Capmatinib is an orally bioavailable inhibitor of the proto-oncogene c-Met (also known as hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR)) with potential antineoplastic activity. Capmatinib selectively binds to c-Met, thereby inhibiting c-Met phosphorylation and disrupting c-Met signal transduction pathways. This may induce cell death in tumor cells overexpressing c-Met protein or expressing constitutively activated c-Met protein. c-Met, a receptor tyrosine kinase overexpressed or mutated in many tumor cell types, plays key roles in tumor cell proliferation, survival, invasion, metastasis, and tumor angiogenesis.

 

Protein kinases (PKs) are a group of enzymes that regulate diverse, important biological processes including cell growth, survival and differentiation, organ formation and morphogenesis, neovascularization, tissue repair and regeneration, among others. Protein kinases exert their physiological functions through catalyzing the phosphorylation of proteins (or substrates) and thereby modulating the cellular activities of the substrates in various biological contexts, hi addition to the functions in normal tissues/organs, many protein kinases also play more specialized roles in a host of human diseases including cancer. A subset of protein kinases (also referred to as oncogenic protein kinases), when dysregulated, can cause tumor formation and growth, and further contribute to tumor maintenance and progression (Blume- Jensen P et al, Nature 2001, 411(6835):355-365). Thus far, oncogenic protein kinases represent one of the largest and most attractive groups of protein targets for cancer intervention and drug development. c-Met, a proto-oncogene, is a member of a distinct subfamily of heterodimeric receptor tyrosine kinases which include Met, Ron, and Sea (Birchmeier, C. et al., Nat. Rev. MoI. Cell Biol. 2003, 4(12):915-925; Christensen, J. G. et al., Cancer Lett. 2005, 225(1): 1-26). The only high affinity ligand for c-Met is the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), also known as scatter factor (SF). Binding of HGF to c-Met induces activation of the receptor via autophosphorylation resulting in an increase of receptor dependent signaling. Both c-Met and HGF are widely expressed in a variety of organs, but their expression is normally confined to the cells of epithelial and mesenchymal origin, respectively. The biological functions of c-Met (or c-Met signaling pathway) in normal tissues and human malignancies such as cancer have been well documented (Christensen, J.G. et al., Cancer Lett. 2005, 225(l):l-26; Corso, S. et al., Trends in MoI. Med. 2005, l l(6):284-292).

HGF and c-Met are each required for normal mammalian development, and abnormalities reported in both HGF- and c-Met-null mice are consistent with proximity of embryonic expression and epithelial-mesenchymal transition defects during organ morphogenesis (Christensen, J.G. et al., Cancer Lett. 2005, 225(1): 1-26). Consistent with these findings, the transduction of signaling and subsequent biological effects of HGF/c-Met pathway have been shown to be important for epithelial-mesenchymal interaction and regulation of cell migration, invasion, cell proliferation and survival, angiogenesis, morphogenesis and organization of three-dimensional tubular structures (e.g. renal tubular cells, gland formation) during development. The specific consequences of c-Met pathway activation in a given cell/tissue are highly context-dependent.

Dysregulated c-Met pathway plays important and sometimes causative (in the case of genetic alterations) roles in tumor formation, growth, maintenance and progression (Birchmeier, C. et al., Nat. Rev. MoI. Cell. Biol. 2003, 4(12):915-925; Boccaccio, C. et al., Nat. Rev. Cancer 2006, 6(8):637-645; Christensen, J.G. et al., Cancer Lett. 2005, 225(1): 1-26). HGF and/or c-Met are overexpressed in significant portions of most human cancers, and are often associated with poor clinical outcomes such as more aggressive disease, disease progression, tumor metastasis and shortened patient survival. Further, patients with high levels of HGF/c-Met proteins are more resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, hi addition to the abnormal HGF/c-Met expression, c-Met receptor can also be activated in cancer patients through genetic mutations (both germline and somatic) and gene amplification. Although gene amplification and mutations are the most common genetic alterations that have been reported in patients, the receptor can also be activated by deletions, truncations, gene rearrangement, as well as abnormal receptor processing and defective negative regulatory mechanisms.

The various cancers in which c-Met is implicated include, but are not limited to: carcinomas (e.g., bladder, breast, cervical, cholangiocarcinoma, colorectal, esophageal, gastric, head and neck, kidney, liver, lung, nasopharygeal, ovarian, pancreas, prostate, thyroid); musculoskeletal sarcomas (e.g., osteosarcaoma, synovial sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma); soft tissue sarcomas (e.g., MFH/fibrosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, Kaposi’s sarcoma); hematopoietic malignancies (e.g., multiple myeloma, lymphomas, adult T cell leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia); and other neoplasms (e.g., glioblastomas, astrocytomas, melanoma, mesothelioma and Wilm’s tumor (www.vai.org/met/; Christensen, J. G. et al., Cancer Lett. 2005, 225(1): 1-26).

The notion that the activated c-Met pathway contributes to tumor formation and progression and could be a good target for effective cancer intervention has been further solidified by numerous preclinical studies (Birchmeier, C. et al., Nat. Rev. MoI. Cell Biol. 2003, 4(12):915-925; Christensen, J.G. et al., Cancer Lett. 2005, 225(l):l-26; Corso, S. et al., Trends in MoI. Med. 2005, 11(6):284-292). For example, studies showed that the tpr-met fusion gene, overexpression oϊc-met and activated c-met mutations all caused oncogenic transformation of various model cell lines and resulted in tumor formation and metastasis in mice. More importantly, significant anti-tumor (sometimes tumor regression) and anti-metastasis activities have been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo with agents that specifically impair and/or block HGF/c-Met signaling. Those agents include anti-HGF and anti-c-Met antibodies, HGF peptide antagonists, decoy c-Met receptor, c-Met peptide antagonists, dominant negative c-Met mutations, c-Met specific antisense oligonucleotides and ribozymes, and selective small molecule c-Met kinase inhibitors (Christensen, J.G. et al., Cancer Lett. 2005, 225(1): 1-26).

In addition to the established role in cancer, abnormal HGF/c-Met signaling is also implicated in atherosclerosis, lung fibrosis, renal fibrosis and regeneration, liver diseases, allergic disorders, inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, cerebrovascular diseases, cardiovascular diseases, conditions associated with organ transplantation (Ma, H. et al., Atherosclerosis. 2002, 164(l):79-87; Crestani, B. et al., Lab. Invest. 2002, 82(8):1015-1022; Sequra-Flores, A. A. et al., Rev. Gastroenterol. Mex. 2004, 69(4)243-250; Morishita, R. et al., Curr. Gene Ther. 2004, 4(2)199-206; Morishita, R. et al., Endocr. J. 2002, 49(3)273-284; Liu, Y., Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. 2002, l l(l):23-30; Matsumoto, K. et al., Kidney Int. 2001, 59(6):2023-2038; Balkovetz, D.F. et al., Int. Rev. Cytol. 1999, 186:225-250; Miyazawa, T. et al., J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 1998, 18(4)345-348; Koch, A.E. et al., Arthritis Rheum. 1996, 39(9):1566-1575; Futamatsu, H. et al., Circ. Res. 2005, 96(8)823-830; Eguchi, S. et al., Clin. Transplant. 1999, 13(6)536-544).

Inhibitors of c-Met and other kinases are reported in U.S. Ser. No. 11/942,130, including the compound 2-fluoro-N-methyl-4-[7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[l ,2-b][l ,2,4]triazin-2-yl]benzamide (I) having the structure indicated below.

(I)

New or improved forms of existing agents which inhibit kinases such as c-Met are continually needed for developing more effective pharmaceuticals to treat cancer and other diseases. The salts, compositions, and methods described herein are directed toward these needs and other ends.

