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DRUG APPROVALS BY DR ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO
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Capromorelin
N-[(2R)-1-[(3aR)-2-methyl-3-oxo-3a-(phenylmethyl)-6,7-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridin-5-yl]-1-oxo-3-(phenylmethoxy)propan-2-yl]-2-amino-2-methylpropanamide
2-Amino-N-[2-[3a(R)-benzyl-2-methyl-3-oxo-3,3a,4,5,6,7-hexahydro-2H-pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridin-5-yl]-1(R)-(benzyloxymethyl)-2-oxoethyl]isobutyramide
CP-424391-18, (3ar)-3a-benzyl-2-methyl-5-(2-methylalanyl-o-benzyl-d-seryl)-3-oxo-3,3a,4,5,6,7-hexahydro-2h-pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridine
Gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD)
193273-66-4 free form
193270-49-4 (monoHCl)
193273-67-5 (monomesylate)
193273-69-7 (L-tartrate(1:1))
505.6086
C28 H35 N5 O4
CP-424391
RQ-00000005
CP-424391-18 (tartrate)
Pfizer (Originator)
RaQualia
Phase II
Capromorelin (CP-424,391) is an investigational medication developed by the Pfizer drug company.[2] [3] It functions as a growth hormone secretagogue and ghrelin mimetic which causes the body to secrete human growth hormone in a way usually seen at puberty and in young adulthood. Initial studies have shown the drug to directly raise insulin growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and growth hormone levels.[4]
The drug is being considered for its therapeutic value in aging adults because elderly people have much lower levels of growth hormone and less lean muscle mass, which can result in weakness and frailty.[5]
In a one-year treatment trial (starting 1999) with 395 seniors between 65 and 84 years old, patients who received the drug gained an average of 3 lb (1.4 kg) in lean body mass in the first six months and also were better able to walk in a straight line in a test of balance, strength and coordination. After 12 months, patients receiving capromorelin also had an improved ability to climb stairs, however the results were not good enough to continue the trial for the 2nd planned year.[6]
Capromorelin, however, has not been approved by major regulatory bodies such as the World Health Organization, the European Medicines Agency or the United States FDA. In the U.S. at least, approval is not expected to be forthcoming any time soon, because the FDA does not consider aging a disease, and so requires extraordinary evidence of benefit and non-toxicity to approve a drug for use as an anti-aging agent.[7]
Ghrelin is a peptide that promotes a growth hormone secreted by the stomach and exhibits a variety of physiological effects, including the promotion of appetite, gastrointestinal tract motility and stomach acid secretion, as well as improved heart function. Capromorelin (RQ-00000005) is a ghrelin receptor agonist and, because it has been shown to increase body weight without increasing body fat and to improve motility and appetite in the elderly, it has the potential for many uses, including frailty and GERD.
…………………………………………………………………
WO 1997024369
https://www.google.com/patents/WO1997024369A1?cl=en
…………………………..
EP 0869968; JP 1999501945; WO 9724369
The intermediate dipeptide (VI) was prepared by two similar ways. Treatment of N-Boc-O-benzyl-D-serine (I) with MeI and K2CO3 produced the methyl ester (II). Subsequent deprotection of the Boc group of (II) with trifluoroacetic acid gave aminoester (III), which was coupled with N-Boc-alpha-methylalanine (IV) using EDC and HOBt yielding (V). Hydrolysis of the resulting dipeptide ester (V) then provided intermediate (VI). In an alternative procedure, N-Boc-alpha-methyl alanine (IV) was activated as the N-hydroxysuccinimidyl ester (VII), which was condensed with O-benzyl-D-serine (VIII) to produce dipeptide (VI).
Methyl 4-oxopiperidine-3-carboxylate (IX) was protected as the tert-butyl carbamate (X) with Boc2O. This was alkylated with benzyl bromide in the presence of NaH to provide the racemic benzyl derivative (XI). Subsequent cyclization of (XI) with methylhydrazine produced the pyrazolopyridine (XII), which was deprotected with trifluoroacetic acid. The resulting amine (XIII) was then coupled with dipeptide (VI) using EDC and HOBt to afford the diastereomeric amides (XIV). After chromatographic isolation of the (R,R)-diastereoisomer, acid deprotection of the Boc group furnished the title compound.
Carpino, P.A.; Lefker, B.A.; Toler, S.M.; et al.
Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel series of pyrazolidone-piperidine growth hormone secretagogues
216th ACS Natl Meet (August 23-27, Boston) 1998, Abst MEDI 276
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12-31-1998
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TREATMENT OF INSULIN RESISTANCE WITH GROWTH HORMONE SECRETAGOGUES
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3-16-2005
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Treatment of insulin resistance
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2-2-2005
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Neuroprotective drug
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1-7-2004
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Process for preparing growth hormone secretagogues
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4-2-2003
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Process for preparing growth hormone secretagogues
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9-11-2002
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Treatment of insulin resistance with growth hormone secretagogues
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9-27-2000
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Heterocyclic compounds
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8-30-2000
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Growth hormone secretagogues
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8-23-2000
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Heterocyclic compounds
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12-24-1999
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THERAPEUTIC COMBINATIONS OF (SELECTIVE) ESTROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATORS (SERM) AND GROWTH HORMONE SECRETAGOGUES (GHS) FOR TREATING MUSCULOSKELETAL FRAILTY
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4-23-1999
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PROSTAGLANDIN AGONISTS AND THEIR USE TO TREAT BONE DISORDERS
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10-19-2011
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Method of Stimulating the Motility of the Gastrointestinal System Using Growth Hormone Secretagogues
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12-5-2008
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Methods of treating emesis using growth hormone secretagogues
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10-24-2008
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Growth-Hormone Secretagogues
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8-29-2008
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Method of treating cell proliferative disorders using growth hormone secretagogues
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2-29-2008
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Treatment For Alzheimer’s Disease And Related Conditions
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8-17-2007
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Method of stimulating the motility of the gastrointestinal system using growth hormone secretagogues
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5-3-2007
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GROWTH-HORMONE SECRETAGOGUES
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8-18-2006
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Combination of gh secret agogues and pde4 inhibitors for the treatment of alzheimers disease
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11-25-2005
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Method of reducing C-reactive protein using growth hormone secretagogues
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3-25-2005
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Pharmaceutical compositions and methods comprising combinations of 2-alkylidene-19-nor-vitamin D derivatives and a growth hormone secretagogue
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DR ANTHONY
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Taltirelin Талтирелин
N-{[(4S)-1-methyl-2,6-dioxohexahydropyrimidin-4-yl]carbonyl}-L-histidyl-L-prolinamide
(S)-1-Methyl-4,5-dihydroorotyl-L-histidyl-L-prolinamide
(S)-N-(1-Methyl-2,6-dioxohexahydropyrimidin-4-ylcarbonyl)-L-histidyl-L-prolinamide
launched 2000 by Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma
| Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Ltd. |
Taltirelin (marketed under the tradename Ceredist) is a thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) analog, which mimics the physiological actions of TRH, but with a much longer half-life and duration of effects,[1] and little development of tolerance following prolonged dosing.[2] It has nootropic,[3] neuroprotective[4] and analgesic effects.[5]
Taltirelin is primarily being researched for the treatment of spinocerebellar ataxia; limited research has also been carried out with regard to other neurodegenerative disorders, e.g., spinal muscular atrophy.[6][7][8]
Taltirelin is a thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) analog that was first commercialized by Tanabe Seiyaku (now Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma) in Japan in 2000 for the oral treatment of ataxia due to spinocerebellar degeneration.
