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DRUG APPROVALS BY DR ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO
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A significant number of new specialty medications are on track to be approved in 2013, and some will provide increased competition in certain therapy classes.
read all at
………
Aimee Tharaldson, PharmD, is a senior clinical consultant in the emerging therapeutics department at Express Scripts. She is responsible for monitoring and analyzing the specialty pharmaceutical pipeline. The emerging therapeutics department produces several proprietary reports on the pipeline for use by Express Scripts’ employees and clients. It is also responsible for the safety program that alerts patients, physicians, and clients to important information regarding serious drug safety alerts and market withdrawals. She contributes to Express Scripts’ Drug Trend Report and plays a key role in developing and maintaining Express Scripts’ specialty drug list. She received her doctor of pharmacy degree from the University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, and completed a pharmacy practice residency at the Minneapolis VA Medical Center. –
Sanofi to withdraw the lixisenatide New Drug Application (NDA) in the U.S., The company plans to resubmit the NDA in 2015, after completion of the ELIXA CV study.
lixisenatide
Sanofi Provides Update on Lixisenatide New Drug Application in U.S.
Paris, France – September 12, 2013 – Sanofi (EURONEXT: SAN and NYSE: SNY) announced today its decision to withdraw the lixisenatide New Drug Application (NDA) in the U.S., which included early interim results from the ongoing ELIXA cardiovascular (CV) outcomes study. The company plans to resubmit the NDA in 2015, after completion of the ELIXA CV study.
The decision to withdraw the lixisenatide application follows discussions with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regarding its proposed process for the review of interim data. Sanofi believes that potential public disclosure of early interim data, even with safeguards, could potentially compromise the integrity of the ongoing ELIXA study. Sanofi’s decision is not related to safety issues or deficiencies in the NDA………………………read all at
http://www.pharmalive.com/sanofi-pulls-diabetes-drug-nda
EU
FDA Study: Some Imported Spices Contaminated With Salmonella
http://www.foodsafetynews.com/2013/09/salmonella-is-prevalent-in-our-spices/
Donna Pierce was a 69-year-old grandmother who loved to laugh and thought that laughter would add years to her life.
Unfortunately, Pierce was one of 87 people who contracted Salmonella Rissen between 2008 and 2009, and she subsequently died from the infection after spending the last month of her life in the hospital.
An investigation into the source of the outbreak pinpointed Salmonella-contaminated white pepper that had been processed by U.F. Union facility in Union City, CA, and originally imported from Vietnam.
This outbreak, along with two other large-scale outbreaks related to Salmonella-contaminated spices between 2007 and 2010, prompted FDA to begin a major investigation into spice safety.
Since imported spices account for more than 80 percent of the U.S. supply, they were an important part of FDA’s investigation and, in a study released in June, the agency found that nearly seven percent of imported spices were…
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FDA Approves Botox Cosmetic to Improve the Appearance of Crow’s Feet Lines
WEDNESDAY, September 11, 2013 — The U.S. Food and Drug Administration today approved a new use for Botox Cosmetic (onabotulinumtoxinA) for the temporary improvement in the appearance of moderate to severe lateral canthal lines, known as crow’s feet, in adults. Botox Cosmetic is the only FDA approved drug treatment option for lateral canthal lines.
The FDA approved Botox Cosmetic in 2002 for the temporary improvement of glabellar lines (wrinkles between the eyebrows, known as frown lines), in adults. Botox Cosmetic works by keeping muscles from tightening so wrinkles are less prominent
READ ALL AT
BOTOX Cosmetic (onabotulinum toxin A) For Injection, is a sterile, vacuum-dried purifiedbotulinum toxin type A, produced from fermentation of Hall strain Clostridium botulinumtype A grown in a medium containing casein hydrolysate, glucose, and yeast extract, intended for intramuscular use. It is purified from the culture solution by dialysis and a series of acid precipitations to a complex consisting of the neurotoxin, and several accessory proteins. The complex is dissolved in sterile sodium chloride solution containing Albumin Human and is sterile filtered (0.2 microns) prior to filling and vacuum-drying.