Example 8 4-Bromo-3-fluoro-N-methoxy-iV-methylbenzamide (3)

To a suspension of 4-bromo-3-fluorobenzoic acid (1, 967.9 g, 4.4 mol) in dichloromethane (5.9 L) and DMF (21 mL) was slowly added a solution of oxalyl chloride ((COCl)₂, 560 mL, 6.4 mol, 1.45 equiv) in dichloromethane (520 mL) at room temperature. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 h and then cooled to 0 ⁰C by ice-water bath. iV,0-dimethyl hydroxylamine hydrochloride (826 g, 8.4 mol, 1.9 equiv) was added followed by slow addition of triethylamine (TEA, 2.5 L, 17.7 mol, 4.0 equiv) at 0 ⁰C. The reaction mixture was then gradually warmed to room temperature and stirred at room temperature overnight. Once the coupling reaction was complete, the reaction mixture was washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (NaHCO₃, 2 L). The aqueous phase was back extracted with dichloromethane (1 L). The combined organic phases were washed with water (1 L), brine (1 L), and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting solid residue was dissolved into methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE, 5 L), washed sequentially with water (5 x 1 L), brine (1 L), and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄). The filtrated solution was concentrated under reduced pressure and the resulting solid was dried in a vacuum oven at 45 ⁰C to afford 4-bromo-3-fluoro-Λ^r-methoxy-Λ^r-methylbenzamide (3, 1106 g, 1153 g theoretical, 95.9% yield) which was used for the subsequent reaction without further purification. For 3: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-J₆) δ ppm 7.78 (t, IH, J= 7.47 Hz), 7.56 (dd, IH, J= 9.3, 1.6 Hz), 7.18 (d, IH, J= 8.1 Hz), 3.53 (s, 3H), 3.25(s, 3H); C₉H₉BrFNO₂ (MW 262.08), LCMS (EI) mle 262.0/ 264.0 (M⁺ + H).

Scheme 1 (Examples 8-14)

C₇H₄BrFO₂ C₇H₃BrCIFO C₉H₉BrFNO₂ MoI. Wt: 219.01 MoI. Wt: 237.45 MoI. Wt: 26208

C₈H₆BrFO C₈H₄BrFO₂ Ci₂Hi₄BrFO₃ MoI. Wt: 217.04 MoI. Wt: 231.02 MoI. Wt: 305.14

13

C₂₂H₁₃FN₃ MoI. Wt: 380.38

Example 9 l-(4-Bromo-3-fluorophenyl)ethanone (4)

To a solution of crude 4-bromo-3-fluoro-N-methoxy-iV-methylbenzamide (3, 1106 g, 4.2 mol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (THF, 11 L) was slowly added a 3.0 M solution of methylmagnesium chloride (MeMgCl, 2.5 L, 7.5 mol, 1.7 equiv) in THF at 0 ⁰C. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at 0 ⁰C for 2 h and then quenched very carefully with saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl, 1.5 L). The resulting solution was concentrated under reduced pressure to remove most of THF. The residue was then diluted with ethyl acetate (EtOAc, 5 L) and the resulting solution was washed with water (2 L). The aqueous phase was extracted with ethyl acetate (EtOAc, 2 x 2 L). The combined organic phases were washed with water (2 L), brine (2 L) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄). The filtered solution was concentrated under reduced pressure and the resulting solid was dried in a vacuum oven at 45 ⁰C to afford l-(4-bromo-3-fluorophenyl)ethanone (4, 890.8 g, 911.6 g theoretical, 97.7% yield) as a solid which was used in the subsequent reaction without further purification. For 4: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, OMSO-d₆) δ ppm 7.89-7.84 (m, 2H), 7.71 (dd, IH, J= 8.30, 1.87 Hz), 2.57 (s, 3H).

Example 10 2-(4-Bromo-3-fluorophenyl)-2-oxoacetaldehyde (5)

To a solution of l-(4-bromo-3-fluorophenyl)ethanone (4, 890.8 g, 4.1 mol) in DMSO (4 L) was slowly added a solution of 48% aqueous hydrogen bromide (HBr, 1420 mL, 12.5 mol, 3.0 equiv). The reaction temperature was gradually increased from 2O⁰C to 50 ⁰C during the course of the addition. The reaction mixture was subsequently heated to 60 ⁰C and stirred at 60 ⁰C overnight. The resulting dimethyl sulfide was removed by distillation and the residue was poured into ice water (28 L). The resulting yellow precipitate was collected by filtration (save the filtrate) and washed with water (5 L). The yellow solid was dissolved in ethyl acetate (EtOAc, 5 L), washed with brine (1 L) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄). The solution was then concentrated under the reduced pressure and the resulting solid was dried in a vacuum oven at 45 ⁰C to give the desired product, 2-(4-bromo-3-fluorophenyl)-2-oxoacetaldehyde, as its hydrate (hydrate of 5, 730.6 g, 1020.9 g theoretical, 71.6% yield). The aqueous phase (filtrate) was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 5 L) and the combined organic phase was washed with water (2 x 2 L), brine (2 L) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄). The solution was concentrated under reduced pressure and the resulting solid was dried in a vacuum oven at 45 ⁰C to give the second crop of 2-(4-bromo-3-fluorophenyl)-2-oxoacetaldehyde hydrate (hydrate of 5, 289.4 g, 1020.9 g theoretical, 28.3% yield; total 1020 g, 1020.9 g theoretical, 99.9% yield) which was used in the subsequent reaction without further purification. For hydrate of 5: H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-</₆) δ ppm 8.00-7.70 (m, 3H), 6.69 (br s, 2H), 5.59 (s, IH).

Example 11 l-(4-Bromo-3-fluorophenyl)-2,2-diethoxyethanone (6)

A 22 L flask was charged with the hydrate of (4-bromo-3-fluorophenyl)-2-oxoacetaldehyde (5, 1020 g, 4.41 mol), toluene (7.5 L), triethyl orthoformate (1633 g, 1.8 L, 11.04 mol, 2.5 equiv), para-toluene sulfonic acid (33.5 g, 0.176 mol, 0.4 equiv) at room temperature, and the resulting reaction mixture was heated to 110 ⁰C and stirred at 1 10 ⁰C for 6 h. When HPLC showed that the reaction was complete, the reaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature before being poured into a 50 L separation funnel along with ethyl acetate (7.5 L) and the saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (NaHCO₃, 3 L). The mixture was stirred and the layers were separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (2 L). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (4 L), dried with sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated under the reduced pressure to afford crude l-(4-bromo-3-fluorophenyl)-2,2-diethoxyethanone (6, 1240 g, 1345.7 g theoretical, 92.1% yield) which was used in the subsequent reaction without further purification. For 6: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-J₆) δ ppm 7.94-7.94 (m, 2H), 7.78 (dd, IH, J= 8.51, 2.08 Hz), 5.40 (s, IH), 3.77-3.60 (m, 4H), 1.16-1.14 (m, 6H).

Example 12 6-(4-Bromo-3-fluorophenyl)-l,2,4-triazin-3-amine (7)

A 22 L flask was charged with l-(4-bromo-3-fluorophenyl)-2,2-diethoxyethanone (6, 1240 g, 4.07 mol), ethanol (11 L), water (1.4 L), potassium hydroxide (KOH, 910 g, 16.3 mol, 4.0 equiv), and aminoguanidine bicarbonate (1105 g, 8.13 mol, 2.0 equiv) at room temperature. The resulting reaction mixture was then heated to 75 ⁰C for 14 h. When HPLC showed the condensation reaction was deemed complete, the reaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature before being filtered. The filtrate was then concentrated under the reduced pressure to remove the most of the solvents. The residual aqueous solution was extracted with ethyl acetate (EtOAc, 3 x 6 L). The organic layers were combined and concentrated under the reduced pressure to give a dark brown solid. This solid was dissolved in ethanol (4 L) and the resulting solution was treated with a solution of 0.2 M aqueous hydrochloric acid solution (4 L). The resulting slurry was subsequently heated to 50 ⁰C for 6 h before being allowed to cool down to room temperature. A solution of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (NaHCO₃, 2 L) was slowly added to the slurry and the resulting mixture was then concentrated under the reduced pressure to remove most of the solvents. The aqueous residue was then treated with ethyl acetate (20 L) to dissolve the solids. The two layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (2 x 2 L). The combined organic layers were concentrated under the reduced pressure. The dark brown solids were treated with methyl ter/-butyl ether (MTBE, 4 L) and the resulting slurry was heated to 30 ⁰C and stirred at 30 ⁰C for 30 min. The mixture was filtered and the solids (green to orange in color) were collected (save the filtrate) and washed with methyl tert-buty\ ether (MTBE, 2 L) to give the first crop of the crude desired product (7). The filtrate was evaporated under the reduced pressure, and the resulting dark brown solids were treated with methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE, 2 L). The resulting slurry was heated to 30 ⁰C and stirred at 30 ⁰C for 30 min. The mixture was filtered to give the second crop of the crude desired product (7) which was washed with MTBE (1 L). The combined solids were dried in vacuum at 40 – 45 ⁰C to afford 6-(4-bromo-3-fluorophenyl)-l,2,4-triazin-3-amine (7, 585 g, 1095.1 g theoretical, 53.4 % yield) which was used in the subsequent reaction without further purification. For 7: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-J₆) δ ppm 8.86 (s, IH), 7.97 (d, IH, J= 10.79 Hz), 7.81 (m, 2H), 7.52 (br s, 2H); C₉H₆BrFN₄ (MW 269.07), LCMS (EI) mle 269.0/271.1 (M⁺ + H).

