Home » 2015 (Page 15)

Yearly Archives: 2015

deleted

September 9, 2015 3:26 am / Leave a comment

deleted

Chi-Med Says Fruquintinib Successful in Lung Cancer Trial

September 7, 2015 3:56 am / Leave a comment

Fruquintinib

Phase 3…cancer

Hutchison Medipharma Enterprises Limited

Hutchison MediPharma for the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer

C21H19N3O5
Exact Mass: 393.1325

cas 1194506-26-7, 6 ((6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4-yl) oxy) – N, 2-dimethylbenzofuran-3-carboxamide,

3-Benzofurancarboxamide, 6-[(6,7-dimethoxy-4-quinazolinyl)oxy]-N,2-dimethyl-

Synonym: Fruquintinib; HMPL-013; HMPL 013; HMPL013.

HPLC.http://www.medkoo.com/Product-Data/Fruquintinib/QC-Fruquintinib-CRB50706web.pdf

Fruquintinib, also known as HMPL-013, is an orally available, small molecule inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs), with potential anti-angiogenic and antineoplastic activities.

HMPL-013, a novel small molecule compound that selectively inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), is in phase III clinical studies at Hutchison MediPharma for the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer. Phase II clinical trials are also ongoing for the treatment of non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer.

Early clinical development is under way at the company for the treatment of gastric cancer in combination with paclitaxel.

Fruquintinib’s mechanism of action is the inhibition of all three forms of VEGF receptors (VEGFR-1, 2, 3). Competitive advantages over currently marketed therapies are the compound’s unique kinase profile, a highly potent efficacy and excellent kinase selectivity, large safety margin, a broad spectrum antitumor activity and a low cost of goods.
Upon oral administration, fruquintinib inhibits VEGF-induced phosphorylation of VEGFRs 1, 2, and 3 which may result in the inhibition of migration, proliferation and survival of endothelial cells, microvessel formation, the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation, and tumor cell death. Expression of VEGFRs may be upregulated in a variety of tumor cell types.

In 2013, the company entered into a licensing, co-development, and commercialization agreement in China with Eli Lilly.

Angiogenesis is a physiological process of growing new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels. It takes place in a healthy subject to heal wounds, i.e., restoring blood flow to tissues after injury or insult.

Excessive angiogenesis may be triggered by certain pathological conditions such as cancer, age-related macular degeneration, and chronic inflammatory disease. As a result, new blood vessels feed diseased tissues and destroy normal tissues. In cancer, new blood vessels also allow tumor cells to escape into the circulation and lodge in other organs.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a homodimeric glycoprotein, and its receptors, e.g., kinase insert domain receptor (KDR), constitute an important angiogenic pathway. Studies have shown that inhibition of KDR resulted in endothelial cell apoptosis and, thus, suppression of angiogenesis. See Rubin M. Tuder, Chest, 2000; 117: 281. KDR inhibitors are therefore potential candidates for treating an angiogenesis-related disorder.

Chi-Med Says Fruquintinib Successful in Lung Cancer Trial

Written by Richard Daverman, PhD, Executive Editor, Greg B. Scott.

Hutchison MediPharma, a division of Chi-Med reported that fruquintinib met its primary endpoint in a second proof-of-concept China trial, this time as a treatment for advanced non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer. The company said fruquintinib “clearly” met its primary endpoint of progression-free survival, though specific data are being held for a scientific meeting. In 2013, Hutchison out-licensed China rights for the drug to Lilly. In May, the first proof-of-concept trial triggered two payments from Lilly to HMP totaling $18 million. More details…. http://www.chinabiotoday.com/articles/20150904

………….

Patent

US 20090281130

https://www.google.com.ar/patents/US20090281130

EXAMPLE 1 Synthesis of 6-(6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4-yloxy)-N,2-dimethylbenzofuran-3-carboxamide:

To a solution of 4-chloro-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline (1 equiv.) in 2 ml CH₃CN were added 6-hydroxy-N,2-dimethylbenzofuran-3-carboxamide (1 equiv.) and K₂CO₃(1.5 equiv.). The mixture was refluxed under stirring for 10 hr. After the solvent was evaporated, the residue was washed with water, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated, and purified by column chromatography to give the title compound in a yield of 85%.

¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ: 2.49 (s, 3H), 2.81 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 3H,10), 3.97 (s, 3H), 3.98 (s, 3H), 7.24 (dd, J=2.0, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.38 (s, 1H), 7.58 (s, 1H), 7.61 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.79 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.96 (m, 1H), 8.52 (s, 1H).

MS(m/e): 394.1 (M+1).

………………

WO 2009137797

https://www.google.com/patents/WO2009137797A2

……………….

CN 101575333

Example a: 6- (6,7-dimethoxy-quinazolin-4-oxo) -N, 2- dimethyl-benzofuran-3-carboxamide

[0048]

[0049] 4-Chloro-6,7-dimethoxy-quinazoline (1 mmol) was dissolved in 2 ml of acetonitrile, followed by addition of 6-hydroxy -N, 2- dimethyl-benzofuran-3- amide (1 mmol) and potassium carbonate (1.5 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 10 hours, concentrated to dryness, washed with water, and purified to give the desired product, yield 85%.

[0050] 1H NMR (DMS0-d6,400MHz) δ ppm:. 2 49 (s, 3H); 2.81 (d, J = 8. 4Hz; 3H, 10); 3.97 (s; 3H); 3.98 (s, 3H);. 7 24 (dd, J = 2. 0,8 4Hz;. 1H);. 7 38 (s, lH);. 7 58 (s, lH); 7.61 (d, J = 2. OHz; 1H);. 7 79 (d, J = 8. 4Hz; 1H);. 7 96 (m, 1H);. 8 52 (s, 1H).

[0051] MS (m / e)::. 394 1 (M + l).

………..

EP1265874A2 *	Jan 23, 2001	Dec 18, 2002	Gödecke Gmbh	Method for the simplified production of (3-chloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)- 7-(3-morpholino-4-yl-propoxy)-6-nitro-quinazoline-4-yl]-amine or (3-chloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)- 7-(3-morpholino-4-yl-propoxy)-6-amino-quinazoline-4-yl]-amine
US20070208056 *	Jan 23, 2007	Sep 6, 2007	Bristol-Myers Squibb Company	Piperidinyl derivatives as modulators of chemokine receptor activity
US20080033000 *	May 15, 2007	Feb 7, 2008	Senex Biotechnology, Inc.	Identification of CDKI pathway inhibitors


2		See also references of EP2297115A2

Citing Patent	Filing date	Publication date	Applicant	Title
US8212033 *	Sep 29, 2010	Jul 3, 2012	Hutchison Medipharma Enterprises Limited	Use of substituted quinazoline compounds in treating angiogenesis-related diseases
US8497372	Jun 4, 2012	Jul 30, 2013	Hutchison Medipharma Enterprises Limited	Use of substituted quinazoline compounds in treating age-related macular degeneration
US8575184	Sep 1, 2010	Nov 5, 2013	Bristol-Myers Squibb Company	Quinazolines as potassium ion channel inhibitors

Hutchison Medipharma Enterprises Limited

Simon To, M.B.A.
Chairman

Mr To has been a Director since 2000 and an Executive Director and Chairman since 2006. He is also Chairman of the Remuneration Committee and a member of the Technical Committee of the Company. He is managing director of Hutchison Whampoa (China) Limited (“Hutchison China”) and has been with Hutchison China for over thirty years, building its business from a small trading company to a billion dollar investment group. He has negotiated major transactions with multinationals such as Procter & Gamble, Lockheed, Pirelli, Beiersdorf, United Airlines and British Airways.

Mr To’s career in China spans more than thirty years and he is well known to many of the top Government leaders in China. Mr To is the original founder of Hutchison Whampoa Limited’s healthcare business and has been instrumental in the acquisitions made to date. He received a First Class Honours Bachelor’s Degree in Mechanical Engineering from Imperial College, London and an MBA from Stanford University’s Graduate School of Business.

Christian Hogg, M.B.A.
Chief Executive Officer, Hutchison China MediTech Limited and Director, Hutchison MediPharma Holdings Limited

Mr Hogg has been an Executive Director and Chief Executive Officer since 2006. He is also a member of the Technical Committee of the Company. He joined Hutchison Whampoa (China) Limited in 2000 and has since led all aspects of the creation, implementation and management of the Company’s strategy, business and listing. This includes the creation of the Company’s start-up businesses and the acquisition and operational integration of assets that led to the formation of the Company’s China joint ventures.

Prior to joining Hutchison China, Mr Hogg spent ten years with Procter & Gamble starting in the US in Finance and then Brand Management in the Laundry and Cleaning Products Division. Mr Hogg then moved to China to manage P&G’s detergent business followed by a move to Brussels to run P&G’s global bleach business. Mr Hogg received a Bachelor’s degree in Civil Engineering from the University of Edinburgh and an MBA from the University of Tennessee.

Weiguo Su, Ph.D.
Executive Vice President and Chief Scientific Officer

Dr. Su has headed all drug discovery and research since he joined, including creating our R&D strategy, the formation and growth of research platform, and the research and discovery of each and every small molecule drug candidate in the Company’s portfolio.

Prior to joining in 2005, Dr. Su spent 15 years with Pfizer’s US R&D organization. Dr. Su delivered several high quality new drug candidates during his time with Pfizer, most recently as a director in the Medicinal Chemistry Department.

He received his Ph.D. and post-doctoral fellowship in Chemistry from Harvard University under the guidance of Nobel Laureate Professor E. J. Corey, and his Bachelor’s degree in Chemistry from Fudan University in Shanghai, China.

R & D Center Address (A):
Building 4, 720 Cailun Road
Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park
Pudong, Shanghai, China
Postal Code: 201203, China

Head Office Address (B):
Building 4, 917 Halei Road
Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park
Pudong, Shanghai, China
Postal Code: 201203, China

Tel: +86 21 2067 3000 Email: BD@hmplglobal.com

Addresses in Chinese:

R & D Center ( A): Chinese Cai Lun Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park in Pudong New Area, Shanghai, Lane 720 (intermediate哈雷路爱迪way out), Building 4

Head Office (B): Harley Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area, China, Shanghai, Lane 917, Building 4

HMP location

///////

Indian pharma’s struggle to tighten standards paves way for M&A deals

September 7, 2015 3:23 am / Leave a comment

People walk past a chemist shop at a market in Mumbai. Photo: Reuters

MUMBAI – India’s smaller generic drugmakers, struggling to cope with a bruised reputation and tougher regulation in the United States, are under pressure to consider branching out to new, less-profitable markets or sell out to larger rivals.

Two years after its most high-profile regulatory setback to date in the United States – Ranbaxy’s $500 million U.S. fine for drug safety violations – India’s $15 billion a year generic drug industry is still rebuilding its image in its biggest market.

Many of its top firms are facing sanctions at some of their factories, as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) tightens checks and its approvals process.

Combined with government-mandated price controls on drugs at home, that is piling pressure on smaller players.

“If they want to have a presence globally, they have to make investments. If they can’t, then they’ll have to focus on other markets or scale back their ambition outside of India, and that’s probably what will happen,” said Subhanu Saxena, CEO of Cipla , India’s fourth-largest drugmaker by revenue.

Ashok Anand, president of Hikal Ltd , a Mumbai-based drugmaker with a market value of $167 million, said some peers were putting themselves on the block.

“If they cannot deal with the stricter regulations, they might just prefer to sell out,” he said.

Pressure on U.S. sales has been felt across the Indian industry, with all drugmakers hit by delays in FDA approvals as the U.S. safety body overhauls its review process. Growth in U.S. revenue for drugmakers slowed to 14 percent in the year to March 2015, less than half what it was in the year to March 2012, according to brokerage Edelweiss.

But for larger players who want to plug gaps or, for the likes of Glenmark and Aurobindo who aim to grow in the United States, this pressure has lowered prices and could pave the way for attractive deals, bankers said.

“Now that some of the smaller companies are reeling under intensive regulatory scrutiny and want to cash out on their investments, valuations would be much more realistic,” said the head of India M&A at a large European bank in Mumbai.