The primary release procedure for BOTOX Cosmetic uses a cell-based potency assay to determine the potency relative to a reference standard. The assay is specific to Allergan’s products BOTOX and BOTOX Cosmetic. One Unit of BOTOX Cosmetic corresponds to the calculated median intraperitoneal lethal dose (LD50) in mice. Due to specific details of this assay such as the vehicle, dilution scheme and laboratory protocols, Units of biological activity of BOTOX Cosmetic cannot be compared to nor converted into Units of any other botulinum toxin or any toxin assessed with any other specific assay method. The specific activity of BOTOX Cosmetic is approximately 20 Units/nanogram of neurotoxin protein complex.
Each vial of BOTOX Cosmetic contains either 50 Units of Clostridium botulinum type A neurotoxin complex, 0.25 mg of Albumin Human, and 0.45 mg of sodium chloride; or 100 Units of Clostridium botulinum type A neurotoxin complex, 0.5 mg of Albumin Human, and 0.9 mg of sodium chloride in a sterile, vacuum-dried form without a preservative.
Since the approval of BOTOX® Cosmetic by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2002, Allergan has virtually changed the face of medical aesthetics. Men and women between the ages of 18 to 65 now have the ability to choose science-based, non-invasive medical aesthetic solutions, including BOTOX® Cosmetic and the JUVÉDERM® family of dermal fillers, to achieve their own results. Over the last seven years, there have been nearly 11.8 million BOTOX® Cosmetic treatments recorded in the United States.1 More importantly, its 97 percent satisfaction rating (survey of 117 patients)2,3 is just one indication of the trust consumers have placed in Allergan.
BOTOX® Cosmetic is a simple, non-surgical procedure for temporarily reducing the appearance of moderate to severe glabellar lines – the vertical frown lines between the eyebrows that look like an “11” – in adult women and men aged 18 to 65. BOTOX® Cosmetic reduces the activity of the muscles that cause the “11s” to form by blocking nerve impulses that trigger wrinkle-causing muscle contractions, creating an improved appearance between the brows. Results can last up to four months and may vary with each patient. Ask your doctor if BOTOX® Cosmetic is right for you.
Gilead Submits New Drug Application to U.S. FDA for Idelalisib for the Treatment of Indolent Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
CAL 101, IDELALISIB
SEPT 2013
Gilead Submits New Drug Application to U.S. FDA for Idelalisib for the Treatment of Indolent Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
FOSTER CITY, Calif.–(BUSINESS WIRE)–Sep. 11, 2013– Gilead Sciences, Inc. today announced that the company has submitted a New Drug Application (NDA) to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for approval of idelalisib, an investigational, targeted, oral inhibitor of PI3K delta, for the treatment of indolent non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (iNHL). The data submitted in this NDA support the use of idelalisib for patients with iNHL that is refractory (non-responsive) to rituximab and to alkylating-agent-containing chemotherapy.
read all at
Idelalisib ….US FDA Accepts NDA for Gilead’s Idelalisib for the Treatment of Refractory Indolent Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
JANUARY 14, 2014 8:35 AM / LEAVE A COMMENT
An antineoplastic agent and p110delta inhibitor
(S)-2-(1-(9H-purin-6-ylamino)propyl)-5-fluoro-3-phenylquinazolin-4(3H)-one
Icos (Originator)
- CAL-101
- GS-1101
- Idelalisib
- UNII-YG57I8T5M0
M.Wt: 415.43
Formula: C22H18FN7O
CAS No.: 870281-82-6
CAL-101 Solubility: DMSO ≥80mg/mL Water <1.2mg/mL Ethanol ≥33mg/mL
5-Fluoro-3-phenyl-2-[(1S)-1-(7H-purin-6-ylamino)propyl]-4(3H)-quinazolinone
idelalisib
Idelalisib (codenamed GS-1101 or CAL-101) is a drug under investigation for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. It is in Phase III clinical trials testing drug combinations with rituximab and/or bendamustine as of 2013. The substance acts as aphosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor; more specifically, it blocks P110δ, the delta isoform of the enzyme phosphoinositide 3-kinase.[1][2]
GDC-0032 is a potent, next-generation beta isoform-sparing PI3K inhibitor targeting PI3Kα/δ/γ with IC 50 of 0.29 nM/0.12 nM/0.97nM,> 10 fold over Selective PI3K [beta].