Example 13 6-((2-(4-Bromo-3-fluorophenyl)imidazo[l,2-6][l,2,4]triazin-7-yl)methyl)quinoline (12) l-(2-Chloro-l-hydroxy-3-(quinolin-6-yl)propyl)pyrrolidine-2,5-dione (11, 228 g, 0.74 mol, 1.1 equiv) and 6-(4-bromo-3-fluorophenyl)-l,2,4-triazin-3-amine (7, 181 g, 0.673 mol) were suspended in 1-butanol (1800 mL) and the resulting suspension was heated to 110 ⁰C and stirred at 110 ⁰C for 18 h (the reaction mixture becomes homogeneous at this point). The reaction mixture was then gradually cooled down to room temperature before being further cooled down to 10 ⁰C in an ice bath. The resulting yellow solid was collected by filtration (save the 1 -butanol filtrates), washed with cold 1-butanol (3 x 100 mL) and dried by suction. This solid was then suspended in the saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (NaHCO₃, 500 mL) and the resulting suspension was stirred at room temperature for 1 h to neutralize the corresponding hydrochloride salt. The free base was then filtered, washed with water (500 mL) and dried in a vacuum oven at 45 ⁰C for 18 h to afford the first crop of the crude 6-((2-(4-bromo-3-fluorophenyl)imidazo[l,2-6][l,2,4]triazin-7-yl)methyl)quinoline (12, 125.1 g, 292.3 g theoretical, 42.8% yield). The 1-butanol filtrates were then concentrated under the reduced pressure and the resulting solids were dissolved in dichloromethane (CH₂Cl₂, 2 L). The solution was wash with the saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (NaHCO₃, 1 L), dried over sodium sulfates (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated under the reduced pressure. The residue was then purified by flash column chromatography (SiO₂, O – 10% MeOH-CH₂Cl₂ gradient elution) to afford the second crop of 6-((2-(4-bromo-3-fluorophenyl)imidazo[l,2-&][l ,2,4]triazin-7-yl)methyl)-quinoline (12, 19.7 g, 292.3 g theoretical, 6.7% yield; total 144.8 g, 292.3 g theoretical, 49.5% yield) as yellow solids. For 12: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-^₆) δ ppm 9.23 (s, IH), 9.11 (dd, IH, J= 4.98, 1.55 Hz), 8.85 (d, IH, J= 8.09 Hz), 8.25 – 8.18 (m, 2H), 8.12 -8.00 (m, 3H), 7.93 – 7.86 (m, 3H), 4.70 (s, 2H); C₂₁H₁₃BrFN₅ (MW 434.26), LCMS (EI) mle 434.00/435.95 (M⁺ + H).

Example 14 2-Fluoro-4-(7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[l,2-6][l,2,4]triazin-2-yl)benzonitrile (13)

6-((2-(4-Bromo-3-fluorophenyl)imidazo[ 1 ,2-b] [ 1 ,2,4]triazin-7-yl)methyl)quinoline (12, 200 g, 0.461 mol), zinc cyanide (ZnCN₂, 32.7 g, 0.277 mol, 0.6 equiv), zinc powder (Zn, 6.0 g, 0.093 mol, 0.2 equiv) and Pd(dppf)₂Cl₂ (22.6 g 0.028 mol, 0.06 eqiv) were suspended in premixed solution of ΛyV-dimethyl acetamide (DMAC, 2000 mL) and water (H₂O, 40 mL). The resulting suspension was then degassed with a stream of nitrogen for 20 min before being heated to 110 ⁰C and stirred at 110 ⁰C for 1 – 2 h (homogeneous solution was observed). When LC/MS indicated the reaction was deemed complete, the reaction mixture was cooled first to room temperature and then in an ice bath to 5 ⁰C. The cooled reaction mixture was diluted with a mixture of the saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution (aq. NH₄Cl), the concentrated ammonium hydroxide aqueous solution (aq. NH₄OH), and water (4:1 :4 by volumn, 8.1 L) and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. The resulting solids were collected by filtration and dried in a vacuum oven overnight at 45 ⁰C to afford the crude desired product (13). This crude material was then purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, gradient elution with 1% triethylamine in dichloromethane, 2.5 % acetone and 1% triethylamine in dichloromethane, 5.0 % acetone and 1% triethylamine in dichloromethane, and 10.0 % acetone and 1% triethylamine in dichloromethane sequentially) to afford the pure 2-fluoro-4-(7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)-imidazo[l,2-έ][l,2,4]triazin-2-yl)benzonitrile (13, 127.4 g, 175.4 g theoretical, 72.6% yield) as yellow solids. For 13: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-^₆) δ ppm 9.24 (s, IH), 8.81 (dd, IH, J= 4.15, 1.66 Hz), 8.26 – 8.12 (m, 4H), 8.02 (s, IH), 7.95 – 7.93 (m, 2H), 7.76 (dd, IH, J= 8.71, 2.08 Hz), 7.47 (dd, IH, J= 8.70, 4.15 Hz), 4.62 (s, 2H); C₂₂H_nFN₆ (MW 380.38), LCMS (EI) mle 381.0 (M⁺ + H).

Example 15 6-(3,3-Diethoxyprop-l-ynyl)quinoline (22)

A mixture of 6-bromoquinoline (8, 2.63 g, 12.6 mmol), propargylaldehyde diethyl acetal (3.73 niL, 25.2 mmol, 2.0 equiv), triethylamine (TEA, 12.7 mL, 90.8 mmol, 7.2 equiv), copper(I) iodide (CuI, 24.0 mg, 0.126 mmol, 0.01 equiv), and triphenylphosphine (PPh₃, 0.39716 g, 1.5142 mmol, 0.12 equiv) in JV^V-dimethylformamide (DMF, 15.6 mL, 202 mmol) was degassed with nitrogen bubbling for 5 min. Palladium acetate (Pd(OAc)₂, 0.08499 g, 0.3786 mmol, 0.03 equiv) was added and the mixture was degassed with nitrogen bubbling for 5 min. The reaction mixture was heated to 90 ⁰C under nitrogen with stirring. After 3 h and 10 min, HPLC indicated that the reaction was complete. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (EtOAc, 100 mL) and washed with water (H₂O, 2 x 100 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (EtOAc, 20 mL). The combined organic extracts were then concentrated under the reduced pressure to give the crude product as a black oil. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography (SiO₂, 0 – 40% EtOAc in hexane gradient elution) to afford 6-(3,3-diethoxyprop-l-ynyl)quinoline (22, 3.2 g, 3.22 g theoretical, 99% yield) as a colorless oil. For 22: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, OMSO-d₆) δ ppm 8.92 (dd, IH, J= 4.35 Hz, 1.86 Hz), 8.36 (d, IH, J= 8.40 Hz, 1.66 Hz), 8.20 (d, IH, J= 1.78 Hz), 7.99 (d, IH, J= 8.71 Hz), 7.76 (dd, IH, J= 8.71 Hz, 1.87 Hz), 7.57 (dd, IH, J= 8.09 Hz, 4.05 Hz), 5.58 (s, IH), 3.75 – 3.55 (m, 4H), 1.17 (t, 6H, J= 7.16 Hz); Ci₆H₁₇NO₂ (MW 255.31), LCMS (EI) m/e 256.0 (M⁺ + H).

