc. (Nasdaq: RDUS), a biomedical company based in Waltham, Massachusetts. This company is focused on the development of new therapeutics for osteoporosis, cancer and endocrine diseases. Abaloparatide is the only drug currently marketed by Radius Health. RDUS reported that sales for abaloparatide were $3.5million for the third quarter of 2017.^[17] The company announced a net loss of $57.8 million, or $1.31 per share for the third quarter of 2017, compared to $19.2 million for the same quarter of 2016.^[18] The net loss most likely reflects the substantial expenses associated with the preparation and launching of abaloparatide into the US market in May 2017.

In July 2017, Radius Health licensed rights to Teijin Limited for abaloparatide-SC manufacture and commercialization in Japan. Teijin is developing abaloparatide-SC under agreement with Ipsen Pharma S.A.S., and is conducting a phase III clinical trial in Japanese patients with osteoporosis.^[19]

Regulatory Information

Radius Health filed a Marketing Authorization Application (MAA) in November 2015,^[20] which was validated in December, 2015, and still under regulatory assessment by the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA). As in July 2017, the CHMP issued a second Day-180 List of Outstanding Issues, which Radius is addressing with the CHMP.^[17]

In February 2016 a NDA was filed to the FDA, Radius NDA for abaloparatide-SC was accepted in May, 2016.^[21] A Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA) date was initially granted in March 30, 2016, but then extended to June 30, 2017.^[22] As previously stated, abaloparatide injection was approved for use in postmenopausal osteoporosis on April 28, 2017.^[6]

Intellectual Property

Radius Health currently holds three patents on abaloparatide-SC, with expiration dates from 2027-2028.^[23] The patents relate to the drug composition (US 8148333), and the drug delivery methods (US 7803770 B2 and US 8748382-B2).

As previously mentioned, Teijin Limited was granted use of Radius Health intellectual property in July 2017, for the development, manufacture and commercialization of abaloparatide-sc in Japan.

PATENT

http://www.google.com/patents/EP2206725A1?cl=en

A peptide of the formula:

[Glu^{22, 25}, Leu^{23, 28}, ³¹, Lys²⁶, Aib²⁹, Nle³⁰]hPTHrP(1-34)NH₂;

[Glu^{22, 25}, Leu^{23, 28, 30}, ³¹, Lys²⁶, Aib²⁹]hPTHrP(1-34)NH₂; [Glu^{22, 25,29}, Leu^{23, 28, 30, 31}, Lys²⁶]hpTHrP(1-34)NH₂; [Glu^{22, 25, 29}, Leu^{23, 28, 31}, Lys²⁶, Nle³⁰]hPTHrP(1-34)NH₂; [Ser¹, Ile⁵, Met⁸, Asn¹⁰, Leu^{11, 23, 28, 31}, His¹⁴, Cha¹⁵, Glu^{22, 25}, Lys^{26, 30}, Aib²⁹]hPTHrP (1-34)NH₂; [Cha²², Leu^{23, 28, 31}, Glu^{25, 29}, Lys²⁶, Nle³⁰]hPTHrP(1-34)NH₂; [Cha^{7, 11}, ¹⁵]hPTHrP(1-34)NH₂; [Cha^{7, 8, 15}]hPTHrP(1-34)NH₂; [Glu²², Leu^{23, 28}, Aib^{25, 29}, Lys²⁶]hpTHrP(1-34)NH₂; [Aib²⁹]hPTHrP(1-34)NH₂; [Glu^{22, 25}, Leu^{23, 28, 31}, Lys²⁶, Aib^{29, 30}]hPTHrP(1-34)NH₂; [Glu^{22, 25}, Leu^{23, 28, 31}, Lys²⁶, Aib²⁹]hPTHrP(1-34)NH₂; [Glu^{22, 25}, Leu^{23, 28, 31}, Aib^{26, 29}, Lys³⁰] hPTHrP(1-34)NH₂; or [Leu²⁷, Aib²⁹]hPTH(1-34)NH₂; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

PATENT

SEE……http://www.google.com.ar/patents/US8148333?cl=en

PATENT

SEE…………http://www.google.im/patents/US20090227498?cl=pt

EP5026436A				Title not available
US3773919	Oct 8, 1970	Nov 20, 1973	Du Pont	Polylactide-drug mixtures
US4767628	Jun 29, 1987	Aug 30, 1988	Imperial Chemical Industries Plc	Polylactone and acid stable polypeptide
WO1994001460A1*	Jul 13, 1993	Jan 20, 1994	Syntex Inc	Analogs of pth and pthrp, their synthesis and use for the treatment of osteoporosis
WO1994015587A2	Jan 5, 1994	Jul 21, 1994	Steven A Jackson	Ionic molecular conjugates of biodegradable polyesters and bioactive polypeptides
WO1997002834A1*	Jul 3, 1996	Jan 30, 1997	Biomeasure Inc	Analogs of parathyroid hormone

WO1997002834A1*	3 Jul 1996	30 Jan 1997	Biomeasure Inc	Analogs of parathyroid hormone
WO2008063279A2*	3 Oct 2007	29 May 2008	Radius Health Inc	A stable composition comprising a bone anabolic protein, namely a pthrp analogue, and uses thereof
US5695955 *	23 May 1995	9 Dec 1997	Syntex (U.S.A.) Inc.	Gene expressing a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide for treating bone disorder
US20030166836 *	6 Nov 2002	4 Sep 2003	Societe De Conseils De Recherches Et D’application Scientefiques, S.A.S., A France Corporation	Analogs of parathyroid hormone
US20050282749 *	14 Jan 2005	22 Dec 2005	Henriksen Dennis B	Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1); immunotherapy; for treatment of obesity

Tymlos	abaloparatide	4/28/2017	To treat osteoporosis in postmenopausal women at high risk of fracture or those who have failed other therapies Drug Trials Snapshot

Abaloparatide
Clinical data
Trade names	Tymlos
Synonyms	BA058, BIM-44058
Routes of administration	Subcutaneous injection
ATC code	none
Legal status
Legal status	Investigational
Identifiers
IUPAC name [show]
CAS Number	247062-33-5
PubChem CID	76943386
ChemSpider	34443170
UNII	AVK0I6HY2U
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C₁₇₄H₂₉₉N₅₆O₄₉
Molar mass	3,959.65 g·mol⁻¹
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image

/////////FDA 2017, Abaloparatide, TYMLOS, RADIUS HEALTH, PEPTIDE, BA058, BIM 44058; 247062-33-5, абалопаратид , أبالوباراتيد , 巴罗旁肽 , JAPAN 2021, APPROVALS 2021

update

Abaloparatide acetate

JAPAN 2021 APPROVED C174H300N56O49. (C2H4O2)x

2021/3/23

CCC(C)C(C(=O)NC(CCC(=O)N)C(=O)NC(CC(=O)O)C(=O)NC(CC(C)C)C(=O)NC(CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)NC(CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)NC(CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)NC(CCC(=O)O)C(=O)NC(CC(C)C)C(=O)NC(CC(C)C)C(=O)NC(CCC(=O)O)C(=O)NC(CCCCN)C(=O)NC(CC(C)C)C(=O)NC(CC(C)C)C(=O)NC(C)(C)C(=O)NC(CCCCN)C(=O)NC(CC(C)C)C(=O)NC(CC1=CN=CN1)C(=O)NC(C(C)O)C(=O)NC(C)C(=O)N)NC(=O)C(CO)NC(=O)C(CCCCN)NC(=O)CNC(=O)C(CCCCN)NC(=O)C(CC(=O)O)NC(=O)C(CC2=CN=CN2)NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(CCC(=O)N)NC(=O)C(CC3=CN=CN3)NC(=O)C(CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)C(CO)NC(=O)C(C(C)C)NC(=O)C(C)N

Pfizer’s Monobactam PF-?

February 12, 2018 10:51 am / Leave a comment

Pfizer’s monobactam PF-?

1380110-34-8, C₂₀ H₂₄ N₈ O₁₂ S_2, 632.58

Propanoic acid, 2-[[(Z)-[1-(2-amino-4-thiazolyl)-2-[[(2R,3S)-2-[[[[[(1,4-dihydro-1,5-dihydroxy-4-oxo-2-pyridinyl)methyl]amino]carbonyl]amino]methyl]-4-oxo-1-sulfo-3-azetidinyl]amino]-2-oxoethylidene]amino]oxy]-2-methyl-

2-((Z)-1-(2-Aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-((2R,3S)-2-((((1,5-dihydroxy-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropyridin-2-yl)methoxy)carbonylamino)methyl)-4-oxo-1-sulfoazetidin-3-ylamino)-2-oxoethylideneaminooxy)-2-methylpropanoic Acid

2-[[(Z)-[1-(2-Amino-4-thiazolyl)-2-[[(2R,3S)-2-[[[[[(1,4-dihydro-1,5-dihydroxy-4-oxo-2-pyridinyl)methyl]amino]carbonyl]amino]methyl]-4-oxo-1-sulfo-3-azetidinyl]amino]-2-oxoethylidene]amino]oxy]-2-methylpropanoic acid

Monobactams are a class of antibacterial agents which contain a monocyclic beta-lactam ring as opposed to a beta-lactam fused to an additional ring which is found in other beta-lactam classes, such as cephalosporins, carbapenems and penicillins. The drug Aztreonam is an example of a marketed monobactam; Carumonam is another example. The early studies in this area were conducted by workers at the Squibb Institute for Medical Research, Cimarusti, C. M. & R.B. Sykes: Monocyclic β-lactam antibiotics. Med. Res. Rev. 1984, 4, 1 -24. Despite the fact that selected

monobacatams were discovered over 25 years ago, there remains a continuing need for new antibiotics to counter the growing number of resistant organisms.

Although not limiting to the present invention, it is believed that monobactams of the present invention exploit the iron uptake mechanism in bacteria through the use of siderophore-monobactam conjugates. For background information, see: M. J. Miller, et al. BioMetals (2009), 22(1 ), 61-75.

The mechanism of action of beta-lactam antibiotics, including monobactams, is generally known to those skilled in the art and involves inhibition of one or more penicillin binding proteins (PBPs), although the present invention is not bound or limited by any theory. PBPs are involved in the synthesis of peptidoglycan, which is a major component of bacterial cell walls.

WO 2012073138

https://www.google.com/patents/WO2012073138A1?cl=en

Inventors	Matthew Frank Brown, Seungil Han, Manjinder Lall, Mark. J. Mitton-Fry, Mark Stephen Plummer, Hud Lawrence Risley, Veerabahu Shanmugasundaram, Jeremy T. Starr,
Applicant	Pfizer Inc.

Example 4, Route 1

2-({[(1Z)-1 -(2-amino-1 ,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-({(2f?,3S)-2-[({[(1 ,5-dihydroxy-4-oxo-1 ,4- dihydropyridin-2-yl)methyl]carbamoyl}amino)methyl]-4-oxo-1 -sulfoazetidin-3- yl}amino)-2-oxoethylidene]amino}oxy)-2-methylpropanoic acid, bis sodium salt

(C92-Bis Na Salt).

C92-bis Na salt

Step 1 : Preparation of C90. A solution of C26 (16.2 g, 43.0 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (900 mL) was treated with 1 , 1 ‘-carbonyldiimidazole (8.0 g, 47.7 mmol). After 5 minutes, the reaction mixture was treated with a solution of C9 (15 g, 25.0 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (600 mL) at room temperature. After 15 hours, the solvent was removed and the residue was treated with ethyl acetate (500 mL) and water (500 mL). The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was back extracted with additional ethyl acetate (300 mL). The organic layers were combined, washed with brine solution (500 mL), dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified via chromatography on silica gel (ethyl acetate / 2-propanol) to yield C90 as a yellow foam. Yield: 17.44 g, 19.62 mmol, 78%. LCMS m/z 889.5 (M+1 ). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 1 1 .90 (br s, 1 H), 9.25 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1 H), 8.40 (br s, 1 H), 7.98 (s, 1 H), 7.50-7.54 (m, 2H), 7.32-7.47 (m, 8H), 7.28 (s, 1 H), 6.65 (br s, 1 H), 6.28 (br s, 1 H), 5.97 (s, 1 H), 5.25 (s, 2H), 5.18 (dd, J=8.8, 5 Hz, 1 H), 4.99 (s, 2H), 4.16-4.28 (m, 2H), 3.74-3.80 (m, 1 H), 3.29-3.41 (m, 1 H), 3.13-3.23 (m, 1 H), 1.42 (s, 9H), 1.41 (s, 3H), 1.39 (br s, 12H).

Step 2: Preparation of C91. A solution of C90 (8.5 g, 9.6 mmol) in anhydrous N,N- dimethylformamide (100 mL) was treated sulfur trioxide /V,/V-dimethylformamide complex (15.0 g, 98.0 mmol). The reaction was allowed to stir at room temperature for 20 minutes then quenched with water (300 mL). The resulting solid was collected by filtration and dried to yield C91 as a white solid. Yield: 8.1 g, 8.3 mmol, 87%. LCMS m/z 967.6 (M-1 ). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 1 1.62 (br s, 1 H), 9.29 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1 H), 9.02 (s, 1 H), 7.58-7.61 (m, 2H), 7.38-7.53 (m, 9H), 7.27 (s, 1 H), 7.07 (s, 1 H), 6.40 (br d, J=8 Hz, 1 H), 5.55 (s, 2H), 5.25 (s, 2H), 5.20 (dd, J=8.8, 5.6 Hz, 1 H), 4.46 (br dd, half of ABX pattern, J=17, 5 Hz, 1 H), 4.38 (br dd, half of ABX pattern, J=17, 6 Hz, 1 H), 3.92-3.98 (m, 1 H), 3.79-3.87 (m, 1 H), 3.07-3.17 (m, 1 H), 1.40 (s, 9H), 1 .39 (s, 3H), 1 .38 (s, 12H).

Step 3: Preparation of C92. A solution of C91 (8.1 g, 8.3 mmol) in anhydrous dichloromethane (200 mL) was treated with 1 M boron trichloride in p-xylenes (58.4 mL, 58.4 mmol) and allowed to stir at room temperature for 15 minutes. The reaction mixture was cooled in an ice bath, quenched with 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (61 mL), and the solvent was removed in vacuo. A portion of the crude product (1 g) was purified via reverse phase chromatography (C-18 column; acetonitrile / water gradient with 0.1 % formic acid modifier) to yield C92 as a white solid. Yield: 486 mg, 0.77 mmol. LCMS m/z 633.3 (M+1 ). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.22 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1 H), 8.15 (s, 1 H), 7.26-7.42 (br s, 2H), 7.18-7.25 (m, 1 H), 6.99 (s, 1 H), 6.74 (s, 1 H), 6.32-6.37 (m, 1 H), 5.18 (dd, J=8.7, 5.7 Hz, 1 H), 4.33 (br d, J=4.6 Hz, 2H), 3.94-4.00 (m, 1 H), 3.60-3.68 (m, 1 H), 3.19-3.27 (m, 1 H), 1.40 (s, 3H), 1.39 (s, 3H).

Step 4: Preparation of C92-Bis Na Salt. A flask was charged with C92 (388 mg, 0.61 mmol) and water (5.0 mL). The mixture was cooled in an ice bath and treated dropwise with a solution of sodium bicarbonate (103 mg, 1.52 mmol) in water (5.0 mL). The sample was lyophilized to yield C92-Bis Na Salt as a white solid. Yield: 415 mg, 0.61 mmol, quantitative. LCMS m/z 633.5 (M+1 ). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, D₂0) δ 7.80 (s, 1 H), 6.93 (s, 1 H), 6.76 (s, 1 H), 5.33 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 1 H), 4.44 (ddd, J=6.0, 6.0, 5.7 Hz, 1 H), 4.34 (AB quartet, J_AB=17.7 Hz, Δν_ΑΒ=10.9 Hz, 2H), 3.69 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J=14.7, 5.8 Hz, 1 H), 3.58 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J=14.7, 6.2 Hz, 1 H), 1.44 (s, 3H), 1.43 (s, 3H).

Alternate preparation of C92

Step 1 : Preparation of C93. An Atlantis pressure reactor was charged with 10% palladium hydroxide on carbon (0.375 g, John Matthey catalyst type A402028-10), C91 (0.75 g, 0.77 mmol) and treated with ethanol (35 mL). The reactor was flushed with nitrogen and pressurized with hydrogen (20 psi) for 20 hours at 20 °C. The reaction mixture was filtered under vacuum and the filtrate was concentrated using the rotary evaporator to yield C93 as a tan solid. Yield: 0.49 g, 0.62 mmol, 80%. LCMS m/z 787.6 (M-1 ). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 1 1.57 (br s, 1 H), 9.27 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1 H), 8.16 (s, 1 H), 7.36 (br s, 1 H), 7.26 (s, 1 H), 7.00 (s, 1 H), 6.40 (br s, 1 H), 5.18 (m, 1 H), 4.35 (m, 2H), 3.83 (m, 1 H), 3.41 (m, 1 H), 3.10 (m, 1 H), 1.41 (s, 6H), 1.36 (s, 18H).

Step 2: Preparation of C92. A solution of C93 (6.0 g, 7.6 mmol) in anhydrous dichloromethane (45 mL) at 0 °C was treated with trifluoroacetic acid (35.0 mL, 456 mmol). The mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was cannulated into a solution of methyl ferf-butyl ether (100 mL) and heptane (200 mL). The solid was collected by filtration and washed with a mixture of methyl ferf-butyl ether (100 mL) and heptane (200 mL) then dried under vacuum. The crude product (~5 g) was purified via reverse phase chromatography (C-18 column; acetonitrile / water gradient with 0.1 % formic acid modifier) and lyophilized to yield C92 as a pink solid. Yield: 1.45 g, 2.29 mmol. LCMS m/z 631.0 (M-1). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-de) δ 9.20 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 8.13 (s, 1H), 7.24-7.40 (br s, 2H), 7.16-7.23 (m, 1H), 6.97 (s, 1H), 6.71 (s, 1H), 6.31-6.35 (m, 1H), 5.15 (dd, J=8.7, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 4.31 (br d, J=4.6 Hz, 2H), 3.92-3.98 (m, 1H), 3.58-3.67 (m, 1H), 3.17-3.25 (m, 1H), 1.37 (s, 3H), 1.36 (s, 3H).

Example 4, route 2

2-({[(1Z)-1-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-({(2 ?,3S)-2-[({[(1,5-dihydroxy-4-oxo-^ dihydropyridin-2-yl)methyl]carbamoyl}amino)methyl]-4-oxo-1-sulfoazetidin-3- yl}amino)-2-oxoethylidene]amino}oxy)-2-methylpropanoic acid (C92).

single

enantiomer

Step 1. Preparation of C95. A solution of C94 (50.0 g, 189.9 mmol) in

dichloromethane (100 mL) was treated with trifluoroacetic acid (50.0 mL, 661.3 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. The dichloromethane and trifluoroacetic acid was displaced with toluene (4 x 150 mL) using vacuum, to a final volume of 120 mL. The solution was added to heptane (250 mL) and the solid was collected by filtration. The solid was washed with a mixture of toluene and heptane (1 : 3, 60 mL), followed by heptane (2 x 80 mL) and dried under vacuum at 50 °C for 19 hours to afford C95 as a solid. Yield: 30.0 g, 158 mmol, 84%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) δ 9.66 (s, 1 H), 7.86 – 7.93 (m, 2H), 7.73 – 7.80 (m, 2H), 4.57 (s, 2H). HPLC retention time 5.1 minutes; column: Agilent Extended C-18 column (75 mm x 3 mm, 3.5 μηη); column temperature 45 °C; flow rate 1.0 mL / minute; detection UV 230 nm; mobile phase: solvent A = acetonitrile (100%), solvent B = acetonitrile (5%) in 10 mM ammonium acetate; gradient elusion: 0-1.5 minutes solvent B (100%), 1.5-10.0 minutes solvent B (5%), 10.0-13.0 minutes solvent B (100%); total run time 13.0 minutes.

Step 2: Preparation of C96-racemic. A solution of C95 (32.75 g; 173.1 mmol) in dichloromethane (550 mL) under nitrogen was cooled to 2 °C. The solution was treated with 2,4-dimethoxybenzylamine (28.94 g, 173.1 mmol) added dropwise over 25 minutes, maintaining the temperature below 10 °C. The solution was stirred for 10 minutes at 2 °C and then treated with molecular sieves (58.36 g, UOP Type 3A). The cold bath was removed and the reaction slurry was stirred for 3 hours at room temperature. The slurry was filtered through a pad of Celite (34.5 g) and the filter cake was rinsed with dichloromethane (135 mL). The dichloromethane filtrate (imine solution) was used directly in the following procedure.

A solution of A/-(ferf-butoxycarbonyl)glycine (60.6 g, 346.1 mmol) in

tetrahydrofuran (622 mL) under nitrogen was cooled to -45 °C and treated with triethylamine (38.5 g, 380.8 mmol). The mixture was stirred for 15 minutes at -45 °C and then treated with ethyl chloroformate (48.8 g, 450 mmol) over 15 minutes. The reaction mixture was stirred at -50 °C for 7 hours. The previously prepared imine solution was added via an addition funnel over 25 minutes while maintaining the reaction mixture temperature below -40 °C. The slurry was treated with triethylamine (17.5 g, 173 mmol) and the reaction mixture was slowly warmed to room temperature over 5 hours and stirred for an additional 12 hours. The reaction slurry was charged with water (150 mL) and the volatiles removed using a rotary evaporator. The reaction mixture was charged with additional water (393 mL) and the volatiles removed using a rotary evaporator. The mixture was treated with methyl ferf-butyl ether (393 mL) and vigorously stirred for 1 hour. The solid was collected by vacuum filtration and the filter cake was rinsed with a mixture of methyl ferf-butyl ether and water (1 : 1 , 400 mL). The solid was collected and dried in a vacuum oven at 50 °C for 16 hours to afford C96- racemic. Yield: 55.8 g, 1 13 mmol, 65%. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.85 (s, NH), 7.80 (s, 4H), 6.78 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1 H), 6.25 (m, 1 H), 6.10 (m, 1 H), 4.83 (m, 1 H), 4.38 (d, J=9.5 Hz, 1 H), 3.77-3.95 (m, 3H), 3.62 (s, 3H), 3.45 (m, 1 H), 3.40 (s, 3H), 1.38 (s, 9H). HPLC retention time 6.05 minutes; XBridge C8 column (4.6 x 75 mm, 3.5 μηη); column temperature 45 °C; flow rate 2.0 mL/minute; detection UV 210 nm, 230 nm, and 254 nm; mobile phase: solvent A = methanesulfonic acid (5%) in 10 mmol sodium octylsulfonate, solvent B = acetonitrile (100%); gradient elusion: 0-1.5 minutes solvent A (95%) and solvent B (5%), 1.5-8.5 minutes solvent A (5%) and solvent B (95%), 8.5- 10.0 minutes solvent A (5%) and solvent B (95%), 10.01 -12.0 minutes solvent A (95%) and solvent B (5%); total run time 12.0 minutes.

Step 3: Preparation of C97-racemic. A solution of C96-racemic (15.0 g, 30.3 mmol) in ethyl acetate (150 mL) under nitrogen was treated with ethanolamine (27.3 mL, 454.1 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at 90 °C for 3 hours and then cooled to room temperature. The mixture was charged with water (150 mL) and the layers separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (75 mL) and the combined organic layers washed with water (2 x 150 mL) followed by saturated aqueous sodium chloride (75 mL). The organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and the filtrate concentrated to a volume of 38 mL. The filtrate was treated with heptane (152 mL) and the solid was collected by filtration. The solid was washed with heptane and dried at 50 °C in a vacuum oven overnight to yield C97-racemic as a solid. Yield: 9.68 g, 26.5 mmol, 88%. LCMS m/z 967.6 (M-1 ). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.64 (d, J=9.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.14 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1 H), 6.56 (s, 1 H), 6.49 (dd, J=8.20, 2.3 Hz, 1 H), 4.78 (dd, J=9.37, 5.1 Hz, 1 H), 4.30 (d, J=14.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.14 (d, J=14.8 Hz, 1 H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.45 – 3.53 (m, 1 H), 2.65 – 2.75 (m, 1 H), 2.56 – 2.64 (m, 1 H), 1.38 (s, 9H), 1.30 – 1.35 (m, 2H). HPLC retention time 5.1 minutes; column: Agilent Extended C-18 column (75 mm x 3 mm, 3.5 μΐη); column temperature 45 °C; flow rate 1.0 mL / minute;

detection UV 230 nm; mobile phase: solvent A = acetonitrile (100%), solvent B = acetonitrile (5%) in 10 mM ammonium acetate; gradient elusion: 0-1 .5 minutes solvent B (100%), 1 .5-10.0 minutes solvent B (5%), 10.0-13.0 minutes solvent B (100%); total run time 13.0 minutes. Step 4: Preparation of C97-(2R,3S) enantiomer. A solution of C97-racemic (20.0 g, 54.7 mmol) in ethyl acetate (450 mL) was treated with diatomaceous earth (5.0 g) and filtered through a funnel charged with diatomaceous earth. The filter cake was washed with ethyl acetate (150 mL). The filtrate was charged with diatomaceous earth (20.0 g) and treated with (-)-L-dibenzoyltartaric acid (19.6 g, 54.7 mmol). The slurry was heated at 60 °C for 1.5 hours and then cooled to room temperature. The slurry was filtered and the solid washed with ethyl acetate (90 mL). The solid was collected and dried at 50 °C in a vacuum oven for 17 hours to yield C97-(2R,3S) enantiomer as a solid (mixed with diatomaceous earth). Yield: 17.3 g, 23.9 mmol, 43.6%, 97.6% ee. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-de) δ 7.89 – 7.91 (m, 4H), 7.59 – 7.65 (m, 3H), 7.44 – 7.49 (m, 4H), 7.09 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1 H), 6.53 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1 H), 6.49 (dd, J=8.3, 2.3 Hz, 1 H), 5.65 (s, 2H), 4.85 (dd, J=9.3, 4.9 Hz, 1 H), 4.30 (d, J=15.3 Hz, 1 H), 4.10 (d, J=15.3 Hz, 1 H), 3.74 (s, 3H), 3.72 (s, 3H), 3.68 – 3.70 (m, 1 H), 2.92 – 2.96 (dd, J=13.6, 5.4 Hz, 1 H), 2.85 – 2.90 (dd, J=13.6, 6.3 Hz, 1 H), 1.36 (s, 9H). HPLC retention time 5.1 minutes; column: Agilent Extended C-18 column (75 mm x 3 mm, 3.5 μηη); column temperature 45 °C; flow rate 1.0 mL / minute; detection UV 230 nm; mobile phase: solvent A = acetonitrile (100%), solvent B = acetonitrile (5%) in 10 mM ammonium acetate; gradient elusion: 0-1 .5 minutes solvent B (100%), 1.5-10.0 minutes solvent B (5%), 10.0-13.0 minutes solvent B (100%); total run time 13.0 minutes. Chiral HPLC retention time 9.1 minutes; column: Chiralcel OD-H column (250 mm x 4.6 mm); column temperature 40 °C; flow rate 1 .0 mL / minute; detection UV 208 nm; mobile phase: solvent A = ethanol (18%), solvent B = heptane (85%); isocratic elusion; total run time 20.0 minutes.