GS-1101 is a novel, orally available small molecule inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase delta (PI3Kdelta) develop by Gilead and is waiting for registration in U.S. for the treatment of patients with indolent non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma that is refractory (non-responsive) to rituximab and to alkylating-agent-containing chemotherapy and for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The compound is also in phase III clinical evaluation for the treatment of elderly patients with previously untreated small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) and acute myeloid leukemia. Clinical trials had been under way for the treatment of inflammation and allergic rhinitis; however, no recent development has been reported. Preclinical studies have shown that GS-1101 has desirable pharmaceutical properties. The compound was originally developed by Calistoga Pharmaceuticals, acquired by Gilead on April 1, 2011.
clinical trials, click link
http://clinicaltrials.gov/search/intervention=CAL-101%20OR%20GS-1101%20OR%20Idelalisib
FOSTER CITY, Calif.–(BUSINESS WIRE)–Jan. 13, 2014– Gilead Sciences, Inc. (Nasdaq: GILD) announced today that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has accepted for review the company’s New Drug Application (NDA) for idelalisib, a targeted, oral inhibitor of PI3K delta, for the treatment of refractory indolent non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (iNHL). FDA has granted a standard review for the iNHL NDA and has set a target review date under the Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA) of September 11, 2014.
The NDA for iNHL, submitted on September 11, 2013, was supported by a single arm Phase 2 study (Study 101-09) evaluating idelalisib in patients with iNHL that is refractory (non-responsive) to rituximab and to alkylating-agent-containing chemotherapy. Following Gilead’s NDA submission for iNHL, FDA granted idelalisib a Breakthrough Therapy designation for relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The FDA grants Breakthrough Therapy designation to drug candidates that may offer major advances in treatment over existing options. Gilead submitted an NDA for idelalisib for the treatment of CLL on December 6, 2013.
About Idelalisib
Idelalisib is an investigational, highly selective oral inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) delta. PI3K delta signaling is critical for the activation, proliferation, survival and trafficking of B lymphocytes and is hyperactive in many B-cell malignancies. Idelalisib is being developed both as a single agent and in combination with approved and investigational therapies.
Gilead’s clinical development program for idelalisib in iNHL includes Study 101-09 in highly refractory patients and two Phase 3 studies of idelalisib in previously treated patients. The development program in CLL includes three Phase 3 studies of idelalisib in previously treated patients. Combination therapy with idelalisib and GS-9973, Gilead’s novel spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) inhibitor, also is being evaluated in a Phase 2 trial of patients with relapsed or refractory CLL, iNHL and other lymphoid malignancies.
Additional information about clinical studies of idelalisib and Gilead’s other investigational cancer agents can be found at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Idelalisib and GS-9973 are investigational products and their safety and efficacy have not been established.
About Indolent Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Indolent non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma refers to a group of largely incurable slow-growing lymphomas that run a relapsing course after therapy and can lead ultimately to life-threatening complications such as serious infections and marrow failure. Most iNHL patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage of disease, and median survival from time of initial diagnosis for patients with the most common form of iNHL, follicular lymphoma, is 8 to 10 years. The outlook for refractory iNHL patients is significantly poorer.
About Gilead Sciences
Gilead Sciences is a biopharmaceutical company that discovers, develops and commercializes innovative therapeutics in areas of unmet medical need. The company’s mission is to advance the care of patients suffering from life-threatening diseases worldwide. Headquartered in Foster City, California, Gilead has operations in North and South America, Europe and Asia Pacific.