Scheme 2 (Examples 15-18)

Method C

Example 16 6-(3,3-Diethoxypropyl)quinoline (23)

Method A. 3,3-Diethoxy-l-propene (548 g, 4.2 mol, 1.75 equiv) was added to a 22 L flask charged with 0.5 M solution of 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1] nonane in tetrahydrofuran (9-BBN solution in THF, 8.4 L, 4.2 mol, 1.75 equiv) at room temperature (the internal temperature raised to 40 ⁰C) over 1 h.. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for overnight. At which time ¹H NMR of an aliquot of the reaction mixture indicated that all the 3,3-diethoxy-1-propene had been consumed. 6-Bromoquinoline (8, 500 g, 2.4 mol, 1.0 equiv), potassium carbonate (K₂CO₃, 662 g, 4.8 mol, 2.0 equiv), tricyclohexylphosphine (67.4 g, 0.24 mol, 0.1 equiv), palladium acetate (Pd(OAc)₂, 27 g, 0.12 mol, 0.05 equiv) and water (90 mL) were added to the reaction mixture in that order followed by degassing with nitrogen for 0.5 h. The reaction mixture was then heated to reflux for 4 h. Once TLC and LC/MS showed that the starting material had been consumed, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature with stirring before being quenched with water (7.5 L) and ethyl acetate (EtOAc, 7.5 L). The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (EtOAc, 4 L). The combined organic layers were washed with a saturated brine solution (NaCl, 4 L), dried over magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄) and concentrated under the reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, 10 – 60% of ethyl acetate in heptane gradient elution) to afford 6-(3,3-diethoxypropyl)quinoline (23, 520 g, 622.4 g theoretical, 83.5% yield) as a colorless oil. For 23: ¹HNMR (DMSO-</₆, 300MHz) δ ppm 8.81 (dd, IH, J= 4.23 Hz, 1.73 Hz), 8.28 (d, IH, J= 8.07 Hz), 7.91 (d, IH, J= 8.62 Hz ), 7.75 (s, IH), 7.61 (dd, lH, J= 8.63 Hz, 1.92 Hz), 7.46 (dd, IH, J= 8.25 Hz, 4.22 Hz), 4.46 (t, IH, J= 5.60 Hz), 3.61 – 3.38 (m, 4H), 2.79 (t, 2H, J= 8.53 Hz), 1.95 -1.85 (m, 2H), 1.11 (t, 6H, J= 6.84 Hz); Ci₆H₂₁NO₂ (MW 259.34), LCMS (EI) m/e 260.2 (M⁺ + H).

Method A-Alternative. 9-BBN was generated in situ and used to prepare compound 23 as discribed as follows: under a nitrogen atmosphere anhydrous 1 ,2-dimethoxyethane (DME, 47.0 mL) was charged into a 500 mL 3-neck flask equipped with a distillation apparatus. Borane-dimethyl sulfide complex (12.1 g, 151 mmol, 2 equiv) was added and the solution temperature increased from 20 to 22 ⁰C. To this solution, 1 ,5-cyclooctadiene (16.3 g, 151 mmol, 2 equiv) was added dropwise over a period of 30 min to maintain a reaction temperature of 50 – 60 ⁰C, during which time a small amount of dimethyl sulfide was collected by the distillation apparatus. The reaction mixture was then distilled under nitrogen until the distillate temperature reach 84 ⁰C. The distillates collected had a volume of ~ 21 mL. The oil bath was removed and anhydrous THF (49 mL) was added. A small sample of the reaction mixture was taken for ¹H NMR analysis and the result indicated the olefin was consumed. This 9-BBN solution was used directly for the next step.

To the above 9-BBN solution, 3,3-diethoxy-l-propene (19.3 g, 142 mmol, 1.89 equiv) was added dropwise while maintaining the temperature below 30 ⁰C. The reaction is slightly exothermal and white precipitate slowly dissolved. The reaction mixture was then stirred at room temperature for 18 h.

To the solution prepared above, 6-bromoquinoline (8, 15.7 g, 75.4 mmol, 1 equiv), tricyclohexylphosphine (1.27 g, 4.52 mmol, 0.06 equiv), potassium carbonate (20.8 g, 151 mmol, 2 equiv), and water (0.421 mL, 23.4 mmol) were added. The mixture was degassed with nitrogen bubbling for 10 – 15 min. Palladium acetate (Pd(OAc)₂, 0.508 g, 2.26 mmol, 0.03 equiv) was added and the nitrogen bubbling was continued for an additional 10 min. The reaction mixture was heated to 75 ⁰C and maintained at 75 – 78 ⁰C for 2 – 3 h. When HPLC showed the completion of the reaction, the heating was discontinued and the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature. Ethyl acetate (EtOAc, 162 mL) and water (H₂O, 162 mL) were added and the organic layer was separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (EtOAc, 2 x 60 mL) and the combined organic extracts were dried over sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under the reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 0 – 40% EtOAc in hexane gradient elution) to afford 6-(3,3-diethoxypropyl)quinoline (23, 17.6 g, 19.6 g theoretical, 90% yield) as a clear oil, which was found to be identical to the meterial made from Method A in every comparable aspect.

Method B. A mixture of 6-(3,3-diethoxyprop-l-yn-l-yl)quinoline (22, 56 mg, 0.22 mmol) and 10% palladium on carbon (5 mg) in THF (5 mL) was hydrogenated under H₂ at 1 atm for 6 h. The reaction mixture was filtered through a celite bed and the celite bed was washed with THF (2 x 2 mL). The combined filtrates were concentrated under the reduced pressure to afford 6-(3,3-diethoxypropyl)quinoline (23, 56 mg, 57 mg theoretical, 98% yield) as a clear oil, which was found to be sufficiently pure to be used in the subsequent reaction without further purification and was identical to the meterial made from Method A in every comparable aspect.

Example 17 3-(Quinolin-6-yl)propanal (9)

Method 1. A 22 L flask was charged with tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) (70.0 g, 0.076 mol, 0.015 equiv), tri-tert-butylphosphonium tetrafluoroborate (44 g, 0.152 mol, 0.03 equiv), and dioxane (12 L) at room temperature. The resulting solution was then degassed with a steady stream of nitrogen for 20 min before 6-bromoquinoline (8, 1055 g, 5.07 mol, 1.0 equiv), allyl alcohol (588 g, 10.1 mol, 2.0 equiv), and 7V-methyl-iV-cyclohexylcyclohexylamine (1186 g, 6.08 mol, 1.2 equiv) were added at room temperature. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at 50 – to 55 °C for 8 – 12 h. When TLC and LC/MS showed that the reaction was deemed complete, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature before methyl fert-butyl ether (MTBE, 10 L) was added to the reaction mixture. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 min before being filtered through a plug of celite. The filtrate was concentrated under the reduced pressure and the residue was purified by flash column chromatography (SiO₂, 20 – 80 % ethyl acetate in heptane gradient elution) to afford 3-(quinolin-6-yl)propanal (9, 495 g, 939.1 g theoretical, 52.7%) as a yellow oil, which solidified partially upon standing at 0 – 5 ⁰C. For 9: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-J₆) δ ppm 9.75 (t, IH, J= 1.24 Hz), 8.83 (dd, IH, J= 4.15 Hz, 1.66 Hz), 8.25 (dd, IH, J= 8.3, 1.03 Hz), 7.93 (d, IH, J= 8.71 Hz), 7.76 (d, IH, J= 1.45 Hz), 7.64 (dd, IH, J= 8.72 Hz, 2.08 Hz), 7.48 (dd, IH, J= 8.30 Hz, 4.36 Hz), 3.05 (t, 2H, J= 7.26 Hz), 2.89 (t, 2H, J= 7.26 Hz); Ci₂H_nNO (MW 185.22), LCMS (EI) We 186 (M⁺ + H).

Method 2. A solution of 6-(3,3-diethoxypropyl)quinoline (23, Method A of Example 16, 520 g , 2.08 mol, 1.0 equiv) in ethyl acetate (EtOAc, 2.2 L) was cooled to 0 ⁰C before a 2 N aqueous hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution (2.2 L) was added over 1 h while keeping the reaction temperature below 5 ⁰C. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred for an additional 2 h at 0 – 5 ⁰C. When TLC and HPLC/MS indicated the reaction was complete, the reaction was quenched with an ice cold 3 N aqueous sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution at 0 °C until the pH was between 8 to 9. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (EtOAc, 2 L). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2 L), dried with sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated under the reduced pressure to afford crude 3-(quinolin-6-yl)propanal (9, 385.3 g, 385.3 g theoretical, 100%) as a yellow oil, which was found to be identical to the material obtained from Method 1 in every comparable aspect. Since this crude material was found to be sufficiently pure, it was used directly in subsequent reaction without further purification.