SPENDING SPREE

Indian manufacturers say they have spent millions in high-end testing equipment, improved training and have hired larger teams in quality control since Ranbaxy was fined for manipulating clinical data.

Some consultants estimate spending on compliance has more than doubled to reach about 6 to 7 percent of sales for the larger companies.

But while the number of U.S. export bans issued to Indian companies fell to eight in 2014 from 21 in 2013, according to FDA data, the agency continues to find manufacturing violations at the plants of some of the biggest drugmakers in the country, an indication of the pervasiveness of the problem.

Sun Pharmaceutical Industries , Wockhardt , Dr Reddy’s Laboratories and Cadila Healthcarehave all faced FDA rebukes over the past year.

Smaller firms Ipca and Aarti Drugs faced FDA bans on their plants this year.

These failures – which executives blame on India’s “quick fix” culture and consultants blame on a failure to prioritize compliance – have clouded short-term growth prospects and added to pressure on smaller players, pushing some to look elsewhere.

“They can choose to be in lesser-regulated markets, such as Latin America, where there is a lot of demand. But they will have to live with much thinner margins,” said the finance director of a small Indian drugmaker, who did not want to be named. “It’s survival of the fittest.” REUTERS

http://m.todayonline.com/business/indian-pharmas-struggle-tighten-standards-paves-way-ma-deals

///////

China Generic Drugmakers Poaching Indian Execs

September 7, 2015 3:21 am / Leave a comment

China Generic Drugmakers Poaching Indian Execs

Written by Richard Daverman, PhD, Executive Editor, Greg B. Scott.

In the competition between China and India pharmas, China’s generic drug industry leads in the supply of APIs to global drugmakers, but India supplies more finished generic drugs to the world’s marketplace. That may be changing. According to press reports,

China drugmakers have begun hiring experienced Indian pharma execs, offering them two to three times their present salaries.

The China companies are willing to pay at these levels because the Indian professionals have two skills the Chinese want: drug formulation experience and English.

China’s drugmakers want help as they target the western world’s lucrative generic drug market.

More details…. http://www.chinabiotoday.com/articles/20150903

///////////

Tocagen’s Double Action Glioblastoma Treatment Receives FDA Orphan Drug Designation

September 6, 2015 4:59 am / Leave a comment

Toca 511 and Toca FC, developed by Tocagen, is a combination treatment currently being investigated in phase I/II trials for recurrent high grade glioma including the notoriously difficult to treat glioblastoma multiforme. Toca 511 (vocimagene amiretrorepvec) is a nonlytic retroviral replicating vector (RRV) that encodes the transgene cytosine deaminase (CD). This enzyme is used to catalyze the conversion of Toca FC, a novel oral extended-release prodrug 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) to the active 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Intravenous or intracranial injection of Toca 511 takes place during initial treatment and 3-7 weeks later the patient starts cyclic administration of Toca FC.^1,2,3 The phase I/II trials in humans have shown similar results of patients exceeding the average life expectancy of high grade gliomas.⁴

Clinical stage immuno-oncology company, Tocagen, Inc., announced the US Food and Drug Administration has granted its primary immuno-oncology candidate orphan drug designation as a promising and much-needed treatment of glioblastoma, the most common form of primary brain cancer. Every year, over 10,000 people are diagnosed with glioblastoma in the United States. The new designation brings the company’s Toca 511 & Toca FC closer to helping patients suffering with this type of tumor. Tocagen is preparing to proceed with a pivotal clinical trials later this year.

http://immuno-oncologynews.com/2015/08/26/tocagens-double-action-glioblastoma-treatment-receives-fda-orphan-drug-designation/

ANNA TAN

Glioblastoma is known to be extremely aggressive, with newly diagnosed patients expecting a mere five-year survival rate of less than 5 percent, along with a high likelihood of tumor recurrence despite completion of standard treatment. Once the tumor recurs, the average survival is only 8 months.

Toca 511 is a retroviral replicating vector (RRV) that selectively delivers a gene for the enzyme cytosine deaminase into the tumor. Patients then take oral cycles of Toca FC, a novel formulation of an antifungal drug, which is converted within infected cancer cells into the FDA-approved anticancer drug, 5-fluorouracil (5 FU). Toca 511 & Toca FC work by programming cancer cells to convert the prodrug 5-FC into the anticancer drug 5-FU, effectively causing tumor cell death and stimulating the immune system through a combination of mechanisms.

“There’s an extraordinary need for new treatment options for patients with this devastating disease,” said Harry Gruber, M.D., chief executive officer of Tocagen. “We believe FDA’s granting of both orphan drug and Fast Track designations to Toca 511 & Toca FC will enable us to more efficiently advance our program, which we hope will ultimately offer physicians and patients a new option in the fight against brain cancer.”

ImmunoCellular Therapeutics, Ltd., announced it has come to an agreement with the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on a Special Protocol Assignment (SPA) for the Phase III registrational study of its investigational immunotherapy, ICT-107, indicated for patients with glioblastoma.

ICT-107 is a dendritic cell-based immunotherapy targeting multiple tumor-associated antigens on glioblastoma stem cells. The trial will be a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, and will aim to enroll around 400 HLA-A2 positive patients. The study will be conducted across 120 sites in the US, Canada, and the European Union.

Mechanism of action

Retroviruses, once inside the target cell, use reverse transcriptase to produce DNA from the RNA present in the virus. Toca 511 is based on the gamma retrovirus, murine leukemia (MLV).⁵ The virus has many innate properties that are suitable for targeted cancer treatment. One of the most important properties is the reproduction mechanism that occurs without cytolysis of the host cell. In non-lytic reproduction, the infected cell continuously forms small buds that are pinched off containing the virus to allow rapid infection. Another property is the requirement for cell division. Infection is limited to mitotically active cells. These two properties present an ideal candidate vector for modification. The lack of cytolysis in the host cell prevents an immune response and the necessity for the cell to be dividing allows localization to cancerous tumors. As an oncolytic agent, the mechanism uses the rapid mitotic activity of the cancerous tumor cells to spread the therapeutic gene in an effective and controlled manner.⁵ In Toca 511, the insertion of the CD transgene into the active tumor catalyzes the treatment. The expression of CD by the tumor allows intratumoral conversion of 5-FC to 5-FU.⁶ This allows the cytotoxic 5-FU to be maintained within the tumor cell. A second mechanism of action is proposed based upon recent data. Post-treatment, a systemic anticancer immune response is present that selectively acts against the cancerous cells.^4,7

Design

The design of the Toca 511 RRV is based upon the vector design by Logg et al.⁵ Multiple changes facilitated selection of a clinically efficacious RRV. The original ecotropic envelope was changed to an amphotropic sequence. In the IRES-CD cassette, multiple small repeats were removed to allow for decreased instability during homologous recombination. A restriction site Psi I was placed at the 3′ of IRES for the insertion of the CD transgene. The resulting vector consists of the following, 5′ to 3′: CMV-R-U5, PBS, 5′ SS, gag, pol (with a 3′ SS), 4070A env, IRES, Psi I, yCD2, Not I, PPT, and the U3-R-U5.⁸

Clinical trials

Toca 511 and Toca FC combination therapy is currently being investigated for recurrent and progressive Grade III or IV glioma.^1,2,3 The initial clinical study is the first to use a RRV to facilitate gene transfer into gliomas. In a recent presentation by Tocagen, researchers expressed the safety and efficacy of the therapy in the first two trials. Minimal treatment toxicity was reported. The landmark six and twelve month survival rates were higher than previously published data in both studies.⁴ Following positive results with the initial two trials, investigation into the intravenous efficacy is currently being determined.⁷

Preclinical investigations

Two important discoveries that led to the creation of Toca 511/FC treatment are the optimization of yeast CD and modifications to the vector backbone for genomic replication stability. The optimization of the yeast CD involved the modification of the codon sequence at three amino acids to a known preferred human codon sequence. This did not change the amino acid sequence. This resulted in stability at 37°C compared to the previous 26°C. The vector backbone modification at the env-3′ untranslated boundary created a vector with higher fidelity than the wild type.⁸ In studies of mice with implanted gliomas, Toca 511 and Toca FC therapy resulted in an unprecedented survival rate.^6,8 Furthermore, when the mice were re-implanted with the same glioma post-treatment, memory T lymphocytes remained active and the growth was inhibited.⁶ The combination of these findings led to the clinical candidate that is currently undergoing trials.

References

1. Tocagen Inc. A Phase 1 Ascending Dose Trial of the Safety and Tolerability of Toca 511 in Patients With Recurrent High Grade Glioma. In: ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). 2000- [cited 2014 June 12]. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01156584 NLM Identifier: NCT01156584.

2. Tocagen Inc. A P1 Ascending Dose Trial of Safety and Tolerability of Toca 511, a Retroviral Replicating Vector, Administered to Subjects at the Time of Resection for Recurrent High Grade Glioma & Followed by Treatment With Toca FC, Extended-Release 5-FC. In: ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). 2000- [cited 2014 June 12]. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01470794 NLM Identifier: NCT01470794.

3. Tocagen Inc. A P1 Ascending Dose Trial of the Safety and Tolerability of Toca 511, a Retroviral Replicating Vector, Administered Intravenously Prior to, and Intracranially at the Time of, Subsequent Resection for Recurrent HGG & Followed by Treatment With Extended-Release 5-FC. In: ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). 2000- [cited 2014 June 12]. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01985256 NLM Identifier: NCT01985256.

4. Interim Clinical Data for Tocagen’s Toca 511 & Toca FC in Patients with High Grade Glioma Presented at American Association of Neurological Surgeons Annual Meeting. Tocagen Inc., 10 April 2014. Web. 10 June 2014. .

5. Logg, C. R.; Robbins, M. J. Retroviral Replicating Vectors in Cancer. Methods in Enzymology 2012, 507, 199-228.

6. Ostertag, D.; Amundson, K. K.; Espinoza, F. L.; Martin, B. Brain tumor eradication and prolonged survival from intratumoral conversion of 5-fluorocytosine to 5-flurouracil using a nonlytic retroviral replicating vector. Neuro-Oncology 2012, 14(2), 145-159.

7. Tocagen Doses First Patient Intravenously in Clinical Trial of

Selective Cancer Therapy, Toca 511 & Toca FC. Tocagen Inc., 11 March 2014. Web. 10 June 2014. http://www.tocagen.com/press/tocagen-doses-first-patient-intravenously-in-clinical-trial-of-selective-cancer-therapy-toca-511-toca-fc/

8. Perez, O. D.; Logg, C. R.; Hiraoka, K.; Diago, O. Design and Selection of Toca 511 for Clinical Use: Modified Retroviral Replicating Vector With Improved Stability and Gene Expression. Molecular Therapy 2012, 20(9), 1689-1698.

Anna Tan, RN

Anna Tan, R.N. – Managing Editor | BioNews Services

bionewsservices.com

Anna Tan, R.N.

///

Christopher Conway has been appointed to lead AMRI ’s discovery business strategy as SrVP of Discovery and Development and Global Commercial Sales.

September 4, 2015 3:42 am / Leave a comment

Christopher Conway, Senior Vice President,
Global Sales and Marketing

Christopher Conway has been appointed to lead the company’s discovery business strategy as Senior Vice President of Discovery and Development and Global Commercial Sales.

September 3, 2015

SEE AN UPDATEFRO AMRI

QUOTE

Dear industry colleague,

As we continue to support the research and development that leads to the commercialization of pharmaceutical products, it is critical that we align our focus on R&D with the commercial demands of the market. Today, AMRI has announced an organizational change in our Discovery and Development Services (DDS) business. These changes are expected to drive top and bottom line growth for the Discovery and Development Solutions (DDS) business through strong commercial leadership; strengthen the DDS strategy and aggressively pursue the most valuable growth opportunities, externally and internally; and ensure that our service offerings are well aligned with your needs and the needs of the market.