The delta form of PI3K is expressed primarily in blood-cell lineages, including cells that cause or mediate hematologic malignancies, inflammation, autoimmune diseases and allergies. By specifically inhibiting only PI3K delta, a therapeutic effect is exerted without inhibiting PI3K signalling that is critical to the normal function of healthy cells. Extensive studies have shown that inhibition of other PI3K forms can cause significant toxicities, particularly with respect to glucose metabolism, which is essential for normal cell activity.
In 2011, orphan drug designation was assigned to GS-1101 in the U.S. for the treatment of CLL. In 2013, several orphan drug designations were assigned to the compound in the E.U. and U.S.: for the treatment of follicular lymphoma, for the treatment of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma (MALT), for the treatment of nodal marginal zone lymphoma, for the treatment of splenic marginal zone lymphoma, and for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma. Orphan drug designation was also assigned in the U.S. for the treatment of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma with or without Walenstom’s macroglobulinemia and, in the E.U., for the treatment of Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia (lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma).
Later in 2013, some of these orphan drug designations were withdrawn in the E.U.; for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia / small lymphocytic lymphoma, for the treatment of extranodal marginal-zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma), for the treatment of of nodal marginal-zone lymphoma and for the treatment of splenic marginal-zone lymphoma. In 2013, the FDA granted a breakthrough therapy designation for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
- H. Spreitzer (13 May 2013). “Neue Wirkstoffe – Ibrutinib und Idelalisib”. Österreichische Apothekerzeitung (in German) (10/2013): 34.
- Wu, M.; Akinleye, A.; Zhu, X. (2013). “Novel agents for chronic lymphocytic leukemia”.Journal of Hematology & Oncology 6: 36. doi:10.1186/1756-8722-6-36.PMC 3659027. PMID 23680477.
CAL-101 is an Oral Delta Isoform-Selective PI3 Kinase Inhibitor.
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| US2011306622 | 12-16-2011 | METHODS OF TREATING HEMATOLOGICAL DISORDERS WITH QUINAZOLINONE COMPOUNDS IN SELECTED SUBJECTS |
| US7932260 | 4-27-2011 | Quinazolinones as Inhibitors of Human Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Delta |
| US2011044942 | 2-25-2011 | METHODS OF TREATMENT FOR SOLID TUMORS |
| US2010256167 | 10-8-2010 | QUINAZOLINONES AS INHIBITORS OF HUMAN PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3-KINASE DELTA |
| US2010202963 | 8-13-2010 | THERAPIES FOR HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES |
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| WO2005120511A1 * | 4 Jun 2005 | 22 Dec 2005 | Joel S Hayflick | Methods for treating mast cell disorders |
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The synthesis of a compound in accordance with formula I is first exemplified using steps A-E below, which provide a synthetic procedure for compound 107, the structure of which is shown below.
(107) is idelalisib
……………….
Synthesis of 2-fluoro-6-nitro-N-phenyl-benzamide (108)
Step A: A solution of 2-fluoro-6- nitrobenzoic acid (100 g, 0.54 mol) and dimethylformamide (5 mL) in dichloromethane (600 mL) was treated dropwise with oxalyl chloride (2 M in dichloromethane, 410 mL, 0.8 mol, 1.5 eq) over 30 min. After stirring 2 h at room temperature, the reaction was concentrated to an orange syrup with some solids present. The syrup was dissolved in dry dioxane (80 mL) and slowly added to a suspension of aniline (49 mL, 0.54 mol, 1 eq) and sodium bicarbonate (90 g, 1.08 mol, 2 eq) in a mixture of dioxane (250 mL) and water (250 mL) at 6 0C. The temperature reached 27°C at the end of the addition. After 30 min, the reaction mixture was treated with water (1.2 L). The precipitate was collected by vacuum filtration, washed with water (300 mL) , air dried in the funnel, and dried in vacuo at 50°C for 24 h to afford an off-white solid product (139 g, 99%). 1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.82 (s, IH), 8.12 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, IH), 7.91-7.77 (m, 2H), 7.64 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.38 (t, J = 7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.15 > (t, J = 7.4 Hz, IH), ESI-MS m/z 261 (MH+). The reaction described above and compound 108 are shown below.