Method 5. A 22 L flask charged with 0.5 M solution of 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1] nonane in tetrahydrofuran (9-BBN, 5.75 L, 2.89 mol, 2.0 equiv) and tetrahydrofuran (THF, 6 L) was treated with 3,3-diethoxy-l-propene (393 g, 3.02 mol, 2.10 equiv) at 0 – 5 ⁰C and the resulting reaction mixture was subsequently warmed to room temperature and stirred at room temperature for 14 h. 6-Bromoquinoline (8, 300 g, 1.44 mol, 1.0 equiv), palladium acetate (Pd(OAc)₂, 16.1 g, 0.072 mol, 0.05 equiv), potassium carbonate (K₂CO₃, 398 g, 2.89 mol, 2.0 equiv), tricyclohexylphosphine (22.3 g, 0.079 mol, 0.055 equiv), and water (52 g, 2.8 mol) were added to the reaction mixture at room temperature before being degassed with nitrogen for 1 h. The resulting reaction mixture was heated to 75 ⁰C for 1 h. When TLC and LC/MS showed the reaction was deemed complete, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and water (2 L) was added to dissolve the salts. The resulting mixture was then concentrated under the reduced pressure to a volume of approximately 4 L before being filtered through a plug of Celite. The Celite plug was washed with ethyl acetate (EtOAc, 2 L). The filtrate was concentrated under the reduced pressure to a volume of approximately 2 L and this residual solution was then added slowly over 5 min to a flask containing a 2.0 M aqueous hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution (2 L) at 0 – 5 °C. The resulting solution was stirred at 0 – 5 °C for 14 h before being quenched with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) solution at 0 ⁰C until the pH was between 8 to 9. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (EtOAc, 2 L). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (1 L), dried with sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated under the reduced pressure. The residue, which contains the crude 3-(quinolin-6-yl)propanal (9) was purified by flash column chromatography (SiO₂, 20 – 80 % ethyl acetate in heptane gradient elution) to afford 3-(quinolin-6-yl)propanal (9, 139 g, 266.7 g theoretical, 52.1%) as a yellow oil, which was found to be identical to the material obtained from Methods 1 and 2.

Example 18 l-(2-Chloro-l-hydroxy-3-(quinolin-6-yI)propyl)pyrrolidine-2,5-dione (11)

Method I. A solution of 3-(quinolin-6-yl)propanal (9, 407 g, 2.2 mol, 1.0 equiv) in chloroform (CHCl₃, 1700 mL) was cooled to 0 ⁰C before proline (52 g, 0.44 mol, 0.2 equiv) and iV-chlorosuccinimide (NCS, 303 g, 2.31 mol, 1.05 equiv) were added. The resulting reaction mixture was allowed to slowly warm to room temperature (becomes homogeneous) and stirred at room temperature for overnight. The reaction was exothermal to around 40 ⁰C when it reaches room temperature and a precipitate had formed at this point. Once TLC and LC/MS showed that the reaction was deemed complete, the reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (EtOAc, 1700 mL) and the resulting mixture was cooled to 0 ⁰C. The solid was collected by filtration and the collected wet solid cake was placed in a flask and triturated with water (750 mL). The resulting suspension was stirred at room temperature for 30 min before the solids were collected by filtration. The collected solids were washed with water (250 mL) and methyl tert-bntyl ether (MTBE, 500 mL) and dried in a vacuum oven at 45 ⁰C to constant weight to afford l-(2-chloro-l-hydroxy-3-(quinolin-6-yl)propyl)pyrrolidine-2,5-dione (11, 378.7 g, 701.3 g theoretical, 54 % yield) as off-white powder. For 11: ¹HNMR (DMSO-J₆, 400MHz) δ ppm 8.86 (dd, IH, J= 4.15 Hz, 1.66 Hz), 8.33 (dd, IH, J= 8.51 Hz, 1.04 Hz), 7.98 (d, IH, J= 8.72 Hz), 7.85 (d, IH, J= 1.66 Hz), 7.68 (dd, IH, J= 8.51 Hz, 1.87 Hz), 7.51 (dd, IH, J= 8.29 Hz, 4.15 Hz), 7.36 (d, IH, J = 7.05 Hz), 5.28 (dd, IH, J= 9.54 Hz, 6.85 Hz), 5.07 (dt, IH, J= 9.75 Hz, 2.70 Hz), 3.65 (dd, IH, J= 14.52 Hz, 2.49 Hz), 3.09 (dd, IH, J= 14.52 Hz, 9.75 Hz), 2.64 (s, 4H); C₁₆H₁₅ClN₂O₃ (MW 318.75), LCMS (EI) m/e 319.2 (M⁺ + H).

Method II. A solution of 3-quinolin-6-ylpropanal (9, 74.8 g, 0.404 mol) in acetonitrile (202 mL, 3.87 mol) was cooled to 0 ⁰C before L-proline (4.70 g, 0.0404 mol, 0.10 equiv), benzoic acid (4.96 g, 0.0404 mol, 0.10 equiv), and iV-chlorosuccinimide (NCS, 57.8 g, 0.424 mol, 1.05 equiv) were added at 0 ⁰C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 3 h and the resulting clear solution was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred at room temperature for 18 h. The reaction mixture became a thick suspension and LCMS showed the completion of the reaction. Ethyl acetate (EtOAc, 202 mL) was added to the reaction mixture and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The solids were collected by filtration, washed with ethyl acetate (EtOAc, 100 mL) and dried under vacuum at 40 – 45 ⁰C to constant weight to afford l-(2-chloro-l-hydroxy-3-(quinolin-6-yl)propyl)pyrrolidine-2,5-dione (11, 88.8 g, 128.8 g theoretical, 69 % yield) as an off-white powder, which was found to be identical to the material made from method I in every comparable aspect.

Scheme 3 (Examples 19-21)

15 21, dihydrochloride

C₂₃H₁₇FN₆O C₂₃H₁₉Q₂FN₆O MoI Wt 412 42 MoI Wt 485 34

Example 19

2-Fluoro-4-(7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[l,2-Z>] [l,2,4]triazin-2-yl)benzoic acid (14)

A suspension of 2-fluoro-4-(7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[l ,2-&][l ,2,4]triazin-2-yl)benzonitrile (13, 277.5 g, 0.73 mol, 1.0 equiv) in concentrated hydrochloric acid (2500 mL) and water (250 mL) was heated to 100⁰C (homogenous at this point) and stirred at around 100 ⁰C for 18 h. When LC/MS indicated the reaction was deemed complete, the reaction mixture was cooled down to 70 – 80 ⁰C before being diluted with water (2500 mL). The resulting diluted reaction mixture was then cooled down to room temperature (yellow solid forms at 40 – 50 ⁰C) and subsequent to 0 – 5 ⁰C. The solids were then collected by filtration, washed with a small amount of IN aqueous HCl (100 mL), and dried in a vacuum oven at 45 ⁰C to constant weight to afford 2-fluoro-4-(7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[l,2-έ][l,2,4]triazin-2-yl)benzoic acid (14, 271 g, 291.5 g theoretical, 93% yield) as yellow to bright-yellow powders. For 14: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, OMSO-d₆) δ ppm 9.34 (s, IH), 9.23 (dd, IH, J- 5.19 Hz, 1.45 Hz), 9.08 (d, IH, J= 8.29 Hz), 8.38 (d, IH, J= 8.92 Hz), 8.30 (d, IH, J= 1.24 Hz), 8.18 (dd, IH, J= 8.72 Hz, 1.87 Hz), 8.12 (s, IH), 8.08 – 8.00 (m, 4H), 4.75 (s, 2H); C₂₂H₁₆Cl₂FN₅O₂ (MW 472.30), C₂₂H₁₄FN₅O₂ (free base: MW 399.38), LCMS (EI) mle 400.0 (M⁺ + H).

Example 20 2-Fluoro-7V-methyl-4-(7-(quiiiolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[l,2-^][l,2,4]triazin-2-yl)benzainide

(15).

A suspension of 2-fluoro-4-(7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[l ,2-b][l ,2,4]triazin-2-yl)benzoic acid (14, 431.4 g, 0.914 mol, 1.0 equiv) and (benzotriazol-1-yloxy)tripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PyBOP, 570 g, 1.1 mol, 1.2 equiv) in ΛyV-dimethylformamide (DMF, 3700 mL) was treated with a solution of 2 M methylamine in THF (1830 mL, 3.656 mol, 4.0 equiv) over 15 min at room temperature. The reaction temperature increased to 30 ⁰C during the addition of methylamine and the reaction mixture became homogeneous once the addition of methylamine was complete. Triethylamine (TEA, 382 mL, 2.742 mol, 3.0 equiv) was then added to the reaction mixture and the resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 – 4 h. When LC/MS showed the coupling reaction was deemed complete, the reaction mixture was treated with water (950 mL). The resulting suspension was cooled down to 0 – 5 ⁰C in an ice-bath and stirred at 0 – 5 ⁰C for 30 min. The solids were collected by filtration and washed with water (200 mL). The wet solid cake was then suspended in a mixture of water and acetonitrile (1/1 by volume, 2000 mL) and the resulted suspension was stirred at room temperature for Ih. The solids were collected by filtration, washed with water and acetonitrile, and dried in a vacuum oven at 40 – 45 ⁰C to constant weight to afford 2-fluoro-Λ^/-methyl-4-(7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[l ,2-έ>][l ,2,4]triazin-2-yl)benzamide (15, 322 g, 377 g theoretical, 85.4% yield) as yellow to bright-yellow powders. For 15: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-J₆) δ ppm 9.20 (s, IH), 8.82 (dd, IH, J= 4.05, 1.56 Hz), 8.38 (br m, IH), 8.27 (dd, IH, J= 8.50 Hz, 1.25 Hz), 8.06 – 7.93 (m, 5H), 7.81 – 7.74 (m, 2H), 7.49 (dd, IH, J= 8.40 Hz, 4.35 Hz), 4.62 (s, 2H), 2.78 (d, 3H, J= 4.36 Hz); C₂₃H₁₇FN₆O (MW 412.42), LCMS (EI) mle 413.1 (M⁺ + H).