Effective immediately, Christopher Conway has been appointed to lead the company’s discovery business strategy as Senior Vice President of Discovery and Development and Global Commercial Sales. In this role, Chris will head up the global Discovery and Development Solutions (DDS) business leading these businesses in the United States, Europe and Asia. Sales and marketing will also continue to report to him. He succeeds Michael A. Luther, Ph.D., MBA, who will be leaving AMRI to pursue other opportunities. We thank Dr. Luther for his efforts in moving the DDS business along over the last year and wish him the best in his future endeavors.

Related to this announcement, we would like to take the opportunity to announce the hiring of Rory Curtis, Ph.D., who has joined AMRI as Vice President of Discovery Biology and Pharmacology. Rory will also serve as site head with responsibility for scientific operations at AMRI’s Buffalo, N.Y. location. Rory was most recently Senior Director of Human Diseases in Discovery at Cubist Pharmaceuticals, where he developed Cubist’s antibacterial drug discovery into new disease areas such as pain, inflammation and gastro-intestinal disease. Before this, he held positions of increasing responsibility at Elixir Pharmaceuticals, Millennium Pharmaceuticals and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals.

In addition to Chris’ current direct reports and Rory, he will have a scientific leadership team reporting into him, which includes Michael P. Trova, Ph.D., Senior Vice President of Chemistry; Raj Shenoy, Senior Director of Global Chemical Development; and Pete Michels, Ph.D., Senior Director of Metabolism and Biotransformations.

Michael P. Trova, Ph.D.

Pete C. Michels, Ph.D., Senior Director, Chemical Development, Fermentation and Biocatalysis, AMRI

We are very excited about the future of AMRI Drug Discovery and Development and are pleased to welcome Rory to the AMRI discovery team. Market demand for our DDS services continues to grow and these changes will help us increase our market share and strengthen AMRI’s global position in Discovery and Development.

As we approach the second half of 2015, we are looking forward to working with you on a great number of new opportunities in 2016 and beyond. We appreciate your loyalty and support, and continue to remain dedicated to enhancing your pharmaceutical services experience from early discovery through to the commercialization and delivery of drug product. If you have any questions, please feel free to read today’s related press release at www.amriglobal.com, or contact us here.

Sincerely,

William S. Marth
President and CEO
Albany Molecular Research Inc. (AMRI)
www.amriglobal.com

William S. Marth. President and Chief Executive Officer Albany Molecular Research, Inc.

Albany Molecular Research Locations
Albany Molecular Research Inc. (AMRI)
26 Corporate Circle
Albany, NY 12203

Albany Molecular Research Inc. provides global contract research and manufacturing services to the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries. Our services include Drug Discovery, such as medicinal chemistry, discovery biology and in vitro ADME; Development, such as pre-formulation, formulation and validation; and Manufacturing, such as cGMP API manufacturing.

SINGAPORE RESEARCH CENTRE

AMRI Singapore AMRI’s Singapore Research Centre, Pte. Ltd. provides chemistry and biology services to support drug discovery and development programs. AMRI is one of the first drug discovery R&D companies to establish operations in Singapore. Fully integrated with AMRI’s locations in the United States, Asia, and Europe, the Singapore centre offers medicinal chemistry services such as hit-to-lead andlead optimization as well as focused library synthesis / custom synthesis. In the area of biology / in vitro pharmacology, the Singapore Research Centre provides target validation; assay development; HTS; rapid production of SAR quality data; and in vitro ADMET support, including CYP inhibition, metabolic stability (liver microsome assays), and aqueous solubility. As a signatory to the World Patent Treaty, Singapore provides an environment that protects intellectual property, enabling our scientists to conduct proprietary and cutting-edge research on behalf of our customers.

Areas of Expertise: Discovery Services

Contact Information:
61 Science Park Road
#05-01 The Galen
Singapore Science Park II
Singapore 117525
Phone: +65-6398-5500
Fax: +65-6398-5511

HYDERABAD RESEARCH CENTRE

AMRI Hyderabad India The Hyderabad Research Centre, Pvt. Ltd. (AMRHRC) is located in Hyderabad, India, an emerging technology metropolis located in South Central India.

All fully integrated with AMRI’s U.S.-based resources, this Centre’s core area of expertise is in the areas of medicinal chemistrysupport, chemical development, custom synthesis of scaffolds and building blocks, process development, GMP analytical services,scale-up and preparation of reference standards.

Areas of Expertise: Chemical Development and Small Scale Manufacturing

Contact Information:
Hyderabad Research Centre Pvt. Ltd.
Plot # 9, Alexandria Knowledge Park, Turkapally, Shameerpet
Genome Valley, RR District, Hyderabad – 500 078, India
Tel : +91 – 40 – 6687 6666 (Board)
Fax : +91 – 40 – 6687 6600

http://www.amrismartsourcing.com/meet-the-bloggers/

GRANT CARR, PH.D.

SENIOR DIRECTOR, LEAD DISCOVERY, AMRI

Robert Kargbo, Ph.D.

ROBERT B. KARGBO, PH.D.

SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTIST I, AMRI

Novartis launches first US ‘biosimilar’ drug at 15 percent discount

September 4, 2015 1:10 am / Leave a comment

Zarxio, filgrastim-sndz

Novartis launches first US ‘biosimilar’ drug at 15 percent discount

LONDON/ZURICH: Novartis kicked off a new era in U.S. medicine on Thursday with the launch of the first “biosimilar” copy of a biotechnology drug approved in the United States, at a discount of 15 percent to the original.

The Swiss drugmaker’s generics unit Sandoz said Zarxio, its form of Amgen’s white blood cell-boosting product Neupogen, would increase access to an important treatment by offering a “high-quality, more affordable version”.

U.S. biotech group Amgen had tried to stop the sale of Zarxio, also known as filgrastim-sndz, but the Washington-based appeals court rejected its attempt to block the launch…..http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/health/novartis-makes-history-wi/2097550.html

On March 6, 2015, FDA approved the first biosimilar under the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act (BPCIA), Sandoz’s Zarxio^®. Sandoz submitted Zarxio^®as a highly similar, not interchangeable biosimilar, for the same indications as the referenced product. The BPCIA was signed into law in March 2010.

FDA designated “filgrastim-sndz” as the placeholder nonproprietary name rather than the innovator’s name, filgrastim. FDA said that this nonproprietary name “should not be viewed as reflective of the agency’s decision on a comprehensive naming policy for biosimilar and other biological products. While the FDA has not yet issued draft guidance on how current and future biological [biosimilar?] products marketed in the United States should be named, the agency intends to do so in the near future.”

Accompanying the news release was a document “Biosimilars: More Treatment Options Are on the Way”. The document includes various quotes and paraphrased statements by Leah Christl, Ph.D., Associate Director for Therapeutic Biologics, to help describe to consumers what biosimilar medications are. Below are some quotes and information from that document:

Biologics are medicines that generally come from living organisms, which can include humans, animals and microorganisms such as yeast and bacteria.

. . .

“Biologics are different from conventional medications. Conventional medications—drugs—are generally made from chemicals, or chemically synthesized, and therefore their structure can be relatively easily defined,” explains Christl.

Unlike conventional medications, biologics can’t be made by following a chemical “recipe.” “Biologics come from living organisms which are variable in nature. In addition, they are generally more complex and not as easy to define and characterize,” Christl explains. For that reason, manufacturing biologics is a far more complex process than manufacturing drugs.

Just as it does for drugs, FDA rigorously and thoroughly evaluates a biologic’s safety and effectiveness before granting it licensure (approval). Currently, biologics are among the fastest growing segments of the prescription product market.

. . .

Christl explains that a biosimilar is a type of biologic that is highly similar to another, already FDA-approved biologic (known as the reference product).

“It is important to note that a biosimilar is not just like a generic drug,” she adds. “Because of the differences in complexity of the structure of the biologic and the process used to make a biologic, biosimilars are not as easy to produce as generics, which are copies of brand name drugs.” A biosimilar is not an exact duplicate of another biologic; rather, a biosimilar is highly similar to the reference product.

Before approving a biosimilar, FDA experts must also first verify that there are no clinically meaningful differences between the biosimilar and its reference product. In other words, it will work the same way as the reference product for its approved indications.

Also, the biosimilar must have the same strength and dosage form (injectable, for example) and route of administration as the reference product. The biosimilar must be manufactured followingCurrent Good Manufacturing Practices.

“Patients can rest assured that they’ll be able to rely upon the safety and effectiveness of an FDA-approved biosimilar, just as they can rely on the reference product that the biosimilar was compared to,” Christl says. Like other biologics, biosimilars generally must be prescribed by a physician.

. . .

“Biosimilars are likely to create greater competition in the medical marketplace,” saysChristl. This could not only increase treatment options for patients, but also lead to less expensive alternatives to comparable products. With an increasing number of biosimilars on the market, consumers may expect to get equally safe and effective treatment, but at lower costs, she says.

Despite the significant achievement for FDA to approve the first biosimilar under the BPCIA, significant questions other than nonproprietary naming remain. First, Sandoz chose not to take advantage of the pre-approval patent exchange mechanism of the BPCIA, which could have addressed possible patent challenges that may prevent Sandoz from marketing Zarxio^®until certain patents are invalidated, are found unenforceable, or have expired. Second, because this and other non-interchangeable versions of biosimilars are not expected to have automatic substitution based on the BPCIA, it remains unclear how ready physicians or patients will be to try a biosimilar version over its referenced product. Third, company representatives from Sandoz and other biosimilar manufacturers have not indicated at what price their biosimilar products will be sold, at times suggesting “at parity,” which may cause reimbursement issues. Fourth, many states have enacted rules that include special physician notification provisions, even when interchangeable biosimilars are dispensed to patients. And there are still issues surrounding pharmacovigilance and risk management when there are innovator and corresponding biosimilar versions marketed. Nevertheless, FDA proclaims that more biosimilars are on the way, as additional companies have indicated that they have submitted or FDA has filed their biosimilar applications. Sandoz’s Zarxio^® then is just the tip of the iceberg of what is coming with more issues to be resolved along the way.

http://www.fdalife.com/2015/03/06/first-u-s-biosimilar-zarxio-filigrastim-sndz-approved-issues-remain/

ZARXIO (filgrastim-sndz) is a 175 amino acid human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) manufactured by recombinant DNA technology.

ZARXIO is produced by Escherichia coli (E coli) bacteria into which has been inserted the human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor gene. ZARXIO has a molecular weight of 18,800 daltons. The protein has an amino acid sequence that is identical to the natural sequence predicted from humanDNA sequence analysis, except for the addition of an N-terminal methioninenecessary for expression in E coli. Because ZARXIO is produced in E coli, the product is non-glycosylated and thus differs from G-CSF isolated from a human cell.

ZARXIO injection is a sterile, clear, colorless to slightly yellowish , preservative-free liquid containing filgrastimsndz at a specific activity of 1.0 x 10⁸ U/mg (as measured by a cell mitogenesis assay). The product is available in single-use prefilled syringes. The single-use prefilled syringes contain either 300 mcg/0.5 mL or 480 mcg/0.8 mL of filgrastim-sndz. See table below for product composition of each single-use prefilled syringe.

	300 MCG/0.5 ML SYRINGE	480 MCG/0.8 ML SYRINGE
Filgrastim-sndz	300 mcg	480 mcg
Glutamic Acid	0.736 mg	1.178 mg
Polysorbate 80	0.02 mg	0.032 mg
Sorbitol	25 mg	40 mg
Sodium hydroxide	q.s.	qs.
Water for Injection
USP q.s. ad*	ad 0.5 mL	ad 0.8 mL

Vandetanib

September 3, 2015 2:02 pm / Leave a comment

Vandetanib; 443913-73-3; Zactima; ZD6474; Caprelsa; ZD 6474; ch 331, azd 6474

cas 338992-00-0 free form
338992-48-6 HCl
338992-53-3 monotrifluoroacetate

N-(4-Bromo-2-fluorophenyl)-6-methoxy-7-(1-methylpiperidin-4-ylmethoxy)quinazolin-4-amine

Vandetanib (INN, trade name Caprelsa) is an anti-cancer drug that is used for the treatment of certain tumours of the thyroid gland. It acts as a kinase inhibitor of a number of cell receptors, mainly the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), theepidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and the RET-tyrosine kinase.^[1]^[2] The drug was developed by AstraZeneca.