Step 5: Preparation of C98-(2R,3S) enantiomer. A solution of C97-(2R,3S) enantiomer. (16.7 g, 23.1 mmol) in ethyl acetate (301 mL) was treated with diatomaceous earth (18.3 g) and 5% aqueous potassium phosphate tribasic (182 mL). The slurry was stirred for 30 minutes at room temperature, then filtered under vacuum and the filter cake washed with ethyl acetate (2 x 67 mL). The filtrate was washed with 5% aqueous potassium phosphate tribasic (18 mL) and the organic layer dried over magnesium sulfate. The solid was filtered and the filter cake washed with ethyl acetate (33 mL). The filtrate was concentrated to a volume of 42 mL and slowly added to heptane (251 mL) and the resulting solid was collected by filtration. The solid was washed with heptane and dried at 50 °C in a vacuum oven for 19 hours to yield C98- (2R,3S) enantiomer as a solid. Yield: 6.4 g, 17.5 mmol, 76%, 98.8% ee. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-de) δ 7.64 (d, J=9.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.14 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1 H), 6.56 (s, 1 H), 6.49 (dd, J=8.20, 2.3 Hz, 1 H), 4.78 (dd, J=9.37, 5.1 Hz, 1 H), 4.30 (d, J=14.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.14 (d, J=14.8 Hz, 1 H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.45 – 3.53 (m, 1 H), 2.65 – 2.75 (m, 1 H), 2.56 – 2.64 (m, 1 H), 1.38 (s, 9H), 1.30 – 1.35 (m, 2H). HPLC retention time 5.2 minutes; column: Agilent Extended C-18 column (75 mm x 3 mm, 3.5 μηη); column temperature 45 °C; flow rate 1.0 mL / minute; detection UV 230 nm; mobile phase: solvent A = acetonitrile (100%), solvent B = acetonitrile (5%) in 10 mM ammonium acetate; gradient elusion: 0-1 .5 minutes solvent B (100%), 1.5-10.0 minutes solvent B (5%), 10.0-13.0 minutes solvent B (100%); total run time 13.0 minutes. Chiral HPLC retention time 8.7 minutes; column: Chiralcel OD-H column (250 mm x 4.6 mm); column temperature 40 °C; flow rate 1.0 mL / minute; detection UV 208 nm; mobile phase: solvent A = ethanol (18%), solvent B = heptane (85%); isocratic elusion; total run time 20.0 minutes.

Step 6: Preparation of C99. A solution of potassium phosphate tribasic N-hydrate (8.71 g, 41 .05 mmol) in water (32.0 mL) at 22 °C was treated with a slurry of C26- mesylate salt (12.1 g, 27.4 mmol, q-NMR potency 98%) in dichloromethane (100.00 mL). The slurry was stirred for 1 hour at 22 °C. The reaction mixture was transferred to a separatory funnel and the layers separated. The aqueous layer was back extracted with dichloromethane (50.0 mL). The organic layers were combined, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered under vacuum and the filter cake washed with

dichloromethane (2 x 16 mL). The filtrate (-190 mL, amine solution) was used directly in the next step.

A solution of 1 ,1 ‘-carbonyldiimidazole (6.66 g, 41 .0 mmol) in dichloromethane (100 mL) at 22 °C under nitrogen was treated with the previously prepared amine solution (-190 mL) added dropwise using an addition funnel over 3 hour at 22 °C with stirring. After the addition, the mixture was stirred for 1 hour at 22 °C, then treated with C98-(2R,3S) enantiomer. (10.0 g, 27.4 mmol) followed by /V,/V-dimethylformamide (23.00 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at 22 °C for 3 hours and then heated at 40 °C for 12 hours. The solution was cooled to room temperature and the dichloromethane was removed using the rotary evaporator. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (216.0 mL) and washed with 10% aqueous citric acid (216.0 mL), 5% aqueous sodium chloride (2 x 216.0 mL), dried over magnesium sulfate and filtered under vacuum. The filter cake was washed with ethyl acetate (3 x 13 mL) and the ethyl acetate solution was concentrated on the rotary evaporator to a volume of (-1 10.00 mL) providing a suspension. The suspension (~1 10.00 mL) was warmed to 40 °C and transferred into a stirred solution of heptane (22 °C) over 1 hour, to give a slurry. The slurry was stirred for 1 hour and filtered under vacuum. The filter cake was washed with heptane (3 x 30 mL) and dried under vacuum at 50 °C for 12 hours to afford C99 as a solid. Yield: 18.1 g, 24.9 mmol, 92%. LCMS m/z 728.4 (M+1 ). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.09 (s, 1 H), 7.62 (d, J=9.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.33-7.52 (m, 10H), 7.07 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1 H), 6.51 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1 H), 6.50 (m, 1 H), 6.44 (dd, J=8.3, 2.3 Hz, 1 H), 6.12 (m, 1 H), 6.07 (s, 1 H), 5.27 (s, 2H), 5.00 (s, 2H), 4.73 (dd, J=9.4, 5.2 Hz, 1 H), 4.38 (d, J=15.0 Hz, 1 H), 4.19 (m, 2H), 3.99 (d, J=15.0 Hz, 1 H), 3.72 (s, 3H), 3.71 (s, 3H), 3.48 (m, 1 H), 3.28 (m, 1 H), 3.12 (m, 1 H), 1 .37 (s, 9H).

Step 7: Preparation of C100. A solution of C99 (46.5 g, 63.9 mmol) in acetonitrile (697 mL and water (372 mL) was treated with potassium persulfate (69.1 g, 255.6 mmol) and potassium phosphate dibasic (50.1 g, 287.5 mmol). The biphasic mixture was heated to 75 °C and vigorously stirred for 1.5 hours. The pH was maintained between 6.0-6.5 by potassium phosphate dibasic addition (-12 g). The mixture was cooled to 20 °C, the suspension was filtered and washed with acetonitrile (50 mL). The filtrate was concentrated using the rotary evaporator and treated with water (50 mL) followed by ethyl acetate (200 mL). The slurry was stirred for 2 hours at room temperature, filtered and the solid dried under vacuum at 40 °C overnight. The solid was slurried in a mixture of ethyl acetate and water (6 : 1 , 390.7 mL) at 20 °C for 1 hour then collected by filtration. The solid was dried in a vacuum oven to yield C100. Yield: 22.1 g, 38.3 mmol, 60%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.17 (br s, 1 H), 7.96 (s, 1 H), 7.58 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1 H), 7.29-7.50 (m, 10H), 6.49 (dd, J=8.0, 6.0 Hz, 1 H), 6.08 (dd, J=5.6, 5.2 Hz, 1 H), 5.93 (s, 1 H), 5.22 (s, 2H), 4.96 (s, 2H), 4.77 (dd, J=9.6, 5.0 Hz, 1 H), 4.16 (m, 2H), 3.61 (m, 1 H), 3.1 1 (m, 2H), 1.36 (s, 9H). HPLC retention time 6.17 minutes; XBridge C8 column (4.6 x 75 mm, 3.5 μηη); column temperature 45 °C; flow rate 2.0 mL/minute; detection UV 210 nm, 230 nm, and 254 nm; mobile phase: solvent A = methanesulfonic acid (5%) in 10 mmol sodium octylsulfonate, solvent B = acetonitrile (100%); gradient elusion: 0-1 .5 minutes solvent A (95%) and solvent B (5%), 1.5-8.5 minutes solvent A (5%) and solvent B (95%), 8.5-10.0 minutes solvent A (5%) and solvent B (95%), 10.01- 12.0 minutes solvent A (95%) and solvent B (5%); total run time 12.0 minutes.

Step 8: Preparation of C101. A solution of trifluoroacetic acid (120 mL, 1550 mmol) under nitrogen was treated with methoxybenzene (30 mL, 269 mmol) and cooled to -5 °C. Solid C100 (17.9 g, 31.0 mmol) was charged in one portion at -5 °C and the resulting mixture stirred for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was cannulated with nitrogen pressure over 15 minutes to a stirred mixture of Celite (40.98 g) and methyl ferf-butyl ether (550 mL) at 10 °C. The slurry was stirred at 16 °C for 30 minutes, then filtered under vacuum. The filter cake was rinsed with methyl ferf-butyl ether (2 x 100 mL). The solid was collected and slurried in methyl ferf-butyl ether (550 mL) with vigorous stirring for 25 minutes. The slurry was filtered by vacuum filtration and washed with methyl ferf-butyl ether (2 x 250 mL). The solid was collected and dried in a vacuum oven at 60 °C for 18 hours to afford C101 on Celite. Yield: 57.6 g total = C101 + Celite; 16.61 g C101 , 28.1 mmol, 91%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.75-8.95 (br s, 2H), 8.65 (s, 1 H), 8.21 (s, 1 H), 7.30-7.58 (m, 10H), 6.83 (br s, 1 H), 6.65 (br s, 1 H), 6.17 (s, 1 H), 5.30 (s, 2H), 5.03 (s, 2H), 4.45 (br s, 1 H), 4.22 (br s, 2H), 3.77 (m, 1 H), 3.36 (m, 1 H), 3.22 (m, 1 H). ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ -76.0 (s, 3F). HPLC retention time 5.81 minutes; XBridge C8 column (4.6 x 75 mm, 3.5 μηη); column temperature 45 °C; flow rate 2.0 mL/minute; detection UV 210 nm, 230 nm, and 254 nm; mobile phase: solvent A = methanesulfonic acid (5%) in 10 mmol sodium octylsulfonate, solvent B = acetonitrile (100%); gradient elusion: 0-1.5 minutes solvent A (95%) and solvent B (5%), 1.5-8.5 minutes solvent A (5%) and solvent B (95%), 8.5-10.0 minutes solvent A (5%) and solvent B (95%), 10.01-12.0 minutes solvent A (95%) and solvent B (5%); total run time 12.0 minutes.

Step 9: Preparation of C90. A suspension of C101 (67.0 g, 30% activity on Celite = 33.9 mmol) in acetonitrile (281 .4 mL) was treated with molecular sieves 4AE (40.2 g), C5 (17.9 g, 33.9 mmol), 4-dimethylaminopyridine (10.4 g, 84.9 mmol) and the mixture was stirred at 40°C for 16 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to 20 °C, filtered under vacuum and the filter cake washed with acetonitrile (2 x 100 mL). The filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to a volume of -50 mL. The solution was diluted with ethyl acetate (268.0 mL) and washed with 10% aqueous citric acid (3 x 134 mL) followed by 5% aqueous sodium chloride (67.0 mL). The organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate and filtered under vacuum. The filter cake was washed with ethyl acetate (2 x 50 mL) and the filtrate was concentrated to a volume of -60 mL. The filtrate was added slowly to heptane (268 mL) with stirring and the slurry was stirred at 20 °C for 1 hour. The slurry was filtered under vacuum and the filter cake washed with a mixture of heptane and ethyl acetate (4: 1 , 2 x 27 mL). The solid was collected and dried under vacuum for 12 hours at 50 °C to afford a solid. The crude product was purified via chromatography on silica gel (ethyl acetate / 2-propanol), product bearing fractions were combined and the volume was reduced to -60 mL. The solution was added dropwise to heptane (268 mL) with stirring. The slurry was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours, filtered and washed with heptane and ethyl acetate (4: 1 , 2 x 27 mL). The solid was collected and dried under vacuum for 12 hours at 50 °C to afford C90 as a solid. Yield: 16.8 g, 18.9 mmol, 58%. LCMS m/z 889.4 (M+1 ). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-cfe) 1 1.90 (br s, 1 H), 9.25 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1 H), 8.40 (br s, 1 H), 7.98 (s, 1 H), 7.50-7.54 (m, 2H), 7.32- 7.47 (m, 8H), 7.28 (s, 1 H), 6.65 (br s, 1 H), 6.28 (br s, 1 H), 5.97 (s, 1 H), 5.25 (s, 2H), 5.18 (dd, J=8.8, 5 Hz, 1 H), 4.99 (s, 2H), 4.16-4.28 (m, 2H), 3.74-3.80 (m, 1 H), 3.29-3.41 (m, 1 H), 3.13-3.23 (m, 1 H), 1 .42 (s, 9H), 1 .41 (s, 3H), 1.39 (br s, 12H).

Step 10: Preparation of C91. A solution of C90 (14.5 g, 16.3 mmol) in anhydrous N,N- dimethylformamide (145.0 mL) was treated with sulfur trioxide /V,/V-dimethylformamide complex (25.0 g, 163.0 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 45 minutes, then transferred to a stirred mixture of 5% aqueous sodium chloride (290 mL) and ethyl acetate (435 mL) at 0 °C. The mixture was warmed to 18 °C and the layers separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (145 mL) and the combined organic layers washed with 5% aqueous sodium chloride (3 x 290 mL) followed by saturated aqueous sodium chloride (145 mL). The organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered through diatomaceous earth and the filter cake washed with ethyl acetate (72 mL). The filtrate was concentrated to a volume of 36 mL and treated with methyl ferf-butyl ether (290 mL), the resulting slurry was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The solid was collected by filtration, washed with methyl ferf- butyl ether (58 mL) and dried at 50 °C for 2 hours followed by 20 °C for 65 hours in a vacuum oven to yield C91 as a solid. Yield: 15.0 g, 15.4 mmol, 95%. LCMS m/z 967.6 (M-1 ). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 1 1.62 (br s, 1 H), 9.29 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1 H), 9.02 (s, 1 H), 7.58-7.61 (m, 2H), 7.38-7.53 (m, 9H), 7.27 (s, 1 H), 7.07 (s, 1 H), 6.40 (br d, J=8.0 Hz, 1 H), 5.55 (s, 2H), 5.25 (s, 2H), 5.20 (dd, J=8.8, 5.6 Hz, 1 H), 4.46 (br dd, half of ABX pattern, J=17.0, 5.0 Hz, 1 H), 4.38 (br dd, half of ABX pattern, J=17.0, 6.0 Hz, 1 H), 3.92- 3.98 (m, 1 H), 3.79-3.87 (m, 1 H), 3.07-3.17 (m, 1 H), 1.40 (s, 9H), 1.39 (s, 3H), 1.38 (s, 12H).

Step 11 : Preparation of C92. A solution of C91 (20.0 g, 20.6 mmol) in

dichloromethane (400 mL) was concentrated under reduced pressure (420 mmHg) at 45 °C to a volume of 200 mL. The solution was cooled to -5 °C and treated with 1 M boron trichloride in dichloromethane (206.0 mL, 206.0 mmol) added dropwise over 40 minutes. The reaction mixture was warmed to 15 °C over 1 hour with stirring. The slurry was cooled to -15 °C and treated with a mixture of 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (69.2 mL) and methyl ferf-butyl ether (400 mL), maintaining the temperature at -15 °C. The reaction mixture was warmed to 0 °C over 1 hour. The suspension was filtered using nitrogen pressure and the solid washed with methyl ferf-butyl ether (2 x 200 mL).

Nitrogen was passed over the solid for 2 hours. The solid was collected and suspended in methyl ferf-butyl ether (400 mL) for 1 hour with stirring at 18 °C. The suspension was filtered using nitrogen pressure and the solid washed with methyl ferf-butyl ether (2 x 200 mL). Nitrogen was passed over the resulting solid for 12 hours. A portion of the crude product was neutralized with 1 M aqueous ammonium formate to pH 5.5 with minimal addition of /V,/V-dimethylformamide to prevent foaming. The feed solution was filtered and purified via reverse phase chromatography (C-18 column; acetonitrile / water gradient with 0.2% formic acid modifier). The product bearing fractions were combined and concentrated to remove acetonitrile. The solution was captured on a GC-161 M column, washed with deionized water and blown dry with nitrogen pressure. The product was released using a mixture of methanol / water (10: 1 ) and the product bearing fractions were added to a solution of ethyl acetate (6 volumes). The solid was collected by filtration to afford C92 as a solid. Yield: 5.87 g, 9.28 mmol. LCMS m/z 633.3 (M+1 ). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.22 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1 H), 8.15 (s, 1 H), 7.26-7.42 (br s, 2H), 7.18-7.25 (m, 1 H), 6.99 (s, 1 H), 6.74 (s, 1 H), 6.32-6.37 (m, 1 H), 5.18 (dd, J=8.7, 5.7 Hz, 1 H), 4.33 (br d, J=4.6 Hz, 2H), 3.94-4.00 (m, 1 H), 3.60-3.68 (m, 1 H), 3.19-3.27 (m, 1 H), 1.40 (s, 3H), 1.39 (s, 3H).

PAPER

Journal of Medicinal Chemistry (2014), 57(9), 3845-3855

Siderophore Receptor-Mediated Uptake of Lactivicin Analogues in Gram-Negative Bacteria

^†Medicinal Chemistry, ^⧧Computational Chemistry, ^§Antibacterials Research Unit, and ^¶Structural Biology, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States

J. Med. Chem., 2014, 57 (9), pp 3845–3855

DOI: 10.1021/jm500219c

Publication Date (Web): April 2, 2014

*Phone: (860)-686-1788. E-mail: seungil.han@pfizer.com.

Cite this:J. Med. Chem. 57, 9, 3845-3855

Abstract

Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens are an emerging threat to human health, and addressing this challenge will require development of new antibacterial agents. This can be achieved through an improved molecular understanding of drug–target interactions combined with enhanced delivery of these agents to the site of action. Herein we describe the first application of siderophore receptor-mediated drug uptake of lactivicin analogues as a strategy that enables the development of novel antibacterial agents against clinically relevant Gram-negative bacteria. We report the first crystal structures of several sideromimic conjugated compounds bound to penicillin binding proteins PBP3 and PBP1a from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and characterize the reactivity of lactivicin and β-lactam core structures. Results from drug sensitivity studies with β-lactamase enzymes are presented, as well as a structure-based hypothesis to reduce susceptibility to this enzyme class. Finally, mechanistic studies demonstrating that sideromimic modification alters the drug uptake process are discussed.

PAPER

Pyridone-Conjugated Monobactam Antibiotics with Gram-Negative Activity

^†Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ^‡Computational Chemistry, ^§Antibacterials Research Unit, ^∥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, ^⊥Structural Biology, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States

J. Med. Chem., 2013, 56 (13), pp 5541–5552

DOI: 10.1021/jm400560z

Publication Date (Web): June 11, 2013

*Phone: 860-441-3522. E-mail: matthew.f.brown@pfizer.com.

Herein we describe the structure-aided design and synthesis of a series of pyridone-conjugated monobactam analogues with in vitro antibacterial activity against clinically relevant Gram-negative species including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli. Rat pharmacokinetic studies with compound 17 demonstrate low clearance and low plasma protein binding. In addition, evidence is provided for a number of analogues suggesting that the siderophore receptors PiuA and PirA play a role in drug uptake in P. aeruginosa strain PAO1.

17 as a solid. Yield: 5.87 g, 9.28 mmol. LCMS m/z 633.3 (M+1). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSOd6) δ 9.22 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 8.15 (s, 1H), 7.26-7.42 (br s, 2H), 7.18-7.25 (m, 1H), 6.99 (s, 1H), 6.74 (s, 1H), 6.32-6.37 (m, 1H), 5.18 (dd, J=8.7, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 4.33 (br d, J=4.6 Hz, 2H), 3.94-4.00 (m, 1H), 3.60-3.68 (m, 1H), 3.19-3.27 (m, 1H), 1.40 (s, 3H), 1.39 (s, 3H).

Nc1nc(cs1)\C(=N\OC(C)(C)C(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H]3C(=O)N([C@@H]3CNC(=O)NCC2=CC(=O)C(O)=CN2O)S(=O)(=O)O

PAPER

Process Development for the Synthesis of Monocyclic β-Lactam Core 17

Manjinder S. Lall ^*

, Yong Tao ^*, Joel T. Arcari, David C. Boyles, Matthew F. Brown, David B. Damon, Susan C. Lilley, Mark J. Mitton-Fry, Jeremy Starr

, Andrew Morgan Stewart III, and Jianmin Sun

Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States

Org. Process Res. Dev., Article ASAP

DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00359

Publication Date (Web): January 4, 2018

*E-mail: manjinder.lall@pfizer.com., *E-mail: yong.tao@pfizer.com.

Process development and multikilogram synthesis of the monocyclic β-lactam core 17 for a novel pyridone-conjugated monobactam antibiotic is described. Starting with commercially available 2-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione, the five-step synthesis features several telescoped operations and direct isolations to provide significant improvement in throughput and reduced solvent usage over initial scale-up campaigns. A particular highlight in this effort includes the development of an efficient Staudinger ketene–imine [2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of N-Boc-glycine ketene 12 and imine 9 to form racemic β-lactam 13 in good isolated yield (66%) and purity (97%). Another key feature in the synthesis involves a classical resolution of racemic amine 15 to afford single enantiomer salt 17 in excellent isolated yield (45%) with high enantiomeric excess (98%).

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00359/suppl_file/op7b00359_si_001.pdf

Nc1nc(cs1)\C(=N\OC(C)(C)C(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H]3C(=O)N([C@@H]3CNC(=O)NCC2=CC(=O)C(O)=CN2O)S(=O)(=O)O

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

J. Med. Chem., 2013, 56 (13), pp 5541–5552

DOI: 10.1021/jm400560z

OXYGEN ANALOGUE…………..

1380110-45-1, C₂₀ H₂₃ N₇ O₁₃ S_2, 633.57

Propanoic acid, 2-[[(Z)-[1-(2-amino-4-thiazolyl)-2-[[(2R,3S)-2-[[[[(1,4-dihydro-1,5-dihydroxy-4-oxo-2-pyridinyl)methoxy]carbonyl]amino]methyl]-4-oxo-1-sulfo-3-azetidinyl]amino]-2-oxoethylidene]amino]oxy]-2-methyl-

2-[[(Z)-[1-(2-Amino-4-thiazolyl)-2-[[(2R,3S)-2-[[[[(1,4-dihydro-1,5-dihydroxy-4-oxo-2-pyridinyl)methoxy]carbonyl]amino]methyl]-4-oxo-1-sulfo-3-azetidinyl]amino]-2-oxoethylidene]amino]oxy]-2-methylpropanoic acid

18 as a light yellow solid. Yield: 43 mg, 0.068 mmol, 51%. LCMS m/z 634.4 (M+1). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6), characteristic peaks: δ 9.29 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 8.10 (s, 1H), 7.04-7.10 (m, 1H), 7.00 (s, 1H), 6.75 (s, 1H), 5.05-5.30 (m, 3H), 4.00-4.07 (m, 1H), 1.42 (s, 3H), 1.41 (s, 3H).

Nc1nc(cs1)\C(=N\OC(C)(C)C(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H]3C(=O)N([C@@H]3CNC(=O)OCC2=CC(=O)C(O)=CN2O)S(=O)(=O)O

Step 4: Preparation of 18-Bis Na salt. A suspension of 5 (212 mg, 0.33 mmol) in water (10 mL) was cooled to 0 oC and treated with a solution of sodium bicarbonate (56.4 mg, 0.67 mmol) in water (2 mL), added dropwise. The reaction mixture was cooled to -70 oC (frozen) and lyophilized to afford 18-Bis Na salt as a white solid. Yield: 210 mg, 0.31 mmol, 93%. LCMS m/z 632.5 (M-1). 1H NMR (400 MHz, D2O) δ 7.87 (s, 1H), 6.94 (s, 1H), 6.92 (s, 1H), 5.35 (d, J=5 Hz, 1H), 5.16 (s, 2H), 4.46-4.52 (m, 1H), 3.71 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J=14.5, 6 Hz, 1H), 3.55 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J=14.5, 6 Hz, 1H), 1.43 (s, 3H), 1.42 (s, 3H).