In 2008, the company filed a regulatory application seeking approval of taltirelin orally disintegrating tablets for the treatment of spinocerebellar degeneration, and in 2009 the approval was received for this formulation.
TRH is a tripeptide hormone that stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone and prolactin by the anterior pituitary. TRH is produced by the hypothalamus and travels across the median eminence to the pituitary via the hypophyseal portal system.
Taltirelin (TAL) is a thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) analog that is approved for use in humans in Japan. In this study, we characterized TAL binding to and signaling by the human TRH receptor (TRH-R) in a model cell system. We found that TAL exhibited lower binding affinities than TRH and lower signaling potency via the inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate/calcium pathway than TRH. However, TAL exhibited higher intrinsic efficacy than TRH in stimulating inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate second messenger generation. This is the first study that elucidates the pharmacology of TAL at TRH-R and shows that TAL is a superagonist at TRH-R
……………………………
Synthesis and central nervous system actions of thyrotropin-releasing hormone analogues containing a dihydroorotic acid moiety
J Med Chem 1990, 33(8): 2130\
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jm00170a013
………………
http://www.google.com/patents/US4665056
EXAMPLE 2
(1) 1.56 g of 1-methyl-L-4,5-dihydroorotic acid and 1.15 g of N-hydroxysuccinimide are dissolved in 30 ml of dimethylformamide, and 2.06 g of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide are added thereto at 0° C. The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The solution thus obtained is hereinafter referred to as “Solution A”. On the other hand, 3.43 g of benzyl L-histidyl-L-prolinate.2HCl are dissolved in dimethylformamide, and 1.67 g of triethylamine are added thereto. The mixture is stirred at 0° C. for 20 minutes, and insoluble materials are filtered off. The filtrate is added to “Solution A”, and the mixture is stirred at 0° C. for 4 hours and then at 10° C. for one day. Insoluble materials are filtered off, and the filtrate is concentrated under reduced pressure at 40° C. to remove dimethylformamide. The residue is dissolved in water, and insoluble materials are filtered off. The filtrate is adjusted to pH 8 with sodium bicarbonate and then passed through a column packed with CHP-20P resin. The column is washed with 500 ml of water, 500 ml of 20% methanol and 300 ml of 50% methanol, successively. Then, the desired product is eluted with 70% methanol. The fractions which are positive to the Pauly’s reaction are collected from the eluate and concentrated under reduced pressure, whereby 3.65 g of benzyl (1-methyl-L-4,5-dihydroorotyl)-L-histidyl-L-prolinate are obtained as an oil.
IRνmax chloroform (cm-1) 3300, 1725, 1680.
650 mg of the product obtained above are dissolved in 1 N-HCl and then lyophilized to give 690 mg of benzyl (1-methyl-L-4,5-dihydroorotyl)-L-histidyl-L-prolinate.HCl.H2 O as powder.
[α]D 22 : -39.8° (C=0.5, H2 O).
IRνmax nujol (cm-1): 1720, 1640-1680.
NMR (DMSO-d6, δ): 1.7-2.4 (m, 4H), 2.90 (s, 3H), 2.4-3.9 (m, 6H), 3.9-4.2 (m, 1H), 4.3-4.5 (m, 1H), 4.6-5.0 (m, 1H), 5.09 (s, 2H), 7.2-7.5 (m, 5H), 8.96 (s, 1H).
Mass (m/e): 496 (M+).
(2) 700 mg of benzyl (1-methyl-L-4,5-dihydroorotyl)-L-histidyl-L-prolinate are dissolved in 20 ml of methanol, and 20 mg of palladium-black are added thereto. The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 3 hours in hydrogen gas. 20 ml of water are added to the reaction mixture, and the catalyst is filtered off. The filtrate is evaporated to remove solvent. The residue is crystallized with methanol, whereby 290 mg of (1-methyl-L-4,5-dihydroorotyl)-L-histidyl-L-proline.5/4 H2 O are obtained.
M.p.: 233°-236° C. (decomp.).
[α]D 20 : -17.2° (C=0.5, H2 O).
IRνmax nujol (cm-1): 1715, 1680, 1630.
NMR (D2 O, δ): 1.7-2.4 (m, 4H), 2.6-3.9 (m, 6H), 3.03 (s, 3H), 4.0-4.45 (m, 2H), 4.95 (t, 1H), 7.27 (s, 1H), 8.57 (s, 1H).
(3) A mixture of 4.29 g of (1-methyl-L-4,5-dihydroorotyl)-L-histidyl-L-proline, 1.15 g of N-hydroxysuccinimide, 2.26 g of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and 30 ml of dimethylformamide is stirred at 0° C. for 40 minutes and at room temperature for 80 minutes. 30 ml of 15% ammonia-methanol are then added to the mixture at 0° C., and the mixture is stirred at 0° C. for 30 minutes and at room temperature for one hour. Insoluble materials are filtered off, and the filtrate is evaporated to remove dimethylformamide. The residue is dissolved in 20 ml of water, and insoluble materials are again filtered off. The filtrate is adjusted to pH 8 with sodium bicarbonate and then passed through a column packed with CHP-20P resin. After the column is washed with 2 liters of water, the desired product is eluted with 10% methanol. The fractions which are positive to the Pauly’s reaction are collected and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue is dissolved in 10 ml of water, and allowed to stand in a refrigerator. Crystalline precipitates are collected by filtration, washed with water, and then dried at 25° C. for one day, whereby 3.3 g of (1-methyl-L-4,5-dihydroorotyl)-L-histidyl-L-prolinamide.7/2 H2 O are obtained.
M.p.: 72°-75° C.
[α]D 25 : -13.6° (C=1, H2 O).
IRνmax nujol (cm-1): 3400, 3250, 1710, 1660, 1610, 1540.