Orphan drug designation has been assigned in the E.U. for the treatment of medullary thyroid carcinoma. In 2005, orphan drug designation was also assigned in the U.S. for several indications, including treatment of patients with follicular thyroid carcinoma, medullary thyroid carcinoma, anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, and locally advanced and metastatic papillary thyroid carcinoma. In 2013, orphan drug designation has been assigned in Japan as well for the treatment of thyroid cancer.

Approvals and indications

Vandetanib was the first drug to be approved by FDA (April 2011) for treatment of late-stage (metastatic) medullary thyroid cancer in adult patients who are ineligible for surgery.^[3] Vandetanib was first initially marketed without a trade name,^[4] and is being marketed under the trade name Caprelsa since August 2011.^[5]

Vandetanib is an orally active vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2/KDR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor, originally developed by AstraZeneca, which was filed for approval in the U.S. and the E.U. for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in combination with chemotherapy, in patients previously treated with one prior anticancer therapy.

However, in late 2009 the company withdrew both the U.S and the EU applications. In 2010, AstraZeneca discontinued development of this compound for the treatment of NSCLC. In 2011, the FDA approved vandetanib for the treatment of medullary thyroid cancer. Also in 2011, a positive opinion was assigned to the regulatory application filed in the E.U. for this indication and in Japan was filed for approval.

Final EMA approval was granted in February 2012 and first E.U. launch took place in the U.K. in 2012.

2011 年 4 月 6 by the FDA-approved surgical resection can not be used for locally advanced or metastatic medullary thyroid cancer (medullary thyroid cancer, MTC) of the drug. Vandetanib is vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, VEGFR) and epidermal growth factor receptor (epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR) antagonists, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (tyrosine kinase inhibitor). Produced by AstraZeneca.

The synthetic route is as follows:

………………

………………………..

……….

Design and structure-activity relationship of a new class of potent VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors
J Med Chem 1999, 42(26): 5369

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jm990345w

………………………

Radiosynthesis of [(11)C]Vandetanib and [(11)C]chloro-Vandetanib as new potential PET agents for imaging of VEGFR in cancer
Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011, 21(11): 3222

Novel 4-anilinoquinazolines with C-7 basic side chains: Design and structure activity relationship of a series of potent, orally active, VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors
J Med Chem 2002, 45(6): 1300

A novel approach to quinazolin-4(3H)-one via quinazoline oxidation: An improved synthesis of 4-anilinoquinazolines
Tetrahedron 2010, 66(4): 962

………………………………

CN 104098544

http://www.google.com/patents/CN104098544A?cl=en

Vandetanib is a synthetic Anilinoquinazoline, advanced medullary thyroid cancer can not be used for the treatment of surgical treatment (medullary thyroid cancer), chemical name: 4- (4-bromo-2- fluoroanilino) _6_ methoxy -7 – [(l- methylpiperidin-4-yl) methoxy] quinazoline, having the following structural formula I:

[0004] The present method of synthesizing the compound are as follows:

[0005] US Patent US7173038 AstraZeneca announced the following methods:

[0006] Method One:

[0007]

Method two:

A structure in which the synthesis of compounds of formula as follows:

the process is cumbersome, long synthetic route, therefore a need to provide a new synthetic way to overcome these problems.

An aspect provides a compound having the structure of formula II:

Another aspect provides a process for preparing a compound of the structural formula II, a compound of formula III with a compound of formula IV in the presence of a base to give a compound of the structural formula II,

where Μ for methylphenylsulfonyl, methylsulfonyl.

Example: 4- (4-bromo-2-fluoroanilino) -6_ methoxy-7 – [(1-formyl-4-yl) methoxy] quinazoline preparation

[0026] in 50mL two-neck flask was added 4- (4-bromo-2-fluoroanilino) -6-methoxy-7-hydroxy-quinazoline (3. 64g, 0 · Olmol), 1- formyl- 4-p methylsulfonyloxy- methylpiperazine steep (3. 56g, 0 · 012mol) and potassium carbonate (4. 14g, 0.03mol), yellow turbid solution was stirred and heated to 100 ° C, TLC detection to feed completion of the reaction. Down to room temperature, the reaction mixture was slowly poured into l〇〇mL water, stirred, filtered, then the filter cake was washed with 50mL water, 15mL of ethyl acetate and then slurried, filtered and dried to give a pale green solid 4- (4- bromo-2-fluoroanilino) -6-methoxy -7 – [(l- carboxylic acid piperidin-4-yl) methoxy] quinazoline 3. 9g, 80% yield.

[0027] ^ NMR (400Mz, DMS0): δ = 1 1〇-1 29 (m, 2H), δ = 1 40-1 43 (m, 2H), δ = 2 15 (s,….. 1H), δ = 2. 64-2. 73 (m, 1H), δ = 3. 06-3. 12 (m, 1H), δ = 3. 71-3. 74 (d, 1H), δ = 3. 95 (s, 3H), δ = 4 • 03-4. 05 (d, 2H), δ = 4. 20-4. 23 (d, 1H), δ = 7. 20 (s, 1H), δ = 7. 46-7. 48 (m, 1H), δ = 7. 51-7 • 53 (m, 1H), δ = 7. 65-7. 67 (d, 1H), δ = 7. 80 (s, 1H), δ = 8. 01 (s, 1H), δ = 8. 35 (s, 1H), δ = 9. 54 (s, 1H).

[0028] Example 2: Preparation of 4- (4-bromo-2-fluoroanilino) -6-methoxy-7 – [(1-methyl-piperidin-4-yl) methoxy] quinazoline preparation

[0029] 4- (4-bromo-2-fluoroanilino) in 100mL three-necked flask, 6-methoxy-7 – [(1-formyl-4-yl) methoxy] quinoline oxazoline (0 · 98g, 2. Ommol), zinc (0 · 6g, 4. 4mmol) and tetrahydrofuran (20mL), stirred pale yellow turbid liquid. At room temperature was added portionwise sodium borohydride (0. 15g, 4. OmmoL), little change in the temperature. Heating
……………………………….

CN 104211649

http://www.google.com/patents/CN104211649A?cl=en

Pharmacokinetics

Vandetanib is well absorbed from the gut, reaches peak blood plasma concentrations 4 to 10 hours after application, and has a half-life of 120 hours days on average, per Phase I pharmacokinetic studies. It has to be taken for about three months to achieve a steady-state concentration. In the blood, it is almost completely (90–96%) bound to plasma proteins such as albumin. It is metabolised to N-desmethylvandetanib via CYP3A4 and to vandetanib-N-oxide via FMO1 and 3. Both of these are active metabolites. Vandetanib is excreted via the faeces (44%) and the urine (25%) in form of the unchanged drug and the metabolites.^[2]^[9]^[10]

Metabolites of vandetanib (top left): N-desmethylvandetanib (bottom left, via CYP3A4), vandetanib-N-oxide (bottom right, via FMO1 andFMO3), both pharmacologically active, and a minor amount of aglucuronide.^[10]

Clinical trials

Non-small cell lung cancer

The drug underwent clinical trials as a potential targeted treatment for non-small-cell lung cancer. There have been some promising results from a phase III trial withdocetaxel.^[11] There have also been ambivalent results when used with pemetrexed.^[12] Another trial with docetaxel was recruiting in July 2009.^[13]

AstraZeneca withdrew EU regulatory submissions for vandetanib (under the proposed trade name Zactima) in October 2009 after trials showed no benefit when the drug was administered alongside chemotherapy.^[14]

References

“Definition of vandetanib”. NCI Drug Dictionary. National Cancer Institute.
“Vandetanib Monograph”. Drugs.com. Retrieved 29 August 2012.
“FDA approves new treatment for rare form of thyroid cancer”. Retrieved 7 April 2011.
“FDA approves orphan drug vandetanib for advanced medullary thyroid cancer” (Press release). AstraZeneca. Retrieved 2011-08-17.
“AstraZeneca announces trade name CAPRELSA® for vandetanib” (Press release). AstraZeneca. Retrieved 2011-08-17.
Khurana V, Minocha M, Pal D, Mitra AK (March 2014). “Role of OATP-1B1 and/or OATP-1B3 in hepatic disposition of tyrosine kinase inhibitors.”. Drug Metabol Drug Interact.0 (0): 1–11. doi:10.1515/dmdi-2013-0062. PMID 24643910.
Haberfeld, H, ed. (2012). Austria-Codex (in German). Vienna: Österreichischer Apothekerverlag.
Khurana V, Minocha M, Pal D, Mitra AK (May 2014). “Inhibition of OATP-1B1 and OATP-1B3 by tyrosine kinase inhibitors.”. Drug Metabol Drug Interact. 0 (0): 1–11.doi:10.1515/dmdi-2014-0014. PMID 24807167.
Martin, P.; Oliver, S.; Kennedy, S. J.; Partridge, E.; Hutchison, M.; Clarke, D.; Giles, P. (2012). “Pharmacokinetics of Vandetanib: Three Phase I Studies in Healthy Subjects”.Clinical Therapeutics 34 (1): 221–237. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2011.11.011.PMID 22206795.
“Clinical Pharmacology Review: Vandetanib” (PDF). US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. 20 August 2010. Retrieved29 August 2012.
“Vandetanib Shows Clinical Benefit When Combined With Docetaxel For Lung Cancer”. ScienceDaily. 3 June 2009.
“IASLC: Vandetanib Fails to Improve NSCLC Outcomes with Pemetrexed”. Medpage today. 5 Aug 2009.
Clinical trial number NCT00687297 for “Study of Vandetanib Combined With Chemotherapy to Treat Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer” at ClinicalTrials.gov
“Zactima”. European Medicines Agency.

External links

Cancerline.com: Vandetanib Information for Physicians

Vandetanib
Systematic (IUPAC) name

N-(4-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)-6-methoxy-7-[(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)methoxy]quinazolin-4-amine
Clinical data
Trade names	Caprelsa
AHFS/Drugs.com	Consumer Drug Information
MedlinePlus	a611037
Licence data	US FDA:link
Pregnancy category	AU: D US: D (Evidence of risk)
Legal status	AU: Prescription Only (S4) CA: ℞-only UK: Prescription-only(POM) US: ℞-only
Routes of administration	Oral
Pharmacokinetic data
Protein binding	90–96%
Metabolism	CYP3A4, FMO1, FMO3
Biological half-life	120 hours (mean)
Excretion	44% faeces, 25% urine
Identifiers
CAS Registry Number	443913-73-3
ATC code	L01XE12
PubChem	CID: 3081361
IUPHAR/BPS	5717
DrugBank	DB08764
ChemSpider	2338979
UNII	YO460OQ37K
ChEBI	CHEBI:49960
ChEMBL	CHEMBL24828
Synonyms	ZD6474
Chemical data
Formula	C₂₂H₂₄Br F N₄O₂
Molecular mass	475.354 g/mol

//////

Bococizumab

September 3, 2015 1:51 pm / Leave a comment

Bococizumab

PF-04950615, RN-316, RN316

PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9, neural apoptosis-regulated convertase 1, NARC1, NARC-1, proproteine convertase 9, PC9) [Homo sapiens]