WO 2012073138

Inventors	Matthew Frank Brown, Seungil Han, Manjinder Lall, Mark. J. Mitton-Fry, Mark Stephen Plummer, Hud Lawrence Risley, Veerabahu Shanmugasundaram, Jeremy T. Starr,
Applicant	Pfizer Inc.

Example 5

disodium 2-({[(1Z)-1 -(2-amino-1 ,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-({(2R,3S)-2-[({[(1 ,5-dihydroxy-4- oxo-1 ,4-dihydropyridin-2-yl)methoxy]carbonyl}amino)methyl]-4-oxo-1 – sulfonatoazetidin-3-yl}amino)-2-oxoethylidene]amino}oxy)-2-methylpropanoate

(C104-Bis Na salt).

Step 1 : Preparation of C102. A solution of C28 (300 mg, 0.755 mmol) in

tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) was treated with 1 , 1 ‘-carbonyldiimidazole (379 mg, 2.26 mmol) at room temperature and stirred for 20 hours. The yellow reaction mixture was treated with a solution of C9 (286 mg, 0.543 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (25 mL). The mixture was stirred for 6 hours at room temperature, then treated with water (20 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 25 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The crude material was purified via chromatography on silica gel (heptane / ethyl acetate / 2-propanol) to afford C102 as a light yellow solid. Yield: 362 mg, 0.381 mmol, 62%. LCMS m/z 950.4 (M+1 ). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-de), characteristic peaks: δ 9.31 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1 H), 8.38 (s, 1 H), 8.00 (s, 1 H), 7.41 (br d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.36 (br d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.26 (s, 1 H), 6.10 (s, 1 H), 5.20 (s, 2H), 4.92 (br s, 4H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 1.45 (s, 9H), 1.38 (s, 9H). Step 2: Preparation of C103. A solution of C102 (181 mg, 0.191 mmol) in anhydrous /V,/V-dimethylformamide (2.0 mL) was treated with sulfur trioxide pyridine complex (302 mg, 1.91 mmol). The reaction mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature for 6 hours, then cooled to 0 °C and quenched with water. The resulting solid was collected by filtration and dried in vacuo to yield C103 as a white solid. Yield: 145 mg, 0.14 mmol, 74%. APCI m/z 1028.5 (M-1 ). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆), characteristic peaks: δ 1 1.65 (br s, 1 H), 9.37 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1 H), 8.87 (s, 1 H), 7.49 (br d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.43 (br d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.26 (s, 1 H), 7.01 (br d, J=8.9 Hz, 2H), 7.00 (br d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 5.43 (s, 2H), 5.20 (dd, J=8.4, 6 Hz, 1 H), 4.01-4.07 (m, 1 H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.50- 3.58 (m, 1 H), 3.29-3.37 (m, 1 H), 1.44 (s, 9H), 1.37 (s, 9H). Step 3: Preparation of C104. A solution of C103 (136 mg, 0.132 mmol) in anhydrous dichloromethane (5 mL) was treated with 1 M boron trichloride in p-xylenes (0.92 mL, 0.92 mmol) and allowed to stir at room temperature for 40 minutes. The reaction mixture was cooled in an ice bath, quenched with water (0.4 mL), and transferred into a solution of methyl ferf-butyl ether: heptane (1 :2, 12 mL). The solvent was removed in vacuo and the crude product was purified via reverse phase chromatography (C-18 column; acetonitrile / water gradient with 0.1 % formic acid modifier) to yield C104 as a light yellow solid. Yield: 43 mg, 0.068 mmol, 51 %. LCMS m/z 634.4 (M+1 ). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-de), characteristic peaks: δ 9.29 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1 H), 8.10 (s, 1 H), 7.04- 7.10 (m, 1 H), 7.00 (s, 1 H), 6.75 (s, 1 H), 5.05-5.30 (m, 3H), 4.00-4.07 (m, 1 H), 1 .42 (s, 3H), 1 .41 (s, 3H).

Step 4: Preparation of C104-Bis Na salt. A suspension of C104 (212 mg, 0.33 mmol) in water (10 mL) was cooled to 0 °C and treated with a solution of sodium bicarbonate (56.4 mg, 0.67 mmol) in water (2 mL), added dropwise. The reaction mixture was cooled to -70 °C (frozen) and lyophilized to afford C104-Bis Na salt as a white solid. Yield: 210 mg, 0.31 mmol, 93%. LCMS m/z 632.5 (M-1 ). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, D₂0) δ 7.87 (s, 1 H), 6.94 (s, 1 H), 6.92 (s, 1 H), 5.35 (d, J=5 Hz, 1 H), 5.16 (s, 2H), 4.46-4.52 (m, 1 H), 3.71 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J=14.5, 6 Hz, 1 H), 3.55 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J=14.5, 6 Hz, 1 H), 1.43 (s, 3H), 1 .42 (s, 3H).

////////////Pfizer, monobactam, PF-?, 1380110-34-8, pfizer, pf, 1380110-45-1, WO 2012073138, Matthew Frank Brown, Seungil Han, Manjinder Lall, Mark. J. Mitton-Fry, Mark Stephen Plummer, Hud Lawrence Risley, Veerabahu Shanmugasundaram, Jeremy T. Starr, preclinical

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 5-hydroxy-2-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one derivatives as antiglioma agents

February 8, 2018 10:37 am / 1 Comment on Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 5-hydroxy-2-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one derivatives as antiglioma agents

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 5-hydroxy-2-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one derivatives as antiglioma agents

Med. Chem. Commun., 2018, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/C7MD00551B, Research Article

Yi-Bin Li, Wen Hou, Hui Lin, Ping-Hua Sun, Jing Lin, Wei-Min Chen
Two series of 5-hydroxy-2-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one derivatives were synthesized and their antiglioma activities were evaluated.

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 5-hydroxy-2-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one derivatives as antiglioma agents

Yi-Bin Li,^a Wen Hou,^a Hui Lin,^a Ping-Hua Sun,^a Jing Lin*^a and Wei-Min Chen*^a

Author affiliations

* Corresponding authors

^a College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
E-mail: linjing_jnu@163.com, twmchen@jnu.edu.cn
Fax: +86 20 8522 4766
Tel: +86 20 8522 1367

Abstract

D-2-Hydroxyglutarate (D-2HG) is frequently found in human brain cancers. Approximately 50–80% of grade II glioma patients have a high level of D-2HG production, which can lead to cancer initiation. In this study, a series of novel 5-hydroxy-2-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one derivatives were designed and synthesized as antiglioma agents, and their related structure–activity relationships are discussed. Among these novel compounds, 4a exhibited promising anti-proliferative activity against glioma HT1080 cells and U87 cells with an IC₅₀ of 1.43 μM and 4.6 μM, respectively. Further studies found that the most active compound (4a) shows an 86.3% inhibitory rate against the intracellular production of D-2HG at 1 μM, and dramatic inhibitory effects, even at 1 μM on the colony formation and migration of U87 and HT1080 cells.

6,6′-((4-(Benzyloxy)phenyl)methylene)bis(5-hydroxy-2-methyl-4H-pyran-4- one) (4a) The reaction was performed according to the general procedure C, using 1 (1.00 g, 7.90 mmol) and 4-(benzyloxy)benzaldehyde (0.84 g, 3.95 mmol).2 The crude product was recrystallized from isopropanol affording a white powder 4a (1.53 g, 87%): mp 261.4-262.1oC; 1HNMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6)  2.22 (s, 6H, CH3), 5.08 (s, 3H, OCH2- Ph), 5.96 (s, 1H, CH-Ar), 6.25 (s, 2H, C=CH), , 7.01 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H, Ar-H3’/H5’), 7.22 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H, Ar-H2’/H6’), 7.31-7.45 (m, 5H, Ph-H); 13CNMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d6)  173.95, 165.08, 158.12, 151.20, 147.68, 142.19, 140.77, 137.42, 129.87, 128.91, 128.16, 127.69, 115.46, 114.97, 111.74, 69.69, 19.63; ESI-MS m/z: 447.1 [M+H]+ ; ESI-HRMS m/z: 447.1438 [M+H]+ , calcd for C26H23O7 447.1438.

///////////http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2018/MD/C7MD00551B?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+rss%2FMD+%28RSC+-+Med.+Chem.+Commun.+latest+articles%29#!divAbstract

AMISELIMOD

February 7, 2018 11:54 am / Leave a comment

Image result for AMISELIMOD

AMISELIMOD

UNII-358M5150LY; CAS 942399-20-4; 358M5150LY; MT-1303; Amiselimod, MT-1303

Molecular Formula:	C₁₉H₃₀F₃NO₃
Molecular Weight:	377.448 g/mol

2-amino-2-[2-[4-heptoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethyl]propane-1,3-diol

Phase II Crohn’s disease; Multiple sclerosis; Plaque psoriasis

Image result for AMISELIMOD

AMISELIMOD HYDROCHLORIDE

Molecular FormulaC₁₉H₃₁ClF₃NO₃
Average mass413.902 Da

1,3-Propanediol, 2-amino-2-[2-[4-(heptyloxy)-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethyl]-, hydrochloride (1:1)

2-Amino-2-{2-[4-(heptyloxy)-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethyl}-1,3-propanediol hydrochloride (1:1)

942398-84-7 [RN]

MT-1303

UNII-AY898D6RU1

2-amino-2-[2-[4-(heptyloxy)-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethyl]-1,3-propanediol, monohydrochloride

Originator Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation
Class Propylene glycols; Small molecules
Mechanism of Action Immunosuppressants; Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor antagonist

Highest Development Phases

Phase II Crohn’s disease; Multiple sclerosis; Plaque psoriasis
Phase I Autoimmune disorders; Inflammation; Systemic lupus erythematosus
No development reported Inflammatory bowel diseases

Most Recent Events

04 Nov 2017 No recent reports of development identified for phase-I development in Autoimmune-disorders in Japan (PO, Capsule)
04 Nov 2017 No recent reports of development identified for phase-I development in Autoimmune-disorders in USA (PO, Capsule)
04 Nov 2017 No recent reports of development identified for phase-I development in Inflammation in Japan (PO, Capsule)

Amiselimod, also known as MT1303, is a potent and selective immunosuppressant and sphingosine 1 phosphate receptor modulator. Amiselimod may be potentially useful for treatment of multiple sclerosis; inflammatory diseases; autoimmune diseases; psoriasis and inflammatory bowel diseases. Amiselimod is currently being developed by Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation

Mitsubishi Tanabe is developing amiselimod, an oral sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor antagonist, for treating autoimmune diseases, primarily multiple sclerosis, psoriasis and inflammatory bowel diseases, including Crohn’s disease.

WO2007069712

EU states expire 2026, and

Expire in the US in June 2030 with US154 extension.

Inventors	Masatoshi Kiuchi, Kaoru Marukawa, Nobutaka Kobayashi, Kunio Sugahara
Applicant	Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation

In recent years, calcineurin inhibitors such as cyclosporine FK 506 have been used to suppress rejection of patients receiving organ transplantation. While doing it, certain calcineurin inhibitors like cyclosporin can cause harmful side effects such as nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, etc. For this reason, in order to suppress rejection reaction in transplant patients, development of drugs with higher safety and higher effectiveness is advanced.

[0003] Patent Documents 1 to 3 are useful as inhibitors of (acute or chronic) rejection in organ or bone marrow transplantation and also useful as therapeutic agents for various autoimmune diseases such as psoriasis and Behcet’s disease and rheumatic diseases 2 aminopropane 1, 3 dioly intermediates are disclosed.

[0004] One of these compounds, 2-amino-2- [2- (4-octylphenel) propane] 1, ₃ diol hydrochloride (hereinafter sometimes referred to as FTY 720) is useful for renal transplantation It is currently under clinical development as an inhibitor of rejection reaction. FTY 720 is phosphorylated by sphingosine kinase in vivo in the form of phosphorylated FTY 720 [hereinafter sometimes referred to as FTY 720-P]. For example, 2 amino-2-phosphoryloxymethyl 4- (4-octafil-el) butanol. FTY720 – P has four types of S1 P receptors (hereinafter referred to as S1 P receptors) among five kinds of sphingosine – 1 – phosphate (hereinafter sometimes referred to as S1P) receptors It acts as an aggroove on the body (other than S1P2) (Non-Patent Document 1).

[0005] It has recently been reported that S1P1 among the S1P receptors is essential for the export of mature lymphocytes with thymus and secondary lymphoid tissue forces. FTY720 – P downregulates S1P1 on lymphocytes by acting as S1P1 ghost. As a result, the transfer of mature lymphocytes from the thymus and secondary lymphatic tissues is inhibited, and the circulating adult lymphocytes in the blood are isolated in the secondary lymphatic tissue to exert an immunosuppressive effect Has been suggested (

Non-Patent Document 2).

[0006] On the other hand, conventional 2-aminopropane 1, 3 dioly compounds are concerned as transient bradycardia expression as a side effect, and in order to solve this problem, 2-aminopropane 1, 3 diiori Many new compounds have been reported by geometrically modifying compounds. Among them, as a compound having a substituent on the benzene ring possessed by FTY 720, Patent Document 4 discloses an aminopropenol derivative as a S1P receptor modulator with a phosphate group, Patent Documents 5 and 6 are both S1P Discloses an amino-propanol derivative as a receptor modulator. However, trihaloalkyl groups such as trifluoromethyl groups are not disclosed as substituents on the benzene ring among them. In any case, it is currently the case that it has not yet reached a satisfactory level of safety as a pharmaceutical.

Patent Document 1: International Publication Pamphlet WO 94 Z 08943

Patent Document 2: International Publication Pamphlet WO 96 Z 06068

Patent Document 3: International Publication Pamphlet W 0 98 z 45 429

Patent Document 4: International Publication Pamphlet WO 02 Z 076995

Patent document 5: International public non-fret WO 2004 Z 096752

Patent Document 6: International Publication Pamphlet WO 2004 Z 110979

Non-patent document 1: Science, 2002, 296, 346-349

Non-patent document 2: Nature, 2004, 427, 355-360

Reference Example 3

5 bromo 2 heptyloxybenzonitrile

(3- 1) 5 Synthesis of bromo-2 heptyloxybenzonitrile (Reference Example Compound 3- 1)

1-Heptanol (1.55 g) was dissolved in N, N dimethylformamide (24 ml) and sodium hydride (0.321 g) was added at room temperature. After stirring for 1 hour, 5 bromo-2 fluoborosyl-tolyl (2.43 g) was added and the mixture was further stirred for 50 minutes. The reaction solution was poured into water, extracted with ethyl acetate, washed with water, saturated brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure. After eliminating the 5 bromo 2 fluconate benzonitrile as a raw material, the reaction was carried out again under the same conditions and purification was carried out by silica gel column chromatography (hexane: ethyl acetate = 50: 1 to 5: 1) to obtain the desired product (3.10 g ) As a colorless oil.

– NMR (CDCl 3) δ (ppm): 0.89 (3H, t, J = 6.4 Hz), 1.24-1.35 (6H, m

J = 8.8 Hz), 1.48 (2H, quint, J = 7.2 Hz), 1.84 7.59 (1 H, dd, J = 8.8, 2.4 Hz), 7.65 (1 H, d, J = 2.4 Hz).

Example 1

2 Amino 2- [2- (4-heptyloxy-3 trifluoromethylph enyl) propane-1, 3-diol hydrochloride

(1 – 1) {2, 2 Dimethyl 5- [2- (4 hydroxy 3 trifluoromethylfuethyl) ethyl] 1,3 dioxane 5 mercaptothenylboronic acid t butyl ester (synthesis compound 1 1)

Reference Example Compound 2-5 (70.3 g) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (500 ml), t-butoxycallium (13.Og) was added, and the mixture was stirred for 1 hour. To the mixed solution was dropwise added a solution of the compound of Reference Example 1 (15.Og) in tetrahydrofuran (100 ml) under ice cooling, followed by stirring for 2 hours under ice cooling. Water was added to the reaction solution, the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate, washed with water, saturated brine, dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane: ethyl acetate = _3: D to obtain 31. Og of a pale yellow oily matter.) The geometric isomer ratio of the obtained product was (E : Z = 1: 6).

This pale yellow oil was dissolved in ethyl acetate (200 ml), 10% palladium carbon (3.00 g) was added, and the mixture was stirred under a hydrogen atmosphere at room temperature for 7 hours. After purging the inside of the reaction vessel with nitrogen, the solution was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated. The residue was washed with diisopropyl ether to obtain the desired product (2.2 g) as a colorless powder.

¹ H-NMR (CDCl 3) δ (ppm): 1. 43 (3H, s), 1.44 (3H, s), 1. 47 (9H, s), 1

(2H, m), 91- 1. 98 (2H, m), 2. 50-2.66 (2H, m), 3. 69 (2H, d, J = Il. 6 Hz), 3. 89 J = 8.2 Hz), 7. 22 (1 H, dd J = 8 Hz), 5. 02 (1 H, brs), 5. 52 . 2, 1. 7 Hz), 7. 29 (1 H, d, J = l. 7 Hz).

(1-2) {2,2 Dimethyl-5- [2- (4heptyloxy-3 trifluoromethyl) ethyl] 1,3 dioxane 5-mercaptobutyric acid t-butyl ester Synthesis (compound 1 2)

Compound 1-1 (510 mg) was dissolved in N, N dimethylformamide (10 ml), potassium carbonate (506 mg) and n-heptyl bromide (0.235 ml) were added and stirred at 80 ° C. for 2 hours. Water was added to the reaction solution, the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate, washed with water and saturated brine, dried with anhydrous sulfuric acid

The resultant was dried with GENSCHUM and the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure to obtain the desired product (640 mg) as a colorless oil.

– NMR (CDCl 3) δ (ppm): 0.89 (3H, t, J = 6.8 Hz), l.30-1.37 (6H, m

(2H, m), 1.91-1.98 (2H, m), 1.42-1.50 (2H, m), 1.42 (3H, s), 1.44 (3H, s), 1.47 J = 16.6 Hz), 4.00 (2H, t, J = 6.4 Hz), 4.9 8 (2H, d, J = 11.6 Hz), 3.69 1 H, brs), 6.88 (1 H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.26 – 7.29 (1 H, m), 7.35 (1 H, d, J = 1.5 Hz).

(1-3) Synthesis of 2-amino-2- [2- (4heptyloxy 3 trifluoromethyl) ethyl] propane 1, 3 diol hydrochloride (Compound 1- 3)

Compound 12 (640 mg) was dissolved in ethanol (15 ml), concentrated hydrochloric acid (3 ml) was caught and stirred at 80 ° C. for 2 hours. The reaction solution was concentrated, and the residue was washed with ethyl ether to give the desired product (492 mg) as a white powder.

MS (ESI) m / z: 378 [M + H]

– NMR (DMSO-d) δ (ppm): 0.86 (3H,

6 t, J = 6.8 Hz), 1.24 – 1.39 (6

(4H, m), 3.51 (4H, d, J = 5. lHz), 4.06 (2H, m), 1.39-1.46 (2H, m), 1.68-1.78 (4H, m), 2.55-2.22 , 7.32 (2H, t, J = 5.1 Hz), 7.18 (1 H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 7.42 – 7.45 (2 H, m), 7.76 (3 H, brs;).

PATENT

WO 2009119858

JP 2011136905

WO 2017188357

PATENT

WO-2018021517

Patent Document 1 discloses 2-amino-2- [2- (4-heptyloxy-3-trifluoromethylphenyl) ethyl] propane- 1,3 which is useful as a medicine excellent in immunosuppressive action, rejection- – diol hydrochloride is disclosed.
The production method includes the step of reducing 4-heptyloxy-3-trifluoromethylbenzoic acid (Ia) to 4-heptyloxy-3-trifluoromethylbenzyl alcohol (IIa). However, until now, there has been a problem such that the conversion is low and the by-product (IIa ‘) in which the trifluoromethyl group is reduced together with the compound (IIa) is generated in this step.

[Chemical formula 1]

　In particular, since a series of analogous substances derived from by-products (IIa ‘) are difficult to be removed in a later process, it is necessary to suppress strict production thereof in the manufacture of drug substances requiring high quality there were.

Patent Document 1: WO2007 / 069712

[Chemical formula 3]

(2-amino-2- [2- (4-heptyloxy-3-trifluoromethylphenyl) ethyl] propane- 1,3-diol hydrochloride) From
the compound (IIa), the following scheme Based on the route, 2-amino-2- [2- (4-heptyloxy-3-trifluoromethylphenyl) ethyl] propane-1,3-diol hydrochloride was prepared.

[Chemical Formula 9]

Example 2
Synthesis of 4-heptyloxy-3-trifluoromethylbenzyl chloride (Step A) A
few drops of N, N-dimethylformamide was added to a solution of compound (IIa) (26.8 g) in methylene chloride (107 mL), and 0 At 0 ° C., thionyl chloride (8.09 mL) was added dropwise. The mixture was stirred at the same temperature for 2 hours, and water (50 mL) was added to the reaction solution. The organic layer was separated and extracted, washed with water (50 mL), saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (70 mL), dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure to give 4-heptyloxy-3-trifluoromethylbenzyl Chloride (28.3 g) as white crystals.
1H-NMR (CDCl 3) δ (ppm): 0.89 (3H, t, J = 6.5 Hz), 1.26-1.54 (8H, m), 1.77-1.86 (2H, m , 4.49 (2H, t, J = 6.4 Hz), 4.56 (2H, s), 6.96 (IH, d, J = 8.6 Hz), 7.49 (IH, dd, J = 2.0 Hz, 8.5 Hz), 7.58 (1 H, d, J = 1.9 Hz)

Example 3
Synthesis of dimethyl (4-heptyloxy-3-trifluoromethylbenzyl) phosphonate (Step B) To
a solution of N, N (3-trifluoromethylbenzyl ) phosphonate of 4-heptyloxy-3-trifluoromethylbenzyl chloride (6.00 g, 19.4 mmol) (2.57 g, 23.3 mmol), cesium carbonate (7.60 g, 23.3 mmol) and tetrabutylammonium iodide (7.54 g, 20.4 mmol) were added to a dimethylformamide (36 mL) And the mixture was stirred at 25 ° C. for 1 day. Toluene (36 mL) and water (18 mL) were added for phase separation, and the resulting organic layer was washed twice with a mixture of N, N-dimethylformamide (18 mL) and water (18 mL). After concentration under reduced pressure, column purification using hexane and ethyl acetate gave 4.71 g of dimethyl (4-heptyloxy-3-trifluoromethylbenzyl) phosphonate.
1
H-NMR (CDCl 3) δ (ppm): 0.89 (3 H, t, J = 6.9 Hz), 1.20 – 1.41 (6 H, m) , 1.43-1.49 (2H, m), 1.72-1.83 (2H, m), 3.09 (IH, s), 3.14 (IH, s), 3.68 (3H , 7.41 – 7.44 (2 H, t, J = 6.4 Hz), 6.94 (1 H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 3.70 (3 H, s), 4.02 (2H, m)

Example 4
tert-Butyl (E) – {2,2-dimethyl-5- [2- (4-heptyloxy-3-trifluoromethylphenyl) vinyl] -1, 3-dioxan-5- yl} carbamate Ester synthesis (Step C) A
solution of dimethyl (1.18 g, 3.09 mmol ) (4-heptyloxy-3-trifluoromethylbenzyl) phosphonate in 1.25 mL of N, N- dimethylformamide and (2, -dimethyl-5-formyl-1,3-dioxan-5-yl) carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (961 mg, 3.71 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (4 mL) was treated with potassium tert-butoxide (1.28 g, 4 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (7 mL), and the mixture was stirred at 0 ° C. for 6 hours. Heptane (7 mL) and water (3 mL) were added and the layers were separated, and the obtained organic layer was washed twice with water (3 mL) and concentrated. Heptane was added and the mixture was cooled in an ice bath. The precipitated crystals were collected by filtration and dried under reduced pressure to give (E) – {2,2-dimethyl-5- [2- (4-heptyloxy- Phenyl) vinyl] -1, 3-dioxan-5-yl} carbamic acid tert-butyl ester.
1
H-NMR (CDCl 3) δ (ppm): 0.89 (3 H, t, J = 6.9 Hz), 1.29 – 1.38 (6 H, m) , 1.44 – 1.59 (17 H, m), 1.77 – 1.83 (2 H, m), 3.83 – 3.93 (2 H, m), 3.93 – 4.08 (4 H, J = 16.5 Hz), 6.48 (1 H, d, J = 16.5 Hz), 6.91 (1 H, d, J), 5.21 (1 H, brs), 6.10 J = 8.5 Hz), 7.44 (1 H, dd, J = 8.6, 2.1 Hz), 7.55 (1 H, d, J = 2.0 Hz)

Example 5
Synthesis of 2-amino-2- [2- (4-heptyloxy-3-trifluoromethylphenyl) ethyl] propane-1,3-diol hydrochloride (Step D)
(E) – {2, -dimethyl-5- [2- (4-heptyloxy-3-trifluoromethylphenyl) vinyl] -1,3-dioxan- 5-yl} carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (6.50 g, 12.6 mmol) Methanol (65 mL) solution was heated to 50 ° C., a solution of concentrated hydrochloric acid (2.55 g) in methanol (5.3 mL) was added dropwise, and the mixture was stirred at 60 ° C. for 6 hours. The mixture was cooled to around room temperature, 5% palladium carbon (0.33 g) was added thereto, and the mixture was stirred under a hydrogen gas atmosphere for 3 hours. After filtration and washing the residue with methanol (39 mL), the filtrate was concentrated and stirred at 5 ° C. for 1 hour. Water (32.5 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred at 5 ° C for 1 hour, and the precipitated crystals were collected by filtration. Washed with water (13 mL) and dried under reduced pressure to obtain 4.83 g of 2-amino-2- [2- (4-heptyloxy-3-trifluoromethylphenyl) ethyl] propane-1,3-diol hydrochloride .
MS (ESI) m / z: 378 [M + H]

Image result

PATENTS

Patent ID	Patent Title	Submitted Date	Granted Date
US2017029378	KINASE INHIBITOR	2016-10-12
US2014296183	AMINE COMPOUND AND USE THEREOF FOR MEDICAL PURPOSES	2014-06-17	2014-10-02

Patent ID	Patent Title	Submitted Date	Granted Date
US2017253563	KINASE INHIBITORS	2017-05-24
US9499486	Kinase inhibitor	2015-10-01	2016-11-22
US9751837	KINASE INHIBITORS	2015-10-01	2016-04-14
US8809304	Amine Compound and Use Thereof for Medical Purposes	2009-05-28
US2017209445	KINASE INHIBITORS	2015-10-01

////////////AMISELIMOD, Phase II, Crohn’s disease, Multiple sclerosis, Plaque psoriasis, MT-1303, MT1303, MT 1303, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Mitsubishi , JAPAN, PHASE 2

CCCCCCCOC1=C(C=C(C=C1)CCC(CO)(CO)N)C(F)(F)F

GLIMEPIRIDE

February 5, 2018 10:43 am / 1 Comment on GLIMEPIRIDE

ChemSpider 2D Image | Glimepiride | C24H34N4O5S

Glimepiride

Molecular FormulaC₂₄H₃₄N₄O₅S
Average mass490.616 Da
HOE 490

UNII:6KY687524K

3-Ethyl-N-{2-[4-({(E)-hydroxy[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)imino]methyl}sulfamoyl)phenyl]ethyl}-4-methyl-2-oxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole-1-carboximidic acid

93479-97-1 [RN]

1-{[4-(2-{[(3-ethyl-4-methyl-2-oxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)carbonyl]amino}ethyl)phenyl]sulfonyl}-3-(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)urea

3-Ethyl-4-methyl-N-[2-(4-{[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)carbamoyl]sulfamoyl}phenyl)ethyl]-2-oxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole-1-carboxamide

1H-Pyrrole-1-carboxamide, 3-ethyl-2,5-dihydro-4-methyl-N-[2-[4-[[[[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]phenyl]ethyl]-2-oxo-

Amarel [Trade name]

Amaryl [Trade name]

Endial [Trade name]

Glimepiride (original trade name Amaryl) is an orally available medium-to-long-acting sulfonylurea antidiabetic drug. It is sometimes classified as either the first third-generation sulfonylurea,^[1] or as second-generation.^[2]

Glimepiride is a Sulfonylurea. The chemical classification of glimepiride is Sulfonylurea Compounds.