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Late-stage clinical data has shown Lilly’s experimental diabetes drug Peglispro to be better at reducing blood sugar in patients with type II diabetes than Sanofi’s Lantus – the world’s most prescribed insulin.
The US drugmaker says it expects to file for approval of its basal insulin (BIL) by the first quarter of next year, after three Phase III studies showed it induced “a statistically superior reduction in HbA1c” compared with Lantus.
………….
Breast cancer stem cells exist in two different states and each state plays a role in how cancer spreads, according to an international collaboration of researchers. Their finding sheds new light on the process that makes cancer a deadly disease.
http://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-01-breast-cancer-stem-cell.html
GSK2606414
1-(5-(4-amino-7-methyl-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)indolin-1-yl)-2-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ethanone
1-[5-(4-Amino-7-methyl-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)indolin-1-yl]-2-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)ethanone
CAS: 1337531-36-8
Formula: C24H20F3N5O
Exact Mass: 451.16199
Glaxosmithkline Llc innovator
CS-1428, QC-9698, GSK 2606414, KB-145925, GSK2606414|1337531-36-8|GSK-2606414
nmr ………http://www.medkoo.com/Product-Data/GSK2606414/GSK2606414-QC-APC40116Web.pdf
GSK2606414 is an orally available, potent, and selective PERK inhibitor. GSK2606414 inhibits PERK activation in cells and inhibits the growth of a human tumor xenograft in mice. Protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) is activated in response to a variety of endoplasmic reticulum stresses implicated in numerous disease states. Evidence that PERK is implicated in tumorigenesis and cancer cell survival stimulated our search for small molecule inhibitors. (12/13/2013).
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In vitro protocol: |
J Med Chem. 2012 Aug 23;55(16):7193-207 |
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In vivo protocol: |
J Med Chem. 2012 Aug 23;55(16):7193-207 |
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The chemical structures of GSK2606414 and GSK2656157 are very similar. The following graphic is a side-by-side comparison.
 |
GSK2606414 is a drug which is the first selective inhibitor discovered for the enzyme protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), which is involved in various processes relating to cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. GSK2606414 was found to be a potent and selective inhibitor of PERK, with good oral bioavailability and blood-brain barrier penetration.[1] PERK mediates the unfolded protein response pathway which is involved in the initiation of protein synthesis, and this pathway has been implicated in the neurotoxicity of various diseases including prion and Alzheimer’s diseases. Treatment with GSK2606414 was found to be neuroprotective in mice against damage caused by prions, and prevented the development of cognitive deficits and other clinical manifestations of prion disease. Extension of lifespan in treated mice was, however, not recorded. However, side effects such as weight loss and elevated blood glucose levels were also observed, likely due to unwanted inhibition of PERK in the pancreas gland, where it is involved in regulating insulin production.[2]
http://www.google.com/patents/WO2011119663A1?cl=en
Example 35
5-{1 -[(3-fluorophenyl)acetyl]-2,3-dihydro-1 H-indol-5-yl}-7-methyl-7H-pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidin-4-amine
In a 20 mL vial with cap, to the solution of 5-(2,3-dihydro-1 H-indol-5-yl)-7-methyl-7H- pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine2HCI (70.6 mg, 0.209 mmol), (3-fluorophenyl)acetic acid (32.2 mg, 0.209 mmol), HATU (79 mg, 0.209 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) was added Hunig’s base (0.146 mL, 0.836 mmol). The mixture was stirred at rt for over night. LCMS showed reaction was completed. The reaction was poured into water, white solid formed. The solid was filtered and dried to afford a white solid as the product. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO- cfe) δ ppm 3.23 (t, J=8.46 Hz, 2 H), 3.73 (s, 3 H), 3.92 (s, 2 H), 4.19 – 4.26 (m, 2 H), 7.08 – 7.1 1 (m, 1 H), 7.12 – 7.17 (m, 2 H), 7.23 (d, J=8.34 Hz, 1 H), 7.25 (s, 1 H), 7.31 (s, 1 H), 7.36 (s, 1 H), 7.39 (d, J=6.82 Hz, 1 H), 8.10 – 8.17 (m, 2 H).
1: Axten JM, Medina JR, Feng Y, Shu A, Romeril SP, Grant SW, Li WH, Heerding DA, Minthorn E, Mencken T, Atkins C, Liu Q, Rabindran S, Kumar R, Hong X, Goetz A, Stanley T, Taylor JD, Sigethy SD, Tomberlin GH, Hassell AM, Kahler KM, Shewchuk LM, Gampe RT. Discovery of 7-methyl-5-(1-{[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]acetyl}-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-5-yl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine (GSK2606414), a potent and selective first-in-class inhibitor of protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK). J Med Chem. 2012 Aug 23;55(16):7193-207. doi: 10.1021/jm300713s. Epub 2012 Aug 8. PubMed PMID: 22827572
.
Saracatinib
NCGC00241099, cas 379231-04-6
893428-71-2 (trihydrate)
N-(5-Chloro-1,3-benzodioxol-4-yl)-7-[2-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)ethoxy]-5-[(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)oxy]-4-quinazolinamine
N-(5-Chloro-1,3-benzodioxol-4-yl)-7-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)ethoxy]-5-(tetrahydropyran-4-yloxy)quinazolin-4-amine
4-(6-chloro-2,3-methylenedioxyanilino)-7-[2-(4-methyIpiperazin-l-yI)ethoxy]- 5-tetrahydropyran-4-yloxyquinazoline
4-(6-chloro-2,3-methylenedioxyanilino)- 7-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-l -yl)ethoxy]-5-tetrahydropyran-4-yloxyquinazoline
AZD0530
C27H32ClN5O5
542.03
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP
| Astrazeneca Ab, Astrazeneca Uk Ltd, |
Saracatinib (AZD0530) is a highly selective, orally available, dual-specific Src/Abl kinase inhibitor with IC50 of 2.7 and 30 nM for c-Src and Abl kinase, respectively.Saracatinib (AZD0530) demonstrated potent antimigratory and antiinvasive effects in vitro, and inhibited metastasis in a murine model of bladder cancer. Antiproliferative activity of AZD0530 in vitro varied between cell lines (IC50=0.2 ~10 mM).
c-Src, Bcr–Abl, Yes1, Lck.target
AZD0530 is orally available 5-, 7-substituted anilinoquinazoline with anti-invasive and anti-tumor activities. AZD0530 is a dual-specific inhibitor of Src and Abl, protein tyrosine kinases that are overexpressed in chronic myeloid leukemia cells. This agent binds to and inhibits these tyrosine kinases and their effects on cell motility, cell migration, adhesion, invasion, proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Specifically, AZD0530 inhibits Src kinase-mediated osteoclast bone resorption.