………………………..
Synthesis of(S) – [1- (2-fluoro-6-nitro-benzoyl) -phenyl-aminocarbonyl] – propyl-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (109)
Step B: A suspension of compound 108 (0.5 mol) and dimethylformamide (5 mL) in thionyl chloride (256 mL, 2.5 mol, 5 eq) was stirred at 85°C for 5 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo to a brown syrup. The syrup was dissolved in dichloromethane (200 mL) and was slowly added to a solution of N-BOC-L-2-aminobutyric acid (112 g, 0.55 mol, 1.1 eq) and triethylamine (77 mL, 0.55 mol, 1.1 eq) in dichloromethane (600 mL) at 10 0C. After stirring at room temperature for 3 h, salts were removed by filtration, and the solution was washed with 100 mL of water, saturated sodium bicarbonate, water, 5% citric acid, and saturated sodium chloride. The organic phase was dried with magnesium sulfate and concentrated to a red syrup. The syrup was dissolved in dichloromethane (450 mL) and purified by flash chromatography on a silica gel plug (15 x 22 cm, 4 L dry silica) eluted with hexanes/ethyl acetate (10%, 8 L; 15%, 8 L; 20%, 8 L; 25%, 4 L) to yield the compound 109 as an off-white solid (147 g, 66%). 1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.13 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, IH), 7.84 (t, J = 8.6 Hz, IH), 7.78- 7.67 (m, IH), 7.65-7.49 (m, 3H), 7.40-7.28 ( m, 2H), 7.19 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, IH), 4.05 (broad s, IH), 1.75- 1.30 (m, 2H), 1.34 (s, 9H), 0.93 (broad s, 3H). ESI- MS m/z 446.3 (MH+) . The reaction described above and compound 109 are shown below.
Synthesis of(S) – [1- (5-fluoro-4-oxo-3-phenyl-3 , 4-dihydro-quinazolin-2- yl) -propyl] -carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (110)
Step C: A solution of compound 109 (125 mmol, 1 eq) in acetic acid (500 mL) was treated with zinc dust (48.4 g, 740 mmol, 6 eq) added in 3 portions, and the reaction mixture was allowed to cool to below 35°C between additions. After stirring for 2 h at ambient temperature, solids were filtered off by vacuum filtration and washed with acetic acid (50 mL) . The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo, dissolved in EtOAc (400 mL) , washed with water (300 mL) , and the water layer was extracted with EtOAc (300 mL) . The combined organic layers were washed with water (200 mL) , sat’d sodium bicarbonate (2 x 200 mL) , sat’d NaCl (100 mL) , dried with MgSO4, and concentrated to a syrup. The syrup was dissolved in toluene (200 mL) and purified by flash chromatography on a silica gel plug (13 x 15 cm, 2 L dry silica) eluted with hexanes/ethyl acetate (10%, 4 L; 15%, 4 L; 17.5%, 8 L; 25%, 4 L) to yield compound 110 as an off-white foamy solid (33.6 g, 69%). 1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.83 (td, J = 8.2, 5.7 Hz, IH), 7.64-7.48 (m, 5H), 7.39 (broad d, J = 7.6 Hz, IH), 7.30 (dd, J = 8.3 Hz, IH), 7.23 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, IH), 4.02-3.90 (m, IH), 1.76-1.66 (m, IH), 1.62-1.46 (m, IH), 1.33 (s, 9H), 0.63 (t, J= 7.3 Hz, 3H). ESI-MS m/z 398.3 (MH+). The reaction described above and compound 110 are shown below.
…………..