Glimepiride is a long-acting, third-generation sulfonylurea with hypoglycemic activity. Compared to other generations of sulfonylurea compounds, glimepiride is very potent and has a longer duration of action. This agent is metabolized by CYP2C9 and shows peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) agonistic activity.

Glimepiride is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is the first III generation sulphonyl urea it is a very potent sulphonyl urea with long duration of action. The mechanism of action of glimepiride in lowering blood glucose appears to be dependent on stimulating the release of insulin from functioning pancreatic beta cells, and increasing sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin. Glimepiride likely binds to ATP-sensitive potassium channel receptors on the pancreatic cell surface, reducing potassium conductance and causing depolarization of the membrane. Membrane depolarization stimulates calcium ion influx through voltage-sensitive calcium channels. This increase in intracellular calcium ion concentration induces the secretion of insulin.

Indications

Glimepiride is indicated to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus; its mode of action is to increase insulin production by the pancreas. It is not used for type 1 diabetes because in type 1 diabetes the pancreas is not able to produce insulin.^[3]

Contraindications

Its use is contraindicated in patients with hypersensitivity to glimepiride or other sulfonylureas.

Adverse effects

Side effects from taking glimepiride include gastrointestinal tract (GI) disturbances, occasional allergic reactions, and rarely blood production disorders including thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, and hemolytic anemia. In the initial weeks of treatment, the risk of hypoglycemia may be increased. Alcohol consumption and exposure to sunlight should be restricted because they can worsen side effects.^[3]

Pharmacokinetics

Two generic oral tablets of glimepiride, 2 mg each

Gastrointestinal absorption is complete, with no interference from meals. Significant absorption can occur within one hour, and distribution is throughout the body, 99.5% bound to plasma protein. Metabolism is by oxidative biotransformation, it is hepatic and complete. First, the medication is metabolized to M₁ metabolite by CYP2C9. M₁possesses about ¹⁄₃ of pharmacological activity of glimepiride, yet it is unknown if this results in clinically meaningful effect on blood glucose. M₁ is further metabolized to M₂metabolite by cytosolic enzymes. M₂ is pharmacologically inactive. Excretion in the urine is about 65%, and the remainder is excreted in the feces.

Mechanism of action

Like all sulfonylureas, glimepiride acts as an insulin secretagogue.^[4] It lowers blood sugar by stimulating the release of insulin by pancreatic beta cells and by inducing increased activity of intracellular insulin receptors.

Not all secondary sufonylureas have the same risks of hypoglycemia. Glibenclamide (glyburide) is associated with an incidence of hypoglycemia of up to 20–30%, compared to as low as 2% to 4% with glimepiride. Glibenclamide also interferes with the normal homeostatic suppression of insulin secretion in reaction to hypoglycemia, whereas glimepiride does not. Also, glibenclamide diminishes glucagon secretion in reaction to hypoglycemia, whereas glimepiride does not.^[5]

Image result for SYNTHESIS Glimepiride

Interactions

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (such as salicylates), sulfonamides, chloramphenicol, coumadin and probenecid may potentiate the hypoglycemic action of glimepiride. Thiazides, other diuretics, phothiazides, thyroid products, oral contraceptives, and phenytoin tend to produce hyperglycemia.

SYNTHESIS

EP 0031058; US 4379785, Arzneim-Forsch Drug Res 1988,38(8),1079

The condensation of 3-ethyl-4-methyl-3-pyrrolin-2-one (I) with 2-phenylethyl isocyanate (II) at 150 C gives 3-ethyl-4-methyl-2-oxo-N-(2-phenylethyl)-3-pyrrolin-1-carboxamide (III), which is sulfonated with chlorosulfonic acid at 40 C to yield the corresponding benzenesulfonyl chloride (IV). The reaction of (IV) with concentrated NH4OH affords the sulfonamide (V), which is finally condensed with 4-methylcyclohexyl isocyanate (VI) in acetone.

clip

CLIP

Image result for SYNTHESIS Glimepiride

Following is one of the synthesis routes: 3-Ethyl-4-methyl-3-pyrrolin-2-one could be condensed (I) with 2-phenylethyl isocyanate (II) at 150 C to produce 3-ethyl-4-methyl-2-oxo-N-(2-phenylethyl)-3-pyrrolin-1-carboxamide (III), which is sulfonated with chlorosulfonic acid at 40 C to yield the corresponding benzenesulfonyl chloride (IV). The reaction of (IV) with concentrated NH₄OH affords the sulfonamide (V), which is finally condensed with 4-methylcyclohexyl isocyanate (VI) in acetone.

CLIP

http://science24.com/paper/6906

Image result for SYNTHESIS Glimepiride

PAPER

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S073170850500378X

Image result for SYNTHESIS Glimepiride

PATENT

https://www.google.com/patents/US20070082943

Glimepiride, according to U.S. Pat. No. 4,379,785 (EP 031058) issued to Hoechst is prepared via reaction of 4-[2-(3-Ethyl-4-methyl-2-carbonyl pyrrolidine amido) ethyl] benzene sulfonamide (IV) with trans-4-methylcyclohexyl isocyanate (VIII). U.S. Pat. No. 4,379,785 (EP 031058) (hereafter referred to as the ‘785 patent) discloses heterocyclic substituted sulfonyl ureas, particularly 3-Ethyl-2,5-dihydro-4-methyl-N-[2-[4-[[[[(trans-4-methyl cyclohexyl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]phenyl]ethyl]-2-oxo-1H-pyrrole-1-carboxamide i.e. Glimepiride (I). The ‘785 patent teaches the preparation of Glimepiride starting from 3-Ethyl-4-methyl-3-pyrolidine-2-one (II) and 2-phenyl ethyl isocyanate to give [2-(3-Ethyl-4-methyl-2-carbonyl pyrrolidine amido) ethyl] benzene (III). The [2-(3-Ethyl-4-methyl-2-carbonyl pyrrolidine amido) ethyl] benzene is converted to the 4-[2-(3-Ethyl-4-methyl-2-carbonyl pyrrolidine amido) ethyl] benzene sulfonamide (IV), by reacting with chlorosulphonic acid, followed by treatment with ammonia solution. This intermediate compound (IV) is then finally reacted with trans-4-methylcyclohexyl isocyanate (VIII) prepared from trans-4-methyl cyclohexylamine HCl (VII) to form Glimepiride.
[0004]

Glimepiride can also be synthesized by reaction of N-[[4-[2-(3-ethyl-4-methyl-2-oxo-3-pyrroline-1-carboxamido)-ethyl]phenyl]sulphonyl]methylurethane (IX) with trans-4-methyl cyclohexyl amine (VII) as reported by R. Weyer, V. Hitzel in Arzneimittel Forsch 38, 1079 (1988).
[0005]

trans-4Methylcyclohexyl isocyanate (VIII) is prepared from trans-4-methyl cyclohexyl amine HCl (VII), by phosgenation.
[0006]

H. Ueda et. al., S.T.P Pharma Sciences, 13(4) 281-286, 2003 discloses a novel polymorph of Glimepiride, Form II obtained by recrystallisation from a solvent mixture of ethanol and water. It also discloses that earlier known form is Form I. Reported solvents for obtaining Form I are methanol, acetonitrile, chloroform, butyl acetate, benzene and toluene.
[0007]

An alternative route is disclosed in WO03057131(Sun Pharmaceutical), where 3-ethyl-4-methyl-2,5-dihydro-N-(4-nitrophenyloxycarbonyl)-pyrrole-2-one is treated with 4-(2-aminoethyl)-benzene sulphonamide to obtain 4-[2-(3-Ethyl-4-methyl-2-carbonyl pyrrolidine amido) ethyl] benzene sulfonamide (IV) which was then converted to Glimepiride (I). However, nonavailability of raw material and the yield being poor, the process as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,379,785 is preferred.
[0008]

To obtain Glimepiride of highest purity, following intermediates should be of highest quality:
[0009]

a) 4-[2-(3-Ethyl-4-methyl-2-carbonyl pyrrolidine amido) ethyl] benzene sulfonamide (IV) with lowest possible content of ortho and meta isomers.
[0010]

b) Trans-4-methyl cyclohexyl amine (VII) and its respective isocyanate (VIII) should have lowest content of the cis isomer.
[0011]

The preparation of the 4-[2-(3-Ethyl-4-methyl-2-carbonyl pyrrolidine amido) ethyl] benzene sulfonamide is well disclosed in the patent U.S. Pat. No. 4,379,785. It is prepared by condensation of 3-ethyl-4-methyl-3-pyrrolidine-2-one of Formula (II) with 2-phenyl ethyl isocyanate. The condensed product is then chlorosulphonated with chlorosulphonic acid followed by ammonolysis with liq. ammonia to give compound of Formula (IV). The purity is not well documented in the patents, and by following the patented process, ˜85 to 88% of desired para isomer is obtained. This is evident as the chlorosulphonation is ortho-para directing.
[0012]

Hence, there is a need to develop purification process to maintain undesired ortho and meta isomers below 0.1%.
[0013]

The other key intermediate trans-4-methylcyclohexyl amine HCl (VII) should preferably have lowest possible content of the cis isomer. The commonly used procedure is reduction of 4-methyl cyclohexanone oxime (V) with sodium in alcohol, preferably ethanol.
[0014]

T. P. Johnston, et. al., J. Med. Chem., 14, 600-614 (1971); H. Booth, et. al., J. Chem. Soc (B) 1971, 1047-1050 and K. Ramalingam et. al., Indian Journal of Chem Vol. 40, 366-369 (April 1972) all report the abovementioned reduction. The amine obtained via this process typically contains between 8 to 10% of the cis isomer. However, use of high excess sodium metal (25 eqv.) for reduction makes process commercially and environmentally unviable. Also, the purification of trans amine from the mixture via the distillation is very difficult as the boiling points differ only by about 2° C. Also there is an inherent drawback of said free amine as, it immediately forms carbonate salt. Further purification of the amine to reduce the cis content via crystallization of its salt is not sufficiently documented. Prior art describes purification of crude trans-4-methylcyclohexylamine HCl by crystallization of its hydrochloride but the yield and purity are not sufficiently discussed. A description of such purification is provided in J. Med. Chem, 14, 600-614 (1971), wherein trans-4-methylcyclohexylamine HCl is obtained by triple crystallization in acetonitrile of the crude hydrochloride (m.p. 260° C.) in 27% yield.
[0015]

WO 2004073585 (Zentiva) describes a process for preparation of trans-4-methylcyclohexylamine HCl wherein the highlights of the invention are the use of sodium metal and purification via the pivalic acid salt. However drawbacks of the process are use of sodium metal, which is hazardous and pivalic acid which is expensive. The overall yield is ˜40%.
[0016]

Thus considering the current stringent pharmacopieal requirements for cis content, there is a need for obtaining Glimepiride having cis impurity content well below 0.15% by a cost effective process.
[0017]

Key factors in the production of Glimepiride are:
[0018]

a) Substantial purity of trans-4-methyl cyclohexyl amine HCl (VII) with the lowest possible content of the cis isomer.
[0019]

b) Substantial purity of 4-[2-(3-Ethyl-4-methyl-2-carbonyl pyrrolidine amido) ethyl] benzene sulfonamide (IV) with the lowest possible content of the ortho and meta isomer.
[0020]

The purity of intermediate compound of Formula (IV) when prepared by the process disclosed in ‘785 patent, was found to be 82 to 85% by HPLC.
- schemes I to III.
- [0037]
  
  The purification of trans-4-methyl cyclohexylamine HCl (VII) is accomplished by using an appropriate solvent combination. The mixture of cis/ trans stereoisomers (i.e. 50:50) were dissolved in diluted methanol and the desired trans isomer is coprecipitated by adding acetone to it. The process is repeated with different proportions of the solvent mixture to get the trans-4-Methyl cyclohexylamine HCl (VII) >99.5% with cis isomer less than 0.15%. The overall yield from 4-methyl cyclohexanone is ˜30%. The purification has been achieved using a solvent mixture of alcohol and ketone. A preferred alcohol for dissolution is an aliphatic one wherein carbon chain may be preferably C1-C4. Preferably methanol is used to dissolve the crude trans-4-Methyl cyclohexylamine HCl. The ratio of substrate:methanol:acetone is fixed at 1:1.5:6 for achieving the desired purity. The cosolvent used for precipitation is an aliphatic ketone. The preferred ketone is acetone. The precipitation is carried out at a temperature between 20 to 50° C., preferably between 30 to 50° C. and most preferably at about 40° C. The addition of acetone is carried out over a period of 2 to 6 hrs, more preferably for about 2 to 4 hrs and most preferably in about 3 hrs. The compound thus obtained has a purity >95% by gas chromatography.
- [0038]
  
  The enriched trans-4-Methyl cyclohexylamine HCl (VII) (>95%) is further purified using different proportions of the same solvent mixture. The enriched trans isomer is dissolved in alcohol and reprecipitated using an aliphatic ketone. The ratio of substrate:methanol:acetone ratio is fixed at 1:1.5:13.6 for obtaining purity greater than 99.8%.

Image result for SYNTHESIS Glimepiride

- [0053]
  
  1.5 Kg of crude 4-Methyl cyclohexyloxime (V) was dissolved in 8.33 L Methanol. To this 0.15 Kg Raney nickel was added. Then the mixture was hydrogenated at 4-5 Kg/cm²pressure at 50 to 55° C. After the absorption of H₂ceases, the reaction mass is cooled down and filtered. From resulting reaction mixture, methanol was distilled completely. Crude concentrated oil obtained is cooled to 15 to 20° C. to which methanolic hydrochloric acid (12 to 13%) is added slowly, when the product i.e. 4-Methylcyclohexylamine HCl precipitates out. The yield obtained 1.5 Kg of crude 4-methyl cyclohexylamine HCl (85%) with ˜50% content of trans isomer. The crude 4-Methyl cyclohexylamine HCl 1.5 Kg (wet) was further purified in methanol/acetone mixture. The crude 4-methyl cyclohexylamine HCl (1.5 Kg) was dissolved in 2.25 L of methanol at 25 to 30° C. Slowly started addition of 13.5 L of acetone over a period of 3 hrs. The trans-4-methyl cyclohexylamine HCl precipitated out. Yield 0.6 Kg. The purity achieved of trans isomer is >95%. The cis isomer at this stage is ˜2 to 3%.
- [0054]
  
  The trans-4-methyl cyclohexylamine HCl (0.6 Kg) thus obtained is again taken in 0.9 L of methanol and is dissolved completely at 25 to 30° C. 8.1 L acetone is added slowly over a period of 3 hrs when pure trans isomer precipitates out completely. The purity achieved at this stage is >99.8% and cis isomer well below 0.15%. The yield thus obtained after the second purification is 0.48 Kg of trans-4-Methyl cyclohexylamine HCl (27.2% yield calculated on the starting oxime). Purity of the desired trans isomer is greater than 99.8% by G.C.
- [0055]
  
  Melting point of the trans-4-methyl cyclohexylamine HCl thus obtained is 262° C. to 263° C.

EXAMPLE 2Preparation of 4-[2-(3-Ethyl-4-methyl-2-carbonyl pyrrolidine amido) ethyl] benzene sulfonamide (IV)

- [0056]
  
  3-Ethyl-4-methyl-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole-2-one (II) (1.0 Kg) and β-phenylethyl isocyanate (1.488 Kg) were mixed in anhydrous toluene (4.0 L) and refluxed for 4 hrs. The toluene was distilled off and hexane (8.0 L) was added to the reaction mixture at 50° C. The product precipitated is cooled to 0 to 5° C. to obtain the solid compound viz. 4-[2-(3-Ethyl-4-methyl-2-carbonyl pyrrolidine amido) ethyl] benzene (2.17 Kg). It was filtered & washed with 2.0 L of hexane.
- [0057]
  
  To a cooled (15 to 25° C.) solution of chlorosulfonic acid (2.8 L), 4-[2-(3-Ethyl-4-methyl-2-carbonyl pyrrolidine amido)ethyl] benzene (2.0 Kg) was added in small portions over a period of 2 to 3 hrs. Further it was stirred for 30 min at this temperature and then temperature was gradually raised to 30 to 35° C. The reaction mass is stirred further for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was then quenched into ice-water and stirred for 1 hr and filtered to obtain the product 4-[2-(3-Ethyl-4-methyl-2-carbonyl pyrrolidine amido)ethyl] benzene sulfonyl chloride (2.0 kg). To a cooled (15 to 20° C.) solution of diluted ammonia (1.4 L) 4-[2-(3-Ethyl-4-methyl-2-carbonyl pyrrolidine amido) ethyl] benzene sulfonyl chloride was added in small portion over 1 to 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was then heated to 70° C. for 2 hrs when ammonolysis is complete. The product converted is then stirred for 1 hr at R.T. and filtered and dried at 90 to 100° C. to obtain crude 4-[2-(3-Ethyl-4-methyl-2-carbonyl pyrrolidine amido) ethyl] benzene sulfonamide (2.2 Kg) having HPLC purity in the range of 82 to 88%. The crude compound 4-[2-(3-Ethyl-4-methyl-2-carbonyl pyrrolidine amido) ethyl] benzene sulfonamide (2.2 Kg) is then purified from mixture of organic solvents chosen from Methanol, Acetone & toluene.

EXAMPLE 3APurification of 4-[2-(3-Ethyl-4-methyl-2-carbonyl pyrrolidine amido)ethyl] benzene sulfonamide (IV)

- [0058]
  
  1^stPurification
- [0059]
  
  In a reaction vessel containing Toluene (12.0 L), 4-[2-(3-Ethyl-4-methyl-2-carbonyl pyrrolidine amido) ethyl] benzene sulfonamide (2.0 Kg) was charged at 25 to 30° C. Slowly the temperature was raised to 60 to 65° C. and methanol (5.0 L) was added via the dosing tank slowly when the product dissolved completely. Refluxed it for 0.5 hr. Charcoalised and filtered the product in another reaction vessel. Distill off toluene/methanol mixture till total recovery about 65% under vacuum. White crystalline product precipitated out. After the recovery, cool the reaction mass to 15 to 20° C. The resulting crystallized solid product was filtered and washed two times with chilled acetone (about 2 L) each. The resulting product was dried at 90 to 100° C. in air oven till constant weight to obtain about 1.4 Kg of 4-[2-(3-Ethyl-4-methyl-2-carbonyl pyrrolidine amido)ethyl] benzene sulfonamide with greater than 95% HPLC purity.

EXAMPLE 3BPurification of 4-[2-(3-Ethyl-4-methyl-2-carbonyl pyrrolidine amido)ethyl] benzene sulfonamide (IV)

- [0060]
  
  2^ndPurification
- [0061]
  
  In a reaction vessel containing Acetone (8.4 L), (1.4 Kg) of 1st purified 4-[2-(3-Ethyl-4-methyl-2-carbonyl pyrrolidine amido)ethyl] benzene sulfonamide was charged at 25 to 30° C. slowly and the temperature was raised to 55 to 60° C. Methanol was added (5.6 L) via the dose tank at this reflux temperature to dissolve it completely. Refluxed it for further 30 min. Distilled off acetone/ methanol mixture till total recovery about 65 to 70%. White crystalline product precipitated out. After the recovery slowly cooled the product to 15 to 20° C. The resultant solid product was filtered, washed two times with chilled acetone (1.4 L) each. The 4-[2-(3-Ethyl-4-methyl-2-carbonyl pyrrolidine amido) ethyl] benzene sulfonamide was dried at 90 to 100° C. in air oven till constant weight to obtain about 1.12 Kg of 4-[2-(3-Ethyl-4-methyl-2-carbonyl pyrrolidine amido)ethyl] benzene sulfonamide (IV) with greater than 99.5% purity with other isomers i.e. ortho and meta well below 0.2% respectively.

EXAMPLE 4Preparation of 3-Ethyl-2,5-dihydro-4-methyl-N-[2-[4-[[[[(trans-4-methyl cyclohexyl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]phenyl]ethyl]-2-oxo-1 H-pyrrole-1-carboxamide (I).

- [0062]
  
  In a reaction vessel containing (24.2 L) Acetone, 4-[2-(3-Ethyl-4-methyl-2-carbonyl pyrrolidine amido)ethyl] benzene sulfonamide (1.0 Kg) and potassium carbonate (0.46 Kg) was added and refluxed at about 55 to 60° C. for 1 hr. trans-4-Methyl-cyclohexyl isocyanate was obtained by method known in art from trans-4-methyl-cyclohexylamine. A solution of trans-4-methyl-cyclohexyl isocyanate (0.515 Kg) in toluene (5 L) was prepared and added to the above reaction mixture. This reaction mixture is refluxed for 12 hrs, then cooled. To this cooled reaction mass charge 27 L of water. The reaction mass was filtered and the pH was adjusted to 5.5 to 6.0 by adding acetic acid at about 20 to 25° C. The solid obtained was filtered and washed with water. The 3-Ethyl-2,5-dihydro-4-methyl-N-[2-[4-[[[[(trans-4-methyl cyclohexyl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]phenyl]ethyl]-2-oxo-1H-pyrrole-1-carboxamide (I) obtained is then dried at 90 to 100° C. till constant weight. Yield of the product is 86.3%.

EXAMPLE 5Purification of 3-Ethyl-2,5-dihydro-4-methyl-N-[2-[4-[[[[(trans-4-methyl cyclohexyl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]phenyl]ethyl]-2-oxo-1H-pyrrole-1-carboxamide (I)

[0063]

In a reaction vessel containing 6.0 L methanol and 1.0 Kg crude Glimepiride, dry ammonia gas was purged at 20 to 25° C. till all Glimepiride dissolves and a clear solution is obtained. This homogeneous mass was then charcoalised, filtered and finally neutralized with Glacial acetic acid to pH 5.5 to 6.0, till the entire product precipitates out. The pure Glimepiride was then filtered and dried at 65° C. to 70° C. till constant weight. Yield obtained was ˜90%.

CLIP

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 100(11):4700-9

DOI
10.1002/jps.22662

Image result for GLIMEPIRIDE NMR

Magnified 1H NMR spectra of (a) glimepiride and its solid dispersions with hyperbranched polymers containing the (b) hydroxyl and (c) the tertiary amino functional groups.

Magnified 13C NMR spectra of (a) glimepiride and its solid dispersions with hyperbranched polymers containing (b) the hydroxyl and (c) the tertiary amino functional groups.