AZD-0530 is a highly selective, dual-specific small molecule Src/Abl kinase inhibitor currently in phase II/III clinical trials at AstraZeneca for the treatment of ovarian cancer. Phase II clinical trials are also under way at the company for the treatment of solid tumors and hematological neoplasms. The Mayo Clinic is developing AZD-0530 in phase II clinical studies for the treatment of metastatic pancreas cancer.
Additional phase II trials are under way at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) for the treatment of colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, stomach cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, stage II or IV melanoma and thymic malignancies. A phase II trial for pancreatic cancer has been suspended. Src and Abl kinase are highly expressed in various human tumor types. No recent development has been reported for research into the treatment of head and neck cancer.
Phase II study of Saracatinib (AZD0530) for for the treatment of patients with hormone receptor-negative metastatic breast cancer : Nine patients were treated on study. After a median of 2 cycles (range 1-3), no patient had achieved CR, PR, or SD >6 months. The median time to treatment failure was 82 days (12-109 days).The majority (89%) of patients discontinued saracatinib because of disease progression. One patient acquired potentially treatment-related grade 4 hypoxia with interstitial infiltrates and was removed from the study. Common adverse events included fatigue, elevated liver enzymes, nausea, hyponatremia, dyspnea, cough, and adrenal insufficiency. CONCLUSIONS: These efficacy results were not sufficiently promising to justify continued accrual to this study. Based on this series, saracatinib does not appear to have significant single-agent activity for the treatment of patients with ER(-)/PR(-) MBC. (source: Clin Breast Cancer. 2011 Oct;11(5):306-11.)
Phase II study of Saracatinib (AZD0530) in patients with metastatic or locally advanced gastric or gastro esophageal junction (GEJ) adenocarcinoma: Saracatinib has insufficient activity as a single agent in patients with advanced gastric adenocarcinoma to warrant further investigation. Further development in gastric cancer would require rational drug combinations or identification of a tumor phenotype sensitive to Src inhibition. (source: Invest New Drugs. 2011 Mar 12. [Epub ahead of print]).
Phase II study of saracatinib (AZD0530) for patients with recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Nine patients were enrolled. All patients had received prior radiotherapy and six patients had received prior chemotherapy for recurrent or metastatic disease. The most common adverse event was fatigue. Eight patients had progression of disease by response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (RECIST) within the first eight-week cycle and one patient was removed from the study after 11 days due to clinical decline with stable disease according to the RECIST criteria. Median overall survival was six months. The study was closed early due to lack of efficacy according to the early stopping rule. CONCLUSION: Single-agent saracatinib does not merit further study in recurrent or metastatic HNSCC. (source: Anticancer Res. 2011 Jan;31(1):249-53.)
893428-73-4 also
Saracatinib (AZD0530) is a Src inhibitor for c-Src with IC50 of 2.7 nM.
…………………………….
http://www.google.com/patents/WO2001094341A9?cl=en
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WO 2006064217
http://www.google.fm/patents/EP1871769A2?cl=en
4-(6-chloro-2,3-methylenedioxyanilino)- 7-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-l -yl)ethoxy]-5-tetrahydropyran-4-yloxyquinazoline which compound is disclosed as Compound No. 73 within the Table in Example 14 of International Patent Application WO 01/94341. That compound is described herein by way of the Formula I
and as AZD0530, the code number by which the compound is known.
AZD0530 is an inhibitor of the Src family of non-receptor tyrosine kinase enzymes and, thereby, is a selective inhibitor of the motility of tumour cells and a selective inhibitor of the dissemination and invasiveness of mammalian cancer cells leading to inhibition of metastatic tumour growth. In particular, the compound AZD0530 is an inhibitor of c-Src non-receptor tyrosine kinase and should be of value as an anti-invasive agent for use in the containment and/or treatment of solid tumour disease in the human or animal body. The route for preparing the compound of the Formula I that is disclosed in International Patent Application WO 01/94341 involves the reaction of the compound 4-(6-chloro-2,3-methylenedioxyanilino)-7-hydroxy-5-tetrahydropyran-4-yloxyquinazoline with an alkylating agent to form the 2-(4-methylpiperazin-l-yl)ethoxy side-chain at the 7-position. The product of the reaction is disclosed in WO 01/94341 in the form of a dihydrochloride salt and in the form of a free base.
Example 14 4-(6-chloro-2,3-methylenedioxyaniIino)-7-[2-(4-methyIpiperazin-l-yI)ethoxy]- 5-tetrahydropyran-4-yloxyquinazoline (route 4)
Under an atmosphere of nitrogen gas, l-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methylpiperazine (13.93 g) was added to a stirred mixture of 4-(6-chloro-2,3-methylenedioxyanilino)-7-fluoro- 5-tetrahydropyran-4-yloxyquinazoline (12.9 g), sodium te/t-pentoxide (9.87 g) and 1 ,2-diethoxyethane (37.5 ml). Water (1.34 g) and 1,2-diethoxyethane (25 ml) were added and the resultant reaction mixture was stirred and heated to 86°C for 18 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to 5O0C and, under vacuum distillation at approximately 60 millibar pressure, approximately 50 ml of reaction solvent was distilled off. The reaction mixture was neutralised to pH 7.0 to 7.6 by the addition of a mixture of concentrated aqueous hydrochloric acid (36%, 10 ml) and water (84 ml) at a rate that kept the temperature of the reaction mixture at a maximum of 6O0C. With the temperature of the reaction mixture being kept at 6O0C, the reaction mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (225 ml). The organic solution was washed with water (50 ml). Water (25 ml) was added and, with the temperature being kept at 6O0C, the mixture was stirred for 10 minutes, then allowed to stand for 30 minutes and the aqueous layer was separated. The organic layer was concentrated to a volume of about 100 ml by distillation of solvent at about 9O0C under atmospheric pressure. The residual mixture was cooled during 1 hour to 450C and held at that temperature for 2 hours to allow crystallisation of product. The mixture was warmed briefly to 550C and then cooled during 4 hours to 180C and held at that temperature for 1 hour. The crystalline precipitate was isolated by filtration and washed in turn with water (17 ml) and with tø’t-butyl methyl ether (17 ml). There was thus obtained 4-(6-chloro-2,3-πiethylenedioxyanilino)-7-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-l-yl)ethoxy]- 5-tetrahydropyran-4-yloxyquinazoline as a trihydrate (11 g; 88% purity by HPLC using Method B, retention time 7.3 minutes); NMR Spectrum: (CDCl3) 1.65 (br s, 3H), 1.9-2.05 (m, 2H), 2.2-2.3 (m, 2H), 2.31 (s, 3H), 2.4-2.8 (m, 8H), 2.9 (m, 2H), 3.6-3.7 (m, 2H), 3.95-4.05 (m, 2H), 4.2-4.25 (m, 2H), 4.8 (m,lH), 6.05 (s, 2H), 6.55 (s, IH), 6.75 (d, IH), 6.85 (s, IH), 7.0 (d, IH), 8.55 (s, IH), 9.25 (s, IH).