Example 21

2-Fluoro-Λ^r-methyl-4-(7-(quinoIin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[l,2-6][l,2,4]triazm-2-yl)benzamide dihydrochloride (21, dihydrochloride)

A suspension of 2-fluoro-iV-methyl-4-[7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazolo[l ,2-6][l,2,4]triazin-2-yl]benzamide (15, 421.2 g, 1.021 mol) in methanol (MeOH, 6600 mL) was heated to 55 ⁰C before a premixed solution of aqueous concentrated hydrochloric acid (cone.

HCl, 37 wt.%, 12 M, 420 mL, 5.10 mol, 5.0 equiv) in isopropyl alcohol (IPA, 1510 mL) was added dropwise at 55 ⁰C. The resulting clear solution was stirred at 55 ⁰C for 30 min before methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE, 6750 mL) was added via an additional runnel over 30 min. The solids were slowly precipitated out after addition of methyl tert-butyl ether. The resulting mixture was stirred at 55 ⁰C for an additional 1 h before being gradually cooled down to room temperature. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for overnight. The solids were collected by filtration, washed with methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE, 3 x 500 mL), and dried in vacuum oven at 45 – 55 ⁰C to constant weight. The desired 2-fluoro-Λ^r-methyl-4-[7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazolo[l,2-£][l,2,4]triazin-2-yl]benzamide dihydrochloride (21, dihydrochloride, 470.7 g, 495.5 g theoretical, 95% yield) was obtained as off-white to light yellow crystalline solids. For 21 (dihydrochloride): mp (decom.) 222 ⁰C; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-J₆) δ ppm 9.46 (s, IH), 9.25 (dd, IH, J= 5.4 Hz, 1.4 Hz), 9.12 (d, IH, J= 8.3 Hz), 8.51 (m, IH), 8.47 (d, IH, J= 0.9 Hz), 8.34 (d, IH, J= 1.3 Hz), 8.23 (s, IH), 8.21 (dd, IH, J= 9.0 Hz, 1.8 Hz), 8.09-8.02 (m, 3H), 7.79 (dd, IH, J= 7.5 Hz, 8.3 Hz), 4.77 (s, 2H), 2.78 (s, 3H, J= 4.5 Hz); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-^₆) δ ppm 163.4, 159.4 (d, J= 249.9 Hz), 145.8, 145.4, 144.5, 143.8, 140.4, 138.8, 136.8, 135.9, 135.7 (J= 8.6 Hz), 131.2 ( J= 3.1 Hz), 130.7, 128.7, 128.2, 126.2 (J- 14.9 Hz), 126.0, 123.1 (J= 3 Hz), 122.5, 121.0, 114.9 (J= 5.6 Hz), 28.4, 26.3; ¹⁹F NMR (376.3 MHz, DMSO-^₆) δ ppm -113.2; C₂₃H₁₇FN₆O (free base, MW 412.42), LCMS (EI) mle 413.1 (M⁺ + H) and 435.0 (M⁺ + Na).

Scheme 4 (Examples 22-25)

C₇H₃BrFN C₁₃H₁₅BFN₂O₂ MoI. Wt: 200.01 MoI. Wt: 247.07 Example 22 l,2,4-Triazin-3-amine (16)

An aqueous solution of glyoxal (57 Kg of 40 wt% aqueous solution, 393 mol, 0.73 equiv) was added to a suspension of aminoguanidine bicarbonate (73 Kg, 536.3 mol) in water (400 L) at room temperature. The evolution of carbon dioxide (CO₂) began almost immediately. The reaction mixture was then stirred at room temperature for 18 h and the evolution of gas had virtually ceased after about 2 h. The reaction mixture was then filtered, and the filtrate was evaporated to dryness under the reduced pressure. The residue was then extracted with cold methanol (MeOH, 3 x 120 L), and the combined methanol solution was cooled down to 0 – 5 ⁰C before being filtered to remove the residual solids. The filtrate was then concentrated under the reduced pressure, and the residue was recrystallized in acetonitrile to afford l,2,4-triazin-3-amine (16, 34 Kg, 37.76 Kg theoretical, 90% yield) as fine, white needles. For 16: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-J₆) δ ppm 8.54 (d, IH, J- 2.33 Hz), 8.20 (d, IH, J= 2.33 Hz), 7.15 (br s, 2H).

Example 23 6-Bromo-l,2,4-triazin-3-amine (17)

A solution of 1 ,2,4-triazin-3-amine (16, 33 Kg, 343.4 mol) in water (500 L) and acetonitrile (300 L) was treated with jV-bromosuccinimide (NBS, 66 Kg, 370 mol, 1.08 equiv) at 5 – 15 ⁰C, and the resulting reaction mixture was stirred at 10 – 15 ⁰C for 1 – 4 h. When TLC and LC/MS showed that the bromination reaction was deemed complete, the reaction mixture was treated with an aqueous solution of saturated sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃). The resulting solution was then extracted with ethyl acetate (EtOAc, 3 x 500 L). The combined organic extracts were washed with water (2 x 100 L), dried over magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄), and concentrated under the reduced pressure to afford 6-bromo-l,2,4-triazin-3-amine (17, 10.3 Kg, 60 Kg theoretical, 17.2% yield) as yellow to brown powders. For 17: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-J₆) δ ppm 8.39 (s, IH), 7.47 (br, 2H); C₃H₃BrN₄ (MW 174.99), LCMS (EI) mle 175.0/176.9 (M⁺ + H).

Example 24 2-Fluoro-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzonitrile (19) Step 1. A solution of 2-fluro-4-bromobenzonitrile (18, 12.5 Kg, 62.5 mol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (THF, 30 L) was treated with a solution of isopropylmagnesium chloride generated from magnesium (Mg, 1.8 Kg, 150 mol, 1,2 equiv) an 2-chloropropane (7.2 Kg, 92 mol, 1.47 equiv) in THF (20 L) and 2-(2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy)-τV/v^r-dimethylethanamine (11 Kg, 69 mol, 1.1 equiv) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was then stirred at 12 – 20 ⁰C for an additional 2 h before being treated with trimethylborate (9 Kg, 86.7 mol, 1.4 equiv) at 10 -15 ⁰C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 7 – 16 ⁰C for 40 min. When TLC and LC/MS showed that the reaction was deemed complete, the reaction mixture was quenched with 1 N aqueous hydrochloric acid (HCl, 35 Kg) at room temperature. The quenched aqueous reaction mixture was then extracted with ethyl acetate (EtOAc, 4 x 35 L). The combined organic extracts were washed with water (50 L), dried over magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄), and concentrated under the reduced pressure. The residual solids were then recrystallized from acetonitrile (20 L) and hexanes (45 L) to afford the corresponding crude 3-fluoro-4-cyanophenyl boronic acid (5.0 Kg, 48% yield).

Step 2. A suspension of the crude 3-fluoro-4-cyanophenyl boronic acid (9.2 Kg, 55.8 mol) in cyclohexane (150 L) was treated with pinacol (13.2 Kg, 111.6 mol, 2.0 equiv) at room temperature, and the resulting reaction mixture was warmed to 40 ⁰C for 4 h. When TLC and LC/MS showed that the reaction was deemed complete, the reaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature before being washed with water (2 x 75 L). The organic layer was then dried over magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄) and concentrated under the reduced pressure to afford 2-fluoro-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzonitrile (19, 11.8 Kg, 13.8 Kg theoretical, 85.6% yield) as a light yellow solid. For 19: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-J₆) δ ppm 7.92 (t, IH, J- 7.00 Hz), 7.62 (m, 2H), 1.29 (s, 12 H).