The difference spectra of the solid dispersions of glimepiride and the hyperbranched polymer containing (a) the hydroxyl groups and (b) the tertiary amino groups. The difference spectra were obtained by subtraction of the spectra of the pure hyperbranched polymers from the spectra of the solid dispersions. The ATR spectra of the pure hyperbranched polymers were recorded on samples that were prepared under the same conditions as solid dispersions, only without the presence of the glimepiride drug.

Patents

US6150383
US6211205
US6303640
US6329404
US8071130
US7538125
US7700128
US7358366

FDA Orange Book Patents

FDA Orange Book Patents: 1 of 3 (FDA Orange Book Patent ID)
Patent	7358366
Expiration	Apr 19, 2020. 7358366*PED expiration date: Oct 19, 2020
Applicant	SB PHARMCO
Drug Application	N021700 (Prescription Drug: AVANDARYL. Ingredients: GLIMEPIRIDE ROSIGLITAZONE MALEATE)

from FDA Orange Book

FDA Orange Book Patents: 2 of 3 (FDA Orange Book Patent ID)
Patent	8071130
Expiration	Jun 8, 2028
Applicant	TAKEDA PHARMS USA
Drug Application	N021925 (Prescription Drug: DUETACT. Ingredients: GLIMEPIRIDE PIOGLITAZONE HYDROCHLORIDE) N021925 (Prescription Drug: DUETACT. Ingredients: GLIMEPIRIDE PIOGLITAZONE HYDROCHLORIDE)

from FDA Orange Book

FDA Orange Book Patents: 3 of 3 (FDA Orange Book Patent ID)
Patent	7700128
Expiration	Jan 30, 2027
Applicant	TAKEDA PHARMS USA
Drug Application	N021925 (Prescription Drug: DUETACT. Ingredients: GLIMEPIRIDE PIOGLITAZONE HYDROCHLORIDE) N021925 (Prescription Drug: DUETACT. Ingredients: GLIMEPIRIDE PIOGLITAZONE HYDROCHLORIDE)

from FDA Orange Book

CLIP

Journal of China Pharmaceutical University 1999 , 30(3):163 ～ 165

Ethyl acetoacetate (2) Preparation of literature more, such as with ethyl iodide or ethyl bromide as ethyl reagents will produce a double ethylation or oxyethylation, it is difficult to separate. We use dimethylamine and ethyl acetoacetate reaction enamine, then diethyl sulfate as ethylating agent, you can reduce the side reactions, product purity, the yield up to 80%. Preparation of cyanohydrin (3) Hydrochloric acid anhydrous literature, toxicity, difficult to operate, we use solid sodium cyanide and sodium bisulfite in the aqueous phase reaction, get 3, easy to operate. In the literature 1-acetyl-3- Ethyl-4-methyl-3-pyrrolin-2-one (4) was purified by high vacuum distillation and then hydrolyzed to give 3-ethyl- In the distillation of the product easy to loss, after the change to the crude hydrolysis, two-step yield of 33%. Reported in the literature 5 and phenethyl isocyanate (6) without solvent direct reaction of 3-ethyl-4-methyl-2-oxo-3-pyrroline-1 – N- (2 – phenethyl) A Amide (7), the experiment found that the reaction heat when the heating easy to red material, we add toluene as a solvent, the reaction is smooth, easy to post-treatment. 6 preparation, the general method is to use phosgene, but phosgene often Temperature of gas, highly toxic, difficult to operate, we use triphosgene instead of triphosgene as a yellow solid, easy to transport, weighing, laboratory convenience. We refer to the process of domestic glyburide, 7 chlorosulfonated, ammoniated sulfonamide (9), two-step yield of 77%. The last 9 reacts with trans-4-methylcyclohexylisocyanate to form glimepiride (1). Ethyl acetoacetate as the starting material, eight-step total yield of 11.5%.

Journal of China Pharmaceutical University 1999 , 30(3):163 ～ 165

Glimepi ride (1) trade name Amary l, chemical name 1- [4- [2- (3-ethyl-4-methyl-2-oxo-3-pyrroline-1-carboxamido ) Ethyl] phenylsulfonyl] -3- (trans-4-methylcyclohexyl) urea, a new sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent developed by Hoechst AG in Germany and listed in the Netherlands and Switzerland in 1995, In 1996 the United States FDA approval

1 Campbell RK.Glimepiride :Role of a new sulfonylurea in the t reatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus .An n Pharmacother , 1998 , 32 :1044
2 Hans P , Joachim K .Synt hesis of oxyopsopy rrolecarboxyli c acid

and further investigations in the pyrrolone series.Ann Chem ,

1964 , 680 :60

3 Glimepiride.Dr ugs F ut , 1992 , 17(9):774
4 Corson BB, Dodge RA , Harris SA , et al .M andeli c acid.Org Syn , 1941 , Coll Vol 1 :329
5 M aurice WG , Roy VD, Brian I , et a l .A new synt hesis of iso- cyanates .J Chem Soc , Perkin Ⅰ , 1976 :141
6 天津医药工业研究所.糖尿病药物-优降糖的新合成法.医药工业, 1974 , 4 :11
7 Weyer R, Gei sen K , Hitzel V , et al .Heterocyclic subst ituted sul- f onyl ureas and their use .Ger O f fen , 1979 :2951135 A 1

Cited Patent	Filing date	Publication date	Applicant	Title
US4379785 *	Dec 17, 1980	Apr 12, 1983	Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft	Heterocyclic substituted sulfonyl ureas, and their use

References

Jump up^ Hamaguchi T, Hirose T, Asakawa H, et al. (December 2004). “Efficacy of glimepiride in type 2 diabetic patients treated with glibenclamide”. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 66 Suppl 1: S129–32. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2003.12.012. PMID 15563963.
Jump up^ Davis SN (2004). “The role of glimepiride in the effective management of Type 2 diabetes”. J. Diabetes Complicat. 18 (6): 367–76. doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2004.07.001. PMID 15531188.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b “Glimepiride: MedlinePlus Drug Information”. nih.gov.
Jump up^ Nissen SE, Nicholls SJ, Wolski K, et al. (April 2008). “Comparison of pioglitazone vs glimepiride on progression of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes: the PERISCOPE randomized controlled trial”. JAMA. 299 (13): 1561–73. doi:10.1001/jama.299.13.1561. PMID 18378631.
Jump up^ Davis, Stephen N. (2005). “60. Insulin, oral hypoglycemic agents, and the pharmacology of the endocrine pancreas”. In Brunton, Laurence L.; Lazo, John S.; Parker, Keith L. (eds.). Goodman & Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 1636. ISBN 0-07-142280-3.

External links

Title: Glimepiride

CAS Registry Number: 93479-97-1

CAS Name: 3-Ethyl-2,5-dihydro-4-methyl-N-[2-[4-[[[[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]phenyl]ethyl]-2-oxo-1H-pyrrole-1-carboxamide

Additional Names: N-[4-[2-(3-ethyl-4-methyl-2-oxo-3-pyrroline-1-carboxamido)-ethyl]-benzenesulfonyl]-N¢-4-methylcyclohexylurea; 1-[4-[2-(3-ethyl-4-methyl-2-oxo-3-pyrroline-1-carboxamido)ethyl]phenylsulfonyl]-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)urea

Manufacturers’ Codes: HOE-490

Trademarks: Amaryl (Aventis)

Molecular Formula: C24H34N4O5S

Molecular Weight: 490.62

Percent Composition: C 58.75%, H 6.99%, N 11.42%, O 16.31%, S 6.54%

Literature References: Sulfonylurea. Prepn: R. Weyer et al., DE 2951135; eidem, US 4379785 (1981, 1983 both to Hoechst). Synthesis: R. Weyer, V. Hitzel, Arzneim.-Forsch. 38, 1079 (1988). Pharmacology: K. Geisen, ibid., 1120. Effects on insulin and glucagon secretion: V. Leclercq-Meyer et al., Biochem. Pharmacol. 42, 1634 (1991). HPLC determn in biological fluids: K. H. Lehr, P. Damm, J. Chromatogr. 526, 497 (1990). Clinical pharmacokinetics: K. Ratheiser et al., Arzneim.-Forsch. 43, 856 (1993). Toxicity study: U. Schollmeier et al., ibid. 1038. Series of articles on pharmacology and clinical efficacy: Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 28Suppl., S115-S149 (1995).

Properties: mp 207°.

Melting point: mp 207°

Therap-Cat: Antidiabetic.

Keywords: Antidiabetic; Sulfonylurea Derivatives.

Glimepiride
Clinical data

Trade names	Amaryl
AHFS/Drugs.com	Monograph
MedlinePlus	a696016
License data	EU EMA: by INN
Pregnancy category	US: C (Risk not ruled out)
Routes of administration	Oral (tablets)
ATC code	A10BB12 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal status	US: ℞-only In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	100%
Protein binding	>99.5%
Metabolism	Complete hepatic (1st stage through CYP2C9)
Biological half-life	5–8 hours
Excretion	Urine (~60%), feces (~40%)
Identifiers
IUPAC name [show]
CAS Number	93479-97-1
PubChem CID	3476
IUPHAR/BPS	6820
DrugBank	DB00222
ChemSpider	16740595
UNII	6KY687524K
KEGG	D00593
ChEBI	CHEBI:5383
ChEMBL	CHEMBL1481
ECHA InfoCard	100.170.771
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C₂₄H₃₄N₄O₅S
Molar mass	490.617 g/mol
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image

///////////Amaryl, glimepiride, glymepiride, HOE 490

CCC1=C(CN(C1=O)C(=O)NCCC2=CC=C(C=C2)S(=O)(=O)NC(=O)NC3CCC(CC3)C)C

Diet rich in tomatoes and apples may help restore lung damage caused by smoking — Med-Chemist

February 2, 2018 10:08 am / 1 Comment on Diet rich in tomatoes and apples may help restore lung damage caused by smoking — Med-Chemist

A study from the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health found the natural decline in lung function over a 10-year period was slower among former smokers with a diet high in tomatoes and fruits, especially apples, suggesting certain components in these foods might help restore lung damage caused by smoking.The researchers found that adults…

via Diet rich in tomatoes and apples may help restore lung damage caused by smoking — Med-Chemist

Acalabrutinib, ACP-196, Акалабрутиниб , أكالابروتينيب , 阿可替尼 ,

February 2, 2018 10:04 am / 2 Comments on Acalabrutinib, ACP-196, Акалабрутиниб , أكالابروتينيب , 阿可替尼 ,

ChemSpider 2D Image | acalabrutinib | C26H23N7O2

Acalabrutinib

Molecular FormulaC₂₆H₂₃N₇O₂
Average mass465.507 Da

Acalabrutinib, rINN, ACP-196,

FDA 2017 APPROVED, Lymphoma, mantle cell, ACERTA PHARMA

Orphan Drug, breakthrough therapy designation,

CAS 1420477-60-6 [RN]

(S)-4-[8-Amino-3-[1-(but-2-ynoyl)pyrrolidin-2-yl]imidazo[1,5-a]pyrazin-1-yl]-N-(pyridin-2-yl)benzamide

(S)-4-(8-amino-3-n-but-2-vnoylpyrrolidin-2-vnimidazo[1 ,5-alpyrazin-1-yl)-N-(pyridin-2-yl)benzamide

4-{8-Amino-3-[(2S)-1-(2-butynoyl)-2-pyrrolidinyl]imidazo[1,5-a]pyrazin-1-yl}-N-(2-pyridinyl)benzamide

Benzamide, 4-[8-amino-3-[(2S)-1-(1-oxo-2-butyn-1-yl)-2-pyrrolidinyl]imidazo[1,5-a]pyrazin-1-yl]-N-2-pyridinyl-

Calquence [Trade name]

UNII:I42748ELQW

Акалабрутиниб [Russian] [INN]

أكالابروتينيب [Arabic] [INN]

阿可替尼 [Chinese] [INN]

4-[8-amino-3-[(2S)-1-(1-oxo-2-butyn-1-yl)-2-pyrrolidinyl]imidazo[1,5-a]pyrazin-1-yl]-N-2-pyridinyl-benzamide

4-[8-amino-3-[(2S)-1-but-2-ynoylpyrrolidin-2-yl]imidazo[1,5-a]pyrazin-1-yl]-N-pyridin-2-ylbenzamide

I42748ELQW

Acalabrutinib, also known as ACP-196, is an orally available inhibitor of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, ACP-196 inhibits the activity of BTK and prevents the activation of the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling pathway. This prevents both B-cell activation and BTK-mediated activation of downstream survival pathways. This leads to an inhibition of the growth of malignant B cells that overexpress BTK. BTK, a member of the src-related BTK/Tec family of cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases, is overexpressed in B-cell malignancies; it plays an important role in B lymphocyte development, activation, signaling, proliferation and survival.

Acalabrutinib (rINN,^[1] ACP-196) is a novel experimental anti-cancer drug and a 2nd generation Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor^[2]^[3] developed by Acerta Pharma.^[4] It is more potent and selective (fewer side-effects) than ibrutinib, the first-in-class BTK inhibitor.^[2]^[3]^[5]

The compound was granted orphan drug designation for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia and mantle cell lymphoma in the U.S. and the E.U. in 2015 and 2016, respectively. In 2017, the product was granted breakthrough therapy designation in the U.S. for the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma who have received at least one prior therapy.

Acalabrutinib is an orally available inhibitor of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, acalabrutinib inhibits the activity of BTK and prevents the activation of the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling pathway. This prevents both B-cell activation and BTK-mediated activation of downstream survival pathways. This leads to an inhibition of the growth of malignant B cells that overexpress BTK. BTK, a member of the src-related BTK/Tec family of cytoplasmic tyrosinekinases, is overexpressed in B-cell malignancies; it plays an important role in B lymphocyte development, activation, signaling, proliferation and survival.

Acalabrutinib is a Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) inhibitor developed at Acerta Pharma launched in 2017 in the U.S. for the oral treatment of adults with mantle cell lymphoma who have received at least one prior therapy.

Image result for Acalabrutinib

To date, acalabrutinib has been used in trials studying the treatment of B-All, Myelofibrosis, Ovarian Cancer, Multiple Myeloma, and Hodgkin Lymphoma, among others. As of October 31, 2017 the FDA approved Astra Zeneca’s orally administered Calquence (acalabrutinib) medication as a Bruton Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) inhibitor indicated for the treatment of adult patients with Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL) who have already received at least one prior therapy, marking the company’s first entry into the treatment of blood cancers. Also known as ACP-196, acalabrutinib is also considered a second generation BTK inhibitor because it was rationally designed to be more potent and selective than ibrutinib, theoretically expected to demonstrate fewer adverse effects owing to minimized bystander effects on targets other than BTK. Nevertheless, acalabrutinib was approved under the FDA’s accelerated approval pathway, which is based upon overall response rate and faciliates earlier approval of medicines that treat serious conditions or/and that fill an unmet medical need based on a surrogate endpoint. Continued approval for acalabrutinib’s currently accepted indication may subsequently be contingent upon ongoing verification and description of clinical benefit in confimatory trials. Furthermore, the FDA granted this medication Priority Review and Breakthrough Therapy designations. It also received Orphan Drug designation, which provides incentives to assist and encourage the development of drugs for rare diseases. At this time, more than 35 clinical trials across 40 countries with more than 2500 patients are underway or have been completed with regards to further research into better understanding and expanding the therapeutic uses of acalabrutinib [L1009].

Clinical and Regulatory Status

Pre-clinical

Relative to ibrutinib, acalabrutinib demonstrated higher selectivity and inhibition of the targeted activity of BTK, while having a much greater IC₅₀ or otherwise virtually no inhibition on the kinase activities of ITK, EGFR, ERBB2, ERBB4, JAK3, BLK, FGR, FYN, HCK, LCK, LYN, SRC, and YES1.^[3] In addition, in platelets treated with ibrutinib, thrombus formation was clearly inhibited while no impact to thrombus formation was identified relative to controls for those treated with acalabrutinib.^[3] These findings strongly suggest an improved safety profile of acalabrutinib with minimized adverse effects relative to ibrutinib.^[3]

As was conducted in the development of ibrutinib, pre-clinical studies of acalabrutinib included in vitro and in vivo pharmacodynamic evaluation in a canine lymphoma model.^[6] A dose-dependent relationship resulting in cyto-toxicity and anti-proliferative effects was first demonstrated in a canine lymphoma cell line in vitro.^[6] In vivo, the compound was found to be generally safe and well tolerated in the dosage range of 2.5–20 mg/kg every 12 or 24 hours, with clinical benefit observed in 30% of canine patients while observed adverse events consisted primarily of gastrointestinal effects such as anorexia, weight loss, vomiting, diarrhea and lethargy.^[6]

Image result for Acalabrutinib

Clinical

The interim results of the still on-going first human phase 1/2 clinical trial (NCT02029443) with 61 patients for the treatment of relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) are encouraging, with a 95% overall response rate demonstrating potential to become a best-in-class treatment for CLL.^[2]^[7] Notably, a 100% response rate was achieved for those patients which were positive for the 17p13.1 gene deletion – a subgroup of patients that typically results in a poor response to therapy and expected outcomes.^[3]

The most common adverse events were headache, diarrhea and weight gain.^[3] Despite the appearance of a greater occurrence of transient headaches, the pre-clinical data suggests a preferred advantage of acalabrutinib over ibrutinib due to expected reduced adverse events of skin rash, severe diarrhea, and bleeding risk.^[3] An additional clinical trial is currently in progress to directly compare the safety and efficacy performance of acalabrutinib to ibrutinib to better elucidate the differences in the therapeutic agents.^[3]

While the primary indication is for CLL, as of late 2016, acalabrutinib is under evaluation for multiple indications in 20+ clinical trials (alone and in combination with other interventions) for various blood cancers, solid tumors, and rheumatoid arthritis.^[7]^[8] Approximately 1,000 patients have been treated with acalabrutinib in clinical trials so far, including more than 600 on acalabrutinib alone and almost 400 on additional therapies in combination with acalabrutinib.^[9]

Regulatory

As of February 2016, acalabrutinib had received orphan designation in the United States for CLL only,^[10] and was similarly designated as an orphan medicinal product by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) Committee for Orphan Medicinal Products (COMP) for treatment of three indications – chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)/ small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), and lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (Waldenström’s macroglobulinaemia, MG).^[11] If the drug is ultimately approved, this designation will result in a 10-year period of market exclusivity for the stated indications within Europe.^[12]

Commercial Aspects

Acerta Pharma, the innovator responsible for the discovery and development of acalabrutinib, is a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company recently founded in 2012 in Oss, the Netherlands.^[13] A combined $13 Million in Series A funding was secured March 14, 2013 from various investor sources including the venture capital firms of BioGeneration Ventures and OrbiMed Advisors, the Dutch State and Province of Brabant through the Brabant Development Agency, and the private US equity firm Frazier Healthcare.^[14] Further undisclosed amounts of Series B funding was secured May 2015 from the mutual fund company T. Rowe Price.^[15]

After the promising results for the treatment of CLL in initial clinical trials,^[2] Astra Zeneca purchased a 55% stake in Acerta Pharma for $4 billion in December 2015, with an option to acquire the remaining 45% stake for an additional $3 billion, conditional on the first approval in both the US and Europe and the establishment of commercial opportunity.^[16]

Intellectual Property

Several patents have been filed by Acerta Pharma through the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) for the use of acalabrutinib (and structurally similar derivatives) either alone or in combination with additional therapeutic agents for the treatment of various hematological and solid tumor cancers as well as inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.^[17]^[18]^[19]^[19]^[20]^[21]^[22]^[23]^[24]^[25]^[26]^[27]

Notably, patents filed through WIPO still need to be filed appropriately for each individual nation on the path to commercialization. For example, one related United States patent application is US2014155385, which was filed July 11, 2012 and approved June 5th, 2014 for the use of 6-5 membered fused pyridine ring compounds (including acalabrutnib and its structurally similar derivatives) in the treatment of BTK mediated disorders.^[28]

SYNTHESIS

Inventors	Tjeerd A. Barf, Christiaan Gerardus Johannes Maria Jans, de Adrianus Petrus Antonius MAN, Arthur A. Oubrie, Hans C.A. Raaijmakers, Johannes Bernardus Maria Rewinkel, Jan-Gerard Sterrenburg, Jacobus C.H.M. Wijkmans
Applicant	Msd Oss B.V.

WO 2013010868

Synthesis of acalabrutinib, using 3-chloropyrazine-2-carbonitrile as the starting material, is described. The method comprises reduction of the starting material, condensation with N-Cbz-L-proline, intramolecular cyclization, bromination, Suzuki coupling with (4-(2-pyridylcarbamoyl)phenyl)boronic acid and condensation with 2-butynoic acid. WO 2013010868

Reduction of 3-chloropyrazine-2-carbonitrile with H2 over Raney-Ni in AcOH, followed by treatment with aqueous HCl in Et2O gives (3-chloro-2-pyrazinyl)methylamine hydrochloride , which upon condensation with N-Cbz-L-proline in the presence of HATU and Et3N in CH2Cl2 affords amide .

Intramolecular cyclization of intermediate by means of DMI and POCl3 in acetonitrile at 63 °C provides N-Cbz-8-chloro-3-[2(S)-pyrrolidinyl]imidazo[1,5-a]pyrazine , which is brominated with NBS in DMF to yield N-Cbz-1-bromo-8-chloro-3-[2(S)-pyrrolidinyl]imidazo[1,5-a]pyrazine .

Reaction of chloro compound with NH3 in i-PrOH at 110 °C produces N-Cbz-1-bromo-3-[2(S)-pyrrolidinyl]imidazo[1,5-a]pyrazin-8-amine , which upon Suzuki coupling with (4-(2-pyridylcarbamoyl)phenyl)boronic acid in the presence of PdCl2(dppf) and K2CO3 in dioxane at 140 °C under microwave irradiation furnishes diaryl derivative .

Removal of the benzyloxycarbonyl moiety in intermediate using HBr in AcOH generates pyrrolidine derivative , which is condensed with 2-butynoic acid in the presence of HATU and Et3N in CH2Cl2 to afford the target acalabrutinib

PATENT

WO 2013010868

https://www.google.com/patents/WO2013010868A1?cl=en

scheme I

scheme II

Intermediate 1

(S)-Benzyl 2-(8-amino-1-bromoimidazo[1 ,5-alpyrazin-3-vnpyrrolidine-1-carboxylate

(a) (3-Chloropyrazin-2-yl)methanamine. hydrochloride

To a solution of 3-chloropyrazine-2-carbonitrile (160 g, 1 .147 mol) in acetic acid (1.5 L) was added Raney Nickel (50% slurry in water, 70 g, 409 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred under 4 bar hydrogen at room temperature overnight. Raney Nickel was removed by filtration over decalite and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and co-evaporated with toluene. The remaining brown solid was dissolved in ethyl acetate at 50°C and cooled on an ice-bath. 2M hydrogen chloride solution in diethyl ether (1 .14 L) was added in 30 min. The mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature over weekend. The crystals were collected by filtration, washed with diethyl ether and dried under reduced pressure at 40°C. The product brown solid obtained was dissolved in methanol at 60°C. The mixture was filtered and partially concentrated, cooled to room temperature and diethyl ether (1000 ml) was added. The mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature overnight. The solids formed were collected by filtration, washed with diethyl ether and dried under reduced pressure at 40°C to give 153.5 g of (3-chloropyrazin-2- yl)methanamine. hydrochloride as a brown solid (74.4 %, content 77 %).

(b) (S)-benzyl 2-((3-chloropyrazin-2-yl)methylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate

To a solution of (3-chloropyrazin-2-yl)methanamine.HCI (9.57 g, 21.26 mmol, 40% wt) and Z-Pro-OH (5.3 g, 21 .26 mmol) in dichloromethane (250 mL) was added triethylamine (1 1.85 mL, 85 mmol) and the reaction mixture was cooled to 0°C. After 15 min stirring at 0°C, HATU (8.49 g, 22.33 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred for 1 hour at 0°C and then overnight at room temperature. The mixture was washed with 0.1 M HCI-solution, 5% NaHC0₃, water and brine, dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The product was purified using silica gel chromatography (heptane/ethyl acetate = 1/4 v/v%) to give 5 g of (S)-benzyl 2-((3-chloropyrazin-2-yl)methylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (62.7%).

(S)-Benzyl 2-((3-chloropyrazin-2-yl)methylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (20.94 mmol, 7.85 g) was dissolved in acetonitrile (75 ml), 1 ,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (62.8 mmol, 6.9 ml, 7.17 g) was added and the reaction mixture was cooled to 0°C before POCI₃ (84 mmol, 7.81 ml, 12.84 g) was added drop wise while the temperature remained around 5°C. The reaction mixture was refluxed at 60-65°C overnight. The reaction mixture was poured carefully in ammonium hydroxide 25% in water (250 ml)/crushed ice (500 ml) to give a yellow suspension (pH -8-9) which was stirred for 15 min until no ice was present in the suspension. Ethyl acetate was added, layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (3x). The organic layers were combined and washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and evaporated to give 7.5 g crude product. The crude product was purified using silica gel chromatography (heptane/ethyl acetate = 1/4 v/v%) to give 6.6 g of (S)-benzyl 2-(8- chloroimidazo[1 ,5-a]pyrazin-3-yl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (88%).