IgG2 – kappa

Hypercholesterolemia

Cardiovascular diseases

STRUCTURAL FORMULA
Heavy chain
QVQLVQSGAE VKKPGASVKV SCKASGYTFT SYYMHWVRQA PGQGLEWMGE 50
ISPFGGRTNY NEKFKSRVTM TRDTSTSTVY MELSSLRSED TAVYYCARER 100
PLYASDLWGQ GTTVTVSSAS TKGPSVFPLA PCSRSTSEST AALGCLVKDY 150
FPEPVTVSWN SGALTSGVHT FPAVLQSSGL YSLSSVVTVP SSNFGTQTYT 200
CNVDHKPSNT KVDKTVERKC CVECPPCPAP PVAGPSVFLF PPKPKDTLMI 250
SRTPEVTCVV VDVSHEDPEV QFNWYVDGVE VHNAKTKPRE EQFNSTFRVV 300
SVLTVVHQDW LNGKEYKCKV SNKGLPSSIE KTISKTKGQP REPQVYTLPP 350
SREEMTKNQV SLTCLVKGFY PSDIAVEWES NGQPENNYKT TPPMLDSDGS 400
FFLYSKLTVD KSRWQQGNVF SCSVMHEALH NHYTQKSLSL SPGK 444
Light chain
DIQMTQSPSS LSASVGDRVT ITCRASQGIS SALAWYQQKP GKAPKLLIYS 50′
ASYRYTGVPS RFSGSGSGTD FTFTISSLQP EDIATYYCQQ RYSLWRTFGQ 100′
GTKLEIKRTV AAPSVFIFPP SDEQLKSGTA SVVCLLNNFY PREAKVQWKV 150′
DNALQSGNSQ ESVTEQDSKD STYSLSSTLT LSKADYEKHK VYACEVTHQG 200′
LSSPVTKSFN RGEC 214′
Disulfide bridges location
22-96 22”-96” 23′-88′ 23”’-88”’ 132-214′ 132”-214”’
134′-194′ 134”’-194”’ 145-201 145”-201” 220-220” 221-221”
224-224” 227-227” 258-318 258”-318” 364-422 364”-422”

Bococizumab nonproprietary drug name

bococizumab

RN-316, PF-04950615

target-PC9

USAN (AB-55) BOCOCIZUMAB
PRONUNCIATION boe” koe siz’ ue mab
THERAPEUTIC CLAIM Treatment of dyslipidemia
CHEMICAL NAME
1. Immunoglobulin G2, anti-(human neural apoptosis-regulated proteinase
1)(human-Mus musculus monoclonal PF-04950615 heavy chain), disulfide
with human-Mus musculus monoclonal PF-04950615 light chain, dimer
2. Immunoglobulin G2-kappa, anti-[human proprotein convertase subtilisin/hexin type 9 (neural apoptosis-regulated convertase 1, PC9)], humanized mouse monoclonal antibody; gamma 2 heavy chain (1-444) [humanized VH (Homo sapiens IGHV1-46-1*03 (90.8%) -(IGHD)-IGHJ6*01) [8.8.11] (1-118)-Homo sapiens IGHG2*01 CH2A100>S(327),CH2P101>S(328) (119-444)] (132-214′)-
disulfide with kappa light chain (1′-214′) [humanized V-KAPPA (Homo sapiensIGKV1-39*01 (88.2%)-IGKJ2*01 [6.3.9] (1′-107′)-IGKC*01 (108′-214′)]; dimer
(220-220”:221-221”:224-224”:227-227”)-tetrakisdisulfide

MOLECULAR FORMULA C6414H9918N1722O2012S54
MOLECULAR WEIGHT 145.1 kDa
TRADEMARK None as yet
SPONSOR Pfizer, Inc.
CODE DESIGNATIONS RN316, PF-04950615
CAS REGISTRY NUMBER 1407495-02-6
WHO NUMBER 9840

Bococizumab^[1] (RN316)^[2] is a drug in development by Pfizer targeting PCSK9 to reduce LDL cholesterol.^[3]

Description

Bococizumab is a monoclonal antibody that inhibits PCSK9, a protein that interferes with the removal of LDL. LDL levels are a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease.

Clinical trials

A phase 2b study of statin patients was presented at the 2014 American College of Cardiology. Monthly or bimonthly injections resulted in significantly reduced LDL-C at week 12.

The Phase 3 SPIRE trials plan to enroll 17,000 patients to measure cardiovascular risk. High risk and statin intolerant subjects will be included.

References

“Statement On A Nonproprietary Name Adopted By The USAN Council: Bococizumab” (PDF). American Medical Association.
World Health Organization (2013). “International Nonproprietary Names for Pharmaceutical Substances (INN). Proposed INN: List 110”(PDF). WHO Drug Information 27 (4).
“Bococizumab (RN316) Significantly Reduced LDL Cholesterol In Statin-Treated Adults With High Cholesterol In A Phase 2b Study”. Retrieved 29 December 2014.

Bococizumab^?
Monoclonal antibody
Type	Whole antibody
Source	Humanized (from mouse)
Target	Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9)
Clinical data
Legal status	Investigational
Routes of administration	Subcutaneous injection
Identifiers
CAS Registry Number	1407495-02-6
ATC code	None
PubChem	SID: 194168554
IUPHAR/BPS	7730
ChEMBL	CHEMBL3137349
Chemical data
Formula	C₆₄₁₄H₉₉₁₈N₁₇₂₂O₂₀₁₂S₅₄
Molecular mass	145.1 kDa

//////

DABIGATRAN PART 2/3

September 3, 2015 1:43 pm / Leave a comment

Dabigatran etexilate (a compound of formula (I)) is the international commonly accepted non-proprietary name for ethyl 3-{[(2-{[(4-{[(hexyloxy)carbonyl]carbamimidoyl}phenyl)amino]methyl}-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-5-yl)carbonyl](pyridin-2-yl)amino}propanoate, which has an empirical formula of C₃₄H₄₁N₇O₅ and a molecular weight of 627.73.
Dabigatran etexilate is the pro-drug of the active substance, dabigatran, which has a molecular formula C₂₅H₂₅N₇O₃ and molecular mass 471.51. The mesylate salt (1:1) of dabigatran etexilate is known to be therapeutically useful and is commercially marketed as oral hard capsules in the United States and in Europe under the trade mark Pradaxa^™ for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Additionally, it is also marketed in Europe under the same trade mark for the primary prevention of venous thromboembolic events in adult patients who have undergone elective total hip replacement surgery or total knee replacement surgery.
Dabigatran etexilate was first described in U.S. Patent No. 6,087,380 , according to which the synthesis of dabigatran etexilate was carried out in three synthetic steps (see Scheme 1). Example 58 describes the condensation between ethyl 3-{[3-amino-4-(methylamino)benzoyl](pyridin-2-yl)amino}propanoate (compound II) and N-(4-cyanophenyl)glycine (compound III) in the presence of N,N‘-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) in tetrahydrofuran to give the hydrochloride salt of ethyl 3-{[(2-{[(4-cyanophenyl)amino]methyl}-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-5-yl)carbonyl](pyridin-2-yl)amino}propanoate (compound IV), which is subsequently reacted with ethanolic hydrochloric acid, ethanol and ammonium carbonate to give the hydrochloride salt of ethyl 3-{[(2-{[(4-carbamimidoylphenyl)amino]methyl}-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-5-yl)carbonyl](pyridin-2-yl)amino}propanoate (compound V). Finally, example 113 describes the reaction between compound V and n-hexyl chloroformate (compound VI), in the presence of potassium carbonate, in a mixture of tetrahydrofuran and water, to give dabigatran etexilate after work-up and chromatographic purification. However, no information is given about the purity of the isolated dabigatran etexilate.
U.S. Patent No. 7,202,368 describes an alternative process for the synthesis of dabigatran etexilate (see Scheme 2). Example 3 describes the condensation between ethyl 3-{[3-amino-4-(methylamino)benzoyl](pyridin-2-yl)amino}propanoate (compound II) and 2-[4-(1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-on-3-yl)phenylamino]acetic acid (compound VII) in the presence of a coupling agent such as N,N‘-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI), propanephosphonic anhydride (PPA), or pivaloyl chloride, to give ethyl 3-{[(2-{[(4-{1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-on-3-yl}phenyl)amino]methyl}-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-5-yl)carbonyl](pyridin-2-yl)amino}propanoate (compound VIII), which is subsequently hydrogenated (Example 4) in the presence of a palladium catalyst to give ethyl 3-{[(2-{[(4-carbamimidoylphenyl)amino]methyl}-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-5-yl)carbonyl](pyridin-2-yl)amino}propanoate (compound V). Then, Example 5 describes the acylation of compound V with n-hexyl chloroformate (compound VI) to give dabigatran etexilate. Finally, Example 6 describes the conversion of dabigatran etexilate into its mesylate salt. Although the patent describes the HPLC purities of intermediate compounds II, VII, VIII and V, no information is given neither about the purity of the isolated dabigatran etexilate nor about its mesylate salt.
European Patent Applications EP 1966171A and EP 1968949Adescribe similar processes for the synthesis of dabigatran etexilate to that depicted in Scheme 2, but without isolating some of the intermediate compounds. HPLC purities higher than 99% are described for both dabigatran etexilate (see Examples 6B and 6C ofEP 1966171A ) and its mesylate salt (see Example 9 ofEP 1966171A and Example 7 ofEP 1968949A). However, no information is given about the structure of the impurities present in dabigatran etexilate and / or its mesylate salt.
PCT Patent Application WO 2010/045900 describes the synthesis of dabigatran etexilate mesylate with 99.5% purity by HPLC (Examples 3 and 4) by following a similar synthetic process to that described in Scheme 1. However, no information is given about the structure of the impurities present in the mesylate salt of dabigatran etexilate.
The Committee for Medicinal Products for Human use (CHMP) assessment report for Pradaxa (i.e. dabigatran etexilate mesylate salt 1:1) reference EMEA/174363/2008, as published in the European Medicines Agency website on 23/04/2008, describes (page 8) that the proposed specifications for impurities in the active substance are for some specified impurities above the qualification threshold of the ICH guideline “Impurities in new drug substances”, i.e. above 0.15%. However, no information is given about the structure of the impurities present in the mesylate salt of dabigatran etexilate.

…………..

Patent

http://www.google.com/patents/EP2522662A1?cl=en

There is still further provided by the present invention a process of preparing dabigatran etexilate mesylate, which process comprises the following synthetic steps:

wherein X is a leaving group, such as chloro.

Typically, intermediate (I) is prepared, preferably as a hydrochloride salt, by the following intermediate steps.

Example 1: Synthesis of dabigatran etexilate mesylate

The overall synthetic scheme, and associated reagents, is as follows.

a) 4-(Methylamino)-3-nitrobenzoic acid

300 g (1.49 mol) of 4-chloro-3-nitrobenzoic acid were suspended in 769 g of a 25-30% aqueous solution of methylamine. After heating to reflux temperature, a clear solution was obtained. The solution was kept at reflux temperature for 2 hours and total consumption of 4-chloro-3-nitrobenzoic acid was checked by TLC. The solution was cooled to room temperature, and pH was adjusted to about 1 by addition of 2M aqueous sulphuric acid. Precipitation of a yellow solid was observed, which was isolated by filtration. The filtered cake was washed with water and subsequently with methanol to obtain 331 g of wet 4-(methylamino)-3-nitrobenzoic acid as a yellow powder. Purity (HPLC, method 2): 99.1 %.

b) Ethyl 3-(2-pyridylamino)propanoate

75.2 g (0.80 mol) of 2-aminopyridine and 88.0 g (0.88 mol) of ethyl acrylate were dissolved in 20 mL of acetic acid. The mixture was heated to 80°C and stirred for 24 hours at the same temperature. Solvent was removed under vacuum, and the title compound was isolated by vacuum distillation (b.p. 160-172°C, 10-15 mmHg) to obtain 77.0 g of ethyl 3-(2-pyridylamino)propionate as a white solid. Yield: 49.6 %.

c) Ethyl 3-{[{1-(methylamino)-2-nitrophen-4-yl}carbonyl](pyridyn-2-yl)aminolpropanoate hydrochloride