Example 25 4-(3-Amino-l,2,4-triazin-6-yI)-2-fluorobenzonitrile (20).

A mixture of 6-bromo- 1,2, 4-triazin-3 -amine (17, 100.0 g, 571.47 mmol) and 2-fluoro-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzonitrile (19, 145.43 g, 588.61 mmol, 1.03 equiv) in 1,4-dioxane (1200 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 10 min before potassium carbonate (K₂CO₃, 355.4 g, 2572 mmol) in water (600 mL) was added to give a deep red solution. The mixture was degassed by bubbling with nitrogen for 10 min before 1,1′-bis(diphenyl phosphino)ferrocene dichloropalladium(II) complex with dichloromethane (1 :1) (Pd(dppf)₂Cl₂, 14.14 g, 17.14 mmol, 0.03 equiv) was added at room temperature. The resulting reaction mixture was degassed by bubbling with nitrogen for 10 min and then heated at 86 ⁰C under nitrogen. After 2 h, HPLC showed that the reaction was deemed complete, and the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and then to 0 – 5 ⁰C with an ice-water bath. 1 ,4-Dioxane (400 mL) was added to the cooled reaction mixture before a solution of 3.3 M aqueous hydrochloric acid solution (HCl, 1900 mL) was added dropwise with stirring to adjust pH to 0.40- 0.93. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min and filtered. The solid collected was stirred with 1,4-dioxane (260 mL) and then added IN HCl (400 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 min and filtered. The filtrate was combined with the filtrate obtained earlier and washed with ethyl acetate (EtOAc, 2 x 2 L). The combined ethyl acetate extracts was extracted with 1 N aqueous hydrochloric acid solution (HCl, 3 x 200 mL). The combined aqueous solution was then treated with activated charcoal (20 g) and stirred at room temperature for 30 min. The mixture was filtered through a celite bed and the filtrate was cooled to 0 – 5 ⁰C with an ice- water bath. A solution of 50% of sodium hydroxide in water (NaOH, 240 mL, 4500 mmol) was added drowise at 5-12 ⁰C to adjust pH tolθ.6 – 11.6. The mixture was stirred at 0 – 5 ⁰C for 30 min and then filtered. The solids collected were washed with aqueous ammonium hydroxide (1 to 3 of 28% concentrated NH₄OH to water, 1900 mL) and dried under vacuum at 40 – 45 ⁰C to constant weight to afford 4-(3-amino-l,2,4-triazin-6-yl)-2-fluorobenzonitrile (20, 101.2 g, 122.9 g theoretical, 82.3% yield) as a off-white powder. For 20: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-J₆) δ ppm 8.94 (s, IH), 8.12 (d, IH, J= 11.41 Hz), 8.08 – 8.00 (m, 2 H), 7.71 (br s, 2 H); Ci₀H₆FN₅ (MW 215.19), LCMS (EI) mle 215.9 (M⁺ + H).

Scheme 5 (Example 26)

20 13

C₁₀H₆FN₅ C₁₆H₁₅ON₂O₃ C₂₂H₁₃FN₆ MoI. Wt: 215.19 MoI. Wt 318.75 MoI. Wt: 380.38 Example 26 2-Fluoro-4-(7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[l,2-Z>][l,2,4]triazin-2-yl)benzonitrile (13).

Step 1. A 22 L reactor equipped with a overhead stirring, a thermocouple, a distillation apparatus, and a nitrogen inlet was purged with nitrogen before 4-(3-amino-l,2,4-triazin-6-yl)-2-fluorobenzonitrile (20, 300 g, 1.39 mol), l-(2-chloro-l-hydroxy-3-(quinolin-6-yl)propyl)pyrrolidine-2,5-dione (11, 635 g, 1.99 mol, 1.43 equiv), and ethylene glycol (3.0 L) were charged to the reactor at room temperature. The resulting reaction mixture was heated to 130-140 °C with nitrogen bubbled through continuously. The distillate was collected with the distillation apparatus. After 3 – 4 h, HPLC indicated the reaction was deemed complete (presence of < 1.5% of starting material 20). The reaction mixture was gradually cooled to room temperature. A 2.5% aqueous sodium carbonate solution (Na₂CO₃, 14.1 L) was added with stirring to the reactor over 60 min and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 – 2 h. The mixture was then filtered, and the solid was washed with water (9.6 L) and dried under vacuum to afford the desired crude product (13, 980.4 g), which was combined with several other batches for purification as described below.

Step 2. A solution of crude product (13, 2754 g) in methylene chloride (CH₂Cl₂, 37.8 L) and methanol (0.54 L) was treated with silica gel (SiO₂, 2700 g) at room temperature, and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 90 min. The mixture was filtered and the filter cake was washed with a mixture OfCH₂Cl₂(18 L) and methanol (0.26 L). The combined filtrates were treated with silica gel (SiO₂J 800 g) and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 90 min and then filtered. The filter cake was washed with a mixture of CH₂Cl₂ (18 L) and methanol (0.26 L). The combined filtrates were concentrated under the reduced pressure at 20 – 60 ⁰C to about 8 – 12 L. The residue was treated with a mixture of isopropanol (IPA) and water (1 : 1 , 9 L) in portions and the distillation was continued at 1 atm pressure until the temperature reached 68 – 75 ⁰C. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and the solids were collected by filtration. The solids collected were washed with isopropanol (IPA, 3.6 L) and dried under vacuum at 40 – 45 ⁰C to constant weight to afford pure 2-fluoro-4-(7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[l,2-ό][l,2,4]triazin-2-yl)benzonitrile (13, 940.27g) as a bright yellow powder.

The above reaction and purification process gave product 13 in 59 – 64% yield. The spectroscopic data of compound 13 made by this synthetic process was found to be identical to those obtained from material made by cyanation of compound 12 described previously. For 13: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, OMSO-d₆) δ ppm 9.24 (s, IH), 8.81 (dd, IH₅ J= 4.15, 1.66 Hz), 8.26 – 8.12 (m, 4H), 8.02 (s, IH), 7.95 – 7.93 (m, 2H), 7.76 (dd, IH, J= 8.71, 2.08 Hz), 7.47 (dd, IH, J = 8.70, 4.15 Hz), 4.62 (s, 2H); C₂₂Hi₃FN₆ (MW 380.38), LCMS (EI) m/e 381.0 (M⁺ + H).

Scheme 6 (Examples 27-29)

14 15

C₂₂H₁₄FN₅O₂ C₂₃H₁₇FN₆O MoI. Wt: 399.38 MoI. Wt: 412.42

I I) SOd₂ aq. HCl/ acetone { 2) MeNH₂

15 (.{hydrochloride

C₂₃H₁₇FN₆O C₂₃H₁₉CI₂FN₆O MoI. Wt: 412.42 MoI. Wt: 485.34

Example 27

2-Fluoro-4-(7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo [1,2-6] [1,2,4] triazin-2-yl)benzoic acid (14).

To a 22 L reactor equipped with a overhead stirring, a thermocouple, and a nitrogen inlet was charged compound 13 (900 g, 2.37 mol), water (0.9 L), and concentrated HCl (9.1 L) at room temperature. The resulting reaction mixture was heated at 100 ⁰C for 12 h. When HPLC showed the reaction was complete, the reaction mixture was cooled to 90 ⁰C and water (4.9 L) was added over 15 min while maintaining the temperature at 65 – 90 ⁰C. The reaction mixture was further cooled to room temperature and stirred at room temperature for 3 h. The solids were collected by filtration, washed with water (1.2 L) and dried in vacuum at 40 – 45 ⁰C to constant weight to afford 2-fluoro-4-(7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[l,2-6][l,2,4]triazin-2-yl)benzoic acid (14, 945 g, 946.5 g theoretical, 99.8% yield) as a light yellow solid, which was found to be identical to the material made by earlier method. For 14: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-J₆) δ ppm 9.34 (s, IH), 9.23 (dd, IH, J= 5.19 Hz, 1.45 Hz), 9.08 (d, IH₅ J= 8.29 Hz), 8.38 (d, IH, J = 8.92 Hz), 8.30 (d, IH, J= 1.24 Hz), 8.18 (dd, IH, J= 8.72 Hz, 1.87 Hz), 8.12 (s, IH), 8.08-8.00 (m, 4H), 4.75 (s, 2H); C₂₂Hi₆Cl₂FN₅O₂ (MW 472.30), C₂₂H₁₄FN₅O₂ (free base: MW 399.38), LCMS (EI) mle 400.0 (M⁺ + H).