(d) (S)-Benzyl 2-(1-bromo-8-chloroimidazo[1 ,5-alpyrazin-3-yl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate

N-Bromosuccinimide (24.69 mmol, 4.4 g) was added to a stirred solution of (S)-benzyl 2-(8- chloroimidazo[1 ,5-a]pyrazin-3-yl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (24.94 mmol, 8.9 g) in DMF (145 mL). The reaction was stirred 3 h at rt. The mixture was poored (slowly) in a stirred mixture of water (145 mL), ethyl acetate (145 mL) and brine (145 mL). The mixture was then transferred into a separating funnel and extracted. The water layer was extracted with 2×145 mL ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed with 3×300 mL water, 300 mL brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and evaporated. The product was purified using silica gel chromatography (ethyl acetate/heptane = 3/1 v/v%) to give 8.95 g of (S)-benzyl 2-(1-bromo-8-chloroimidazo[1 ,5-a]pyrazin-3-yl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (82.3%).

(e) (S)-Benzyl 2-(8-amino-1-bromoimidazo[1 ,5-alpyrazin-3-yl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate

(S)-Benzyl 2-(8-amino-1-bromoimidazo[1 ,5-a]pyrazin-3-yl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (20.54 mmol, 8.95 g) was suspended in 2-propanol (1 13 ml) in a pressure vessel. 2-propanol (50 ml) was cooled to -78°C in a pre-weighed flask (with stopper and stirring bar) and ammonia gas (646 mmol, 1 1 g) was lead through for 15 minutes. The resulting solution was added to the suspension in the pressure vessel. The vessel was closed and stirred at room temperature and a slight increase in pressure was observed. Then the suspension was heated to 1 10 °C which resulted in an increased pressure to 4.5 bar. The clear solution was stirred at 1 10 °C, 4.5 bar overnight. After 18h the pressure remained 4 bar. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuum, the residue was suspended in ethyl acetate and subsequent washed with water. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed with water, saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated to give 7.35 g of (S)-benzyl 2-(8-amino-1-bromoimidazo[1 ,5-a]pyrazin-3-yl)pyrrolidine-1- carboxylate (86%).

Intermediate 2

(S)-4-(8-Amino-3-(pyrrolidin-2-v0im^

(a) (S)-Benzyl 2-(8-amino-1-(4-(pyridin-2-ylcarbamov0

carboxylate

(S)-benzyl 2-(8-amino-1-bromoimidazo[1 ,5-a]pyrazin-3-yl)pyrrolidine-1 -carboxylate (0.237 mmol, 98.5 mg) and 4-(pyridin-2-yl-aminocarbonyl)benzeneboronic acid (0.260 mmol, 63.0 mg) were suspended in a mixture of 2N aqueous potassium carbonate solution (2.37 mmol, 1 .18 mL) and dioxane (2.96 mL). Nitrogen was bubbled through the mixture, followed by the addition of 1 , 1 ‘- bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene palladium (ii) chloride (0.059 mmol, 47.8 mg). The reaction mixture was heated for 20 minutes at 140°C in the microwave. Water was added to the reaction mixture, followed by an extraction with ethyl acetate (2x). The combined organic layer was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated. The product was purified using silicagel and dichloromethane/methanol = 9/1 v/v% as eluent to afford 97.1 mg of (S)-benzyl 2-(8-amino-1-(4-(pyridin- 2-ylcarbamoyl)phenyl)imidazo[1 ,5-a]pyrazin-3-yl)pyrrolidine-1 -carboxylate (77%).

(b) (S)-4-(8-Amino-3-(pyrrolidin-2-yl)imidazo[1 ,5-alpyrazin-1-yl)-N-(pyridin-2-yl)benzamide

To (S)-benzyl 2-(8-amino-1-(4-(pyridin-2-ylcarbamoyl)phenyl)imidazo[1 ,5-a]pyrazin-3-yl)pyrrolidine-1- carboxylate (0.146 mmol, 78 mg) was added a 33% hydrobromic acid/acetic acid solution (1 1.26 mmol, 2 ml) and the mixture was left at room temperature for 1 hour. The mixture was diluted with water and extracted with dichloromethane. The aqueous phase was neutralized using 2N sodium hydroxide solution, and then extracted with dichloromethane. the organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and evaporated to give 34 mg of (S)-4-(8-Amino-3-(pyrrolidin-2-yl)imidazo[1 ,5-a]pyrazin-1-yl)-N- (pyridin-2-yl)benzamide (58%).

Example 6

(S)-4-(8-amino-3-n-but-2-vnoylpyrrolidin-2-vnimidazo[1 ,5-alpyrazin-1-yl)-N-(pyridin-2-yl)benzamide

This compound was prepared, in an analogues manner as described in Example 2, from the compound described in intermediate 2b and 2-butynoic acid, to afford the title compound (10.5 mg, 18.0%). Data: LCMS (B) R_t : 2.08 min; m/z 466.1 (M+H)⁺.

PATENT

WO 2016024228

https://www.google.com/patents/WO2016024228A1?cl=en

PATENT

CN 107056786

Step SI:

[0029] The pressure in the reactor was added 3-chloro-2-carboxaldehyde l-yl P ratio of (II) (0.71g, 5mmol) and dioxane (20mL), under stirring ammonia gas (I. 7g, 0 . Imol), was added 4- (pyridin-2-yl – aminocarbonyl) phenylboronic acid (III) (2.42g, lOmmol), Ming dicarbonyl acetylacetonate (0.26g, lmmol), and water 4mL. The reactor was sealed, gradually warmed to 80~90 °, the reaction 16-18 hours, TLC detection, the reaction was complete. Concentrated under reduced pressure, the residue was dissolved in dichloromethane, washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate and water successively, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. Concentrated to give brown oil, ethyl acetate and petroleum ether (volume ratio 1: 2) column chromatography to give an off-white solid 4- [amino (3-chloro-2-pyrazinyl) methyl] -N- (2-pyridyl) benzamide (IV) 1.38g, yield 81 · 2%; ESI-MS (m / z): 340 (m + H).

[0030] Step S2:

[0031] added in the reactor [1- (1-oxo-2-butyn-1-yl)] – L- proline (1.09g, 6mmol) and thionyl chloride (IOmL), was added dropwise 4mL of triethylamine and heated to 30 to 40 degrees, after the reaction for 2-4 hours under reduced pressure to remove excess thionyl chloride, the residue that is [I- (1- oxo-2-butyn-1-yl )] – L- proline acid chloride (V). The resulting [I- (1- oxo-2-butynyl -1_ yl)] _ L_ proline acid chloride (V) dissolved in 20mL dichloromethane burning, to a solution of 4- [amino (3-chloro -2-P ratio piperazinyl) methyl] -N- (2- pyridinyl) benzamide (IV) (1.35g, 4mmol) and triethylamine (0.6g, 6mmol) in dichloromethane (30mL) solution of in. Dropwise, warmed to 30-50 °, the reaction was stirred for 6 ~ 8 hours, TLC detection, the reaction was complete. Cooled to room temperature, washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution, brine and water, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. Concentrated to give a beige solid of 4- [1- (1-acyl-2-yne-2-yl) carboxamido (3-chloro-2-pyrazinyl) methyl] -N- (2- pyridinyl) benzamide (VI) 1.8g, yield 89.6% C3ESI-MS (m / z): 503 (m + H).

[0032] Step S3:

[0033] in a reaction flask was added 4- [I- (1- but-2-yn-acyl-2-yl) carboxamido (3-chloro-2-pyrazinyl) methyl] -N- ( 2-P ratio piperidinyl) benzamide (VI) (1 · 0g, 2mmol), phosphorus oxychloride (1 · 53g, IOmmol) and acetonitrile (25 mL), warmed to 80 ~ 100 ° with stirring, maintaining the temperature reaction 6 ~ 8 h, TLC the reaction was complete. Cooled to room temperature, the reaction solution was poured into 50mL concentration of 8% aqueous ammonia was added ethyl acetate, and the organic phase was separated, the aqueous phase was extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phases were washed with brine and water, dried over anhydrous over sodium sulfate. Concentrated and the resulting residue with ethyl acetate and petroleum ether (volume ratio 2: 1) column chromatography to give an off-white solid 4- [8-Chloro -3- [(2S) -I- (1- oxo-2 – butyn-1-yl) -2-pyrrolidinyl] imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-1-yl] -N-2- pyridinyl benzamide (VII) 0.85g, yield 87.8 %; EI-MS m / z: 485 [m + H] + square

[0034] Step S4:

[0035] The pressure reactor was added to 4- [8-Chloro -3- [(2S) -I- (1- oxo-2-butyn-1-yl) -2-pyrrolidinyl] imidazo [ I, 5-a] pyrazin – Buji] -N-2- pyridinyl benzamide (VII) (0.48g, lmmol) and isopropanol (15 mL), cooled to 0 degrees, by controlling the dose into ammonia gas (0.51g, 30mmol), the reactor is closed, warmed up to room temperature for 1 hour, and then continuously increasing the reaction temperature to 110~120 °, maintained at the reaction temperature and pressure 20~24 h, TLC the reaction was complete. Cooled to room temperature, slowly vented, and concentrated under reduced pressure, the resulting residue was dissolved with ethyl acetate, water and saturated brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. Concentrated and the resulting residue with ethyl acetate and petroleum ether (volume ratio 2: 1) column chromatography to give an off-white solid Acre imatinib ⑴ 0.40g, yield 86 · 0%; 1Η bandit R (DMS0-d6) 1.63 (m, lH), 1.97 (s, 3H), 2.02 ~2.12 (m, lH), 2 · 28~2.35 (m, 2H); 3.36~3.85 (m, 2H), 5 · 47~5.49 (m , lH), 6 · 17~6.23 (m, 2H), 7.12~7.20 (m, 2H), 7 · 73~7.86 (m, 4H), 8 · 16~8.25 (m, 3H), 8 · 41 ( dd, lH), 10.86 (s, lH); EI-MS m / z: 466 [m + H] +.

[0036] 3-chloro starting material employed in the method above relates to the present invention yl pyrazin-2-carbaldehyde (II) and 4- (pyridin-2-yl – aminocarbonyl) phenylboronic acid (III), respectively, refer to methods for their preparation Document “Tetrahedron Letters, 47 (l), 31-34; 2006” international Patent W02013010868 and method for preparing the same compound. Raw [1- (1-oxo-2-butyn-1-yl)] – L- proline acid chloride (V), in one embodiment, the compound may be made [the I-(1-oxo-known -2-yn-1-yl)] – L- proline acylation.

PATENT

US 20170224688

PATENT

CN 107522701

Example I

[0030] (1) Preparation of ⑸-2- (8- amino-imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl) -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylic acid benzyl ester:

[0031] (S) -2- (8- chloro-imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl) -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylate (10g, 28mmol) was dissolved in N- methylpyrrolidone ( SOML), the mass concentration was added 28% aqueous ammonia (168mm〇l), the reaction mixture was placed in a sealed stainless steel autoclave at 85 ° C, stirring the reaction under a pressure of 2.5 atm 6h, after the completion of the reaction, was cooled to 40 ° C and delivery system pressure, slow addition of water (50 mL), cooled to 10 ° C, crystallization 3h, filtered, and recrystallized from isopropanol to give ⑸-2- (8- amino-imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin – 3- yl) -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylate, an off-white solid (8.5 g of), yield 90%, reaction formula of this step is as follows:

[0033] (2) Preparation of (S) -2- (8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-imidazo [I, 5_a] pyrazin-3-yl) -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylic acid benzyl ester:

[0034] (S) -2- (8- amino-imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl) -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylate (8g, 24mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (IOOmL) was added tert-butyl dicarbonate (5.7g, 26mmol), reaction mixture was stirred 3h at 25 ° C, after completion of the reaction, post-treatment and purification to give ⑸-2- (8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-imidazole and [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl) -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylate, an off-white solid (IoG), 96% yield, this step follows the reaction formula:

[0036] (3) Preparation of (S) -2- (8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-1-bromo-imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl) -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylic acid benzyl ester:

[0037] (S) -2- (8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl) -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylate (IOg, 23mmol) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran ( 80mL), was slowly added N- bromosuccinimide (4.5g, 25mmol), the reaction mixture was 25 ° C the reaction was stirred for 4h. The mixture was then slowly added water (80 mL), cooled to -10 ° C crystallization 3h, filtered, and recrystallized from isopropanol to give (S) -2- (8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-1-bromo-imidazo [ I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl) -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylate, an off-white solid (I I. Ig), a yield of 94.5%, the reaction formula of this step is as follows:

[0039] (4) Preparation of (S) -2- {8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-1- [4- (2-carbamoyl-pyridyl) phenyl] imidazo [1, 5-a] pyrazine 3-yl} 1-pyrrolidine-carboxylic acid benzyl ester:

[0040] (S) -2- (8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-1-bromo-imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl) -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylate (I Ig, 2lmmol ), 4- (2-pyridyl-carbamoyl) phenylboronic acid (5.7g, 23.4mmol), [1, Γ – bis (diphenylphosphino) ferrocene] dichloropalladium cesium (〇.78g, the I · lmmol), potassium carbonate (4.0g, 29mmol), N, N- dimethylformamide (120 mL) and water (50mL) added to the reaction flask, the reaction mixture was heated to 90 ° C the reaction was stirred for 20 h, the reaction solution was reduced at room temperature, was concentrated by rotary evaporation to dryness, extracted with ethyl acetate, washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, and concentrated by rotary evaporation to dryness, a mixed solvent of ethyl acetate and n-hexane and recrystallized to give (S) -2- {8- tert butoxycarbonyl group -I- [4- (2-P of pyridine-ylcarbamoyl) phenyl] imidazole and sat Jie [I, 5_a] pyrazin-3-yl} -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylate, class as a white solid (10.3 g of), a yield of 76.5%, the reaction formula of this step is as follows:

[0042] (5) Preparation of (S) -2- {8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-1- [4- (2-carbamoyl-pyridyl) phenyl] imidazo [1, 5-a] pyrazine 3-yl} pyrrolidine:

[0043] (S) -2- {8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-1- [4- (2-carbamoyl-pyridyl) phenyl] imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl } -1- [1-carboxylic acid than the burning section slightly ester (10g, 15.8mmol) was dissolved in methanol (80mL), was added cesium charcoal (0.5g), under a hydrogen pressure into 35 ° C the reaction 8h. Concentrated suction through Celite to remove the catalyst and the filtrate was rotary evaporated to dryness to afford ⑸-2- {8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-1- [4- (2-carbamoyl-pyridyl) phenyl] imidazo [ I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl} pyrrolidine as a white solid powder (7.6 g of), 96% yield, this step follows the reaction formula:

[0045] (6) Preparation of (S) -2- {8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-1- [4- (2-carbamoyl-pyridyl) phenyl] imidazo [1, 5-a] pyrazine 3-yl} -1- (2-butynoyl) pyrrolidine:

[0046] (S) -2- {8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-1- [4- (2-carbamoyl-pyridyl) phenyl] imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl } ratio slightly burning Jie (7g, 14mmol) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (75 mL), with stirring, was added 2-butyne chloride (I. 7g, 16.6mmol), was added dropwise N, N- diisopropylethylamine (2.7 g, 21 mmol), the reaction mixture was 50 ° C the reaction was stirred for 8h, the reaction solution was concentrated by rotary evaporation to dryness, dilute hydrochloric acid was added was adjusted to neutral, extracted with ethyl acetate was added, dried over magnesium sulfate, and concentrated by rotary evaporation to dryness, recrystallized from methanol to give ⑸ -2_ {8-tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino -1- [4- (2-P of pyridine-ylcarbamoyl) phenyl] imidazole and sat Jie [I, 5_a] [! than 3-yl} -1 – (2_ butynoyl) pyrrolidine-white solid (7g), in 88% yield, this step follows the reaction formula:

[0048] ⑺ prepared Acalabrutinib:

[0049] (S) -2- {8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-1- [4- (2-carbamoyl-pyridyl) phenyl] imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl } -1- (2-butynoyl) pyrrolidine (7g, 12.4mmol) and dissolved in methanol (70 mL), trifluoroacetic acid (1.55g, 13.6mmol), 65 ° C until the reaction was complete the reaction was stirred for 6h, the reaction was added dropwise to a stirred solution of water (150 mL), cooled to 0 ° C crystallization 3h, filtered to give the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia BTK inhibitors Acalabrut inib, as a white solid (5.3 g of), 92% yield, this step is the following reaction formula:

[0051] Example 2:

[0052] (1) Preparation of ⑸-2- (8- amino-imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl) -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylic acid benzyl ester:

[0053] (S) -2- (8- chloro-imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl) -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylate (15g, 42mmol) was dissolved in N- methylpyrrolidone ( 75 mL), aqueous ammonia (273_〇1) was added mass percent concentration of 28%, the reaction mixture was placed in a sealed stainless steel autoclave at 70 ° C, stirring the reaction under a pressure of 3 atm 8h, after the completion of the reaction, was cooled to 40 ° C and releasing the pressure in the system, slow addition of water (50 mL), cooled to 10 ° C, crystallization 3h, filtered, and recrystallized from isopropanol to give ⑸-2- (8- amino-imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazine 3-yl) pyrrolidine-carboxylic acid benzyl ester, off-white solid (12.9 g of), yield 91% ,, this step reaction scheme in Example 1.

[0054] (2) Preparation of (S) -2- (8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-imidazo [I, 5_a] pyrazin-3-yl) -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylic acid benzyl ester:

[0055] (S) -2- (8- amino-imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl) -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylate (12g, 35.6mmol) was dissolved in chloroform (80mL), was added tert-butyl dicarbonate (7.8g, 35.6mmol), the reaction mixture was stirred for lh the reaction at 35 ° C, after completion of the reaction, post-treatment and purification to give ⑸-2- (8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-imidazole and [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl) -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylate, an off-white solid (14.8 g of), in 95% yield, this step is the same reaction scheme as in Example 1.

[0056] (3) Preparation of (S) -2- (8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-1-bromo-imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl) -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylic acid benzyl ester:

[0057] (S) -2- (8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl) -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylate (Hg, 32mmol) was dissolved in 1, 1,2-dichloroethane (90mL), was slowly added bromine (6g, 37.8mmol), the reaction mixture was 20 ° C the reaction was stirred for 6h. After the reaction, water was slowly added (I5mL), cooled to -5 ° C crystallization 4h, filtered and recrystallized from isopropanol to give ⑸-2- (8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-1-bromo-imidazo [1, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl) -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylate, an off-white solid (15.8 g), yield 95.5%, the reaction of the present step is the same formula as in Example 1.

[0058] (4) Preparation of (S) -2- {8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-1- [4- (2-carbamoyl-pyridyl) phenyl] imidazo [1, 5-a] pyrazine 3-yl} 1-pyrrolidine-carboxylic acid benzyl ester:

[0059] (S) -2- (8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-1-bromo-imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl) -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylate (15g, 29mmol) , 4- (2-pyridyl-carbamoyl) phenylboronic acid (34 · 7mmol 8 · 4g,), tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) palladium (0 · 84g, 0.73mmol), sodium carbonate (6.9g, 65mmol), tetrahydrofuran (IOOmL) and water (40 mL) was added a reaction flask, the reaction mixture was heated to 80 ° C the reaction was stirred for 24h, the reaction was cooled to room temperature, and concentrated by rotary evaporation to dryness, extracted with ethyl acetate, washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, concentrated by rotary evaporation to dryness, a mixed solvent of ethyl acetate and n-hexane and recrystallized to give ⑸-2- {8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-1- [4- (2-carbamoyl-pyridyl) phenyl] imidazole and [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl} -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylate, an off-white solid (14.4g), 78% yield, this step is the same reaction scheme as in Example 1.

[0060] (5) Preparation of (S) -2- {8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-1- [4- (2-carbamoyl-pyridyl) phenyl] imidazo [1, 5-a] pyrazine 3-yl} pyrrolidine:

[0061] (S) -2- {8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-1- [4- (2-carbamoyl-pyridyl) phenyl] imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-yl _3- it is slightly burned} -1-carboxylic acid ester section (14g, 22mmol) dissolved in isopropanol (85mL), was added Raney nickel (0.5g), under a hydrogen pressure into the reaction 60 ° C 12h. Concentrated suction through Celite to remove the catalyst and the filtrate was rotary evaporated to dryness to afford ⑸-2- {8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-1- [4- (2-carbamoyl-pyridyl) phenyl] imidazo [ I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl} pyrrolidine as a white solid powder (10.4 g of), 94% yield, this step is the same reaction scheme as in Example 1.

[0062] (6) Preparation of (S) -2- {8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-1- [4- (2-carbamoyl-pyridyl) phenyl] imidazo [1, 5-a] pyrazine 3-yl} -1- (2-butynoyl) pyrrolidine:

[0063] (S) -2- {8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-1- [4- (2-carbamoyl-pyridyl) phenyl] imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl } pyrrolidine (10g, 20mmo 1) was dissolved in N, N- dimethylformamide (SOML), with stirring, was added 2-butyne chloride (3. lg, 30mmol), dropwise addition of triethylamine (2.2g, 22mmol ), the reaction mixture was 60 ° C the reaction was stirred for 4h, the reaction solution was concentrated by rotary evaporation to dryness, dilute hydrochloric acid was added was adjusted to neutral, extracted with ethyl acetate was added, dried over magnesium sulfate, and concentrated by rotary evaporation to dryness, and recrystallized from methanol to give ⑸- 2- {8-tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-1- [4- (2-carbamoyl-pyridyl) phenyl] imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl} -l- (2- butynoyl) pyrrolidine-white solid (10.2 g of), a yield of 90.2%, the same reaction scheme of the present embodiment step 1〇

[0064] ⑺ prepared Acalabrutinib:

[0065] (S) -2- {8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-1- [4- (2-carbamoyl-pyridyl) phenyl] imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl } -1- (2-butynoyl) pyrrolidine (IOg, 17.7mmol) was dissolved in ethanol, and (IOOmL), trifluoroacetic acid (2.6g, 23mmol), 50 ° C with stirring until the reaction was complete IOh reaction, the reaction solution was added dropwise to a stirred solution of water (70 mL), cooled to 0 ° C crystallization 3h, filtered to give the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia BTK inhibitors AcaIabrut inib, as a white solid (7.5 g of), yield 91%, reaction of this step formula same as in Example 1.

[0066] Example 3:

[0067] (1) Preparation of ⑸-2- (8- amino-imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl) -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylic acid benzyl ester:

[0068] (S) -2- (8- chloro-imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl) -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylate (4.5g, 12.6mmol) was dissolved in N- methyl pyrrolidinone (70 mL), was added mass percent concentration of 28% aqueous ammonia (69.4 mmol), the reaction mixture was placed in the autoclave 90 ° C, the reaction was stirred under atmospheric pressure of 4h, after the completion of the reaction, it was cooled to 35 ° C a sealed stainless steel reactor and releasing the pressure in the system, slow addition of water (50 mL), cooled to 10 ° C, crystallization 3h, filtered, and recrystallized from isopropanol to give ⑸-2- (8- amino-imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazine 3-yl) pyrrolidine-carboxylic acid benzyl ester, off-white solid (3.9 g of), 92% yield, this step is the same reaction scheme as in Example 1.

[0069] (2) Preparation of (S) -2- (8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl) -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylic acid benzyl ester:

[0070] (S) -2- (8- amino-imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl) -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylic acid benzyl ester (3 · 5g, 10 · 4mmol) was dissolved in 1, 4- dioxane (50 mL), was added tert-butyl dicarbonate (2.7g, 12.4mmol), the reaction mixture was stirred at 10 ° C the reaction 6h, after the completion of the reaction, workup and purification, to give (S) 2- (8-tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl) -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylate, an off-white solid (4.3 g of), in 95% yield, according to the present step reaction scheme in Example 1.

[0071] (3) Preparation of (S) -2- (8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-1-bromo-imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl) -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylic acid benzyl ester:

[0072] (S) -2- (8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-imidazo [l, 5_a] pyrazin-3-yl) -1_ pyrrolidine-carboxylate (4g, 9.6mmol) was dissolved in toluene (50 mL ), was slowly added N- bromosuccinimide (I. 8g, 10. lmmol), the reaction mixture was 35 ° C the reaction was stirred for 2h. The mixture was then slowly added water (25 mL), cooled to -10 ° C crystallization 3h, filtered, and recrystallized from isopropanol to give (S) -2- (8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-1-bromo-imidazo [ I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl) -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylate, an off-white solid (4.7 g), 94% yield, this step is the same reaction scheme as in Example 1.

[0073] (4) Preparation of (S) -2- {8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-1- [4- (2-carbamoyl-pyridyl) phenyl] imidazo [1, 5-a] pyrazine 3-yl} 1-pyrrolidine-carboxylic acid benzyl ester:

[0074] (S) -2- (8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-1-bromo-imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl) -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylate (4g, 7 · 7mmol), 4_ (2- piperidinyl than Jie carbamoyl) phenylboronic acid (2 · 4g, IOmmol), bis (triphenylphosphine) dichloride Leba (0.41g, 0.58mmol), potassium phosphate (I. 9g, 8.9mmol), methyl tert-butyl ether (IOOmL) and water (40 mL) was added a reaction flask, the reaction mixture was heated to 100 ° C the reaction was stirred for 12h, the reaction was cooled to room temperature, and concentrated by rotary evaporation to dryness, was added acetic acid extracted with ethyl, brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, and concentrated by rotary evaporation to dryness, a mixed solvent of ethyl acetate and n-hexane and recrystallized to give ⑸-2- {8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-1- [4- (2 – pyridin-ylcarbamoyl) phenyl] imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl} -1-pyrrolidine-carboxylate, an off-white solid (3.9 g of), in 79% yield, this step the reaction scheme in Example 1.