50 g (0.25 mol) of 4-(methylamino)-3-nitrobenzoic acid as obtained in step (a) were suspended in a mixture of 459.2 g of thionyl chloride and 3 mL of N,N-dimethylformamide. The mixture was stirred at reflux temperature for 45 minutes. Excess thionyl chloride was removed by vacuum distillation. The residue was dissolved in 300 mL of toluene, which was subsequently removed by vacuum distillation to remove completely any residual thionyl chloride. The brownish crystalline residue obtained was dissolved in 280 mL of tetrahydrofuran at 60°C. At this point, 35.1 g of triethylamine were added to the solution. Then, a solution of 45 g (0.23 mol) of ethyl 3-(2-pyridylamino)propanoate as obtained in step (b) in 95 mL of tetrahydrofuran was added dropwise over the reaction mixture, keeping the temperature at about 30°C. The resulting mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. Solvent was removed by vacuum distillation, and the residue was dissolved in 1 L of dichloromethane. The resulting solution was washed with 500 mL of water, 500 mL of 2M hydrochloric acid, 500 mL of saturated sodium bicarbonate and 500 mL of water. The organic phase was dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was dissolved with 600 mL of ethyl acetate, and dry hydrogen chloride was bubbled into the solution until precipitation was completed. The solid was isolated by filtration and dried to obtain 63 g of the title compound, which was recrystallized in a mixture of 450 mL of ethanol and 50 mL of acetonitrile at reflux temperature. After cooling to 10°C, solid was isolated by filtration and dried to yield 44.7 g of ethyl 3-{[{1-(methylamino)-2-nitrophen-4-yl}carbonyl](pyridyn-2-yl)amino}propanoate hydrochloride as a yellow solid. Yield: 47.2 %. Purity (HPLC, method 1): 97.6 %.

d) Ethyl 3-{[{2-amino-1-(methylamino)phen-4-yl}carbonyl](pyridyn-2-yl)amino}propanoate (compound II)

82.2 g (0.20 mol) of ethyl 3-{[{1-(methylamino)-2-nitrophen-4-yl}carbonyl](pyridyn-2-yl)amino}propanoate hydrochloride as obtained in step (c) were suspended in 1.1 L of isopropanol, in the presence of 126.7 g of ammonium formate and 17.5 g of a 5 % Pd/C catalyst (55% water content). The reaction mixture was stirred at reflux temperature for 2.5 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the catalyst was removed by filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum, and the residue was dissolved in 1.5 L of ethyl acetate. The resulting solution was washed with 800 mL of saturated sodium bicarbonate and with 800 mL of water. The organic phase was dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and was concentrated under vacuum to yield 44 g of ethyl 3-{[{2-amino-1-(methylamino)phen-4-yl}carbonyl](pyridyn-2-yl)amino}propanoate as a dark oil. Yield: 63.9 %. Purity (HPLC, method 2): 90.8 %.

e) 2-(4-Cyanophenylamino)acetic acid (compound III)

54.0 g (0.46 mol) of 4-aminobenzonitrile and 106.5 g (0.92 mol) of sodium chloroacetate were suspended in 750 mL of water, and the resulting mixture was stirred at reflux temperature for 4 hours. After cooling to room temperature, pH was adjusted to 8-9 with sodium bicarbonate. The resulting solution was washed with 2 x 200 mL of ethyl acetate, and 5M hydrochloric acid was added to the aqueous phase until pH=3. The precipitated solid was isolated by filtration, washed with 100 mL of water and dried to yield 57.1 g of 2-(4-cyanophenylamino)acetic acid as an off-white solid. Yield: 70.9 %. Purity (HPLC, method 3): 88.4 %.

f) Ethyl 3-{[(2-{[(4-cyanophenyl)amino]methyl}-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-5-yl)carbonyl](pyridin-2-yl)amino}propanoate oxalate (salt of compound IV)

[0081]
25.7 g (0.15 mol) of 2-(4-cyanophenylamino)acetic acid as obtained in step (e) and 22.8 g (0.14 mol) of 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole were suspended in 720 mL of tetrahydrofuran. The mixture was stirred at reflux temperature for 1 hour. Then, a solution of 44.0 g (0.13 mol) of ethyl 3-{[{2-amino-1-(methylamino)phen-4-yl}carbonyl](pyridyn-2-yl)amino}propanoate as obtained in step (d) in 180 mL of tetrahydrofuran was added dropwise over the reaction mixture. The resulting mixture was stirred overnight at reflux temperature, and the solvent was removed by distillation under vacuum. The resulting residue was dissolved in 486 mL of acetic acid and heated to reflux temperature for 1 hour. After cooling to room temperature, solvent was removed by distillation under vacuum. The resulting residue was dissolved in 450 mL of ethyl acetate, and the solution was washed with 450 mL of water. The organic phase was dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and heated to 50-60°C. At this temperature, 15.1 g (0.17 mol) of oxalic acid were added, and the resulting mixture was stirred for 1 hour at 50-60°C. After cooling to room temperature, the precipitated solid was filtered and dried under vacuum, to yield 47.7 g of ethyl 3-{[(2-{[(4-cyanophenyl)amino]methyl}-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-5-yl)carbonyl](pyridin-2-yl)amino}propanoate oxalate as a brownish solid. Yield: 64.8 %. Purity (HPLC, method 1): 87.9 %

g) Ethyl 3-{[(2-{[(4-{carbamimidoyl}phenyl)amino]methyl}-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-5-yl)carbonyl](pyridin-2-yl)amino}propanoate (compound V)

[0084]

47.7 g (83 mmol) of ethyl 3-{[(2-{[(4-cyanophenyl)amino]methyl}-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-5-yl)carbonyl](pyridin-2-yl)amino}propanoate oxalate as obtained in step (f) and 21.8 g of p-toluenesulfonic acid were suspended in 142 g of a 10M hydrogen chloride solution in ethanol. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. At this point, 400 mL of ethanol were added and the resulting mixture was cooled to 0°C. Ammonia gas was bubbled at this temperature until formation of precipitate was completed. The mixture was stirred at 10°C for 2 hours, and then was stirred at room temperature overnight. Solvent was removed by distillation under vacuum. The residue was dissolved in a mixture of 400 mL of ethanol, 400 mL of water and 2.3 g of sodium hydroxide at 55°C, and was stirred at this temperature for 45 minutes. After cooling to 10°C, the mixture was stirred at this temperature for 1 hour. The solid was removed by filtration and discarded. The mother liquors were concentrated under vacuum to remove ethanol. The precipitated solid was isolated by filtration, washed with 200 mL of water and with 2 x 100 mL of acetone, to yield 34.7 g of ethyl 3-{[(2-{[(4-{carbamimidoyl}phenyl)amino]methyl}-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-5-yl)carbonyl](pyridin-2-yl)amino}propanoate as an off-white solid. Yield: 83.4 %. Purity (HPLC, method 3): 83 %.

h) Dabigatran etexilate

33.7 g (67 mmol) of ethyl 3-{[(2-{[(4-{carbamimidoyl}phenyl)amino]methyl}-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-5-yl)carbonyl](pyridin-2-yl)amino}propanoate as obtained in step (g) and 24.7 g of potassium carbonate were suspended in a mixture of 280 mL of water and 1.4 L of tetrahydrofuran. After stirring at room temperature for 15 minutes, 9.2 g (56 mmol) of hexyl chloroformate were added dropwise. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The organic phase was extracted, washed with 400 mL of brine and dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solvent was removed under vacuum, and the resulting solid was purified by column chromatography eluting with ethyl acetate, to yield 24.9 g of dabigatran etexilate as an off-white solid. Yield: 71.0 %. Purity (HPLC, method 1): 96.3 %.

i) Dabigatran etexilate mesylate

18.7 g (30 mmol) of dabigatran etexilate as obtained in step (h) were suspended in 103 g of acetone. The mixture was heated to 45°C. After cooling to 36°C, a solution of 2.83 g of methanesulfonic acid in 11.6 g of acetone at 0°C was added dropwise over the reaction mixture. The reaction was stirred at 23-33°C for 90 minutes and at 17-23°C for 60 minutes. The resulting solid was isolated by filtration, washed with 97 mL of acetone and dried at 50°C under vacuum, to yield 18.7 g of dabigatran etexilate mesylate as a pale yellow solid. Yield: 86.7 %. Purity (HPLC, method 1): 98.8 %.

…………….

PATENT

http://www.google.com/patents/WO2010045900A1?cl=en

One of the advanced intermediates during the production of dabigatran is the substance of formula VI.

The compound of formula VI is prepared by a reaction of substance IV with reagent V as shown in Scheme 1.

Scheme 1

The procedure described in WO 9837075 produces compound VI in the form of its base or acetate. Both these products require chromatographic purification, which is very difficult to apply in the industrial scale. This purification method burdens the process economy very much and has a negative impact on the yield.

In the next stage acidic hydrolysis of the nitrile function of compound VI and a reaction with ammonium carbonate is performed to produce the substance of formula VII. The reaction is shown in Scheme 2.

Vl VII

Scheme 2 The procedure in accordance with WO 9837075 produces substance VII in the monohydro chloride form.

When reproducing the procedure of WO 9837075 we found out, in line with WO 9837075, that compound VII prepared by this method required subsequent chromatographic purification as it was an oily substance with a relatively high content of impurities. We did not manage to find a solvent that would enable purification of this substance by crystallization.

The last stage is a reaction of intermediate VII with hexyl chloroformate producing dabigatran and its transformation to a pharmaceutically acceptable salt; in the case of the above mentioned patent application it is the methanesulfonate.

Scheme 3.

EtOH

DABIGATRAN

Example 3: Preparation of dabigatran mesylate

To 9.1 g of compound VII-2HC1 (0.016 mol) 270 ml of chloroform and 9 ml (0.064 mol) of triethylamine are added. Then, a solution of 3.1 ml (0.018 mol) of hexyl chloroformate in chloroform is added dropwise at the laboratory temperature. After one hour the reaction mixture is shaken with brine and the organic layer is separated, which is dried with sodium sulfate and concentrated. The obtained evaporation residue is crystallized from ethyl acetate. Yield: 8.6 g (86%)

This product is dissolved in acetone and an equimolar amount of methanesulfonic acid is added dropwise. The separated precipitate is aspirated and dried at the laboratory temperature. Yield: 75%; content according to HPLC: 99.5%. 27

Example 4:

Preparation of dabigatran mesylate

9 g of compound VII-HCl (0.017 mol) were dissolved in 300 ml of chloroform. 6, ml of triethylamine were added to this solution and then a solution of 3.4 ml (0.02 mol) of hexyl chloroformate in chloroform was added dropwise. After one hour the reaction mixture is shaken with brine, the organic layer is separated, which is dried with sodium sulfate and concentrated. The obtained evaporation residue is crystallized from ethyl acetate. Yield: 9.6 g (90%)

This product is dissolved in acetone and an equimolar amount of methanesulfonic acid is added dropwise. The separated evaporation residue is aspirated and dried at the laboratory temperature. Yield: 73%; content according to HPLC: 99.5%.

………………..

PATENT

http://www.google.com/patents/WO2014009966A2?cl=en

DabigatranEtexilateMesylate chemically know as N-[[2-[[[4-[[[(hexyloxy) carbonyl] amino]-iminomethyl] phenyl] amino] _. methyl]-l -methyl-lH- benzimidazol-5-yl] carbonyI]-N-2- pyridinyl-beta-Alanine ethyl ester methanesulfonate having the formula I as provided below,

Formula I

is a direct thrombin inhibitor having anti – coagulant activity when administered orally.

DabigatranEtexilate is first time reported in the US patent 6087380 (hereinafter referred as US’380) in which the process fo the preparation of DabigatranEtexilate is disclosed in the Example 49, 58a and Example 59, said process for the preparation of DabigatranEtexilate is depicted below:

Dabigatran etexilate

In accordance to the process in the Patent US’380 the substance requires complex purifying operations, such as chromatography for the production of high- quality API. Further the chromatographic purification is expensive and difficult to implement in large scale. The impurity in the Dabigatran single prodrug and Dabigatran Etexilate affects the purity of the final product DabigatranEtexilateMesylate.. Hence there is a necessity to maintain the purity level of every intermediate involved in the preparation of DabigatranEtexilateMesylate.

The patent application US201 1082299 discloses a process for the preparation Dabigatran from 3- ([2-[(4-cyanophenyl amino)-methyl]- l-methyl- l H-benzimidazole-5-carbonyl]-pyridin-2-yl-amino) ethyl propionate oxalate as one of the intermediate in order to overcome the problem of the process depicted in the product pate

The patent US81 19810 discloses the process for the preparation Dabigatran from 3- ([2-[(4-cyanophenylamino)-methyl]-l-methyl-lH- benzimidazole-5-carbonyl]-pyridin-2-yl-amino) ethyl propionate hydro bromide as one of the intermediate in order to overcome the problem of the process depicted in the product patent.