Example 28

2-Fluoro-iV-methyl-4-(7-(quinolin-6-yImethyl)iinidazo [ 1 ,2-6] [ 1 ,2,4] triazin-2-yl)benzamide

(15).

Method A. To a stirred solution of 2-fluoro-4-(7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[l,2-6][l,2,4]triazin-2-yl)benzoic acid (14, 1000 g, 2.12 mol) in acetonitrile (5 L) and CH₂Cl₂(10 L) were charged HOBt (358 g, 2.65 mol, 1.25 equiv), and EDC hydrochloride (508.4 g, 2.65 mol, 1.25 equiv) at room temperature. Another portion OfCH₂Cl₂ (10 L) was then added to the reaction mixture and the resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 min. A 2.0 M solution of methylamine (MeNH₂) in THF (3.44 L, 6.88 mol, 3.25 equiv) was added with stirring while maintaining the temperature at 15 – 30 ⁰C. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h before an additional portion of 2.0 M solution of methylamine (MeNH₂) in THF (1.06 L, 2.12 mol, 1 equiv) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h and a second portion of EDC hydrochloride (406 g, 2.12 mol, 1 equiv) was added and the stirring was continued for 6 h. When HPLC showed less than 1 % of starting material (14) was remaining, the reaction mixture was concentrated under the reduced pressure at < 50 ⁰C. During distillation acetonitile (20 L) was added and distillation was continued until the remaining volume was about 20 L. The residue was treated with an aqueous solution of 2.5% sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃, 40 L) and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. The solids were collected by filtration, washed with water (3 x 4.0 L), air dried by pulling vacuum on the filter to afford the crude desired product (15). The crude solids were treated with CH₂Cl₂ (17.6 L) and MeOH (5.2 L) at room temperature and resulting mixture was stirred until a clear solution was obtained. The solution was filtered to remove insoluble materials. With vigorous stirring a 2.5% aqueous solution of sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃, 17.6 L) was added to the filtrate and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 60 min to give a suspension. Heptane (20 L) was added and the mixture was stirred for an additional 60 min. The mixture was filtered and the solid was washed sequentially with water (3 x 4.0 L) and heptane (4.0 L), and dried in vacuum to afford 2-fluoro-./V-methyl-4-(7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[l,2-b][l,2,4]triazin-2-yl)benzamide (15, 1095.3 g, 874.3 g theoretical) as a bright yellow solid, which was found to be not totally dry and to contain ~ 25% residual solvents. This wet solid was used directly for the subsequent dihydrochloride salt (21) formation reaction without further drying. A small sample was dried completely for spectroscopic analyses and the data were consistent with those obtained by earlier method: For 15: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-J₆) δ ppm 9.20 (s, IH), 8.82 (dd, IH, J= 4.05, 1.56 Hz), 8.38 (br m, IH), 8.27 (dd, IH, J = 8.50 Hz, 1.25 Hz), 8.06 – 7.93 (m, 5H), 7.81 – 7.74 (m, 2H), 7.49 (dd, IH, J= 8.40 Hz, 4.35 Hz), 4.62 (s, 2H), 2.78 (d, 3H, J= 4.36 Hz); C₂₃H_nFN₆O (MW 412.42), LCMS (EI) m/e 413.1 (M⁺ + H).

Method B. 2-Fluoro-4-[7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[l,2-b][l,2,4]triazin-2-yl]benzoic acid dihydrochloride (14, 50.00 g, 0.1059 mol) was added toluene (300 mL) and followed by thionyl chloride (SOCl₂, 77.2 mL, 1.06 mol, 10.0 equiv) at room temperature. The resulting reaction mixture was heated at 72 ⁰C under N₂ and the reaction was followed by HPLC analysis of the disappearance of the starting material benzoic acid (14). After 48 h, HPLC indicated ~4% starting material remaining and the reaction was stopped. The reaction mixture was concentrated to dryness by vacuum distillation at 40-50 ⁰C. The residual solids were added toluene (300 mL) and the solvent was removed by vacuum distillation at 40-50 ⁰C. THF (250 mL) was added and the mixture was cooled with an ice-water bath. A 2.0 M of methylamine (MeNH₂) in THF (529 mL, 1.06 mol, 10 equiv) was added dropwise. The resulting reaction mixture was allowed to warm up to room temperature and stirred at room temperature for 17 h. Water (600 mL) was added to the reaction mixture and THF (400 – 500 mL) was removed by vacuum distillation at 40 ⁰C. Sodium carbonate (15.60 g, 0.147 mol) was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. The mixture was filtered and the solid was washed with water (3 x 30 mL) and dried. The solid was dissolved in pre-mixed methylene chloride (CH₂Cl₂, 1000 mL) and methanol (MeOH, 300 mL). With vigorous stirring, a solution of 0.236 M of sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) in water (1000 mL) was added dropwise. Solid was slowly precipitated out after addition of aqueous solution of sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃). Hexane (1000 niL) was then added dropwise with stirring. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 – 40 min and the solids were collected by filtration. The solids collected were washed with water (3 x 200 mL) and dried in vacuum at 40 – 50⁰C to constant weight to afford 2-fluoro-Λ^r-methyl-4-(7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[l,2-ό][l,2,4]triazin-2-yl)benzamide (15, 42.2 g, 43.67 g theoretical, 96.6% yield) as a bright yellow solid, which was found to be identical to the material made by Method A in every comparable aspect. For 15: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-J₆) δ ppm 9.20 (s, IH), 8.82 (dd, IH, J= 4.05, 1.56 Hz), 8.38 (br m, IH), 8.27 (dd, IH, J= 8.50 Hz, 1.25 Hz), 8.06 – 7.93 (m, 5H), 7.81-7.74 (m, 2H), 7.49 (dd, IH, J= 8.40 Hz, 4.35 Hz), 4.62 (s, 2H), 2.78 (d, 3H, J= 4.36 Hz); C₂₃H₁₇FN₆O (MW 412.42), LCMS (EI) mle 413.1 (M⁺ + H).

Example 29

2-Fluoro-iV-methyl-4-(7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo [ 1 ,2-b] [ 1 ,2,4] triazin-2-yl)benzamide dihydrochloride (21, dihydrochloride)

2-Fluoro-vV-methyl-4-(7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[l, 2-Z?][l, 2,4]triazin-2-yl)benzamide (15, 210O g, containing ~25% residual solvents) and filtered USP water (7.6 L) were charged into a 50 L reactor at room temperature. With stirring a solution of 6 M aqueous hydrochloric acid (HCl, 3 L) was added with an additional funnel. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1.5 h. Acetone (30.5 L) was added to the reactor with stirring during 1 h and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2.5 h. The solids were collected by filtration, washed with acetone (2 x 4.3 L) and dried in vacuum to constant weight to afford 2-fluoro-iV-methyl-4-(7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[l ,2-b][ 1 ,2,4]triazin-2-yl)benzamide dihydrochloride (21, dihydrochloride, 1629.2 g, 1830.6 g theoretical, 89%) as a pale yellowish crystalline powder, which was found to be identical to the material made by previous method in every comparable aspect. For 21 (dihydrochloride): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-J₆) δ ppm 9.46 (s, IH), 9.25 (dd, IH, J= 5.4 Hz, 1.4 Hz), 9.12 (d, IH, J= 8.3 Hz), 8.51 (m, IH), 8.47 (d, IH, J= 0.9 Hz), 8.34 (d, IH, J= 1.3 Hz), 8.23 (s, IH), 8.21 (dd, IH, J= 9.0, 1.8 Hz), 8.09 – 8.02 (m, 3H), 7.79 (dd, IH, J= 7.5, 8.3 Hz), 4.77 (s, 2H), 2.78 (s, 3H, J= 4.5 Hz); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-J₆) δ ppm 163.4, 159.4 (d, J= 249.9 Hz), 145.8, 145.4, 144.5, 143.8, 140.4, 138.8, 136.8, 135.9, 135.7 (J= 8.6 Hz), 131.2 ( J= 3.1 Hz), 130.7, 128.7, 128.2, 126.2 (J= 14.9 Hz), 126.0, 123.1 (J= 3 Hz), 122.5, 121.0, 114.9 (J= 5.6 Hz), 28.4, 26.3; ¹⁹F NMR (376.3 MHz, DMSO-Z₆) δ ppm -113.2; C₂₃H₁₇FN₆O (free base, MW 412.42), LCMS (EI) mle 413.1 (M⁺ + H) and 435.0 (M⁺ + Na).\