A portion (10 g) of the material so obtained was placed on a filter and dried at ambient temperature in a stream of dry nitrogen gas. The resultant material was dissolved at 6O0C in dry isopropanol (140 ml) whilst maintaining a dry nitrogen atmosphere. The solution was allowed to cool to ambient temperature and to stand under a dry nitrogen atmosphere for 2 days. The resultant crystalline solid was isolated by filtration under a dry nitrogen atmosphere. The material (8 g) so obtained was a crystalline anhydrous form of 4-(6-chloro-2,3-methylenedioxyanilino)-7-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-l -yl)ethoxy]- 5-tetrahydropyran-4-yloxyquinazoline, m.p. 142 to 1440C.
Example 15
4-(6-chloro-2,3-methylenedioxyanilino)-7-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-l-yl)ethoxy]- 5-tetrahydropyran-4-yloxyquinazoline difumarate salt
A mixture of 4-(6-chloro-2,3-methylenedioxyanilino)-7-[2-(4-methylpiperazin- l-yl)ethoxy]-5-tetrahydropyran-4-yloxyquinazoline trihydrate (27.1 g), isopropanol (200 ml) and water (10 ml) was heated to 75°C. A mixture of fumaric acid (12.8 g), isopropanol (200 ml) and water (40 ml) was heated to 😯0C. A portion (80 ml) of the warmed solution of the quinazoline compound was added to the fumaric acid solution whilst the temperature was maintained at 750C. The resultant mixture was stirred at 750C for 75 minutes. The remainder of the quinazoline compound solution was added during 1 hour whilst the temperature was maintained at 750C. Isopropanol (50 ml) was added and the resultant mixture was stirred at 750C for 7 hours. The mixture was cooled slowly over at least 25 minutes to 5O0C and was stirred at that temperature for 6 hours. The mixture was cooled slowly over at least 20 minutes to 2O0C and was stirred at that temperature for 18.5 hours. The crystalline solid was isolated by filtration, washed twice with a 10:1 mixture of isopropanol and water (50 ml and 100 ml respectively) and dried in vacuo at 450C to constant weight. There was thus obtained 4-(6-chloro- 2,3-methylenedioxyanilino)-7-[2-(4-methylρiperazin-l-yl)ethoxy]-5-tetrahydropyran- 4-yloxyquinazoline difumarate salt (37.0 g); m.p. 233-2370C; NMR Spectrum: (DMSOd6) 1.76-1.88 (m, 2H), 2.1-2.17 (m, 2H)5 2.33 (s, 3H), 2.6 (br s, 8H), 2.78 (t, 2H), 3.51-3.6 (m, 2H)3 3.83-3.9 (m, 2H), 4.24 (t, 2H)5 4.98-5.07 (m, IH), 6.07 (s, 2H)3 6.6 (s, 4H)5 6.83 (d5 IH)3 6.84 (d, IH)5 6.91 (d3 IH)5 7.05 (d, IH)3 8.33 (s, IH)3 9.18 (s, IH).
Example 16
4-(6-chloro-2,3-methyIenedioxyaniIino)-7-[2-(4-methyIpiperazin-l-yl)ethoxy]- 5-tetrahydropyran-4-yIoxyquinazolme difumarate salt
A mixture of 4-(6-chloro-2,3-methylenedioxyanilino)-7-[2-(4-methylpiperazin- l-yl)ethoxy]-5-tetrahydropyran-4-yloxyquinazoline trihydrate (27.1 g), isopropanol (210 ml) and water (30 ml) was heated to 4O0C and the mixture was filtered. The filter was washed with isopropanol (20 ml) and the washings were added to the warm filtrate. The resultant solution was warmed to 75°C.
A mixture of fumaric acid (12.8 g), isopropanol (200 ml) and water (20 ml) was heated to 700C and the resultant mixture was filtered. A portion (110 ml) of the fumaric acid solution was added to the warmed solution of 4-(6-chloro-2,3-methylenedioxyanilino)- 7-[2-(4-methylpiperazin- 1 -yl)ethoxy]-5-tetrahydropyran-4-yloxyquinazoline whilst the temperature was maintained at 75°C. Seed crystals of 4-(6-chloro-
253-methylenedioxyanilino)-7-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-l-yl)ethoxy]-5-tetrahydropyran- 4-yloxyquinazoline difumarate salt (0.02 g) were added and the resultant mixture was stirred at 750C for 1 hour. The remainder of the fumaric acid solution was added during 1 hour whilst the temperature was maintained at 750C and the resultant mixture was stirred at 750C for 14 hours.
The mixture was cooled slowly over at least 2 hours to 200C and was stirred at that temperature for 1 hour. The crystalline solid was isolated by filtration, washed twice with a 10:1 mixture of isopropanol and water (50 ml and 100 ml respectively) and dried in vacuo at 450C to constant weight. There was thus obtained 4-(6-chloro-253-methylenedioxyanilino)- 7-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-l-yl)ethoxy]-5-tetrahydropyran-4-yloxyquinazoline difumarate salt (35.8 g); m.p. 234-237°C; NMR Spectrum: (DMSOd6) 1.76-1.88 (m, 2H)5 2.1-2.17 (m5 2H)5 2.33 (s5 3H)5 2.6 (br s, 8H), 2.78 (t, 2H), 3.51-3.6 (m, 2H), 3.83-3.9 (m, 2H), 4.24 (t, 2H)5 4.98-5.07 (m, IH), 6.07 (s, 2H)5 6.6 (s, 4H), 6.83 (d, IH)5 6.84 (d, IH)5 6.91 (d, IH)5 7.05 (d, IH)5 8.33 (s5 IH)5 9.18 (s5 IH).