The single prodrug of Dabigatran having the formula-II,

and double

which is DabigatranEtexilate are exemplified in the examples of the patent US’380. The patent US’380 has no information about the solid state properties of the single prodrug of Dabigatran and DabigatranEtexilate. However, a similar process described in a publication of Hauel et al in Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 2002, 45, .1757 – 1766, wherein DabigatranEtexilate is characterized by 128 – 129°C.

The PCT publication WO2006131491 discloses the anhydrous form [ of DabigatranEtexilate having the melting point 135°C, anhydrous form II of DabigatranEtexilate having the melting point 150°C, and hydrate form of DabigatranEtexilate having the melting point 90°C.

The PCT publication WO2008059029 discloses anhydrous form III of DabigatranEtexilate having melting point 128°C, anhydrous form IV of DabigatranEtexilate having the melting point 133°C, and mono hydrate form I of DabigatranEtexilate having melting point 128°C and mono hydrate form II of DabigatranEtexilate having melting point 123°C.

The different forms of the single prodrug of Dabigatran and/or the DabigatranEtexilate are disclosed in the patent applications of WO2012027543, WO2012004396 and WO 2012044595.

The patent application US2007185333 discloses the process ; for the preparation of DabigatranEtexilateMesylate from the DabigatranEtexilate by adding acetone solution of , methanesulfonic acid in an acetone solution of DabigatranEtexilate.

The patent application US 200601 83779 discloses the process for the preparation of DabigatranEtexilateMesylate from the DabigatranEtexilate by adding ethylacetate solution of methanesulfonic acid in an ethylacetate solution of DabigatranEtexilate.

Example-9: Process for the preparation of DabigatranEtexilateMesylate from DabigatranEtexilate

[0086] The DabigatranEtexilate (0.04 mol) was dissolved in acetone (250.0 ml) and added Methanesulfonic acid (0.04 mol) in Ethyl acetate (25 ml) at 25-30°C. Stirred the reaction mass for 3 hrs at the same temperature, the isolated solid was filtered and washed with acetone, dried under vacuum to get the DabigatranEtexilateMesylate. Yield: 85 %, Purity: Not less than 99.0%

Example 10: Process for the preparation of DabigatranEtexilateMesylate

[0087] To a solution of DabigatranEtexilate (0.04 mol) in Acetone (8 volumes) and Ethanol (2 volumes), Methanesulfonic acid solution [Methanesulfonic acid (0.04 mol) was dissolved in Ethyl acetate (25 ml) was added at 25-30°C and stirred for 3 hrs at the same temperature. After completion of the reaction, the resultant solid was filtered, washed with acetone and dried under vacuum. Yield: 93%

……………

http://www.google.com/patents/WO2013150545A2?cl=en

l-methyl-2-|Tvi-[4-(TSi-n-hexyloxycarbonylamidino)phenyl]aminomethyl]benzimidazole- 5-yl-carboxylicacid-N-(2-pyridyl)-N-(2-ethoxycarbonylethyl)amide is commonly known as Dabigatran etexilate. Dabigatran is an anticoagulant from the class of the direct thrombin inhibitors developed by Boehringer Ingelheim and is used for the treatment of thrombosis, cardiovascular diseases, and the like. Dabigatran etexilalte mesylate was approved in both US and Europe and commercially available under the brand name Pradaxa.

Dabigatran etexilate and process for its preparation was first disclosed in WO 98/37075.

The disclosed process involves the reaction of ethyl 3-(3-amino-4-(methylamino)-N-(pyridin-2- yl)benzamido)propanoate with 2-(4-cyanophenylamino) acetic acid in the presence of N,N- carbonyldiimidazole in tetrahydrofuran to provide ethyl 3-(2-((4-cyanophenylamino)methyl)-l- methyl-N-(pyridin-2-yl)-lH-benzo[d] imidazole-5-carboxamido)propanoate, which is further converted into l-methyl-2-[N-[4-amidinophenyl]aminomethyl]benzimidazol-5-ylcarboxylicacid- N-(2-pyridyl)-N-(2-ethoxycarbonylethyl)amide hydrochloride by reacting with ammonium carbonate in ethanol, followed by treating with ethanolic hydrochloric acid. The obtained compound was reacted with n-hexyl chloroformate in presence of potassium carbonate in tetrahydrofuran/water provides Dabigatran etexilate and further conversion into its mesylate salt was not disclosed. The purity of Dabigatran etexilate prepared as per the disclosed process is not satisfactory, and also the said process involves chromatographic purification which is expensive and difficult to implement in the large scale. Hence the said process is not suitable for commercial scale up.

Moreover, the said process proceeds through the l-methyl-2-[N-[4-amidinophenyl] aminomethyl]benzimidazol-5-ylcarboxylicacid-N-(2-pyridyl)-N-(2-ethoxycarbonylethyl)amide hydrochloride (herein after referred as “Dabigatran hydrochloride”), which degrades to form impurities and resulting in the formation of Dabigatran etexilate with low purity. In view of intrinsic fragility of Dabigatran hydrochloride, there is a need in the art to develop a novel salt form of 1 -methyl-2-[N-[4-amidinophenyl]aminomethyl]benzimidazol-5-ylcarboxylicacid-N-(2- pyridyl)-N-(2-ethoxycarbonyl ethyl)amide, which enhances the purity of the final compound.

The prior reported processes disclosed in WO2012004396 and WO2008095928 Al involves the usage of inorganic salts like hydrochloride and hydrobromide salts of ethyl 3-(2-((4- cyanophenylamino)methyl)- 1 -methyl -N-(pyridin-2-yl)- 1 H-benzo[d]imidazole-5-carboxamido) propanoate (herein after referred as “cyano intermediate”) and ethyl 3-(2-((4-carbamimidoyl phenylamino)methyl)- 1 -methyl -N-(pyridin-2-yl)- 1 H-benzo[d]imidazole-5-carboxamido) propanoate (herein after referred as “amidino intermediate”). The inorganic acid addition salts are less stable when compared to the organic acid addition salts and also the process for the preparation of organic acid addition salts is very much easy when compared to inorganic acid addition salt. Inorganic acid addition salts of amidine intermediate seem to be hygroscopic in nature. Therefore, organic acid addition salts are always preferable to synthesize stable salts which in-turn enhances the purity of the final compound.

The oxalate salt of cyano intermediate was disclosed in WO2009111997. However as on date, there is no other organic acid addition salts of cyano intermediate were reported in the prior art for preparing pure Dabigatran etexilate. Henceforth, there is a need to develop a novel organic acid addition salt of cyano intermediate compound which is very much efficient when compared to its corresponding oxalate salt and that result in the formation of final compound with high purity and yield.

The process disclosed in WO 98/37075 also involves the reduction of, ethyl 3-(4- (methylamino)-3-nitro-N-(pyridin-2-yl)benzamido)propanoate (herein after referred as “nitro compound”) using Pd-C in a mixture of dichloromethane and methanol under hydrogen pressure to provide ethyl 3-(3-amino-4-(methylamino)-N-(pyridin-2-yl)benzamido)propanoate (herein after referred as “diamine compound”).

The reduction of nitro compound through catalytic hydrogenation in the presence of tertiary amine under hydrogen pressure was also disclosed in WO2009153214; and in presence of inorganic base under hydrogen pressure was also disclosed in WO2012004397.

However, most of the prior art processes proceed through catalytic hydrogenation which involves the pressure reactions. Handlings of these pressure reactions are not suitable for the large scale process. Therefore, there is a significant need in the art to provide a simple reduction process which avoids the difficulties associated with catalytic hydrogenation.

JMC, 2002, 45(9), 1757-1766 disclosed a process for the preparation of ethyl 3-(3-amino- 4-(methylamino)-N-(pyridin-2-yl)benzamido)propanoate starting from 4-(methylamino)-3- nitrobenzoic acid. The disclosed process involves the conversion of 4-(methylamino)-3- nitrobenzoic acid into its acid chloride using thionyl chloride and the obtained compound was reacted with ethyl 3-(pyridin-2-ylamino)propanoate to provide nitro compound, followed by catalytic reduction using Pd-C to provide diamine compound.

However, particularly in large scale synthesis the reduction reaction occasionally stops due to catalyst poisoning which leads to incomplete reaction and requires additional catalyst to complete the reaction. Moreover the sulfur impurities which are present in nitro compound formed due to the reaction with thionyl chloride in the previous stages of the synthesis of diamine compound are strongly influence the reaction time, quality and catalyst consumption in the manufacturing process.

Surprisingly, the problem associated with the catalytic hydrogenation and catalyst poisoning is solved by the present invention by adopting a suitable reducing agent such as Fe- acetic acid and Fe-hydrochloric acid.

The crystalline forms-I, II, V and VI of Dabigatran etexilate oxalate were disclosed in WO2008043759 and WO2011110876.

The crystalline forms-Ill, IV and V of Dabigatran etexilate fumarate were disclosed in WO2008043759 and WO2011110876.

Various different salts for Dabigatran etexilate and their polymorphs were reported in WO98/37075, WO03074056, WO2005028468, WO2006114415, WO2008043759, WO2011110876, WO2012027543 and WO2012044595.

The process for the preparation of crystalline form-I of Dabigatran etexilate mesylate was described in WO2005028468 and WO2012027543.

HPLC analysis of Innovator Tablet

The present inventors has also analyzed the Pradaxa 110 mg tablet having Lot no: 808809 and compared with dabigatran etexilate mesylate obtained from the present invention and found that, the impurity profile of both the products are similar to each other i.e., amide impurity, despyridyl ethyl ester etc. are well present even in Pradaxa tablet. Henceforth, we can presume that these impurities are known from the art.

Amide Impurity: 0.31%; Despyridyl ethyl ester: 0.10%; Deshexyl Impurity: 0.08%. HPLC Method of Analysis:

a) Dabigatran etexilate (Formula-1) and Dabigatran etexilate mesylate (Formula-la):

Apparatus: A liquid chromatographic system is to be equipped with variable wavelength

UV-detector; Column: Zorbax Eclipse XDB CI 8, 100 X 4.6mm, 3.5 μιη θΓ Equivalent; Flow Rate: 1.0 mL/min; Wavelength : 300 nm; Column temperature: 25°C; Injection volume: 5 μΐ,; Run time: 50 minutes; Auto sampler temperature: 5°C; Buffer: Dissolve 0.63gm of Ammonium formate in lOOOmL of Milli-Q- Water and mix well. Adjust its pH to 8.2 with Ammonia and filtered through 0.22 μιη nylon membrane and degas it. Mobile phase-A: Buffer; Mobile phase- B: Acetonitrile: Water (80:20) v/v; Diluent: N,N-Dimethylformamide; Needle wash: Diluent; Elution: Gradient. b) Ethyl 3-(2-((4-cyanophenylamino)methyl)-l-methyl-N-(pyridin-2-yl)-lH-benzo[d] imidazole-5-carboxamido)propanoate methanesulfonate (Formula-10)

Apparatus : A liquid chromatograph is equipped with variable wavelength UV- Detector; Column: Zorbax SB CN 150 x 4.6mm, 5μπι (or) Equivalent (Make: Agilent and PNo: 883975- 905); Flow Rate: 1.0 mL / min; Column temperature: 25°C; Wave length: 290 nm; Injection volume: 5 μΐ-.; Run time: 60 minutes; Elution: Gradient; Diluent: Water: Acetonitrile (70:30) v/v; Needle wash: Diluent; Buffer: Weigh accurately about 2 g of 1 -Octane sulphonic acid sodium salt anhydrous and add 5 mL of Ortho phosphoric acid in 1000 mL of Milli-Q- Water and mix well, filter this solution through 0.22 μηι^ΐοη membrane and sonicate to degas; Mobile Phase- A: Buffer(100%);Mobile Phase- B: Acetonitrile: Methanol (90: 10) v/v. c) Ethyl 3-(2-((4-carbamimidoylphenylamino)methyl)-l-methyl-N-(pyridin-2-yl)-lH- benzo[d] imidazole-5-carboxamido)propanoate methanesulfonate (Formula-11)

Apparatus : A liquid chromatographic system is to be equipped with variable wavelength UV- Detector and Integrator; Column : Zodiac CI 8 250 X 4.6 mm, 5 μηι (or) equivalent (Make: Zodiac and PNo. ZLS.C18.46.250.0510 ); Flow Rate: 1.0 mL/min; Wavelength: 290 nm; Column temperature: 25°C; Injection Volume: 5μί; Run time: 55 min; Elution: Gradient;

Buffer: Take 5 mL of Ortho phosphoric acid(85%) and 2 g of 1 -Octane sulfonic acid sodium salt anhydrous in 1000 mL of Milli-Q-water and adjust its pH to 2.5 with Triethyl amine filter, through 0.22 μπι Nylon membrane filter paper and sonicate to degas it; Mobile Phase-A: Buffer(l 00%) Mobile Phase-B: Acetonitrile: Water (90: 10) v/v; Diluent : Water: Acetonitrile (80:20) v/v.