[0075] (5) Preparation of (S) -2- {8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-1- [4- (2-carbamoyl-pyridyl) phenyl] imidazo [1, 5_a] pyrazin-3 -} pyrrolidine:

[0076] (S) -2- {8- tert-butoxycarbonyl group -I- [4- (2- carbamoyl-pyridyl) phenyl] imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl } -1 Jie section than slightly burning acid ester (3.5g, 5.5mmol) was dissolved in ethanol (50mL), was added cesium charcoal (0.2g), under a hydrogen pressure into 45 ° C the reaction 6h. Concentrated suction through Celite to remove the catalyst and the filtrate was rotary evaporated to dryness to afford ⑸-2- {8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-1- [4- (2-carbamoyl-pyridyl) phenyl] imidazo [ I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl} pyrrolidine as a white solid powder (2.6 g of), in 95% yield, this step is the same reaction scheme as in Example 1.

[0077] (6) Preparation of (S) -2- {8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-1- [4- (2-carbamoyl-pyridyl) phenyl] imidazo [1, 5-a] pyrazine 3-yl} -1- (2-butynoyl) pyrrolidine:

[0078] (S) -2- {8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-1- [4- (2-carbamoyl-pyridyl) phenyl] imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl } ratio slightly burning Jie (2.5g, 5mmol) was dissolved in toluene (50 mL), with stirring, was added 2-butyne chloride (0.62g, 6mmol), was added dropwise N, N- dimethylaniline (Ig, 8.5mmo 1), The reaction mixture was 40 ° C the reaction was stirred for 12h, the reaction solution was concentrated by rotary evaporation to dryness, dilute hydrochloric acid was added was adjusted to neutral, extracted with ethyl acetate was added, dried over magnesium sulfate, and concentrated by rotary evaporation to dryness, and recrystallized from methanol to give ⑸-2- {8-tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-1- [4- (2-carbamoyl-pyridyl) phenyl] imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-3-yl} -1- (2-butyn acyl) pyrrolidine-white solid (2.5g), 88% yield, this step is the same reaction scheme as in Example 1.

[0079] ⑺ prepared Acalabrutinib:

[0080] (S) -2- {8- tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-1- [4- (2-carbamoyl-pyridyl) phenyl] imidazo [I, 5-a] pyrazin-yl _3_ } -1- (2-block group) ratio slightly burning Jie (2.5g, 4.4mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane and burned (IOmL), two gas was added acetic acid (0.76g, 6.6mmol), 80 ° C The reaction was stirred 4h until the reaction was complete, the reaction was added dropwise to a stirred solution of water (25 mL), cooled to 0 ° C crystallization 3h, filtered to give the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia BTK inhibitors AcaIabrut inib, as a white solid (1.8 g of), the yield of 89%, this step is the same reaction scheme as in Example 1.

PATENT

US 20170035881

References

Jump up^ “WHO Drug Information – recommended INN” (PDF). WHO Drug Information. World Health Oorganisation. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d Byrd; et al. (2015). “Acalabrutinib (ACP-196) in Relapsed Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia”. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1509981.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Wu, Jingjing; Zhang, Mingzhi; Liu, Delong (2016-01-01). “Acalabrutinib (ACP-196): a selective second-generation BTK inhibitor”. Journal of Hematology & Oncology. 9: 21. doi:10.1186/s13045-016-0250-9. ISSN 1756-8722. PMC 4784459 . PMID 26957112.
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Jump up^ Wu, Jingjing; Zhang, Mingzhi; Liu, Delong (2016-03-09). “Acalabrutinib (ACP-196): a selective second-generation BTK inhibitor”. Journal of Hematology & Oncology. 9 (1). doi:10.1186/s13045-016-0250-9. ISSN 1756-8722. PMC 4784459 . PMID 26957112.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c Harrington, Bonnie K.; Gardner, Heather L.; Izumi, Raquel; Hamdy, Ahmed; Rothbaum, Wayne; Coombes, Kevin R.; Covey, Todd; Kaptein, Allard; Gulrajani, Michael (2016-07-19). “Preclinical Evaluation of the Novel BTK Inhibitor Acalabrutinib in Canine Models of B-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma”. PLOS ONE. 11 (7): e0159607. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0159607. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4951150 . PMID 27434128.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Acerta Pharma Announces Study Published in New England Journal of Medicine Demonstrates Acalabrutinib (ACP-196) Shows Marked Activity in Relapsed Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
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Jump up^ HAMDY, Ahmed; Rothbaum, Wayne; IZUMI, Raquel; Lannutti, Brian; Covey, Todd; ULRICH, Roger; Johnson, Dave; Barf, Tjeerd; Kaptein, Allard (Nov 26, 2015), Btk inhibitor for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic and small lymphocytic leukemia, retrieved 2016-11-19
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^ Jump up to:^a ^b IZUMI, Raquel; SALVA, Francisco; HAMDY, Ahmed (Feb 4, 2016), Methods of blocking the cxcr-4/sdf-1 signaling pathway with inhibitors of bruton’s tyrosine kinase, retrieved 2016-11-19
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ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Acalabrutinib is a potent and selective BTK (Bruton’s tyrosine kinase) inhibitor. BTK is a cytoplasmic, non-receptor tyrosine kinase that transmits signals from a variety of cell-surface molecules, including the B-cell receptor (BCR) and tissue homing receptors. Genetic BTK deletion causes B-cell immunodeficiency in humans and mice, making this kinase an attractive therapeutic target for B-cell disorders. BTK inhibitors targeting B cell receptor signaling and other survival mechanism showed great promise for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)s holds great promise.

As of 2015 it is in late stage clinical trials for relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Interim results are encouraging : 95% overall response rate. It is also in another 20 clinical trials (alone and in combination) for various cancers.

REFERENCES

1: Maly J, Blachly JS. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Exploiting Vulnerabilities with Targeted Agents. Curr Hematol Malig Rep. 2016 Feb 11. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 26893063.

2: Byrd JC, Harrington B, O’Brien S, Jones JA, Schuh A, Devereux S, Chaves J, Wierda WG, Awan FT, Brown JR, Hillmen P, Stephens DM, Ghia P, Barrientos JC, Pagel JM, Woyach J, Johnson D, Huang J, Wang X, Kaptein A, Lannutti BJ, Covey T, Fardis M, McGreivy J, Hamdy A, Rothbaum W, Izumi R, Diacovo TG, Johnson AJ, Furman RR. Acalabrutinib (ACP-196) in Relapsed Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2016 Jan 28;374(4):323-32. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1509981. Epub 2015 Dec 7. PubMed PMID: 26641137.

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US2017231995	BTK Inhibitors to Treat Solid Tumors Through Modulation of the Tumor Microenvironment	2015-08-11
US2017095471	Methods of Treating Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Small Lymphocytic Leukemia Using a BTK Inhibitor	2015-01-21

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US2017231986	Therapeutic Combinations of a BTK Inhibitor, a PI3K Inhibitor, a JAK-2 Inhibitor, and/or a BCL-2 Inhibitor	2015-08-11
US2017035756	METHODS OF BLOCKING THE CXCR-4/SDF-1 SIGNALING PATHWAY WITH INHIBITORS OF BRUTON’S TYROSINE KINASE	2015-04-10
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Patent ID	Patent Title	Submitted Date	Granted Date
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US2017071962	Therapeutic Combinations of a Proteasome Inhibitor and a BTK Inhibitor	2016-09-12
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Acalabrutinib
Identifiers

IUPAC name [show]
CAS Number	1420477-60-6
PubChem CID	71226662
ChemSpider	36764951
UNII	I42748ELQW
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C₂₆H₂₃N₇O₂
Molar mass	465.507 g/mol
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image

FDA Orange Book Patents

FDA Orange Book Patents: 1 of 3 (FDA Orange Book Patent ID)
Patent	9290504
Expiration	Jul 11, 2032
Applicant	ASTRAZENECA
Drug Application	N210259 (Prescription Drug: CALQUENCE. Ingredients: ACALABRUTINIB)

from FDA Orange Book

FDA Orange Book Patents: 2 of 3 (FDA Orange Book Patent ID)
Patent	9758524
Expiration	Jul 11, 2032
Applicant	ASTRAZENECA
Drug Application	N210259 (Prescription Drug: CALQUENCE. Ingredients: ACALABRUTINIB)

from FDA Orange Book

FDA Orange Book Patents: 3 of 3 (FDA Orange Book Patent ID)
Patent	9796721
Expiration	Jul 1, 2036
Applicant	ASTRAZENECA
Drug Application	N210259 (Prescription Drug: CALQUENCE. Ingredients: ACALABRUTINIB)

////////////Acalabrutinib, rINN, ACP-196, fda 2017, Акалабрутиниб , أكالابروتينيب , 阿可替尼 , Orphan Drug, breakthrough therapy designation, Lymphoma, mantle cell, ACERTA PHARMA

CC#CC(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1c2nc(c3n2ccnc3N)c4ccc(cc4)C(=O)Nc5ccccn5

CC#CC(=O)N1CCCC1C2=NC(=C3N2C=CN=C3N)C4=CC=C(C=C4)C(=O)NC5=CC=CC=N5

Besifovir, бесифовир , بيسيفوفير , 贝西福韦 ,

February 1, 2018 10:25 am / 1 Comment on Besifovir, бесифовир , بيسيفوفير , 贝西福韦 ,

ChemSpider 2D Image | Besifovir | C10H14N5O4P

Besifovir

Molecular FormulaC₁₀H₁₄N₅O₄P
Average mass299.223 Da
UNII-4PLG22CQUU

Phosphonic acid, [[[1-[(2-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)methyl]cyclopropyl]oxy]methyl]- [ACD/Index Name]

бесифовир [Russian] [INN]

بيسيفوفير [Arabic] [INN]

贝西福韦 [Chinese] [INN]

((1-((2-Amino-9H-purin-9-yl)methyl)cyclopropoxy)methyl)phosphonic acid

[({1-[(2-Amino-9H-purin-9-yl)methyl]cyclopropyl}oxy)methyl]phosphonic acid

{1-[(2-AMINOPURIN-9-YL)METHYL]CYCLOPROPOXY}METHYLPHOSPHONIC ACID

441785-25-7 [RN]

Besifovir (INN) is an investigational medication to treat hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. It is a novel and potent acyclic nucleotide phosphonate with a similar chemical structure to adefovir and tenofovir.^[2]

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Besifovir dipivoxil maleate

CAS:1039623-01-2, Propanoic acid, 2,2-dimethyl-, 1,1′-[[[[[1-[(2-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)methyl]cyclopropyl]oxy]methyl]phosphinylidene]bis(oxymethylene)] ester, (2Z)-2-butenedioate (1:1)

Molecular Formula

C22 H34 N5 O8 P . C4 H4 O4

Molecular Weight

643.58

Highest Phase

Launched – 2017, korea

Besifovir dipivoxil maleate

Besifovir, also known as ANA-380; LB-80380; PMCDG dipivoxil, is a reverse transcriptase inhibitor potentially for treatment of hepatitis B infection. LB80380 is a prodrug and an oral nucleotide analogue that inhibits viral replication by incorporation into the viral DNA. Antiviral activity against wild-type virus and virus with drug-resistant mutations was demonstrated in Phase II trials, with significant reduction of viral load in patients treated with LB80380. LB80380 was also shown to be safe and well tolerated.

CAS 441785-26-8
Chemical Formula: C22H34N5O7P
Molecular Weight: 511.5158

Besifovir; ANA-380; AN-380; ANA 380; LB-80380; LB 80380; LB80380; PMCDG dipivoxil.

IUPAC/Chemical Name: ((((1-((2-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)methyl)cyclopropoxy)methyl)phosphanediyl)bis(oxy))bis(methylene) bis(2,2-dimethylpropanoate)

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Ildong Pharma to release 1st chronic hepatitis B treatment next month

By Constance Williams
Published 2017.10.26 16:51
Updated 2017.10.26 19:12

Ildong Pharmaceutical will release its first chronic hepatitis B therapy of nucleotide series “Besivo” as an insurance benefit drug next month, the company said Thursday.

Besivo is a treatment for chronic hepatitis B based on the nucleotide sequence, which is composed of besifovir.

The price of the insurance is 3,403 won ($3.02) per tablet, which was recently confirmed by the Ministry of Health and Welfare_{보건복지부}. Insurance benefits also cover El-carnitine medications used in combination, and the insurance price for one tablet (330mg) is 111 won.

According to the results of clinical trials, Besivo has demonstrated comparable levels of therapeutic efficacy in a randomized, double-blind trial compared with traditional therapies such as Entecavir (trade name: Baraclude) and Tenofovir (trade name: Viread). Besivo improved the prospects as a valid option for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B by improving the side effects found in the existing medications.

In particular, further analysis of clinical trials has shown that typical side effects such as decreased renal function and decreased bone density, which was a problem in the existing Tenofovir. Knodell necro-inflammatory score, was also superior to the control group regarding the histological improvement of the liver.

For the deterioration of renal function, the rate of increase in serum creatinine — a test that measures kidney function – was significantly lower than that of Tenofovir.

With the case of measuring bone mineral density, the proportion of patients showing bone turnover increased and the percentage of patients showing average bone mineral density decreased in the case of Tenofovir. With Besivo, the rate of patients with bone loss decreased, and the percentage of patients with average bone mineral density increased.

Ildong Pharma _일동제약 (CEO: Yun Woong-sup_윤웅섭) plans to go on marketing with the idea that Besivo is a domestic drug that secures safety by improving side effects of existing medicines as well as treatment effects that are comparable to that of foreign pharmaceutical companies. In particular, the company expects the cost of pharmaceuticals to be 25 percent lower than that of Viread, the leading drug in the market.

“Due to the nature of chronic hepatitis B treatment for long-term use, safety is critical, and there are few side effects, so Besivo is highly valuable as a few nucleotide drugs existing in consideration of cross-resistance,” said Professor Ahn Sang-hoon_안상훈 of Severance Hospital_{세브란스병원}who participated in the clinical study.

“There is a strong competitive edge regarding the advantages of Besivo in connection with the entry into the Asian market, where the demand for therapeutic drugs is increasing as a major outbreak of hepatitis B,” he added.

Il Dong, under license from LG Life Sciences , has developed and launched Besivo (besifovir dipivoxil maleate), a phosphonate nucleoside inhibitor of HBV polymerase, for treating HBV infection. In October 2012, Il Dong was planning on seeking to outlicense the drug outside of Korea.

Besifovir dipivoxil maleate is a DNA polymerase inhibitor discovered and developed by LG Chem. The product was launched in Korea in 2017 by codeveloper ILDONG for the treatment of hepatitis B.

In April 2004, Anadys (acquired by Roche in 2011) obtained an exclusive license from LG Chem for the commercialization of LB-80380 worldwide excluding China, Korea, India and Southeast Asia. In August 2007, Anadys reported that it had discontinued development of LB-80380 and returned all rights to LG Chem in order to focus on other key compounds.

PAPER

A Novel Class of Phosphonate Nucleosides. 9-[(1-Phosphonomethoxycyclopropyl)methyl]guanine as a Potent and Selective Anti-HBV Agent

Jong-Ryoo Choi,*Dong-Gyu Cho,Kee Y. Roh,Jae-Taeg Hwang,Sinbyoung Ahn,Hyun S. Jang,Woo-Young Cho,Kyong W. Kim,Young-Gyo Cho,Jeongmin Kim, andYong-Zu Kim

LG Life Sciences Ltd., R & D Park, 104-1 Moongi-dong, Yusung-gu, Daejeon 305-380, Korea

J. Med. Chem., 2004, 47 (11), pp 2864–2869

DOI: 10.1021/jm0305265

Publication Date (Web): April 16, 2004

Abstract

9-[1-(Phosphonomethoxycyclopropyl)methyl]guanine (PMCG, 1), representative of a novel class of phosphonate nucleosides, blocks HBV replication with excellent potency (EC₅₀ = 0.5 μM) in a primary culture of HepG2 2.2.15 cells. It exhibits no significant cytotoxicity in several human cell lines up to 1.0 mM. It does not inhibit replication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) or herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) at 30 μM. Many purine base analogues of 1 also exhibit inhibitory activity against HBV, but at 30 μM, pyrimidine analogues do not. 1 is 4 times more potent than 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine (PMEA), which was used as a positive control (EC₅₀ = 2.0 μM). The characteristic cyclopropyl moiety at the 2‘-position of 1 was prepared by titanium-mediated Kulinkovich cyclopropanation. 1 was modified to give the orally available drug candidate, PMCDG Dipivoxil (2). Compound 2 exhibited excellent efficacy when administered at 5 mg per kg per day in a study with woodchucks infected with woodchuck hepatitis B virus (WHBV). Drug candidate 2 has successfully completed phase I clinical trials and is currently undergoing phase II clinical studies for evaluation of efficacy.

({1-[(2-Amino-9H-purin-9-yl)methyl]cyclopropyl}oxy)methylphosphonic Acid (PMCDG, 8). 8 (89.5% yield) as yellowish solids. The compound was recrystallized from water for X-ray crystallography. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 0.92 (br q, 4H), 3.76 (d, J = 12.0 Hz, 2H), 4.33 (s, 2H), 8.0 (br s, 2H), 8.74 (s, 1H), 9.00 (s, 1H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 11.6 (2C), 45.9, 62.9 (d, J = 15.0 Hz), 63.0 (d, J = 161 Hz), 125.6, 139.1, 149.8, 154.2, 157.1. HRMS (MH⁺): 300.0862 calcd for C₁₀H₁₄N₅O₄P, found 300.0872. Anal. (C₁₀H₁₄N₅O₄P·H₂O) C, H, N.

({1-[(2-Amino-9H-purin-9-yl)methyl]cyclopropyl}oxy)methylphosphonic Acid Dipivoxyl (PMCDG Dipivoxyl, 2). 2 (38.5% yield) as white solids. mp: 92 °C. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 0.89 (br t, 2H), 1.06 (br t, 2H), 1.21 (s, 18H), 3.97 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 2H), 4.23 (s, 2H), 5.0 (br s, 2H), 5.62 (m, 2H), 8.01 (s, 1H), 8.68 (s, 1H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 12.3 (2C), 26.7 (6C), 38.6 (2C), 46.0, 62.1 (d, J = 170 Hz), 64.1 (d, J = 15.0 Hz), 81.6 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 2C), 127.6, 143.0, 149.4, 153.4, 158.9, 176.6 (2C). HRMS (MH⁺): 528.2223 calcd for C₁₀H₁₄N₅O₄P, found 528.2233. Anal. (C₂₂H₃₄N₅O₈P) C, H, N.

PATENT

Besifovir dipivoxil’s product PAT, WO2057288

https://encrypted.google.com/patents/WO2002057288A1?cl=en

(a) CH₃CH₂MgBr, Ti(Oi-Pr)₄ (0.25 equiv), THF, 0 °C to 25 °C, 10 h;

(b) BrCH₂P(O)(Oi-Pr)₂, LiOt-Bu, LiI (cat.), DMF, THF, 60 °C, 4 h;

CONTD……….

(d) MsCl, TEA, MDC, 0 °C to 25 °C; (e) 6-chloroguanine, NaH, DMF, 80 °C, 4 h; (f) H₂, 5% Pd on C, THF, 1 atm, 18 h; (g) TMSBr, MDC, reflux, 18 h; (h) 2 N HCl, reflux, 6 h; (i) chloromethyl pivalate, TEA, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, 25 °C, 48 h.

Inventors	Jong-Ryoo Choi, Jeong-Min Kim, Kee-Yoon Roh, Dong-Gyu Cho, Jae-Hong Lim, Jae-Taeg Hwang, Woo-Young Cho, Hyun-Sook Jang, Chang-Ho Lee, Tae-Saeng Choi, Chung-Mi Kim, Yong-Zu Kim, Tae-Kyun Kim, Seung-Joo Cho, Gyoung-Won Kim, Less «
Applicant	Lg Life Sciences Ltd.

WO 2002057288

PATENT

WO-2018016795

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2018016795&recNum=1&maxRec=&office=&prevFilter=&sortOption=&queryString=&tab=FullText

Novel crystalline polymorphic forms of 3-[({1-[(2-amino-9H-furyn-9-yl) methyl] cyclopropyl}oxy) methyl]-8,8-dimethyl-3,7-dioxo-2,4,6-trioxa-3λ5-phosphanon-1-yl-pivalate orotate (Besifovir dipivoxil), a process for its preparation, and composition comprising the salt for treating viral infections are claimed.

[({1 – [(2-amino -9 H -purin-9-yl) methyl] cyclopropyl} oxy) methyl] -8,8- dimethyl-3,7-dioxo Orotate of bis-4,6-trioxa-3? ⁵ -phosphonon-1-yl-pivalate (besifovir dipivoxil), a process for its preparation and a pharmaceutical composition comprising said salt Lt; / RTI & gt;

[Formula 1]

The free compound of the above formula (1) is a novel anti-viral substance disclosed in Korean Patent No. 0441638 and WO 02/057288. However, these compounds are very unstable against heat and moisture, and are difficult to be used as raw materials for pharmaceutical compositions.

[6]

In Korean Patent No. 0935904, various pharmaceutically acceptable salts have been prepared to solve such problems. In this process, some of the salts have proven to be difficult to obtain as crystalline solids and have been successfully obtained as crystalline solids only in the case of maleate, p-toluenesulfonate, methanesulfonate, naphthalenesulfonate and ethanesulfonate, Bessyfovir dipivicum maleic acid mono-salt is remarkably excellent in thermal stability compared to its free compounds and other salts.

[7]

However, bissipovid epipixyl maleate is very unstable at high temperatures of 100 ° C or higher and is mostly decomposed in 6 hours and still insufficient in stability. In case of contact, it may cause severe irritation accompanied by redness, pain, Due to the characteristics of maleic acid, symptoms similar to those of conjunctivitis or acute exposure may occur during manufacture (see the Toxicological Information of the Food and Drug Administration), and caution is also required for safety.

FIG.5 shows the infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) of the bisphosphonite pyrophosphorate of Example 1. Fig.

6 shows the ¹ H nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum (NMR) of the bisporovir diplyl orthoate of Example 1. Fig.

[6]

[7]

References

Jump up^ WHO International Working Group for Drug Statistics Methodology (August 27, 2008). “ATC/DDD Classification (FINAL): New ATC 5th level codes”. WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology. Archived from the original on 2008-05-06. Retrieved 2008-09-05.
Jump up^ Lin CL, Yang HC, Kao JH (4 January 2016). “Hepatitis B virus: new therapeutic perspectives”. Liver Int. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 36(Supplement S1): 85–92. doi:10.1111/liv.13003. PMID 26725903.

Patent ID	Patent Title	Submitted Date	Granted Date
US7723319	Acyclic nucleoside phosphonate derivatives, salts thereof and process for the preparation of the same	2010-01-07	2010-05-25
US7605147	Acyclic nucleoside phosphonate derivatives, salts thereof and process for the preparation of the same	2006-12-28	2009-10-20
US7157448	Acyclic nucleoside phosphonate derivatives, salts thereof and process for the preparation of the same	2004-04-01	2007-01-02
US2006052346	Nucleoside phosphonate derivatives useful in the treatment of HIV infections	2006-03-09

Besifovir
Clinical data

Routes of administration	Oral
ATC code	^[1]
Identifiers
IUPAC name [show]
CAS Number	441785-25-7
PubChem CID	5270766
ChemSpider	4435660
UNII	4PLG22CQUU
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C₁₀H₁₄N₅O₄P
Molar mass	299.223022 g/mol
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image

////////////Besifovir, бесифовир , بيسيفوفير , 贝西福韦 , ANA-380, AN-380, ANA 380, LB-80380, LB 80380, LB80380, PMCDG dipivoxil

C1CC1(CN2C=NC3=CN=C(N=C32)N)OCP(=O)(O)O

NC1=NC=C2N=CN(CC3(OCP(OCOC(C(C)(C)C)=O)OCOC(C(C)(C)C)=O)CC3)C2=N1

GSK2248761A , IDX899, Fosdevirine

January 30, 2018 10:41 am / Leave a comment

Image result for GSK2248761A , IDX899, Fosdevirine ChemSpider 2D Image | fosdevirine | C20H17ClN3O3P

GSK2248761A , IDX899, Fosdevirine,

Fosdevirine; IDX899; IDX-899; GSK2248761; cas 1018450-26-4; GSK-2248761, IDX 12899

1018450-26-4 CAS

R FORM ROTATION (-)

Molecular Formula:	C₂₀H₁₇ClN₃O₃P
Molecular Weight:	413.798 g/mol

Phosphinic acid, P-[2-(aminocarbonyl)-5-chloro-1H-indol-3-yl]-P-[3-[(1E)-2-cyanoethenyl]-5-methylphenyl]-, methyl ester, [P(R)]-

Methyl (R)-(2-carbamoyl-5-chloro-1H-indol-3-yl){3-[(E)-2-cyanovinyl]-5-methylphenyl}phosphinate

Phosphinic acid, P-[2-(aminocarbonyl)-5-chloro-1H-indol-3-yl]-P-[3-[(E)-2-cyanoethenyl]-5-methylphenyl]-, methyl ester, (R)-

5DV

Methyl (R)-(2-carbamoyl-5-chloro-1H-indol-3-yl)[3-(2-cyanoethyl)-5-methylphenyl]phosphinate

[R(P)]-(2-Carbamoyl-5-chloro-1H-indol-3-yl)[3-(2-cyanovinyl)-5-methylphenyl]phosphinic acid methyl ester

Phase II clinical trials for the treatment of HIV infection

Idenix (Originator)

Fosdevirine, also known as GSK2248761 and IDX899, a Highly Potent Anti-HIV Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor having an EC50 of 11 nM against the Y181C/K103N double mutant. GSK2248761 is a novel, once-daily (QD), next-generation nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) with activity against efavirenz-resistant strains. GSK2248761 at 100 to 800 mg QD for 7 days was well tolerated, demonstrated potent antiviral activity in treatment-naive HIV-infected subjects, and had favorable PK and resistance profiles. GSK2248761 is no longer in clinical development.