Example 17 4-(6-chloro-2,3-methylenedioxyanilino)-7-[2-(4-methyIpiperazin-l-yI)ethoxy]- 5-tetrahydropyran-4-yloxyquinazoline sesquifumarate salt
A mixture of 4-(6-chloro-253-methylenedioxyanilino)-7-[2-(4-methylpiperazin- l-yl)ethoxy]-5-tetrahydropyran-4-yloxyquinazoline difurnarate (0.15 g) and water (20 ml) was warmed using a heat gun to obtain a solution. The sample was allowed to evaporate slowly at ambient temperature to a volume of about 3 ml under a flow of air for 24 hours whereupon a precipitate had started to form. The mixture was placed in a refridgerator at 4°C for 2 days. The resultant precipitate was isolated by filtration and washed with water. There was thus obtained 4-(6-chloro-253-methylenedioxyanilino)-7-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-l-yl)ethoxy]- 5-tetrahydropyran-4-yloxyquinazoline as a sesquifumarate tetrahydrate salt (0.084 g) which was characterised using XRPD5 DSC5 TGA5 FTIR and solution NMR techniques.
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A simplified process for the manufacture of AZD0530, a potent SRC kinase inhibitor
Org Process Res Dev 2011, 15(3): 688
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/op100161y
Process research and development of a synthetic route towards a novel SRC kinase inhibitor is described. The Medicinal Chemistry route was very long and suffered from extensive use of chlorinated solvents and chromatography. A number of steps in the Medicinal Chemistry route were also unattractive for large-scale use for a variety of reasons. The route was modified to produce a shorter synthetic scheme that started from more readily available materials. By using the modified route, the title compound was manufactured on kilogram scale without recourse to chromatography and in significantly fewer steps. The scaled synthesis required two Mitsunobu couplings, which were developed and scaled successfully. An interesting hydrazine impurity was identified in the second Mitsunobu coupling; a mechanism for its formation is proposed, and a method for its control is described. The formation and control of some other interesting impurities are also described.
N-(5-Chloro-1,3-benzodioxol-4-yl)-7-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)ethoxy]-5-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yloxy)quinazolin-4-amine Difumarate (AZD0530 Difumarate)
Final Purification of N-(5-Chloro-1,3-benzodioxol-4-yl)-7-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)ethoxy]-5-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yloxy)quinazolin-4-amine Difumarate (AZD0530 Difumarate)
AZD0530 difumarate (4.234 kg at 89% w/w, 4.87 mol) was refluxed in a mixture of IPA (10.L) and water (10.L, Fresenius). A solution was not obtained, so further IPA (450 mL) and water (450 mL, Fresenius) were added, and the mixture was refluxed. The resulting solution was cooled to 68 °C and screened over 3.5 min through a 20 μm in-line filter into a vessel preheated to 65 °C. IPA(20.4 L) at 65 °C was added via the first vessel and in-line filter, and the resulting solution was stirred at 65 °C for 2 h. Crystallisation was evident after 20 min. The mixture was allowed to self-cool to ambient temperature overnight before filtering and washing the cake with a mixture (prescreened through a 20 μm membrane) of water (640 mL) and IPA (5.76 L). The cake was washed with IPA (6.4 L, prescreened) and MTBE (6.4 L, prescreened) and dried to constant weight under reduced pressure at 50 °C to give AZD0530 difumarate (2.865 kg, at 95.2% w/w, 3.52 mol, 72% yield). Spectroscopic analysis was in agreement with the reported data…………Ford, J. G.; McCabe, J. F.; O’Kearney-McMullan, A.; O’Keefe, P.; Pointon, S. M.; Powell, L.; Purdie, M.; Withnall, J. WO/2006/064217, 2006.
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SEE…………N-(5-Chloro-1,3-benzodioxol-4-yl)-7-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)ethoxy]-5-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yloxy)quinazolin-4-amine, a novel, highly selective, orally available, dual-specific c-Src/Abl kinase inhibitor
J Med Chem 2006, 49(22): 6465
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1: Hannon RA, Finkelman RD, Clack G, Iacona RB, Rimmer M, Gossiel F, Baselga J, Eastell R. Effects of Src kinase inhibition by saracatinib (AZD0530) on bone turnover in advanced malignancy in a Phase I study. Bone. 2012 Jan 8. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 22245630.
2: Gucalp A, Sparano JA, Caravelli J, Santamauro J, Patil S, Abbruzzi A, Pellegrino C, Bromberg J, Dang C, Theodoulou M, Massague J, Norton L, Hudis C, Traina TA. Phase II trial of saracatinib (AZD0530), an oral SRC-inhibitor for the treatment of patients with hormone receptor-negative metastatic breast cancer. Clin Breast Cancer. 2011 Oct;11(5):306-11. Epub 2011 May 3. PubMed PMID: 21729667; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3222913.
3: Mackay HJ, Au HJ, McWhirter E, Alcindor T, Jarvi A, Macalpine K, Wang L, Wright JJ, Oza AM. A phase II trial of the Src kinase inhibitor saracatinib (AZD0530) in patients with metastatic or locally advanced gastric or gastro esophageal junction (GEJ) adenocarcinoma: a trial of the PMH phase II consortium. Invest New Drugs. 2011 Mar 12. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 21400081.
4: Fury MG, Baxi S, Shen R, Kelly KW, Lipson BL, Carlson D, Stambuk H, Haque S, Pfister DG. Phase II study of saracatinib (AZD0530) for patients with recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Anticancer Res. 2011 Jan;31(1):249-53. PubMed PMID: 21273606.
5: Renouf DJ, Moore MJ, Hedley D, Gill S, Jonker D, Chen E, Walde D, Goel R, Southwood B, Gauthier I, Walsh W, McIntosh L, Seymour L. A phase I/II study of the Src inhibitor saracatinib (AZD0530) in combination with gemcitabine in advanced pancreatic cancer. Invest New Drugs. 2010 Dec 18. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 21170669.
6: Dalton RN, Chetty R, Stuart M, Iacona RB, Swaisland A. Effects of the Src inhibitor saracatinib (AZD0530) on renal function in healthy subjects. Anticancer Res. 2010 Jul;30(7):2935-42. PubMed PMID: 20683035.
7: Arcaroli JJ, Touban BM, Tan AC, Varella-Garcia M, Powell RW, Eckhardt SG, Elvin P, Gao D, Messersmith WA. Gene array and fluorescence in situ hybridization biomarkers of activity of saracatinib (AZD0530), a Src inhibitor, in a preclinical model of colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2010 Aug 15;16(16):4165-77. Epub 2010 Aug 3. PubMed PMID: 20682712.
8: Morrow CJ, Ghattas M, Smith C, Bönisch H, Bryce RA, Hickinson DM, Green TP, Dive C. Src family kinase inhibitor Saracatinib (AZD0530) impairs oxaliplatin uptake in colorectal cancer cells and blocks organic cation transporters. Cancer Res. 2010 Jul 15;70(14):5931-41. Epub 2010 Jun 15. PubMed PMID: 20551056; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2906706.