Syn of (S) -2- (1-amino-propyl) -5-fluoro-3-phenyl-3H-quinazolin-4- one (111)
Step D: A solution of compound 110 (85 mmol) in dichloromethane (60 mL) was treated with trifluoroacetic acid (60 mL) . The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h, concentrated in vacuo, and partitioned between dichloromethane (150 mL) and 10% K2CO3 (sufficient amount to keep the pH greated than 10) . The aqueous layer was extracted with additional dichloromethane (100 raL) , and the combined organic layers were washed with water (50 mli) and brine (50 mL) . After drying with Mg SO4, the solution was concentrated to provide compound 111 as an off-white solid (22 g, 88%) . 1H NMR (300 MHz,
CDCl3) δ 7.73-7.65 (m, IH), 7.62-7.49 (m, 4H), 7.32- 7.22 (m, 2H), 7.13-7.06 (m, IH), 3.42 (dd, J= 7.5, 5.2 Hz, IH), 1.87-1.70 (m, IH), 1.58-1.43 (m, IH), 0.80 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 3H) . ESI-MS m/z 298.2 (MH+) . The reaction described above and compound 111 are shown below.
………………
syn of (S) -5-fluoro-3-phenyl-2- [1- (9H-purin-6-ylamino) -propyl] – 3H-quinazolin-4-one (107)
Step E: A suspension of compound 111(65.6 mmol, 1 eq) , 6-bromopurine (14.6 g, 73.4 mmol, 1.1 eq) , and DIEA (24.3 mL, 140 mmol, 2 eq) in tert- butanol (40 mL) was stirred for 24 h at 800C. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and treated with water to yield a solid crude product that was collected by vacuum filtration, washed with water, and air dried. Half of the obtained solid crude product was dissolved in MeOH (600 mL) , concentrated onto silica gel (300 mL dry) , and purified by flash chromatography (7.5 x 36 cm, eluted with 10 L of 4% MeOH/CH2Cl2) to yield a solid product. The solid product was then dissolved in EtOH (250 mL) and concentrated in vacuo to compound 107 idelalisib as a light yellow solid (7.2 g, 50%).
1H NMR (300 MHz, 80 0C, DMSO-d5) δ 12.66 (broad s, IH), 8.11 (s, IH), 8.02 (broad s, IH), 7.81-7.73 (m, IH),7.60-7.42 (m, 6H), 7.25-7.15 (m, 2H), 4.97 (broad s, IH), 2.02-1.73 (m, 2H), 0.79 (t, J= 7.3 Hz, 3H).
ESI-MS m/z 416.2 (MH+).
C, H, N elemental analysis (C22Hi8N7OF-EtOH- 0.4 H2O).
Chiral purity 99.8:0.2 (S:R) using chiral HPLC (4.6 x 250 mm Chiralpak ODH column, 20 °C, 85:15 hexanes : EtOH, 1 rnL/min, sample loaded at a concentration of 1 mg/mL in EtOH) . The reaction described above and compound 107 idelalisib are shown below.
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3 Herbs you Need to Know for Healing Depression: Interview with Sarah Josey
Depression is a condition that reportedly affects one in ten Americans. It is a conversation often avoided, but I was lucky enough to interview Sarah Josey Herbalist, Nutritionist and Founder of Golden Poppy Herbal Apothecary. She shared three herbs that everyone should know about when it comes to depression and one to avoid, while on medication. Watch video.
Find out more about Sarah Josey and Golden Poppy Herbal Apothecary at http://www.goldenpoppyherbs.com/
Join the conversation below. Have you tried any of these herbs? Let me know in the comments.
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“5TH PHARMACOVIGILANCE CONGREGATION 2013–20th November 2013, Kohinoor Continental Hotel, Mumbai, India.
“5TH PHARMACOVIGILANCE CONGREGATION 2013”
“Ensuring safer drugs to market by analyzing latest developments in pharmacovigilance, drug safety and risk management”
20th November 2013, Kohinoor Continental Hotel, Mumbai, India.
Greetings from Virtue Insight,
I am happy to invite you and your colleagues to be a sponsor/ delegate for our upcoming “5th Pharmacovigilance Congregation 2013” The conference will be held on 20th November 2013, Kohinoor Continental Hotel, Mumbai, India.