IDX-12899 is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) originated by Idenix (acquired by Merck & Co.). It had been in phase II clinical trials for the treatment of HIV infection. However, in 2010, the compound was placed on clinical hold by the FDA. In 2009, the compound was licensed by Idenix to GlaxoSmithKline for the treatment of HIV infection on a worldwide basis.

PATENT

WO2008/042240 A2, 2008, Compound III

compound 66a: racemic form

5-chloro-3-[ methyl 3-((Zζ)-2-cyanovinyl)-5-methylphenyl] phosphinoyl-l//-indole-2- carboxamide.

[00258] Compound 66a was synthesized according to method AL. White solid, ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 2.40 (s, 3H), 3.88 (d, J= 11.7 Hz, 3H), 5.89 (d, J= 16.5 Hz, IH), 5.97 (brs, IH), 7.33-7.67 (m, 7H), 10.46 (s, IH), 10.89 (brs, IH), ³¹P NMR (CDCl₃, 121.49 MHz) δ 31.54. MS (ES⁺) m/z = 414 (MH⁺).

Example 8

Preparation of Compound HI

305

1 (-)cιnchonιdιne, Acetone

2 1N HCI₁ EtOAc

Compound 302

[00348] A suitable reactor was charged Compound 301 (10Og, 0.23mol) and tetrahydrofuran (IL). The resulting solution was chilled between -90° to -100°C under nitrogen using a LN₂ / IPA slush bath, then was treated with n-butyl lithium (2.5M in Hexanes, 99ml, 0.25mol) added over 10 minutes. To this was added diethyl chlorophosphite (37.1g, 0.24mol) over 10 minutes. HPLC (Method 001, RT = 18.9 min) showed no starting material and ca. 85% product. The reaction was then diluted with ethyl acetate (IL) and was allowed to warm to -4O⁰C. The mix was then treated with hydrochloric acid (0.5M, 590ml) and was allowed to warm to ambient temperature and stir for 30 minutes. The resulting layers were separated and the aqueous extracted with ethyl acetate (500ml). The organics were combined and washed with brine (500ml) dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to an oil. 88% HPLC AUC (Method 20, RT = 5.8 min) 115g, >100% yield due to impurities and solvent. Used as is in the next step. Compound 303

[00349] A suitable reactor was charged with Compound 302 (111 g, estimated 0.18mol), iodocinnamonitrile (47.1g, 0.175mol), triethylamine (29.3ml, 0.21mol) and toluene (800ml). The resulting mix was degassed by sparging with a stream of nitrogen for 10 minutes at ambient temperature, after which time tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium(O) (10. Ig, 0.0088mol) was added. The mix was sparged for an additional 5 minutes, then was heated to 80°C for 2 hours. HPLC (Method 20, RT = 6.5 min) showed a complete reaction. The mix was cooled to ambient and was filtered through celite and washed with ethyl acetate (400ml). The combined organics were washed with brine (2 x 500ml) then dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to a volume of 350ml. The concentrate was cooled to O⁰C and was stirred for 1 hour, during which time the product crystallized. The solids were filtered and washed with hexane:toluene (2:1, 150ml). Dried to leave 95g, 90% yield, HPLC AUC 98% (Method 20). Used as is in the next reaction. [00350] 303: C₂₉H₂₆ClN₂O₆PS 597.02gmol^“‘ m/z (ESI+): 597.0 (MH⁺, 100%), 599.0 (MH⁺, 35%) ¹H NMR δ_H (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 1.38, 1.48 (2 x 3H, 2 x t, COOCH₂CH₃, POOCH₂CH₃), 2.41 (3Η, s, Ar-CH₃), 4.09-4.16 (2Η, m, POOCH₂CH₃), 4.52 (2H, q, COOCH₂CH₃), 5.93 (IH, d, CH=CHCN), 7.33-7.38 (3Η, m, CH=CHCN, 2 x Ar-H), 7.52 (2Η, t, 2 x Ar-H), 7.64 (1Η, t, Ar-H), 7.74, 7.77 (2 x 1Η, 2 x d, 2 x Ar-H), 7.85 (1Η, d, Ar- H), 7.94 (1Η, dd, Ar-H), 8.08 (2Η, d, 2 x Ar-H) ¹H NMR δ_H (400 MHz, d6-DMSO): 1.26, 1.33 (2 x 3H, 2 x t, COOCH₂CH₃, POOCH₂CH₃), 2.34 (3Η, s, Ar-CH₃), 3.95-4.10 (2Η, m, POOCH₂CH₃), 4.40 (2H, q, COOCH₂CH₃), 6.52 (IH, d, CH=CHCN), 7.52 (1Η, dd, Ar-H), 7.60-7.84 (8Η, m, CH=CHCN, 7 x Ar-H), 8.07 (3 x 1Η, m, 3 x Ar-H)

Compound 304

[003511 A suitable reactor was charged with Compound 303 (537g, 0.90mol) and methylene chloride (2.0L). The resulting solution was cooled to O⁰C, and was treated with bromotrimethylsilane (45Og, 2.9mol) added over 15 minutes. The reaction was then warmed to 40⁰C for 1.5 hours. ΗPLC (Method 20, RT = 4.4 min) indicated a complete reaction. The excess TMSBr was stripped under vacuum (40 – 45°C) and the resulting sticky solid was resuspended in DCM (2.5L) and chilled to 0⁰C. Oxalyl chloride (156ml, 1.8mol) was added over 15 minutes, followed by N,N-dimethylformamide (13.7ml, 0.18mol) both added at O⁰C. Gas evolution was observed during the DMF addition. After 1 hour, ΗPLC (Method 20, RT = 6.2 min, sample quenched with anhydrous methanol prior to injection) showed a complete reaction. The solvents were stripped again to remove residual oxalyl chloride and the mix resuspended in chilled methanol (3.0L) at 0° – 5°C, and then was allowed to warm to ambient. After two hours, HPLC indicated a complete reaction (HPLC Method 20, RT = 6.2 min). The solution was concentrated to a volume of 1.5L, and the resulting thin slurry was cooled to 0°C, and was diluted with an aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate (126g, 3L water). After 2 hours at 5⁰C, the product was filtered and washed with cold water / methanol (2:1, 1.5L) then dried to leave 50Og Compound 304. HPLC (Method 20) purity 92% used as is.

Compound 305

[00352] A suitable reactor was charged with Compound 304 (ca. 28Og, 0.48mol) and tetrahydrofuran (2.8L). The resulting solution was then cooled to 5°C and was treated with lithium hydroxide monohydrate (45g, 1.07mol) added in one portion. The reaction was allowed to warm to ambient, during which time the color lightened and a white precipitate formed. After overnight stirring, HPLC indicated an incomplete reaction (Method 20, product RT = 4.3, partially deprotected RT = 5.1, major impurity RT = 3.8). An additional 10% LiOH-H₂O was added, but after 10 hours, the partially deprotected intermediate remained at 5%, and the impurity peak at 3.8 minutes had increased to ca. 25%. The reaction was cooled to 5⁰C and was acidified with hydrochloric acid (5N, 280ml) then was diluted with ethyl acetate (2L). The layers were separated and the aqueous extracted with ethyl acetate (500ml). The combined organics were washed with brine (IL) and dried with sodium sulfate, then concentrated to leave a crude oily solid, Compound 305. Ca. 300g, HPLC AUC 57%.

[00353] The crude product was taken up in acetonitrile (1.2L) at 4O⁰C, and the product triturated w/ water (1.2L). The resulting slurry was cooled to 5⁰C and was allowed to granulate for 30 minutes, after which time the product was filtered and washed with ACN:H₂O (1 :1, 100 ml). Ca. 103g, 88% by HPLC. The product was then recrystallized from 360ml ACN at 40⁰C and 360ml water as before. Filtered, washed and dried to leave 75g Compound 305. HPLC AUC 97%. Used as is in the next step.

Compound 306 (chiral resolution)

[00354] A suitable reactor was charged with Compound 305 (28Og, 0.66mol) and acetone (4.2L). The resulting thin slurry was then treated with (-)-cinchonidine (199g, 0.66mol) added in one portion. After one hour, a solution had formed, and after an additional hour, a white solid precipitated, and the mix was left to stir for an additional two hours (four hours total) after which time the solids were filtered, washed with acetone (200ml) and dried to leave 199g Crude Compound 306 cinchonidine salt. HPLC showed an isomer ratio of 96:4.

[00355] The crude salt was then slurried in ethyl acetate (3L) and hydrochloric acid (IN, 3L). The two phase solution was vigorously stirred for 2 hours at ambient temperature. The layers were separated, and the aqueous extracted with ethyl acetate (3L). The organics were combined, dried with sodium sulfate, and concentrated to leave the free base Compound 306, 107g, 95:5 by chiral HPLC.

[00356] The crude Compound 306 was then suspended in acetone (1.07L) and treated with (-)-cinchonidine (76g, 0.26 mol.) After 4 hours total stir time (as above) the solids were filtered, washed with acetone (200ml) and dried to leave 199g of the salt. HPLC 98.6:1.4.

[00357] The salt was broken by dissolving in ethyl acetate (3L) and hydrochloric acid (IN, 3L). The two phase solution was stirred for 2 hours at ambient temperature. The layers were separated, and the aqueous extracted with ethyl acetate (2L). The organics were combined, dried with sodium sulfate, and concentrated to leave the free base Compound 306, 98g, 98.6:1.4 by chiral HPLC. 70% recovery of the desired isomer, 35% yield from the racemic Compound 306. #6: C₂₀H₁₆ClN₂O₄P 414.78gmol^“‘ m/z (ESI+): 415.1 (MH⁺, 100%), 417.0 (MH⁺, 35%) [α]_D ²⁵ : -47.51 (c, 10.66mgml^“‘ in EtOAc) [Opposite enantiomer [α]_D ²⁵ : +47.26 (c, 9.60mgml^“‘ in EtOAc)] ¹H NMR δ_H (400 MHz, d6-DMSO): 2.33 (3 H, s, Ar-CH₃), 3.71 (3H, d, CH₃OP), 6.50 (1Η, d, CH=CHCN), 7.36 (1Η, dd, H-6), 7.57 (1Η, d, H-I), 7.66-7.71 (2Η, m, H-4, Ar-H_orth_o), 7.67 (1Η, d, CH=CHCN), 7.84 (IH, d, Ar-H_ortho), 7.98 (1Η, s, Ar-H_para), 12.97 (1Η, s, N-H), 14.38 (1Η, br-s, COOH) Multiple δc values indicate splitting of carbon signal due to P. ¹³C NMR δc (100 MHz, d6-DMSO): 20.68 (Ar-CH₃), 51.70 (CH₃OP), 98.15 (CH=CHCN), 102.33, 103.85, 1 14.98, 120.91 (3 x Q, 118.47 (CN), 125.39 (C), 126.78 (Q, 127.74, 127.86 (C- H_ortho), 129.78, 129.88 (Q, 131.25 (Q, 132.06 (Q, 133.44, 133.55 (Q, 133.89, 134.05 (Q, 134.62, 134.75 (Q, 135.47, 135.66 (Q, 138.78, 138.91 (Q, 149.62 (CH=CHCN), 160.40 (C=O) ³¹P NMR δ_P (162 MHz, d6-DMSO): 33.50 (IP, s)

Compound HI

[00358] A suitable reactor was charged with Compound 306 (0.63g, O.OOHmol) and 1 ,2-dimethoxyethane (10ml.) The mix was treated with 1,1-carbonyldiimidazole (0.47g, 0.0028mol) added in one portion, and the mix was allowed to stir at ambient temperature until gas evolution ceased (ca. 1.5 hours.) The solution was then cooled to 5⁰C, and was sparged with ammonia gas for 5 minutes. HPLC (Method 20, product RT=5.0 min) showed a complete reaction after one hour at ambient. The reaction was quenched by the addition of 1Og crushed ice, and was concentrated under reduced pressure to remove the DME. The resulting slurry was stirred for one hour at 5⁰C to granulate the product. The solids were filtered and dried to leave pure Compound III ((2-Carbamoyl-5-chloro-4-fluoro-lH-indol-3- yl)-[3-((E)-2-cyano-vinyl)-5-methyl-phenyl]-(S)-phosphinic acid methyl ester) as a white solid 0.56g, 89% yield. HPLC (Method 20) chemical purity 98.5%. Chiral purity 97%. [00359] A suitable reactor was charged with Compound 306 (1Og, 0.024mol) and 1,2- dimethoxyethane (150ml). The mix was treated with 1,1-carbonyldiimidazole (7.8g, 0.048mol) added in one portion, and the mix was allowed to stir at ambient temperature until gas evolution ceased. The solution was then cooled to 5°C, and was sparged with ammonia gas for 5 minutes. HPLC (Method 20, product RT=5.0 min) showed a complete reaction after one hour. The reaction was quenched by the addition of lOOg crushed ice, and was concentrated under reduced pressure to remove the DME. The resulting oily solid (in water) was diluted with methanol (20ml) and stirred for one hour at 5⁰C to granulate the product. The solids were filtered and dried to leave pure Compound III ((2-Carbamoyl-5- chloro-4-fluoro-lH-indol-3-yl)-[3-((E)-2-cyano-vinyl)-5-methyl-phenyI]-(S)-phosphinic acid methyl ester). 9.8g, 98% yield. HPLC (Method 20) chemical purity 99.5%. Chiral purity 94.3%.

Compound III: C₂₀Hi₇ClN₃O₃P 413.79gmol^“‘ m/z (ESI+): 414.1 (MH⁺, 100%), 416.1 (MH⁺, 35%)

v_max (KBr disc) (cm^“1) 1620.0 (amide I), 1670.6 (amide II), 2218.7 (CN), 3125.5, 3291.9 (N-H)

[α]_D ²⁰ : -75.08 (c, 9.04mgmr’ in CHCl₃)

m.p.: 144- 148⁰C transition to opaque semi-solid, 209-210⁰C melts

Elemental analysis: C₂₀H₁₇ClN₃O₃P calculated C 58.05%, H 4.14%, N 10.15%, Cl 8.57%, P 7.49%. Found C 58.13%, H 4.08%, N 10.16%, Cl 8.69%, P 7.44%

¹H NMR δ_H (400 MHz, d6-DMSO): 2.32 (3H, s, Ar-CH₃), 3.74 (3Η, d, CH₃OP), 6.52 (1Η, d, CH=CHCN), 7.30 (1Η, dd, H-6), 7.53-7.58 (3Η, m, H-4, H-7, H-6′), 7.68 (1Η, d, CH=CHCN), 7.73 (IH, s, H-4′), 7.75 (1Η, d, H-2′), 8.02, 10.15 (2 x 1Η, 2 x s, NH₂), 12.80 (1Η, s, N-H) Multiple δ_c values indicate splitting of carbon signal due to P.

¹³C NMR δ_c(100 MHz, d6-DMSO): 20.77 (Ar-CH₃), 51.75, 51.81 (CH₃OP), 98.39, 98.91 (C-3), 98.44 (CH=CHCN), 1 15.05 (C-7), 1 18.53 (CN), 119.96 (C-4), 124.73 (C-6), 126.68 (C-5), 127.15, 127.26 (C-2′), 129.25, 129.35 (C-9), 131.37 (C-4′), 132.45, 134.04 (C-I ‘), 132.69, 132.80 (C-6′), 133.92 (C-8), 134.30, 134.44 (C-3′), 139.33, 139.46 (C-5’), 139.96, 140.17 (C-2), 149.55 (CH=CHCN), 160.65 (C=O)

³¹P NMR δ_P (162 MHz, d6-DMSO): 33.72 (IP, s)

PATENT

http://www.google.ch/patents/WO2009120914A1?cl=en&hl=de

(2-carbamoyl-5-chloro-lH-indol-3-yl)-[3-((E)-2-cyano-vinyl)-5-methyl-phenyl]- (7?)-phosphinic acid methyl ester (I):

WO2008042240A2 *	28. Sept. 2007	10. Apr. 2008	Idenix Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	Enantiomerically pure phosphoindoles as hiv inhibitors
US20060074054 *	16. Sept. 2005	6. Apr. 2006	Richard Storer	Phospho-indoles as HIV inhibitors

Figure 7 provides an infrared spectrum of Form I.

Paper

Development of an Efficient Manufacturing Process to GSK2248761A API

Celine Bret^†§, Elaine Smith^†, Erica Vit^†§, Jerome F. Hayes ^*^†

, John D. Hayler^†

, Alan Ironmonger^†, David Pascoe^†, Neil Hodnett^†, Jonathan Stanway^†, Stephen Etridge^†, Alistair Stewart^‡⊥, Jingyang Wang^‡⊥, Benjamin A. Mayes^‡⊥, and Adel Moussa^‡⊥

^† GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Center, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, U.K.

^‡ Merck & Co. Inc., 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States

Org. Process Res. Dev., Article ASAP

DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00357

*E-mail: Jerome.Hayes@gsk.com.

Amidation of indole 2-carboxylate 1 with ammonia gas via the imidazolide 2 gave GSK2248761A API 3, which was in development for the treatment of HIV. Three significant impurities, namely the phosphinic acid 4, the N-acyl urea 8, and the indoloyl carboxamide 6, were formed during the reaction, and the original process was unable to produce API within clinical specification when run at scale. Investigation into the origin, fate, and control of these impurities led to a new process which was able to produce API within clinical specification.

¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 2.37 (s, 3H), 3.86 (d, J = 15.0 Hz, 3H), 5.86 (d, J = 15.0 Hz, 1H), 5.94 (s, 1H), 7.33 (dd, J = 9.0 Hz, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (d, J = 15.5 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (s, 1H), 7.49 (dd, J = 9.0 Hz, J = 1.5 Hz, 1H) 7.60 (d, J = 13.5 Hz, 1H), 7.64 (d, J = 13.5 Hz, 1H), 7.65 (d, J = 1.5 Hz, 1H), 10.40 (s, 1H), 10.88 (s, 1H);

¹³C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 21.3, 52.1, 98.1, 100.5 (d, J = 152.5 Hz), 113.9, 117.6, 120.9, 126.2, 126.5 (d, J = 11.3 Hz) 128.7, 129.9 (d, J = 10.1 Hz), 131.7, 133.0 (d, J = 151.2 Hz), 133.2 (d, J = 8.8 Hz), 133.4 (d, J = 10.1 Hz), 134.1 (d, J= 15.1 Hz), 138.7, 139.9, 149.2 and 161.2;

³¹P NMR (202 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 31.4.

IR ν (cm^–1) 3280, 3065, 1679, 1619, 1402, 1195 and 1010.

HRMS calcd for C₂₀H₁₈ClN₃O₃P: 414.0769; HRMS found [M + H]⁺: 414.0760.

PAPER

Development and Scale-Up of a Manufacturing Route for the Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor GSK2248761A (IDX-899): Synthesis of an Advanced Key Chiral Intermediate

Richard Bellingham^†§, Gary Borrett^†, Guillaume Bret^†§, Bernadette Choudary^†§, David Colclough^†§, Jerome Hayes^†

, John Hayler^†

, Neil Hodnett^†, Alan Ironmonger ^*^†, Augustine Ochen^†, David Pascoe^†, John Richardson^†§, Erica Vit^†§, François-René Alexandre^‡

, Catherine Caillet^‡∥, Agnès Amador^‡∥, Stéphanie Bot^‡, Séverine Bonaric^‡∥, Daniel da Costa^‡, Marie-Pierre Lioure^‡, Arlène Roland^‡∥, Elodie Rosinovsky^‡∥, Christophe Parsy^‡∥, and Cyril B. Dousson^‡

^† GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K.

^‡ Merck & Co., Inc.,126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States

Org. Process Res. Dev., Article ASAP

DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00356

*E-mail: Alan.2.Ironmonger@gsk.com.

Abstract

A new and improved synthetic route to an intermediate in the synthesis of the phosphinate ester GSK2248761A is described. In the key step, we describe the first process-scale example of a palladium-catalyzed phosphorus–carbon coupling to give the entire backbone of GSK2248761A in one telescoped stage in 65% average yield on a 68 kg scale. This unusual chemistry enabled the route to be reduced from six chemistry stages to four and eliminated a number of environmentally unfriendly reagents and solvents.

REFERENCES

1: Dousson C, Alexandre FR, Amador A, Bonaric S, Bot S, Caillet C, Convard T, da Costa D, Lioure MP, Roland A, Rosinovsky E, Maldonado S, Parsy C, Trochet C, Storer R, Stewart A, Wang J, Mayes BA, Musiu C, Poddesu B, Vargiu L, Liuzzi M, Moussa A, Jakubik J, Hubbard L, Seifer M, Standring D. Discovery of the Aryl-phospho-indole IDX899, a Highly Potent Anti-HIV Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor. J Med Chem. 2016 Feb 3. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 26804933.

2: Margolis DA, Eron JJ, DeJesus E, White S, Wannamaker P, Stancil B, Johnson M. Unexpected finding of delayed-onset seizures in HIV-positive, treatment-experienced subjects in the Phase IIb evaluation of fosdevirine (GSK2248761). Antivir Ther. 2014;19(1):69-78. doi: 10.3851/IMP2689. Epub 2013 Oct 24. PubMed PMID: 24158593.

3: Ölgen S. Recent development of new substituted indole and azaindole derivatives as anti-HIV agents. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2013 Oct;13(12):1700-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 23895189.

4: Castellino S, Groseclose MR, Sigafoos J, Wagner D, de Serres M, Polli JW, Romach E, Myer J, Hamilton B. Central nervous system disposition and metabolism of Fosdevirine (GSK2248761), a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor: an LC-MS and Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging MS investigation into central nervous system toxicity. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Feb 18;26(2):241-51. doi: 10.1021/tx3004196. Epub 2012 Dec 20. PubMed PMID: 23227887.

5: Zala C, St Clair M, Dudas K, Kim J, Lou Y, White S, Piscitelli S, Dumont E, Pietropaolo K, Zhou XJ, Mayers D. Safety and efficacy of GSK2248761, a next-generation nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, in treatment-naive HIV-1-infected subjects. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012 May;56(5):2570-5. doi: 10.1128/AAC.05597-11. Epub 2012 Feb 6. PubMed PMID: 22314532; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3346662.

6: Piscitelli S, Kim J, Gould E, Lou Y, White S, de Serres M, Johnson M, Zhou XJ, Pietropaolo K, Mayers D. Drug interaction profile for GSK2248761, a next generation non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2012 Aug;74(2):336-45. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04194.x. PubMed PMID: 22288567; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3630753.

7: La Regina G, Coluccia A, Silvestri R. Looking for an active conformation of the future HIV type-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Antivir Chem Chemother. 2010 Aug 11;20(6):213-37. doi: 10.3851/IMP1607. Review. PubMed PMID: 20710063.

8: Klibanov OM, Kaczor RL. IDX-899, an aryl phosphinate-indole non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor for the potential treatment of HIV infection. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2010 Feb;11(2):237-45. Review. PubMed PMID: 20112173.

9: Zhou XJ, Garner RC, Nicholson S, Kissling CJ, Mayers D. Microdose pharmacokinetics of IDX899 and IDX989, candidate HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, following oral and intravenous administration in healthy male subjects. J Clin Pharmacol. 2009 Dec;49(12):1408-16. doi: 10.1177/0091270009343698. Epub 2009 Sep 23. PubMed PMID: 19776293.

10: Zhou XJ, Pietropaolo K, Damphousse D, Belanger B, Chen J, Sullivan-Bólyai J, Mayers D. Single-dose escalation and multiple-dose safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of IDX899, a candidate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, in healthy subjects. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009 May;53(5):1739-46. doi: 10.1128/AAC.01479-08. Epub 2009 Feb 17. PubMed PMID: 19223643; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2681571.

11: Mascolini M, Larder BA, Boucher CA, Richman DD, Mellors JW. Broad advances in understanding HIV resistance to antiretrovirals: report on the XVII International HIV Drug Resistance Workshop. Antivir Ther. 2008;13(8):1097-113. PubMed PMID: 19195337.

12: Dalton P. Two new NNRTIs enter the pipeline. Proj Inf Perspect. 2008 Sep;(46):13. PubMed PMID: 19048672.

13: Sweeney ZK, Klumpp K. Improving non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors for first-line treatment of HIV infection: the development pipeline and recent clinical data. Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel. 2008 Jul;11(4):458-70. Review. PubMed PMID: 18600563.

/////////////GSK2248761A , IDX899, Fosdevirine, PHASE 2

CC1=CC(=CC(=C1)C=CC#N)P(=O)(C2=C(NC3=C2C=C(C=C3)Cl)C(=O)N)OC

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