9: Hannon RA, Clack G, Rimmer M, Swaisland A, Lockton JA, Finkelman RD, Eastell R. Effects of the Src kinase inhibitor saracatinib (AZD0530) on bone turnover in healthy men: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple-ascending-dose phase I trial. J Bone Miner Res. 2010 Mar;25(3):463-71. PubMed PMID: 19775203.
10: Rajeshkumar NV, Tan AC, De Oliveira E, Womack C, Wombwell H, Morgan S, Warren MV, Walker J, Green TP, Jimeno A, Messersmith WA, Hidalgo M. Antitumor effects and biomarkers of activity of AZD0530, a Src inhibitor, in pancreatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2009 Jun 15;15(12):4138-46. Epub 2009 Jun 9. PubMed PMID: 19509160.
11: Chen Y, Guggisberg N, Jorda M, Gonzalez-Angulo A, Hennessy B, Mills GB, Tan CK, Slingerland JM. Combined Src and aromatase inhibition impairs human breast cancer growth in vivo and bypass pathways are activated in AZD0530-resistant tumors. Clin Cancer Res. 2009 May 15;15(10):3396-405. PubMed PMID: 19451593.
12: Lara PN Jr, Longmate J, Evans CP, Quinn DI, Twardowski P, Chatta G, Posadas E, Stadler W, Gandara DR. A phase II trial of the Src-kinase inhibitor AZD0530 in patients with advanced castration-resistant prostate cancer: a California Cancer Consortium study. Anticancer Drugs. 2009 Mar;20(3):179-84. PubMed PMID: 19396016; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3225398.
13: Green TP, Fennell M, Whittaker R, Curwen J, Jacobs V, Allen J, Logie A, Hargreaves J, Hickinson DM, Wilkinson RW, Elvin P, Boyer B, Carragher N, Plé PA, Bermingham A, Holdgate GA, Ward WH, Hennequin LF, Davies BR, Costello GF. Preclinical anticancer activity of the potent, oral Src inhibitor AZD0530. Mol Oncol. 2009 Jun;3(3):248-61. Epub 2009 Feb 7. PubMed PMID: 19393585.
14: de Vries TJ, Mullender MG, van Duin MA, Semeins CM, James N, Green TP, Everts V, Klein-Nulend J. The Src inhibitor AZD0530 reversibly inhibits the formation and activity of human osteoclasts. Mol Cancer Res. 2009 Apr;7(4):476-88. PubMed PMID: 19372577.
15: Schweppe RE, Kerege AA, French JD, Sharma V, Grzywa RL, Haugen BR. Inhibition of Src with AZD0530 reveals the Src-Focal Adhesion kinase complex as a novel therapeutic target in papillary and anaplastic thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Jun;94(6):2199-203. Epub 2009 Mar 17. PubMed PMID: 19293266; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2690419.
16: Purnell PR, Mack PC, Tepper CG, Evans CP, Green TP, Gumerlock PH, Lara PN, Gandara DR, Kung HJ, Gautschi O. The Src inhibitor AZD0530 blocks invasion and may act as a radiosensitizer in lung cancer cells. J Thorac Oncol. 2009 Apr;4(4):448-54. PubMed PMID: 19240653; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2716757.
17: Gwanmesia PM, Romanski A, Schwarz K, Bacic B, Ruthardt M, Ottmann OG. The effect of the dual Src/Abl kinase inhibitor AZD0530 on Philadelphia positive leukaemia cell lines. BMC Cancer. 2009 Feb 13;9:53. PubMed PMID: 19216789; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2654659.
18: Chang YM, Bai L, Liu S, Yang JC, Kung HJ, Evans CP. Src family kinase oncogenic potential and pathways in prostate cancer as revealed by AZD0530. Oncogene. 2008 Oct 23;27(49):6365-75. Epub 2008 Aug 4. PubMed PMID: 18679417.
Src inhibition with saracatinib reverses fulvestrant resistance in ER-positive ovarian cancer models in vitro and in vivo.
Simpkins et al. Clin Cancer Res. 2012 Aug 15. PMID: 22896656.
Saracatinib (AZD0530) is a potent modulator of ABCB1-mediated multidrug resistance in vitro and in vivo.
Liu et al. Int J Cancer. 2012 May 24. PMID: 22623106.
Common PIK3CA mutants and a novel 3′ UTR mutation are associated with increased sensitivity to saracatinib.
Arcaroli et al. Clin Cancer Res. 2012 May 1;18(9):2704-14. PMID: 22553375.
Phase I study of saracatinib (AZD0530) in combination with paclitaxel and/or carboplatin in patients with solid tumours.
Kaye et al. Br J Cancer. 2012 May 22;106(11):1728-34. PMID: 22531637.
Hi there, folks. It has been a while since I blogged. I decided that I would continue once again and share some of the references that I came across while perusing the journals, while using the free blog-hosting services that are available. This particular post was something I came across while looking at some stocks online. I was searching taking a look at Celgene (CELG) stock and came across this discussion regarding the tricky world of patent litigation and more specifically, its application to matters concerning crystal form and polymorphism. Having worked both sides of generic and brand-name pharma, I am interested in how this case will work out.
I know that this article’s subject matter is on the periphery of what is involved in developing a process. I have worked on crystallizations and been concerned with polymorph control, so this is a textbook case, that is current, about patent…
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TAS-102 (nonproprietary names: trifluridine and tipiracil hydrochloride)
Taiho’s Colon Cancer Drug Ups OS in Phase 3
Taiho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. announced results from its global Phase 3 RECOURSE trial on its oral combination anticancer drug TAS-102 in refractory metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Read more…
FULL STORY
TAS-102 is an anti-cancer drug under development for colorectal cancer.[1]
A phase II trial reported in 2011[2] and a phase III trial is due to end in 2014.[1][3]
TAS-102 consists of the cytotoxin trifluridine and the thymidine phosphorylase inhibitor (TPI) tipiracil.[4] Trifluridine is incorporated into DNA during DNA synthesis and inhibits tumor cell growth. Tipiracil protects trifluridine from being broken down when taken orally.[1]
Trifluridine (also called trifluorothymidine or TFT) is an anti-herpesvirus antiviral drug, used primarily on the eye. It was sold under the trade name, Viroptic, by Glaxo Wellcome, now merged into GlaxoSmithKline. The brand is now owned by Monarch Pharmaceuticals, which is wholly owned by King Pharmaceuticals.
It is a nucleoside analogue, a modified form of deoxyuridine, similar enough to be incorporated into viral DNA replication, but the -CF3 group added to the uracil component blocks base pairing.
It is a component of the experimental anti-cancer drug TAS-102.