KEY SPEAKERS:-
- Deepa Arora, Global Head, Drug Safety & Risk Management, Lupin
- Arun Bhatt, President, Clininvent Research
- Moin Don, Executive Director, PVCON Pharmacovigilance Auditing & Consulting Services
- Bhaswat Chakraborty, Senior Vice President, Research & Development, Cadila Pharmaceuticals
- Parminder Kaur, Owner & Regulatory Affairs & PhV Consultant (QPPV), RegPak BioPharma Consulting (Netherlands, UK)
- Babita Kirodian, Head – Pharmacovigilance, Bristol-Myers Squibb
- Rajani Rokade, Head – Pharmacovigilance, Sanofi Aventis
- Veena Rajan, Head – Patient Safety, AstraZeneca
- Sofi Joseph, Head –…
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Stem cells
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Stem cells are undifferentiated biological cells, that can differentiate into specialized cells and can divide (through mitosis) to produce more stem cells. They are found in multicellular organisms. In mammals, there are two broad types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells, which are isolated from the inner cell mass of blastocysts, and adult stem cells, which are found in various tissues. In adult organisms, stem cells and progenitor cells act as a repair system for the body, replenishing adult tissues. In a developing embryo, stem cells can differentiate into all the specialized cells—ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm (see induced pluripotent stem cells)—but also maintain the normal turnover of regenerative organs, such as blood, skin, or intestinal tissues.
There are three accessible sources of autologous adult stem cells in humans:
- Bone marrow, which requires extraction by harvesting, that is, drilling into bone (typically the femur or iliac crest),
- Adipose tissue (lipid cells), which requires extraction by liposuction, and
- Blood, which requires extraction through pheresis, wherein blood is drawn from the donor (similar to a blood donation), passed through a machine that extracts the stem cells and returns other portions of the blood to the donor.
Stem cells can also be taken from umbilical cord blood just after birth. Of all stem cell types, autologous harvesting involves the least risk. By definition, autologous cells are obtained from one’s own body, just as one may bank his or her own blood for elective surgical procedures.
Highly plastic adult stem cells are routinely used in medical therapies, for example in bone marrow transplantation. Stem cells can now be artificially grown and transformed (differentiated) into specialized cell types with characteristics consistent with cells of various tissues such as muscles or nerves through cell culture. Embryonic cell lines and autologous embryonic stem cells generated through therapeutic cloning have also been proposed as promising candidates for future therapies. Research into stem cells grew out of findings by Ernest A. McCulloch and James E. Till at the University of Toronto in the 1960s
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Medical researchers believe that stem cell therapy has the potential to dramatically change the treatment of human disease. A number of adult stem cell therapies already exist, particularly bone marrow transplants that are used to treat leukemia. In the future, medical researchers anticipate being able to use technologies derived from stem cell research to treat a wider variety of diseases including cancer, Parkinson’s disease, spinal cord injuries, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, and muscle damage, amongst a number of other impairments and conditions. However, there still exists a great deal of social and scientific uncertainty surrounding stem cell research, which could possibly be overcome through public debate and future research, and further education of the public.
One concern of treatment is the risk that transplanted stem cells could form tumors and become cancerous if cell division continues uncontrollably.
Stem cells are widely studied, for their potential therapeutic use and for their inherent interest.
Supporters of embryonic stem cell research argue that such research should be pursued because the resultant treatments could have significant medical potential. It has been proposed that surplus embryos created for in vitro fertilization could be donated with consent and used for the research.
The recent development of iPS cells has been called a bypass of the legal controversy. Laws limiting the destruction of human embryos have been credited for being the reason for development of iPS cells, but it is still not completely clear whether hiPS cells are equivalent to hES cells. Recent work demonstrates hotspots of aberrant epigenomic reprogramming in hiPS cells (Lister, R., et al., 2011).
Pluripotent, embryonic stem cells originate as inner cell mass (ICM) cells within a blastocyst. These stem cells can become any tissue in the body, excluding a placenta. Only cells from an earlier stage of the embryo, known as the morula, are totipotent, able to become all tissues in the body and the extraembryonic placenta
New Drug Approvals 