Morphology: Method of analysis: Samples were mounted on aluminium stubs using double adhesive tape, coated with gold using HUS-5GB vacuum evaporation and observed in Hitachi S-3000 N SEM at an acceleration voltage of 10KV.

Following are the impurities observed during the preparation of Dabigatran etexilate mesylate.

Deshexyl Impurity Despyridyl Ethyl Ester

Methyl Carbamate Ethyl Carbamate

The present invention is schematically represented as follows:

Formula-2 ene

Formula-6

Fe-AcOH

Formula-7

Dabigatran etexilate Dabigatran etexilate Mesylate The process described in the present invention was demonstrated in examples illustrated below.

Example-13: Preparation of Dabigatran etexilate (Formula-1)

n-hexanol (30.8 g) was added to a solution of N, N-carbonyldiimidazole (61.15 g) and dichloromethane (360 ml) at 15-25°C and stirred for 3 hours. The organic layer was washed with water followed by sodium chloride solution. Distilled off the solvent from the organic layer completely under reduced pressure to get amide compound. Acetonitrile (157.5 ml) was added to the obtained amide compound. This was added to a mixture of ethyl 3-(2-((4- carbamimidoylphenylamino)methyl)-l-methyl-N-( yridin-2-yl)-lH-benzo[d]imidazole-5- carboxamido)propanoate mesylate compound of formula- 11 (90 g), potassium carbonate (62.5 g), acetonitrile (378 ml) and water (252 ml) at 25-35°C. The reaction mixture was heated to 40- 50°C and stirred for 8 hours. After completion of the reaction, both the organic and aqueous layers were separated; the organic layer was cooled to -5 to +5°C and stirred for 2 hours. Filtered the precipitated solid washed with acetonitrile and water. The obtained compound was dissolved in a mixture of acetone (270 ml) and acetonitrile (270 ml) at 45-50°C. Cooled the reaction mixture to 25-30°C and water (360 ml) was added to it. Filtered the obtained solid and dissolved in the mixture of dichloromethane and sodium chloride solution at 35-40°C. Both the organic and aqueous layers were separated; the organic layer was distilled under reduced pressure and then co-distilled with ethyl acetate. The obtained crude compound was dissolved in ethyl acetate (540 ml) by heating it to 70-80°C and stirred for 30 minutes. Filtered the reaction mixture, the filtrate was cooled to 35-45°C and ethanol (8 ml) was added to the reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was again cooled to 25-35°C and stirred for 3 hours. Filtered the precipitated solid and then dried to get pure title compound.

Yield: 44 g; MR: 128-131 °C. Purity by HPLC: 99.63%.

……………….

http://www.google.com/patents/WO2014020555A2?cl=en

EXAMPLE 6

Preparation of dabigatran etexilate mesylate: l-methyl-2-[N-[4-( -n-hexyloxycarbonylamidino)phenyl] amino methyl]benzimidazol-5- yl-carboxylicacid-N-(2-pyridyl)-N-(2-ethoxycarbonyl ethyl) amide (100 gm) was dissolved acetone (1000 ml) under heating at 25-35 °C. A solution of methane sulfonic acid (13.77 gm) in acetone (100 ml) was added to the reaction mixture. The solution is filtered and after the addition of acetone cooled to approximately 20° C. The precipitated product was filtered and washed with acetone then dried at 50° C under reduced pressure.

Wet weight : 0.120-0.140 kg

Dry weight : 0.90-1.0 kg

Yield (W/W) : 0.90-1.0

Theoretical Yield (w/w) : 1.15

Percentage Yield : 78.2-86.9%

………………….

US20050095293 *	Sep 3, 2004	May 5, 2005	Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma Gmbh Co. Kg	Administration form for the oral application of poorly soluble drugs
US20070185173 *	Dec 21, 2006	Aug 9, 2007	Georg Zerban	Process for the Preparation of the Salts of 4-(Benzimidazolylmethylamino)-Benzamides

Citing Patent	Filing date	Publication date	Applicant	Title
WO2014020555A2 *	Jul 31, 2013	Feb 6, 2014	Alembic Pharmaceuticals Limited	An improved process for the preparation of dabigatran etexilate mesylate

WO2014009966A2 *	Jul 5, 2013	Jan 16, 2014	Rao Davuluri Ramamohan	An improved process for the preparation of dabigatran etexilate mesylate and its intermediates thereof
WO2014009966A3 *	Jul 5, 2013	Mar 6, 2014	Rao Davuluri Ramamohan	An improved process for the preparation of dabigatran etexilate mesylate and its intermediates thereof

EP1966171A1	Dec 20, 2006	Sep 10, 2008	Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH	Improved process for the preparation of 4-(benzimidazolylmethylamino)-benzamides and the salts thereof
EP1968949A1	Dec 20, 2006	Sep 17, 2008	Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH	Improved process for the preparation of the salts of 4-(benzimidazolylmethylamino)-benzamides
US6087380	Feb 18, 1998	Jul 11, 2000	Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma Kg	Disubstituted bicyclic heterocycles, the preparations and the use thereof as pharmaceutical compositions
US7202368	Jun 9, 2005	Apr 10, 2007	Boehringer Ingelheim International Gmbh	Process for the preparation of 4-(benzimidazolymethylamino) benzamidines
WO2000005207A1 *	Jul 20, 1999	Feb 3, 2000	Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma	Substituted phenylamidines with antithrombotic action
WO2007071742A1 *	Dec 20, 2006	Jun 28, 2007	Boehringer Ingelheim Int	Improved process for the preparation of 4-(benzimidazolylmethylamino)-benzamides and the salts thereof
WO2010045900A1	Oct 26, 2009	Apr 29, 2010	Zentiva, K.S.	A method for the preparation of dabigatran and its intermediates

WO2008059029A2 *	Nov 15, 2007	May 22, 2008	Boehringer Ingelheim Int	New polymorphs of ethyl 3-[(2-{[4-(hexyloxycarbonylamino-imino-methyl)-phenylamino]-methyl}-1-methyl-1h-benzimidazole-5-carbonyl)-pyridin-2-yl-amino]-propionate
WO2012027543A1 *	Aug 25, 2011	Mar 1, 2012	Plus Chemicals Sa	Solid state forms of dabigatran etexilate, dabigatran etexilate mesylate and processes for preparation thereof
WO2012152855A1 *	May 10, 2012	Nov 15, 2012	Medichem S.A.	Dabigatran etexilate and related substances, processes and compositions, and use of the substances as reference standards and markers
CN1861596A *	May 18, 2006	Nov 15, 2006	复旦大学	Process for synthesizing antithrombin inhibitor of non-asymmetric non-peptide kind
CN101346360A *	Dec 20, 2006	Jan 14, 2009	贝林格尔.英格海姆国际有限公司	Improved process for the preparation of 4-(benzimidazolylmethylamino)-benzamides and the salts thereof

Reference
1	*	CHENG, QINGFANG ET AL.: “Synthesis of dabigatran etexilate mesylate“, CHINESE JOURNAL OF EW DRUGS, vol. 21, no. 1, January 2012 (2012-01-01), pages 88 – 91, XP008175968
2	*	ZHU, JINJIN ET AL.: “Improved synthesis of dabigatran etexilate“, CHINESE JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY, SUM 107, vol. 22, no. 3, June 2012 (2012-06-01), pages 204 – 208, XP008175937

Reference
1	*	European Medicines Agency (EMEA): “CHMP ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR Pradaxa“, , 1 January 2008 (2008-01-01), pages 1-36, XP55003938, London Retrieved from the Internet: URL:http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Public_assessment_report/human/000829/WC500041062.pdf [retrieved on 2011-08-01]
2	*	HAUEL N H ET AL: “STRUCTURE-BASED DESIGN OF NOVEL POTENT NONPEPTIDE THROMBIN INHIBITORS“, JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY, AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, US, vol. 45, no. 9, 1 January 2002 (2002-01-01), pages 1757-1766, XP001098844, ISSN: 0022-2623, DOI: DOI:10.1021/JM0109513

WO2012004396A2 *	Jul 8, 2011	Jan 12, 2012	Esteve Química, S.A.	Process of preparing a thrombin specific inhibitor
WO2012027543A1 *	Aug 25, 2011	Mar 1, 2012	Plus Chemicals Sa	Solid state forms of dabigatran etexilate, dabigatran etexilate mesylate and processes for preparation thereof
WO2012077136A2 *	Dec 7, 2011	Jun 14, 2012	Msn Laboratories Limited	Process for the preparation of benzimidazole derivatives and its salts
WO2013150545A2 *	Apr 1, 2013	Oct 10, 2013	Msn Laboratories Limited	Process for the preparation of benzimidazole derivatives and salts thereof
US7202368 *	Jun 9, 2005	Apr 10, 2007	Boehringer Ingelheim International Gmbh	Process for the preparation of 4-(benzimidazolymethylamino) benzamidines

CN103058920A *	Jan 21, 2013	Apr 24, 2013	上海应用技术学院	Preparation method of 3-(2-pyridineamino)ethyl propionate

CN1861596A *	May 18, 2006	Nov 15, 2006	复旦大学	Process for synthesizing antithrombin inhibitor of non-asymmetric non-peptide kind
CN101875626A *	Nov 6, 2009	Nov 3, 2010	广东光华化学厂有限公司;北京理工大学	Method for synthesizing N-benzyl maleimide from immobilized supported acid catalyst
EP2522662A1 *	May 11, 2011	Nov 14, 2012	Medichem, S.A.	Dabigatran etexilate and related substances, processes and compositions, and use of the substances as reference standards and markers
JP2004315371A *	Title not available

	shivkr2 on SPSR Excellence Award 2025 – S…
	Bonkasaurus on Infigratinib phosphate
	PALOVAROTENE \| ORGAN… on Palovarotene
	Pfizer just purchase… on Temanogrel
	Pfizer To Cash In On… on Temanogrel

Yearly Archives: 2015

SEARCH THIS BLOG

Blog Stats

Flag and hits

Follow Blog via Email

Pages

Archives

Categories

Recent Posts

ORGANIC SPECTROSCOPY

SUBSCRIBE

Follow Blog via Email

Verified Services

Pages

Archives

Categories

Recent Comments

SEARCH THIS BLOG

Share this:

Fruquintinib

Phase 3…cancer

Share this:

Share this:

Share this:

Mechanism of action

Design

Clinical trials

Preclinical investigations

References

Share this:

Christopher Conway, Senior Vice President, Global Sales and Marketing

Rory Curtis

SINGAPORE RESEARCH CENTRE

HYDERABAD RESEARCH CENTRE

Share this:

Zarxio, filgrastim-sndz

Novartis launches first US ‘biosimilar’ drug at 15 percent discount

Share this:

Approvals and indications

……….

Pharmacokinetics

Clinical trials

Non-small cell lung cancer

References

External links

Share this:

Description

Clinical trials

References

Share this:

See full gatran series at………………http://apisynthesisint.blogspot.in/p/argatroban.html

Share this:

Post navigation

SEARCH THIS BLOG

FLAGS AND HITS

Follow Blog via Email

Christopher Conway, Senior Vice President,
Global Sales and Marketing