A Cochrane Systematic Review showed that trifluridine was a more effective treatment than idoxuridine or vidarabine, significantly increasing the relative number of successfully healed eyes in 14 days.[1]
Fig 4. Open Babel bond-line chemical structure with annotated hydrogens. Click to toggle size.
Fig 5. 1H NMR spectrum of C10H11F3N2O5 in CDCL3 at 400 MHz
Tipiralacil, also known as TPI, is a thymidine phosphorylase inhibitor (TPI). Tipiracil is one of the active components in TAS-102, which is an anticancer drug candidate currently in clinical trials. TAS-102 consists of the cytotoxin Trifluridine and the thymidine phosphorylase inhibitor (TPI) tipiracil. Trifluridine is incorporated into DNA during DNA synthesis and inhibits tumor cell growth. Tipiracil protects trifluridine from being broken down when taken orally.
183204-72-0 (Tipiracil -HCl); 183204-74-2(Tipiracil ).
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References |
1: Peters GJ, Bijnsdorp IV. TAS-102: more than an antimetabolite. Lancet Oncol. 2012 Dec;13(12):e518-9. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(12)70426-6. PubMed PMID: 23182191.
2: Yoshino T, Mizunuma N, Yamazaki K, Nishina T, Komatsu Y, Baba H, Tsuji A, Yamaguchi K, Muro K, Sugimoto N, Tsuji Y, Moriwaki T, Esaki T, Hamada C, Tanase T, Ohtsu A. TAS-102 monotherapy for pretreated metastatic colorectal cancer: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012 Oct;13(10):993-1001. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(12)70345-5. Epub 2012 Aug 28. PubMed PMID: 22951287.
3: Sobrero A. TAS-102 in refractory colorectal cancer: caution is needed. Lancet Oncol. 2012 Oct;13(10):959-61. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(12)70376-5. Epub 2012 Aug 28. PubMed PMID: 22951286.
4: Doi T, Ohtsu A, Yoshino T, Boku N, Onozawa Y, Fukutomi A, Hironaka S, Koizumi W, Sasaki T. Phase I study of TAS-102 treatment in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumours. Br J Cancer. 2012 Jul 24;107(3):429-34. doi: 10.1038/bjc.2012.274. Epub 2012 Jun 26. PubMed PMID: 22735906; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3405214.
5: Suzuki N, Nakagawa F, Nukatsuka M, Fukushima M. Trifluorothymidine exhibits potent antitumor activity via the induction of DNA double-strand breaks. Exp Ther Med. 2011 May;2(3):393-397. Epub 2011 Mar 21. PubMed PMID: 22977515; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3440718.
6: Shintani M, Urano M, Takakuwa Y, Kuroda M, Kamoshida S. Immunohistochemical characterization of pyrimidine synthetic enzymes, thymidine kinase-1 and thymidylate synthase, in various types of cancer. Oncol Rep. 2010 May;23(5):1345-50. PubMed PMID: 20372850.
7: Temmink OH, Bijnsdorp IV, Prins HJ, Losekoot N, Adema AD, Smid K, Honeywell RJ, Ylstra B, Eijk PP, Fukushima M, Peters GJ. Trifluorothymidine resistance is associated with decreased thymidine kinase and equilibrative nucleoside transporter expression or increased secretory phospholipase A2. Mol Cancer Ther. 2010 Apr;9(4):1047-57. doi: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-09-0932. Epub 2010 Apr 6. PubMed PMID: 20371715.
8: Bijnsdorp IV, Kruyt FA, Fukushima M, Smid K, Gokoel S, Peters GJ. Molecular mechanism underlying the synergistic interaction between trifluorothymidine and the epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor erlotinib in human colorectal cancer cell lines. Cancer Sci. 2010 Feb;101(2):440-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01375.x. Epub 2009 Sep 29. PubMed PMID: 19886911.
9: Bijnsdorp IV, Peters GJ, Temmink OH, Fukushima M, Kruyt FA. Differential activation of cell death and autophagy results in an increased cytotoxic potential for trifluorothymidine compared to 5-fluorouracil in colon cancer cells. Int J Cancer. 2010 May 15;126(10):2457-68. doi: 10.1002/ijc.24943. PubMed PMID: 19816940.
10: Bijnsdorp IV, Kruyt FA, Gokoel S, Fukushima M, Peters GJ. Synergistic interaction between trifluorothymidine and docetaxel is sequence dependent. Cancer Sci. 2008 Nov;99(11):2302-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.00963.x. Epub 2008 Oct 18. PubMed PMID: 18957056.
11: Overman MJ, Kopetz S, Varadhachary G, Fukushima M, Kuwata K, Mita A, Wolff RA, Hoff P, Xiong H, Abbruzzese JL. Phase I clinical study of three times a day oral administration of TAS-102 in patients with solid tumors. Cancer Invest. 2008 Oct;26(8):794-9. doi: 10.1080/07357900802087242. PubMed PMID: 18798063.
12: Overman MJ, Varadhachary G, Kopetz S, Thomas MB, Fukushima M, Kuwata K, Mita A, Wolff RA, Hoff PM, Xiong H, Abbruzzese JL. Phase 1 study of TAS-102 administered once daily on a 5-day-per-week schedule in patients with solid tumors. Invest New Drugs. 2008 Oct;26(5):445-54. doi: 10.1007/s10637-008-9142-3. Epub 2008 Jun 5. PubMed PMID: 18528634.
13: Temmink OH, Emura T, de Bruin M, Fukushima M, Peters GJ. Therapeutic potential of the dual-targeted TAS-102 formulation in the treatment of gastrointestinal malignancies. Cancer Sci. 2007 Jun;98(6):779-89. Epub 2007 Apr 18. Review. PubMed PMID: 17441963.
14: Temmink OH, Hoebe EK, van der Born K, Ackland SP, Fukushima M, Peters GJ. Mechanism of trifluorothymidine potentiation of oxaliplatin-induced cytotoxicity to colorectal cancer cells. Br J Cancer. 2007 Jan 29;96(2):231-40. PubMed PMID: 17242697; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2360012.
The ABC Medical Center, located in Mexico City, implemented various molecular diagnostic methods that can detect the genetic alterations in several types of cancer, so they can select a personalized therapy for each patient and direct it against the mutated genes that cause disease.
For this the Laboratory of Molecular Pathology was created, thanks to a cancer patient who decided to make a donation to the hospital to acquire the necessary equipment, sensitive to the existing need in Mexico for a place where timely diagnosis of the disease is made.
“While the techniques of molecular biology have been applied to clinical diagnosis for over 20 years, they had just been established in the country. It is estimated that only about five years ago in some of the National Institutes of Health and universities, where it was first used in the field of research, “says Dr. César Lara Torres, head of…
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